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xked nf;wl TtpD&ifcpH mtwGuf enf;pepfrsm;jzifh yHyh ;kd I taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;
ulnD=uaom BRC, E-desk ESifh ERI okd hudkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? xdktwl
TtpD&ifcpH mukd tprStqH;k wdik f owif;tcsut f vuf aumufcpH ak qmif;jcif;udk wm0ef
,laqmif&u G cf ahJ om ucsio
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ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tzJG ESihf enf;pepfrsm;/ t}uHn%fjzif0h ikd ;f 0ef; uln=D uaom tjcm;
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tzJGrsm;tm;vHk;udk vnf;txl;aus;Zl;oif&Sdygonf?
Kachin Development Networking Group

ucsifvlr_zHG h+zdK;a&;uGef,uftzJG
KDNG onf 2004 ckEpS w f iG f pwifwnfaxmifaom ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f ESihf jynfyEdik if H

rsm;&Sd ucsijf ynfe,f zHG òz;a&;qdik &f mtzJG rsm;ESihf vlxt k ajcjyKvlrt _ zJG tpnf;. uGe, f uf
wpfcjk zpfygonf? KDNG . OD;wnfcsurf mS a&&Snzf GH òz;wd;k wufa&;twGuf ucsijf ynfe,f
twGif;&Sda'ocHtzJGtpnf;rsm;ESifh twlvufwGJ+yD; xda&mufpmG taumiftxnfazmf
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,lpDpOfa&;om;onfhtzJG hjzpfonf?
Kachin Environmental Organization
ucsifobm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mtzJG
ucsifobm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mtzJGonf {+yDv 2004 ckESpfwGif ucsifjynftwGif;

obm0o,HZmw/ opfawmESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif tvGeftu|Hðyef;wD;aer_jy\em
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f rl z_ GH òz;a&;uGef,uf
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qnfudk rnfodk@toHk;csrnfenf; 17
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b¾maiG rnfr#ukefusrnfenf;? 18
tifrdkifc (arc) jrpfudkqnfzdk@jcif; 19
tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufrsm; 20
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{&m0wDjrpfuykd w d I
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ta&;qdkydkifcGifhr# r&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolrsm;tzdk@rl TpDrHcsuftwGuf xdcdkufepfem
r_rsm;jzifh wefbdk;ay;qyf=u&rnfjzpfonf?
(2007) ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY qnfopfrsm;aqmufvkyfa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pDrHudef;

tajrmuftrsm;udk xkwjf yefa=ujimcJ+h yD;/ wd@k txJwiG f tdref ;D csi;f wdik ;f jynfrsm;od@k v#yf
ppf"gwt f m;wify@kd a&mif;csEikd f rnfh a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k vf yk if ef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaecJo h nf?
v#ypf pfprG ;f tifqmavmif rufarmae=uaom tdref ;D csi;f wdik ;f jynfrsm;tzd@k jrefrmEdik if t H
wGif;wGif qnfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;onf v#yfppf"gwftm;udk aps;csdKcsdKESifh &apEdkifonfh
twGuaf =umifh tusK;d tjrwfjzpfapaomfvnf;/ Tqnfrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;a=umifjh zpf
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bufjcrf;&Sd vlxkrsm;odk@ yHkcswGef;ydk@xm;Edkifygonf?
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;tpGefqHk;jzpfaom ucsifjynfe,f&Sd {&m0wDjrpf tpðy&mjrpfqHkY

qnfaqmufvyk af &; pDrcH suzf iG yhf tJG cef;tem;wckukd (2007) ckEpS /f arvwGif usi;f ycJyh g
onf? TqnfraS eI a&tm; v#ypf pf"gwt f m; rD*g0yf 3600 (MW) udk xkwv f w$ af y;
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H @kd yd@k vw$ af &mif;csaprnf jzpfonf? Tqnfwnf
aqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;onf w&kwEf ikd if H A[dt k pd;k &. taemufrS ta&S@o@kd pGr;f tify@kd
v$waf pa&; rl0g' (West to East Power Transmission Policy) t& aqmif&u G jf cif;
jzpfygonf? Tv#ypf pf"gwt f m; a&mif;csrw _ efz;kd onf wESpv f #if tar&duefa':vmoef;
(500) cef@&Sdvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf? {&m0wD jrpfqHkqnfonf Tjrpfa=umif;w
av#muf w&kwfwdk@u wnfaqmufrnfh qnf}uD; (7) ckteuf yxrOD;qHk;qnfvnf;
jzpfonf?
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ucsifjynfe,f wv$m;&Sd &yf&Gmvl}uD;rsm;ESifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;
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r=umao;rDumv/ (2006) ckESpf twGif;uvnf; teD;tem;&Sdjrpfay:Y wnfaqmuf

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csxm;jcif;ESifh xdka'owGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; cif;vmzG,f &Sdaeygao;onf? ppftpdk;&.
tus,t f jyef@v@l tcGit
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qufrsm; udk cHpm;&&ef ta=umif;&Sad eygonf? txl;ojzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;tzd@k ppfwyf.
vdirf q_ ikd &f mt& t=urf; zufrr_ sm;udk cH&Edik pf &m ta=umif;&Sad eygonf? TuJo h @kd aom
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oGm;rnfqykd gu trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;r_ txdr;f trSwaf e&mwckvnf; tem*wfrsK;d quf
rsm;twGuf tpOfxm0& qHk;&_H;oGm;&ayawmhrnf?
ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uftzG@J (KDNG) u {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufa&;pDrH

csuf &yfwef;u &yfypfa&;twGuf twdtvif; zGifh[awmif;qdkvmcJholrsm;ESifhtwlw
om;wnf; &yfwnfygonf? vuf&dS ppftpd;k &onf . ppftm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf
om óu;yrf;aev#uf&Sd+yD;/ wdk@ tjrwftpGef;rsm;aprnfh {&mrwnfaqmufa&;vkyf
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qufaumif;usKd;csrf;omudk jynfolvlxkrsm; cHpm;cGifh&Sd=urnf r[kwfbJ/ xdcdkufepfem
&rnfh ay;qyfrr_ sm;ESihf tE &W m,freS o f r#uo kd m tm%mrJjh ynforl sm;tay: usa&mufap
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+yD;/ a'otwGi;f Edik if rH sm;twGurf sm;pGmaom aumif;usK;d rsm; aqmifusO;f ay;Edik yf gonf?
ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uftzG@J (KDNG) taejzifh w&kwEf ikd if t H ay:awmif;qdv k o kd nf
rSm jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f w&kwEf ikd if uH aqmif&u G af eonfh pDrcH surf sm;wGivf nf; w&kwEf ikd if H
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toHudk tav;teufðyyg&ef awmif;qdkygonf?
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tcef; (1)? aemufco
H rdik ;f a-umif;
jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ucsifjynfe,f
jrefrmEdkifiHonf (1948) ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwck jzpfvmcJhonf?
(1962) ckESpfwGif ppfwyfu 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xHrS tm%modrf;,lcJh+yD;/ xdktcsdefrSpI
ppfwyfu wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfvmcJo h nf? (1990) jynfEh pS w
f iG f ESpaf ygi;f (30) eD;yg;=um
+yD;aemufyikd ;f vGwv f yfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk yxrOD;qH;k t}udrt f jzpf
usif;yay;cJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD)u tjywftowftEdkif&cJhaomf
vnf; ppfwyfu a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd todtrSwrf ðycJah cs? ppfwyfu Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f
om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;aumifpD (SPDC) trnfjzif/h ppfaumifpu D tm%mudq k ufvuf
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© EarthTrends 2002 World Resources Institute

ckvnf;&Sdonf?11jrpf. ZD0owWpHkvifaxGjym;r_ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI aumif;pGmavh
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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
The Myitsone
Song of praise for the Kachin confluence
Memorable ever pleasant Kachin homeland
Mali hka and Nmai hka flow there with beautiful and colorful surroundings
Local residents enjoy their lives
This is the lovely natural homeland of the Kachin people
Dear loving brothers and sisters
Will you forget it due to long loss of contact?
Will you be looking forward to my return?
On the river banks of Mali hka and Nmai hka
The singers song spreads
The fascinating environment of Kachin homeland
Impressed my heart and nostalgia is felt
I will keep the music of my soul in my heart for you brothers and sisters
Photo: tab
{&m0wDjrpfonf ucsifjynfe,f&Sd rvdcESifh tifrdkifc (arc) jrpfrsm;aygif;qHk&mrSaeI
pwifp;D qif;onf? Tjrpfzsm;c&m jrpfEpS pf if;vH;k onf [dr0E mW awmifwef;. ta&S@awmif
ydik ;f a'orS jrpfzsm;cHvmjcif; jzpfonf? tifrikd cf jrpfonf ylwmtdak jrmufbuf&dS vifa*Gvm
a&cJawmifxGÉf (Languela Glacier) rSm pwifay:xGef;onf? jrpfqHkonf ucsifjynf
e,fòr@awmf jrpf}uD;em;òr@. ajrmufbuf (28) rdkif tuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf? jrpfonf
jrefrmEdik if .
H A[dck surf a'orsm;ESihf wdik ;f jynf. 'kw,
d t}uD;qH;k òr@jzpfaom rE aW v;òr@ukd
jzwfoef;pD;qif;oGm;onf?
jrpfatmufyikd ;f jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpf0u|e;f ay:a'oonf us,0f ef;I ajrqDajrESpjf ynf0h

aom ajrjyef@ vGifjyifwckjzpf+yD;/ tvsm; (290) uDvdkrDwmESifh teH (240) uDvdkrDwm
&So
d nf? jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'o atmufyikd ;f onf vrk&@H$ !aHG wmESihf 'Da&a&muf jrpf0a'ojzpf
+yD;/ xdcdkufvG,faom El;nHhodrfarG@aom a*[pepfwckvnf;jzpfonf?14 jrpf0u|ef;ay:
a'oonf vlO;D a& (3) oef;ausmrf w DS if;aexdik &f mjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdik if H qefpyg;txGu.f
(60) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f eD;yg;udk Ta'ouxkwv f yk f jznfqh nf;ay;aeonf? od@k jzpfapumrl jrpf0
u|ef;ay:a'oae jynfolwdk@onf ppftpdk;&. tcGeftwkwfzdpD;r_ESifh ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhrJh
aer_w@kd a=umifh qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefaom qif;&JraJG wr_'%fukd cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?15 yk*v ~ u
d ydik f
ykZeG af rG;vkyif ef;rsm; pnf;urf;rJv h yk u
f ikd af e=ur_EiS hf opfawmðyef;wD;r_rsm;a=umifh obm0
ywf0ef;usirf sm; ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H ae=u&+yD;/ urBm@awm&dik ;f wd&p>mefrsm; &efyakH iGtzG@J (World
Wildlife Fund) u {&m0wD a&csK& d @H$ !aHG wmrsm;&Sd a*[pepftwGi;f aexdik af e=uaom
awm&dik ;f wd&p>mefrsm;tzd@k tem*wf&iS o f efEikd af &;onf txl;pd;k &drzf , G f tajctaeqd;k
16
&Gm;aea=umif; azmfjycJhygonf?
urBmOD; wnfpuwnf;u usaemfwdk@&J@ obm0tarGjzpfcJhwJhae&m

wcsKd @&Syd gw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS qd&k if tJ't
D arGawGxrJ mS ykyg` ;awmif/ ZGu
J
yifawmife@J rvdc/ tifrikd cf jrpfqakH wG ygwmayg?h 'D&wemawG zsuq f ;D
cHvdkuf&+yDqdk&if tm;vHk;zsufqD;cHvdkuf&ovdk jzpfoGm;rSmaygh?
(ucsijf ynfe,frS oif;tkyq f &mwOD;ESihf awG@qHak r;jref;csu/f awG@qHak r;
jref;cef; trSwf-30)
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
rvdcESihf tifrikd cf jrpfwYkd aygi;f qHI
k {&m0wDjrpfjzpf ay:vmaomae&m jrpfqkH
jrpfqHka'oESifhucsifwdk@twGuf
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ucsiw f @kd . rlvXmaeonf {&m
0wDjrpf/ jrpfzsm;cH&mawmifwef;
rsm;aomf v nf ; aumif ; / od k @ r
[k w f y d k I a0;uG m vS r f ; aom
ajrmufbuf&Sd wdbufukef;ajr
jrif h r S a omf v nf ; aumif ; qif ;
ouf v mol r sm;jzpf = uonf ?
vufqifhurf;ajym=um;vmcJh=u
aom vl}uD;olrrsm;. a&S;pum;rsm;t&/ ucsiw f @kd onf rvdcESihf tifrikd cf (arc) jrpf
a=umif;rsm;wav#muf ajymif;a&$@tajccsqif;oufvm=uonf[k qdyk gonf? xd@k a=umifh
jrpfqHka'oonf ucsifvlrsKd;wdk@twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom ordkif;0ifae&mjzpfonf?
jrpfESpfoG,ft=um;&Sd }wd*HyHk o¿mefa'oudk ucsifvlrsKd;wdk@. tonf;ESvHk;ozG,f
tcsut f csma'o[k vltrsm;u ,lqxm;=uonf? jrpfqakH 'oonf jrefrmEdik if &H x dS if
&Sm;aom ae&mrsm;teufvnf;wckjzpf+yD;/ ESpfpOf vltrsm;tjym;vma&mufvnfywf
avh & S d = uonf ? Tae&monf {&m0wD . csuf j r K yf Z mwd a e&mjzpf a oma=umif h
ucsif v l r sKd ; wd k i f ; u Tae&mtwG u f *k % f ,l = uonf ? *D w pmqd k E S i f h
uAsmq&mtawmfrsm;rsm;u jrpfqHkta=umif;a&;zGJ@cJh=u+yD;/ TjrpfqHkajrta=umif;ESifh
ywfoufI txl;a&;zGJ@xm;aom aw;oDcsif;trsm;tjym; &Sdaeonf?
wefz&Jaus;&Gmonf rvdcESihf tifrikd cf jrpfqw kH iG f wnf&+dS yD;/ Tvrf;qHv

k rf;cGY avSqyd f
vnf;&Sod nf? jrpf}uD;em;rS jrpfnmydik ;f &Sd ydak 0;vHaom ae&mrsm;od@k omG ;vdyk gu Tae&m
wGif avSajymif;pD;=u&onf? ucsijf ynfe,f&dS ordik ;f 0if omoemðytzG@J }uD;wzG@J jzpfaom
±dkrefuufovpfausmif;awmf A[dkXmeonf wefz&Jaus;&GmwGif wnfxm;ouJhodk@/ t
jcm;ordkif;0ifbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;vnf; T&GmY wnf&Sdae=uonf?
ucsifwdk@. '¾m&Dwyk'fu Todk@qdkygonf? urBmapmifhewf}uD;u vufwzufpDwGif

a&$cu G w
f cGupf uD ikd v
f #uf a&rsm;oGe;f csvu kd of nf? vuf,mbufraS eI pD;qif;aomrvdc
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f nf? a&pD;oefonf? vuf0J
bufvufrSaeI oGef;csvdkufaom tifrdkifcjrpfonf ol. ESpfrjzpfonf? olronf
jrifrh m;aomawmifacsmuf urf;yg;rsm;/ opfyifjrif}h uD;rsm; xlxyf&mawmrsm;tkyrf ;kd xm;
v#uf jzwfoef;pD;qif;cJ&h +yD; vlrjrifomaom a&eufyikd ;f rsm;&So d nf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh
olronf wdwfqdwfonf? tod&cufonf? tE W&m,fðywwfonf[k ,lq=uonf?
TonfrSmvnf; jrpfESpfoG,f. ,ae@yx0Dtaetxm; twdkif;yifjzpfonf? a&$cGufrS
aeIaygufzGm;vmojzifh/ jrpfESpfoG,fpvHk;wGif a&$tr_efrsm;/ twHk;tcJrsm; yg0ifpD;qif;
vm=uonf? a&$usio f rl sm;onf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;uyif jrpfurf;oJjyifrsm;ay:wGif
ydik ef ufowfrw S If ,m,DwrJ sm;aqmufvyk f tdypf uf=u+yD;/ aygaygvid_ v f id_ f &Sad eaomig;
rsm;ESihf awmxJrS opfOopfzEk iS hf toD;t&Gurf sm;udk csuðf ywfpm;aomuf=uv#u/f Tjrpf
rsm;xJY a&$&SmcJh=uonf?17
jrpfqakH 'oonf '¾m&Dvm rdbrJh nDaemifjzpfol c±dik *f rf; (Hkrai Gam) ESihf c±dik af emf
(Hkrai Naw) wdk@ aexdkifvmcJh&m Zmwdt&yfa'otjzpfvnf; vltrsm;od=uonf?
'¾m&DyjkH yifu qd&k mwGif nDjzpfol c±dik af emfonf raumif;qd;k &Gm; odr;f iSu}f uD;waumif
udk ol.av;r#m;ESifh &J&ifhpGmcGif;+yD;aemuf ucsifjynfolwdk@udk u,fwifcJholtjzpfvnf;
trsm;. ,H=k unfu;kd pm;jcif; cHc&hJ onf? ol@ukd ,ae@umvwdik f ewftjzpf ylaZmfyoae
=uqJjzpfonf?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
tydik ;f (2) {&m0wDjrpfqq
kH nf aqmufvyk af &;pDrcH suf
qnfEiS yhf wfoufaom tao;pdwt

f csut
f vufrsm;
(etz) ppftpdk;&onf w&kwfEdkifiHrS yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnfholrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I (yxr
OD;pGm) {&m0wD jrpfr}uD;ay:wGif qnf}uD;wckwnf aqmufEikd &f eftwGuf pDru H ed ;f jyifqif
a&;qGJv#uf&Sdaeygonf? odk@jzpfygu T}uD;rm;aomqnfa=umifh jrpf. obm0a&
a=umif;udk rkcsajymif;vJ oGm;aprnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u Tqnfaqmuf
a&; pDrcH suaf qmif &Gurf nfh a'owGif aexdik =f uaom jynfov l x
l rk sm;udk today;jcif;
rðybJ/ qnfwnfaqmufa&;ESihf ywfoufonfh tao;pdwf tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf;
vlo&d iS f =um; xkwjf yefjcif; rðyao;yg? uHtm;avsmpf mG ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uf
tzG@J (KDNG) u TpDrcH suEf iS hf ywfoufonfh pm&Gupf mwrf;tcsK@d ukd &&SEd ikd cf +hJ yD;/ aqmuf
vkyrf nfh qnf. oabmobm0ESihf twdik ;f tqudk od&EdS ikd cf yhJ gonf? jrefrm v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; ay;vkyfief;ESifh/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xmewdk@u a&;om;ðypkxm;aom
(2002) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv &ufpGJazmfjyxm;onfh {&m0wDjrpfqkHqnf bufpHka&tm;
pGr;f tif toH;k csa&; pDrcH suf (Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam Multipurpose Water Utilizing
Project) trnf&dS Ttaxmuftxm; pmwrf;Y pDrc H su.
f tao;pdwt f csut f vuf
rsm;udk az: jyxm;onf? (atmufwiG f azmfjyxm;ygonf?) TpDrcH suw f iG f yg0ifywfouf
ae=uaom w&kwEf ikd if rH S ukr% ` tD csKd @. qdik &f mtcsut
f vufrsm;udv k nf; vwfwavm
owif;rD'D,mESifh pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjycsufrsm;udk pkpnf;I az: jyay;xm;yg
onf?
(1) wnfae&m tifrikd cf / rvdcjrpfq. kH atmufbuf

(3)rdik f (jrpf}uD;em;òr@rS 25rdik t
f uGm)
(2) ajryHt
k n$e;f 1 vufrv#if 1 rdik pf au;/
92G 10 24 2860
(3) qnfe,fajrtus,f 18 000 pwk&ef;rdik f
(4) txufa&avSmifuef}uD;. a&tjrifh 980- ay (299-rDwm)
(5) qnftjrifh 500-ay (152-rDwm)
(6) a&avSmifuef}uD; tjrifq h ;kH xde;f Edik af oma&tjrifh 950-ay (290-rDwm)
(7) a&avSiu f ef}uD; trsm;qH;k xde;f xm;Edik af oma&xk 34- {uay oef;
(8) yifrqnf.tvsm; 500-ay (152-rDwm)
(9) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSwf (1) tvsm; 4200-ay (1,280-rDwm)
(10) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSw(f 2) tvsm; 4300-ay (1,311-rDwm)
(11) txufqnf (awmifa=um) trSwf (3) tvsm; 1850-ay (564-rDwm)
(12) qnftrsK;d tpm; ausmufpD uGeu f &pfuikd f (a&jznfq
h nf)
(13) owfrw S xf m;aom v#ypf pf"gwt f m; 3200 rD*g0yf
(14) trmcH v#ypf pf"gwt f m; 1 100 rD*g0yf
(15) ESppf Ofxwk vf yk rf _ 16634 uDv0kd yf em&Doef;aygi;f
qnfukd rnfo@kd toH;k csrnfenf;

pDrcH suw
f iG f t"du yg0ifvyk af qmifrnfo h l wOD;jzpf
aom w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI) . tqdt k &/ ,leefv#ypf pf
"gwftm;uGef&ufukr`%D (Yunnan Power Grid
Company) u jrefrmEdik if r H S xkwv f w
$ af y;rnfh v#yf
ppf"gwftm;rsm;udk ,leefv#yfppf"gwftm; uGef
&ufjzifh w&kwEf ikd if o
H @kd yd@k vw $ af y;rnfjzpfonf?18
w&kwfEdkifiHonf . taemufrS ta&S@odk@
v#ypf pf"gwt f m; yd@k vw $ af y;a&;tpDtpOf enf;
wlyif/ r[mrJacgifa'o v#yfppf"gwftm;uGef
&uf19 xJo@kd v#ypf pf"gwt f m;rsm; yd@k vw $ Ef ikd af &;
twGuf tjyif;txefavmaqmf aqmif&u G af eonf? xd@k tjyif
Tqnfrsm;rS xkwfv$wf rnfh a&tm;v#yfppf &&Sda&;onf/ w&kwfEdkifiH. taemuf
ydkif;a'orsm;wGif zGH@òz;r_jzpfay:vmapa&;r[mAsL[m. ta&;}uD; tpdwftydkif;wck
jzpf+yD;/ w&kwEf ikd if H taemufyikd ;f rS aps;csKd oufompGm xkwv f w $ v f u kd af om v#ypf pf"gwf
tm;udk pGr;f tifvt kd yfaev#u&f adS om ta&S@yikd ;f jynfe,f urf;&d;k wef;a'orsm;od@k yd@k vw $ f
ay;&ef &nf&, G cf suv f nf; &Sad eonf?20
ucsifjynfe,f&Sd qnfrsm;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd a&$vDqnfwdk@ ta=umif;ajymqdk&mY bef

aumuftajcpdu k f pGr;f tifqikd &f m ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfow l OD;u jrefrmEdik if rH mS u 'Davmuf
rsm;wJh v#ypf pf"gwtf m;udk yd@k vw $ af y;Edik wf hJ jzef@a0ay;a&; aumif;uif*&pf óu;uGe&f uf
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
r&Sb d ;l ? txl;ojzifh ucsijf ynfe,fvkd a0;vHoD acgiw
f t
hJ &yfrsK;d rSm 'Dvt
kd ajccHtaqmuf
tODrsKd;&Sdae[ef rwlbl;? 'Dawmh/ "gwftm;trsm;pkudk e,fpyfjzwf+yD; w&kwfEdkifiHbuf
ydk@ay;zdk@ ydkrsm;aew,f?21[k oHk;oyfygonf?
tu,fIv#ypf pf"gwt f m; tcsKd @t0ufukd jynfwiG ;f od@k jzef@a0ay;rnfqv kd #iaf omfrS ppft
pd;k &. v#ypf pf "gwt f m; xkwv f yk rf E_ iS hf jzef@a0r_ tpOftvmt& a'ocHjynfow l @kd tzd@k
v#ypf pf"gwt f m;udk aps;csKcd sKEd iS hf azmazmoDoD &&Srd nfh tvm;tvm r&Sad cs? Oyrmjy&yg
v#if u&ifejD ynfe,f&dS avmydw a&tm;v#ypf pf "gwt f m;ay;puf&rkH S v#ypf pf"gwt f m;udk
&efuek Ef iS hf rE aW v;od@k yd@k ay;+yD; a'ocHaus;&Gmom;rsm;udk tarSmifxYJ xm;ypfcyhJ gonf?
(1993) ckESpfu ucsifjynfe,fY wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJhaom }udrfc&rfqnfrS v#yfppf"gwf
tm; trsm;pkudkvnf; teD;tem;&Sd ppfpcef;rsm;odk@om ydk@v$wfxdefvif;apcJhygonf?
(azmfjyxm;aom uGif;twGif;udk =unfhyg?)
v#yfppf"gwftm;a&mif;csr_rS &&Sdrnfh cef@rSef;ajcwefbdk;

v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;XmeESihf qnfajrmif;OD;pD;Xme wd@k . (2002) ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D xkwf
rSww
f rf;rsm;t& {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf. pDrcH suyf g v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; xkwv f yk rf o
_ nf wESpf
v#if (16634) uDvdk0yf em&Doef;aygif; &SdEdkifygonf?
{&m0wDjrpfonf urBmay:wGif yOPrajrmuf EH;k ajr tenftESpt f usq;kH jrpfjzpfygonf?

tenftESpfrsm;r_ a=umifh a&avSmifuef}uD;twGif; tenftESpf ydk@csr_E_ef; ydkjref+yD;/odk
avSmifEdkifpGrf;vnf; tv#iftjref av#mhenf; usqif;apygvdrfhrnf? odk@twGufa=umifh
. v#ypf pf"gwt f m; xkwvf yk rf o
_ nfvnf; av#mu
h somG ;zG,&f adS eygonf? (qdv
k o
kd nf
rSm a&avSmifuef}uD;xJwGif tenftESpfrsm; w0ufwysuf jynfhaeygu/ rdk;&moDwGif
a&odkavSmifEdkifpGrf; usqif;av#mhenf;ap+yD; aEG&moDwGif toHk;ðya&;twGuf t&enf;
oGm;apEdkifygonf?)
b¾maiG rnfr#ukefusrnfenf;?
trsm;tm;jzifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;u cef@rSef;=uonfrSm a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfrnfh qnf
wnfaqmuf&mY wyfqifaom pGr;f tm; (1) rD*g0yfv#if tar&duefa':vm (1) oef;cef@
ukeu f sEikd yf gonf? ajrae&m tvGeaf umif;ygu Txuf ukeu f spm;&dwf av#meh nf;Edik +f yD;/
pDrcH suwf iG f rar#mv f ifah om jy\emrsm; ñuHawG@&ygu ukeu
f spm;&dwf ydrk sm;Edik yf gonf?
t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh wGucf su&f v#i/f {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nftwGuf &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS o
_ nf tar
&duefa':vm (3²6) bDvsHtxd&SdEdkifygonf?
tifrdkifc (arc) jrpfudkqnfzdk@jcif;
ppftpd;k onf {&m0wDjrpfay:&Sd yifrqnf}uD;tjyif/ jrpfqakH jrmufbuf&dS tifrikd cf jrpfay:Y
vnf; aemufxyf qnf (7)ck wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdaeygao;
onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv tpdk;&xkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;wyk'fY
atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;ygonf?
trSwf (1) v#yfppfpGrf;tm; 0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd/ a&tm;v#yfppf taumift

xnfaz:a&;XmeESifh w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_aumfydka&;&Sif; (China
Power Investment Corporation--CPI) wd@k onf a&tm;v#yp f pfvyk if ef; pDrcH suf (7)
ck ({&m0wDjrpfqHkY 3600- rD*g0yf pDrHcsuf/ csDaAGY 2000-rD*g0yf pDrHcsuf/ yg&SD;Y 1
600-rD * g0yf pD r H c suf / vm
rvdcESifh tifrdkifcjrpfay:&Sd qnfwnfaqmuf&ef
uifY 1400-rD*g0yf pDrcH su/f
zDaZmY 1500-rD*g0yf pDrH tqdjk yKxm;aom ae&mrsm;
csuf/ acgif*vefzlY 1700-
rD * g0yf pD r H c suf / vd k i f Z mY
1560-rD *g0yfpDrHcsuf) udk
ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y wnf
aqmuf o G m ;rnf j zpf o nf ?
qnftm;vH;k wnfaqmuf+yD; Khaunglanphu
Phizaw
pD;oGm;yg u pkpak ygi;f rD*g0yf
Laiza Lakin
(1336 0)udk xkwfv$wfay; Pashe
Ed k i f r nf [ k ar#mf v if h x m;yg
onf? TpDrcH suo f nf jrefrm Chibwe
Myitsone
Edik if YH t}uD;qH;k a&tm; v#yf
ppfvyk if ef; jzpf+yD; wdik ;f jynf.
t}uD ; qH k ; a&tm;v#yf p pf
vkyif ef; pDrcH sujf zpfaom &Sr;f
jynfe,f&Sd (7100) rD*g0yf
xk w f a y;Ed k i f o nf h wmqef ;
qnf . tif t m;xuf o m
vGefaeygonf?22
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmyg tcsuftvufrsm;t&
qnfwnfaqmufrnfh ae&mrsm;
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
tifrikd cf jrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&efvsmxm;aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm; wnfaqmufrnfh
pDru
H ed ;f onf oef@f pifaomTjrpf. a*[pepfukd aocsmayguf xdcu kd yf supf ;D aprnfjzpfyg
onf? xdrk #omru/ {&m0wD jrpftay:wGiv f nf; rvGrJ aoGtusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;jzpf
ay:apygvrd rhf nf? TtpD&ifcpH mwGif az: jyxm;aom {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf. xdcu kd &f u
kd f
cwfEikd rf _ qd;k usK;d rsm;twdik ;f yif/ tifrikd cf qnfrsm; tm;vH;k . &du
k cf wfr_ qd;k usK;d rsm;onf
vnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfygvrd rhf nf? Tqnfrsm;wnfaqmufrnft h wGuaf =umifh vltrsm;
tdk;tdrftajcysuf&r_ taetxm;udk rod&SdEdkifao;yg?
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ aumfydka&;&Sif; CPI)

ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH pGrf;tif0ef}uD;Xmewdk@ em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&modk@ oGm;rnfh
vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJ tcrf;tem; vrf;azmufvkyfxm;yHk
tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufrsm;
2002 {&m0wDjrpfqq Hk nfa&bufpt kH oH;k csa&;pDrcH suf trnfay;xm;aom
avhvmwdkif;xGmr_ w&yfudk jrefrmv#yfppf"gwftm;ay;vkyfief;ESifh
pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif; 0ef}uD;Xmewdk@u a&;om;ðypkcJhonf?
uefqikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m; ukr% ` (D Kansai Electric Power
Company)u jrpfq& kH dS wefz&J&mG wGif tao;pm; rd;k av0\Xme
wckwnfaqmufcJhonf?
2003 qnfaqmufrnfah e&mod@k KEPCO .wdik ;f wma&;tzG@J wzG@J 2-}udrf
a&mufvmcJh onf?
2004/ azaz:0g&D wefz&J&mG om;rsm;u ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL; Adv k cf sKyf
armifarmifa&$ xHo@kd uef@uu G pf m ay;yd@k co
hJ nf?
2005/
atmufwdkbmv w&kwEf ikd if &H dS ,leef puf,E , W m; oGi;f uke/f xkwu f ek f ukr%
` D
(Yunnan Machinery Export & Import Company)ESihf ulrif;
a&tm;v#ypf pf 'DZikd ;f Xme (Kunming Hydropower Institute of
Design) wd@k u qnfaqmufrnfh ae&mudk wdi k ;f wm=uonf?
2005/ Edk0ifbmv (YMEC) ESihf jrefrm v#ypf pfprG ;f tif 0ef}uD;Xmewd@k tifrikd cf jrpf0rS ;f
zG@H òz;r_ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;twGuf em;vnfrp_ mc|ev f m$ w&yfukd
ulrif;òr@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk; cJhonf?
2006/ =o*kw-f
pufwifbmv ajryHka&;qGJjcif;vkyfief;udk txl;ðyvkyfudkifaom jrefrmEdkifiHrS pef;
wufenf;ynm ukr% ` v D rD w d uf (Suntac Technologies Co. Ltd)
u wefz&J&mG &Sd bke;f }uD;ausmif; wausmif;wGif &H;k pdu k v f #uf qnf
aqmufrnfah e&mudk wdik ;f wmcJo h nf? wdik ;f wma&;vkyif ef;rSm toH;k
ðyrnfph uf,E , W m;rsm;udk w&kwjf ynfrS o,f,al &;udpP tqifajy
atmif aqmif&u G af &;twGuf 0ga&Smif&mG wGiv f nf; ,m,Dpcef;pdu k f
onf? pef;wufurk % ` oD nf w&kwu ` D (YMEC)ESihf yl;wGv
f rk % J yk u f ikd f
onf?
2006/
atmufwdkbmv qnfaqmufrnfah e&m (jrpfqrkH S atmufbuf 3-rdik t f uGm) Y jref
rmEdkifiHrS at&Sa0gvfukr`%Du pDrHcsufaqmif&Gufa&; pcef;wck
wnfaqmufco hJ nf? pcef;aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;onfEiS hf wòyifeuf w
&kwfvlrsKd;ajrae&mppfaq;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;onf pcef;wGif 5-v
=umr# aexdik v f #uf ajr ae&m ppfaq;onf?
2006/ 'DZifbmv v#yfppfpGrf;tm; trSwf(1)0ef}uD;XmeESifh w&kyfEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk;
v#ypf pf"gwt f m; xkwv f yk af &; tzG@J jzpfaom w&kyEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _ aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)wd@k onf arc-rvdc a&t
&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m {&m0wDjrpfqHk a&tm;v#yfppf pDrHcsuf
twGuf em;vnfrp_ m c|ev f m$ w&yfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJoh nf? T
oabmwlnrD w _ iG f jrpfqw kH iG f 3600 rD*g0yf pDrcH suEf iS hf tifrikd cf jrpf
ay:&Sd csaD AGwiG f 2000 rD*g0yf pDrcH suw f @kd yg0ifonf? Tvufrw S af &;
xdk;onfh tcrf;tem;odk@ at&Sa0gvfukr`%Dvnf; wufa&muf
onf? ("gwyf &kH )_
2007/ Zefe0g&rD aS r w&kwEf ikd if rH S cse*f si;f 'DZikd ;f Xme (Changjing Design Institute of
China)u vGep f ufjzifh ajrwl;azmufjcif;/ a&avSmifuef ppfaq;jcif;
ESihf ZvaA'wdik ;f wmjcif;rsm; aqmif&u G &f eftwGuf 'DZikd ;f a&;qGaJ &;
tkyfpkrsm;apv$wfcJhonf?
2007/ {+yDv qnf (7) ckwnfaqmuf&mY v#ypf pf"gwt f m;ay;rnfh 65-rD*g0yf
"gwt f m;ay; puf&w kH &Hu k kd csaD AGacsmif;teD;wGif wnfaqmufa&;t
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
wGuf tkwfjrpfcsajrndyGJ tcrf;tem; usif;ycJhonf? puf&kHonf
{&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf tygt0if tifrdkifcESifh rvdcjrpfrsm;ay:wGif
qnf}uD; (7)ck wnfaqmufI v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;rnfjzpfonf?
tcrf;tem;udk ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyftek ;f
jrifhESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tm; trSwf(1)0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;
aZmfrif;wdk@u tzGifhrdef@cGef;ajym=um;zGifhvSpfcJhonf?23
2007/ arv trSwf (1) v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&dS a&tm;v#yf
ppfprD cH suf taumiftxnfaz:a&;XmeESihf w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwf
tm;&if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _ aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)wd@k onf tifrikd cf ESihf {&m0wD
jrpfrsm;ay:Y pkpak ygi;f a&tm;v#ypf pfprD cH suf (7) ckwnfaqmufrnf
jzpfa=umif; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmuaz: jycJhonf?
arv (1) &ufae@/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@Y arc-rvdcjrpf0rS ;f ESihf jrpfqakH 'o
a&tm; v#ypf pfprD cH surf sm;ESihf csaD AGacsmif; a&tm;v#ypf pf pDrcH suf
uGyfuJa&;&Hk; zGifhyGJtcrf;tem; usif;ycJhonf?
arv (21) &ufae@/ ucsijf ynfe,fw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd òr@e,frsm;rS trsm;
=unfnKd av; pm;jcif;cH&aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf t}uD;tuJrsm;u Adv k f
csKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xHodk@ Tqnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufI
&yfqikd ;f ay;yg &ef uef@uu G pf m 0dik ;f 0ef;a&;om;I ay;yd@k c=hJ uonf?
od@k &mwGif jyef=um;csuf wpHw k &mr# r&&Scd ahJ cs?
qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&m&Sd wdkif;xGma&;ynm&Sifrsm;
olwdk@ajrjyif wdkif;xGmppfaq;wmawG
vkyfae=uw,f? qnfaqmufr,fhae&m
rSm tvkyform; w&mausmfavmufeJ@
w&kwftif*sifeD,mawG awG@ae&w,f?
ukefwifum;awGeJ@ pufawGvJ q,fpD;
avmuf&Sdw,f?
(awG@qHkar;jref;cef;trSwf-27)
jrpfq&kH dS wefc;kd }uD;anmifyif teD;Y &yfxm;aom
qef;wufwikd ;f xGma&; ukr%DrS um;wpD;
qnfaqmufvkyfrnfhae&mY vwfwavm jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;

vuf&SdumvwGif/ w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_aumfydka&;&Sif; (pDyDtdkif)
ESihf at&Sa0gurk % d ufw@kd u qnfaqmufrnfah e&m&Sd wd@k . tajcpdu
` D vDrw k pf cef;rsm;rS
aeI qnfae&mudk wdik ;f wmjcif; ESihf ajr&Si;f vif;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifaeygonf? wefz&J
aus;&GmrS &GmcHtvkyform; (24) a,mufcef@udk pcef;twGuf opfyifrsm; ckwfvSJ&ef/
ajr&Si;f &eftwGuf ac:,lcyhJ gonf? w&kww f ikd ;f wma&;tzG@J wzG@J ajrae&m wdik ;f &ef ajymif;
a&$@vmcJyh gonf? &GmcHwOD;u ajymjy&mY olw@kd ajrjyif wdik ;f xGm ppfaq;wmawG vkyaf e
=uw,f?
qnfaqmufrnfhae&m teD;tem;wGif at&Sa0gvf/ pef;wufESifh csef*sif;tzGJ@wdk@.
wdik ;f wma&;tkypf rk sm; csex
f m;&pfaom bdvyfajrazsmpf ufrsm;/ tvHrsm;ESihf qdik ;f bkwrf sm;
udvk nf; trsm;tjym; awG@&adS e&onf? vrf;r}uD; wav#mufY ausmuferlem aowWm
rsm;udkvnf;awG@&onf?
a'oaejynforl sm;u a=umufvef@ae=uum/ rdrw d @kd . a&S@a&;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk

jyifqifae=u&onf? e,fajrcH oif;tkyq f &mwOD;u ajymjy&mY qnfomaqmufvu kd f
&ifawmh usaemfw@kd &mG vnf; a&atmuf ðryfr,f-rðryfz;l qdw
k m taotcsm rajymEdik b
f ;l ?
'ga=umifrh @kd tdro
f pfaqmufr,fh tpDtpOf&w
dS mawmifrS tpDtpOf zsuyf pf&awmhr,f?
(awG@qHkar;jref;cef; trSwf-25)
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
vuf0zJ ufraS eI tpOftwdik ;f ? ? jrpfqtkH eD; wdik ;f xGm rSww
f rf;wifaeolwOD;? qifa*smifbrG f ESihf
*a&mifbrG f t=um;/ qnfwnfaqmufrnfah e&mY qef;wuf wdik ;f xGma&;ukr% ` .
D uGi;f qif;refae*sm
wOD;u tvHpdkufaeyHk? 0g'lbGrf&Sd wdkif;xGmrSwfwrf; jyKxm;aom tvHwck? vrf;ab;wGif &Sdaeaom
ausmufrD;aoG; erlemrsm;?
tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yg0ifywfoufae-uolrsm;
(etz) ppftpdk;&. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xme (MOEP)
v#yfppfpGrf;tm; 0ef}uD;Xmeudk 0ef}uD;Xme (2) ck cGJI zGJ@
pnf;xm;ygonf? trSwf (1) v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xme
onf v#yfppf"gwftm; xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sd+yD;/
trSwf(2)v#yfppfpGrf;tm; 0ef}uD;Xmeu v#yfppf"gwftm;
jzef@jzL;ay;a&;twGuf wm0ef,&l ygonf? xd@k tjyif T0ef
}uD;Xmeonf (2002) ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D wGif a&tm;v#yf
ppfOD;pD;Xme ( Department of Hydroelecric Power--
DOHP) udk zG@J pnf;cJy h gonf? TXmeonf tem*wfv#yf 0ef}uD; Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;aZmfrif;
ppf"gwftm; vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifa&; twGuf
a&tm;v#yf p pf x k w f vk y f i ef ; rsm; pD r H c suf a &;qG J & ef E S i f h taumif t xnf a z:&ef
wm0ef&o dS nf?24 T0ef}uD;Xmevufatmuf &Sd Edik if yH ikd f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; Xmersm;onf
v#ypf pf"gwt f m; xkwv f yk jf cif;/ yd@k vw
$ af y;jcif; ESihf jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;wd@k ukd wm0ef,al qmif
&Gu&f onft h jyif Tvkyif ef;rsm;twGuf Edik if H jcm;&if;ES;D jrKyfEo HS rl sm;ESihf zufpyfvyk if ef;rsm;
wnfaxmifEikd yf gonf? tifrikd cf ESihf rvdcjrpfrsm;ay:&Sd wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf
em;vnfrp_ mc|ev f m$ rsm; vufrw S af &;xd;k cJo
h rl mS trSw(f 1) v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xme
jzpfonf? Adv k rf LS ;}uD;aZmfrif;onf (2006) ckEpS /f arvwGif trSwf (1) v#ypf pf pGr;f tm;
0ef}uD;Xme. 0ef}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf?
ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;onf ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf ppfuikd ;f
wdik ;f wpdww f ydik ;f wGif ppfqifa&; wm0ef,&l ygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f
vuf&dS ppfXmecsKyf (13) ck&I dS wdik ;f rSL; (13) OD; &Syd gonf? olw@kd onf
EdkifiHawmf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD tzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf;
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f
jzpfygonf? olw@kd &@J =oZmt&Sed t f m%m uawmh &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ
ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; zG@J pnf;yHu
k vG&J if/ wEdik if vH ;kH qdik &f m rl0g' csrw S w f hJ udpaP wGukd ausmf
AdkvfcsKyf tkef;jrifh vGef =oZmra&mufEikd =f ubl;? 'gayr,fh olw@kd xikd &f wJh ppfwikd ;f awGrmS
awmhææ wdik ;f rSL;awGu =oZmt&Sq d ;kH yJ? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; uefx
&du
k pf mcsKyfupd aP wG/ t&if;tjrpf xkw, f al &;vkyif ef;awG/ td;k tdrjf cHajrwnf aqmufa&;
vkyfief;awG/ ausmif;/ aps;eJ@ vrf;-wHwm; wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG tm;vHk;rSm
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
olwdk@u qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f? &J/ vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@awGeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;awGuvnf; olwdk@
acgi;f rndr &hf if bmrSvyk yf ikd cf iG hf r&S=d ubl;?[k wOD;u azmfjyygonf?25
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_

aumfydka&;&Sif; (CPI)
w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwtf m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI) ud/k jrefrmhtvif;
owif;pmu jrpfqHk&Sd qnf(7) ckwnf
aqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI
azmfjycJh&mwGif v#yfppfpGrf;tm;0ef}uD;
Xme. vkyfief;vkyfazmfudkifzuftjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ jrpfqakH 'o a&tm;v#yf ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udk vd_ufvd_ufvSJvSJóuqdkae=uyHk
ppfvyk if ef;pDrcH surf sm;. pDrcH suf refae
*smtjzpfvnf;aumif; az: jycJhygonf? csef*sif; 'DZdkif;Xme (atmufwGif =unfhyg) ESifh
twly;l wGI J jrpf0rS ;f a'owckv;kH udk v$r;f ðcHonfh r[mpDru H ed ;f ESihf jrpfqEkH iS hf csaD AGa&tm;
v#ypf pf "gwt f m;ay; puf&w kH nfaqmufa&;twGuf yHpk x H wk f 'DZikd ;f a&;qGaJ &;vkyif ef;rsm;
udkvnf; yl;wGJa&;qGJcJhygonf?
w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI) onf ,cif w&kwEf ikd if /H
Edik if aH wmf v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;aumfyakd &;&Si;f (State Power Corporation of China--SP)
. pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;Xme tydik ;f rSaeI cGaJ xmifxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? rSwyf w kH ifxm;aom
t&if;tES;D tjzpf tar&duefa':vm (1² 57) bDvsH &S+d yD/ (CPI) onf Edik if aH wmfaumifp. D
todtrSwfðycsuft& prf;oyf tpdk;& &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ vkyfief;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfydkif OD;ydkif
aumfydka&;&Sif;w&yf jzpfvmcJhygonf? onf w&kwfjynf. t}uD;qHk; v#yfppfxkwf
vkyfa&;vkyfief;}uD;wck jzpfygonf?26
(2007) ckEpS f tapmydik ;f Y w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)
awmifydkif;XmecGJonf jrefrma&tm;v#yfppf pDrHcsufrsm;. t&ma&mufr_udk pdwfyg0if
pm;r_ jyoaomtm;jzifh jrefrma&tm;qdkif&m XmecGJ (Myanmar Hydro Division)
wckudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? (CPI) OuUXonf (2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv twGif;u
XmecG&J ;kH od@k omG ;a&muf+yD;/ wdik ;f jynf. pufrw _ ;kd wufa&; r[mAsL[mESiu hf u kd n
f aD om
jrefrmEdik if &H dS pDrcH surf sm; t&Sed jf riw
hf ;kd wufjzpfay:apa&;twGuf nGe=f um;csurf sm;ay;cJyh g
27
onf?
w&kwEf ikd if H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwtf m;uGe&f uf (China Southern Power Grid)
(2007) ckEpS /f arv(21)&ufae@wiG f (CPI)onf tifrikd cf / rvdcESihf {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f rsm;&Sd
a&tm;v#ypf pf pDrcH surf sm; yl;wGt J aumiftxnfaz:a&;ESihf ywfoufI yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gufa&; oabmwlnDcsuf w&yfudk w&kwfEdkifiH awmifydkif;v#yfppf"gwftm;uGef&uf
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (China Southern Power Grid Corporation)ESihf vufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gonf?
Tod@k jzifh TpDrcH surf sm;wGif ukr% ` ED pS cf o
k nf r[mAsL[majrmuf vkyif ef;vkyzf ufrsm;
jzpfvmcJha=umif; tcsufjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?28
w&kwEf ikd if H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m;uGe&f uf (CSG) onf/ w&kwjf ynf. awmifyikd ;f
jynfe,f (5) ckrS aumfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;udk aygi;f pkv#uf (2000)ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif wnf
axmifcahJ om tpd;k &ydik u f rk %
` w D ckjzpfygonf? vuf&t dS m;jzifh Tukr% ` oD nf urBmt}uD;
qH;k vkyif ef;}uD; (500) pm&if; (Fortune 500 Global List) wGif (266) tqifh &Sad eygonf?
(CSG)onf w&kwE f ikd if .H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m; uGe&f ufEiS hf ywfoufaom &if;ES;D
jrKyfErHS /_ wnfaqmufrE_ iS hf pDrt H yk cf sKyfrw
_ @kd uo
kd mru v#ypf pf"gwt f m; yd@k vw
$ jf cif;/ jzef@a0
jcif;rsm;udkyg wm0ef,l&onf? onf r[mrJacgifa'o v#yfppf"gwftm; aumfydka&;
&Si;f wGif Edik if aH wmfaumifpu D cef@tyfwm0efay;xm;onfh tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifvnf;
jzpfonft h jyif r[mrJacgiaf 'o v#ypf pf"gwt f m;aumfyakd &;&Si;f . vkyif ef;udk wufwuf
29
ºuºu wGe;f aqmfay;v#u&f o dS nf?
Photo: CPI publication
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHolrsm;
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)onf . Edik if &H yfjcm;
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_wGif b¾maiGaxmufyHhjcif;/
ñu&H Edik af om ar#mv f ifrh xm;onfh tE &W m,f
qHk;&_H;r_rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;wdk@ESifh ywf
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ aumfydka&; oufI b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh aumfydka&;&Sif;t
&Sif; (CPI) u 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif usif;yaom rsm;udk oGm;a&mufawG@qHk+yD; t}uHOm%f
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ac:a&;aqG;aEG;yGJwck
wdkifyifcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif w&kwfEdkifiH
yd@k uek -f oGi;f ukef b%f (China Exim Bank)/ w&kwEf ikd if H yd@k uek f tmrcH aumfyakd &;&Si;f
(China Export Credit Insurance Corporation)/ w&kwE f ikd if H pufrE_ iS hf ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fa&;b%f (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)/ w&kwEf ikd if H aqmufvyk f
a&;b%f (The Construction Bank of China)/ umvf,eG f aumfyakd &;&Si;f ESihf &if;ES;D jryEf rHS _
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b%f (Calyon Corporate and Investment Bank) (rlv jyifopfyikd )f ESihf at&Sa0gvf
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D @kd jzpfygonf?
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f ek f ukr%
R` D (Yunan Machinery Equipment Import
& Export Company) (YMEC)
,leef puf,E , W m;oGi;f uke/f xkwuf ek f ukr%
` D (YMEC) onf w&kwEf ikd if .
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f ef;
puf,E W,m;ESifh v#yfppfypPnf; ydk@ukefvkyfief; (100) wGif wcktygt0if jzpfygonf?
ukr% ` .
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f ,
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&SdcJhygonf? (YMEC)onf jrefrm/ AD,uferfESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwdk@Y a&tm;
v#yfppfpuf&Hkaygif; (24) &Hkudk wm0efcHwnfaqmufay;aeygonf?30
,leefae@pOf owif;pm (Yunnan Daily News). azmfjycsut f & (YMEC) ESihf jrefrm
v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xmewd@k onf (2006) ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm (30) &ufae@wiG f ulrif;òr@Y
tifrdkifcjrpf0Srf; zGH@òz;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$mw&yfudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf?31 em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$myg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk trsm;od
atmifxw k jf yefa=ujimjcif; rðyojzif/h w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;
&Sif; (CPI) ESifh qufqH&mY (YMEC). tcef;u¾ rnfodk@&Sdrnfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
rod&yg? (atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk =unfhyg?)
cse*f si;f (wdik ;f wma&;/ pDru

H ed ;f a&;qGaJ &;/ 'DZikd ;f a&;qGaJ &;ESihf okawoeðya&;)Xme Cha-ngjiang
Institute of Surve-ying, Planning, Design and Research) (CISPDR)
csef*sif; (wdkif;wma&;/ pDrH udef;a&;qGJa&;/ 'DZdkif;a&;qGJ a&;ESifh okawoeðya&;Xme/
twdkaumuftm;jzifh csef *sif;'DZdkif;tzGJ@ ) onf t}uD; pm;ESifh{&mra&odkavSmif
a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh a&tm; v#yfppfpDrHcsufrsm;ESifh ywf oufI tif*sifeD,mu|rf;
usifr_qdkif&m wdkif;wmr_rsm;/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;/ 'DZdkif;a&; qGJjcif;/ okawoeðyjcif;/ t
wkdifyifcHt}uHðyjcif;/ }uD;=uyf ay;jcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Guf onf? Tvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI TtzGJ@onf w&kwfEdkifiHwGif t}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? csef*sif;'DZdkif;tzGJ@onf
w&kwfEdkifiH. ausmf=um;aom ausmuf(3)vHk; jrpfusOf;qnf wnf aqmufa&;udk
wm0ef , l a qmif & G u f c J h o nf o mru bJ v d k u f Z f (Belize)/ tD o d , d k ; yD ; ,m;/ ql ' ef /
udkvHbD,m/ oD&dv uFm/ *DeD,m/ zD*sD/ uGef*dk/ tDuGmwdk&D ,,f*DeDESifh tmz*ef
epPwefEdkifiHrsm;wGif pDrHcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifaeygonf?
csef*sif; wdkif;wma&;tzGJ@rS
Photo: CPI publication

vuf a tmuf c H t zG J @ wzG J @
onf {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nfae
&mod@k oGm;a&mufcahJ om (5)
v=umc&D;udk r=umao;rD
uyif +yD;qH;k cJyh gonf? pufjzifh
ajrazgufjcif;/ a&avSmifuef
ppfaq;jcif;ESifh ZvaA'wdkif
wmjcif ; rsm; aqmif & G u f c J h
onf?32
tcsKd@aom aqmif;yg;rsm;u
cse*f si;f wdik ;f wma&;tzG@J uo
hJ ykd if
tvm;wlvkyfief;rsKd;vkyfudkif
aom ul r if ; 'D Z d k i f ; tzG J @
(Kunming Design Instit-
ute) . yg0ifywfoufr_t
a=umif;udkvnf; az: jy=u
onf? Photos of CISPDRs field work in Kachin State
at&Sa0gvf ukr% ` vD rD wd uf (Asia World Co., Ltd)

at&Sa0gvf ukr% ` vD rD wd ufonf jrefrmEdik if &H dS t}uD;qH;k pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;pk}uD;wckjzpf+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aygif;pHkudk us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@vkyfudkifaeonf? emrnfysufpm&if;0if bdrf;bk&ifa[mif;
avmfppf[efu (1992) ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhaom Tukr`%D
pwDAifavm onf ,cifòr@awmfa[mif;&efukefY XmecsKyf&Hk;zGifhxm;&Sdonf?
jynfwiG ;f Y at&Sa0gvo f nf ukeof , G v

f yk if ef;/ tajccHtaqmuftOD tdr, f m&if;ED;S jrKyf
ESHr_vkyfief;/ ukefypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;/ axmufyHha&;vkyfief;ESifh ya&m*sufpmcsKyfvkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyu f ikd o
f nf? at&Sa0gvof nf aqmufvyk af &;uefx&du k pf mcsKyfcsKyfqjkd cif;/ ypPn;f
ESihf pufu&d,maxmufyjhH cif; uJo h @kd aom tpd;k &vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv
f nf; yg0ifvyk u f ikd o
f nf?
33
EdkifiHwumvkyfief;rsm;udkrl t"dutm;jzifh zufpyfvkyfief;taejzifh vkyfudkifonf?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
avmavmq,fY avmfppf[efonf ukr% ` . D OuUXjzpfonf? ol.om; jzpfol xGe;f jrifEh ikd f
(ac:) pwDAifavmonf refae*sif;'g&dkufwmjzpfonf? pwDAifavmonf bdef;ukeful;
&mrSmyg0ifywfoufonf[k ouFmruif; jzpfc&H r_a=umif/h (1996) ckEpS w f iG f tar&duef
jynfaxmifpo k @kd oGm;a&muf&ef ADZmydwyf ifccH &hJ onf? Tod@k emrnfysurf a_ =umifh at&S
a0gvfukr`%Dtaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aqmif&Gufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
xdcdkufepfemr_r&Sdonfhtjyif/ vuf&Sd tm%m&Sif tpdk;&atmufwGif rñuHpzl;atmifjrif
r_rsm;&aeonf?
(1995) ckEpS w
f iG f pwDAifavmu/ vkyaf z:udik zf ufwOD; jzpfol puFmylEikd if o H l pDpvD , D m
iuf (Cecilia Ng)ESihf vufxyfco hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if &H dS puFmyl &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS r_ sm;. w0uf
ausmaf usmof nf at&Sa0gv. f tpkpyfyg0ifrj_ zifh 0ifa&mufco hJ nf[k cef@reS ;f &onf? pwD
Aifavmonf puFmylvyk if ef;&Sirf sm; todik ;f t0dik ;f xJwiG f v_y&f mS ;aeqJ&adS e+yD;/ ol@zcif.
yifv,f&yfjcm;&Sd vkyif ef;rsm;udk at&Sa0gv. f yifv,f&yfjcm;&Sd ukr% ` cD rJG sm;jzifh pDrt H yk cf sKyf
dS nf? 34
ay;v#u&f o
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Photo: tab
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xkwfaz:a=ujimxm;cJhjcif;r&Sdacs?
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wnfaqmufrnfh ae&mrsm;wGif prf;oyf ppfaq;r_rsm; vkyfaeonf[k ,lq&a=umif;
a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;u ajymjycJhygonf? at&S a0gvfonf opfvkyfief; cGifhðycsuf
trsm;tjym; &xm;+yD;jzpf&m/ a&rv$r;f rDwiG yf if a& avSmifuef wnfaqmufrnfah e&mod@k
0ifa&mufopfckwfEdkifzG,f&Sdaeygonf?
pef;wuf enf;ynmukr`%DvDrdwuf (Suntac
Technologies Co. Ltd.)
pef ; wuf enf ; ynmuk r ` % D v D r d w uf o nf
(1999) ck E S p f w G i f wnf a xmif c J h a om pef ;
wuf ukr`%Dpk . vufcGJ ukr`%Dwckjzpf+yD;/
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f nf? pef;wuf onf
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avh v mr_ r sm;ud k aqmif & G u f a y;ygonf ? 35 pef ; wuf o nf (etz) ppf t pd k ; &
0ef}uD;Xmersm;ESifh wdkuf&dkuftquf toG,f&Sdonfhtjyif rl;,pfaq;0g;ukef ul;r_wGif
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at&Sa0gvf ukr`%DvDrdwuf/ xl;ukr`%Dwdk@uJhodk@aom ukr`%Drsm;twGuf vkyfiefrsm;
vnf; aqmif&Gufay;aeonf? EdkifiHwume,fy,fwGif pef;wufonf tjiif; yGm;zG,f
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ajryHrk sm;twGuf ajrtaetxm;jy aumif;uif"gwyf rkH sm; &du k &f efwm0ef,al y;&ygonf?
(2006) ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvwGif ,leef puf,E , W m; oGi;f uke/f xkwu
f ek f
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wdkif;wmr_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
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36
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wnfaqmufcJhygonf? ("gwfyHkudk =unfhyg?)
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kH nf pDrcH suaf =umifh a&v$r;f cH&rnfah e&mrsm;
Marazup
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Tang Hpre
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Myitkyina
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Myitsone Dam Multipurpose
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Water Utilizing Project) t& a&
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wnfaqmufxm;aom vlaer_ pepfòyuG&J jcif;ESit hf wl pD;yGm;a&;t&pGr;f tm;rsm; ysupf ;D
qHk;&_H;&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rsm;aomtm;jzifh jyefvnf ðyjyifI r&Edkifawmhavmufatmif
vlaer_tqifhtwef; edrfhus&jcif;rsm; udkvnf;jzpfapygonf?
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vlr0_ efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;rsm; yHyh ;kd ay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ zdp;D r_rsm; ydrk o
kd ufa&mufvmaprnf
jzpfonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;rSm awmeufrsm;xJY v,fajropfrsm; wDxGif=uzG,f&SdI
obm0ywf0ef;usit f ay:wGiv f nf; zdp;D r_rsm; jzpfay:apygvrd rhf nf? tcsK@d aomolrsm;rSm
tvkyt f udik &f mS azG&ef a&$ wGi;f a'orsm;od@k ajymif;a&$@tajccsz, G &f +dS yD;/ xdak 'orsm;wGif
vlr_a&;jy\emrsm;jzpfaom rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJr_/ udk,fcHtm;usa&m*g (tdyfcsftdkifADG)
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jrpfqHkqnf wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufa=umifh a&$@ajymif;xGufcGgvm=urnfholrsm;onf
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;jzpfonfh xdik ;f ESiw
hf &kwEf ikd if rH sm;od@k vnf; ajymif;a&$@0ifa&mufvmr_rsm;
wdk;wufjzpfay:vmEdkifygonf?
urBmh qnfrsm;aumfr&Sif (World Commission on Dams) u/ vlrsm;ajymif;a&$@tajccs

apr_vkyfief;rsm;/ oifhav#mfaom avsmfa=u;aiG&&Sdapa&;udpPrsm;wGif aESmifhaES;zG,fñuH&
EdkifzG,f tajctaeudkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhyg onf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm vlOD;a&
trSeftwdkif; a&wGufr_qdkif&m jy\em/ vHkavmufaomav#mfa=u;aiGrsm;udk tcsdefESifh
tnDay;tyfa&;jy\em/ oifhav#mfaom jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;r_/ epfem&r_rsm;udk
jyefvnfajz&Sif;ay;jcif;ESifh Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mt& yHhydk;ay;Edkifonfh &if;jrpfrsm; r&Sd
onft h ajctaeESiñhf uH&jcif; ponfh jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;udk w&m;
Oya'ouf0ifaom Edik if rH sm;Yyif ñuHawG@=u&jcif;jzpf&m/ a'oqdik &f m ppfwikd ;f rSL;rsm;u
Oya'txufwiG f cs,v f ,S af e=uaom jrefrmEdik if w
H iG /f av#maf =u;&&Srd j_ y\em/ jyefvnf
ae&mcsxm;ay;r_ jy\em/ epfemr_rsm;udk jyefvnfukpm;ay;r_ jy\emrsm;rSm rjzpfp
avmufyif cHpm;&&Sd=uzG,f&Sdaeygonf?
jrefrmEdik if wH iG f qnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;a=umifh a&$@ajymif;=u&r_rsm;

qnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f a&$@ajymif;=u&r_rsm; rnfo@kd jzpf
ay:cJ&h onfukd oabmod&EdS ikd &f eftwGuf avhvmzG,t f aumif;qH;k udprP mS u&ifejD ynfe,f
(u,m;jynfe,f) twGi;f wnfaqmufrnfh jrefrmEdik if . H t}uD;qH;k a&tm;v#ypf pfvyk if ef;
qnfwnfaqmufa&;yifjzpfygonf? rd;k jAq J nfEiS hf avmyDwa&tm;v#ypf pfpuf&kH wnfaqmuf
a&;a=umifh vlaygi;f (12000)cef@ ae&yfpeG @f cGg a&$@ajymif;cJ=h u&ygonf? vltrsm;pkrmS a&$@
ajymif;=u&rnfukd óuwiftoday;cJjh cif; r&Sb d /J wd@k trd af &S@o@kd a&a&mufrS a&$@ajymif;xGuf
ajy;cJ=h u&ygonf? aus;&Gm trsm;pkukd ppfwyfu xde;f csKyfxm;aom pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;od@k
ajymif;a&$@ap&ef trde@f ay;cJ+h yD;/ Tae&mrsm;rSm vlO;D a&xlxyfoyd o f nf;vS+yD;/ use;f rma&;
ESiv
hf nf; nD!w G jf cif;r&Syd g? Tpkpnf;aus;&Gm pcef;rsm;udk pGe@f ypfxu G cf gG Eikd cf =hJ uolrsm;rSm
vnf;/ if;wd@k . aqGrsK;d rsm;xHo@kd vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; rDcS &kd yfwnf=u&ygonf? av#maf =u;aiG
tjzpfay;tyfaom axmufyahH =u;rSmvnf; vH;k 0rr#wyg? apmfum;onfo h zG,jf zpfaeaom
a=umifh vltrsm;u vufc&H ef a'gojzifh jiif;y,fc=hJ uygonf? a'ocHrsm;u T av#maf =u;aiG
yrm%udk tdraf vS cg;zd;k r#om&So d nf[k wGuq f ajymqdo k nfukd =um;cJ=h u&ygonf? vdt k yf
aom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;jzpfonfh puf rsm;wnf aqmuf&ef/ a&v$aJ jrmif;rsm;wnf&ef
v,f,mjcaH jrrsm;udk av#maf =u;r ay;bJ odr;f ,lc=hJ uygonf? a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&w kH 0du
k w f iG f
ajrjrK yfrikd ;f (18000) cef@ukd csxm;cJ+h y;D / teD;&Sv
d ,fuiG ;f rsm;/ jcrH sm;od@k omG ;=uaom v,fo
rm;rsm;twGuv f nf; tE &W m,fjzpfapygonf? xd@k tjyif a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&t kH eD;&Sd v,f
uGi;f rsm;od@k oGm;aom v,form;rsm;tay:wGiv f nf; csKyfcs,u f ef@owfrr_ sm; ydrk w kd if;
usyv f mcJyh g onf? 37
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
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rsm;ºu,f0vS+yD; jrpfqHkqnfom wnfaqmufcJhygu Topfawmrsm;vnf; a&v$rf;cH=u&awmhrnf?
&d;k &m,H=k unfrIt& wdik ;f &if;aq; opfOopfzrk sm;udk oifah v#mo f nft
h csed w
f iG f &SmazGpk
aqmif;=u&onf? yHrk eS f tm;jzifh usaemfw@kd u aq;jrpfawGukd Zefe0g&v D uae {+yDvt
wGi;f rSm&Sm=uw,f? 'D&moDu aq;jrpfawGpv k @kd taumif;qH;k &moDy?J 'Dtcsed rf mS awmxJ
u ewfaumif;ewfjrwfawGu aumif;csD;ay;=uvdk@ aq;aygif;cwJhtcsdefvdk@ ,lqw,f?
usaemfw@kd u tudik ;f tcufawGyJ ,lw,f/ opfyif yifpnfu tayG;udk r,lb;l ? usaemfw@kd
u 'Daq;yif awGukd aemifrsK;d quftxd qufo;kH Edik zf @kd xde;f odr;f xm;=uw,f? (awG@qakH r;
jref;jcif;/ trSwf-10)
wdkif;&if;aq;0g;rsm;tjyif/ tcsK@daomtrsKd;orD;rsm;uvnf; opfr[kwfaom awm

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a'oaps;/ òr@aps;rsm;wGif a&mif;csI olw@kd twGuf ta&;ygonfh qD? qm;ESihf rD;zdak csmif
oHk;ypPnf;rsm;udk jyef0,fEdkif=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh awmrsm;u aus;vufaevlxk
rsm;twGuf b%fwckozG,f wefzdk;&SdvSonf? tu,fI jrpfqHkqnfwnfaqmufvdkuf
onft h csed w
f iG /f Tawmrsm;rSm a&atmufa&mufomG ;awmh rnfjzpf+yD;/ xH;k wrf;pOfvm
&SifoefaexdkifEdkifonfh b0rsm;vnf; ysufpD;òyuGJ=u&awmhrnf jzpfonf?
jrpfqHk&Sd tvnftywfavSpD;&efESifh aps;a&mif;ae=uaomqdkifrsm;
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ief;rSaeI a'ocHrsm; aiG0ifvrf;ajzmif=h uygonf? a'ocH tpm;taomufrsm;ESihf &d;k &m
vufr_ypPnf; a&mif;csolrsm;rSmvnf; jrpf}uD;em;ESifh txufbufa'orsm;odk@ tvnf
vma&muf =uolrsm;xHrS ae@pOf0ifaiGukd rScD I kd &Sio f efaexdik =f u&ygonf? aps;onf
trsm;pkrmS trsK;d orD;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? tjcm;olrsm;rSmvnf; c&D;oGm;rsm;udk avSjzifh
vSnfhvnf =unfh&_&ef ydk@aqmifay;onfhtwGuf 0ifaiG&=uygonf? Todk@ c&D;onfydk@
ay;olwOD;u jrpfq. kH tvSukd cs;D rGr;f cef; zGiyhf gonf? c&D;oGm;awG 'Dae&mudk trsm;}uD;
vm=uw,f/ olw@kd u taysmcf &D;twGuf avSp;D +yD; =unfch si=f uw,f? usaemfu avSe@J
yd@k &&if rdepf (30)udk usyw f pfaomif;,lw,f? =unfph rf;ygO;D -'DjrpfqkH ae&mu b,favmuf
vSovJqw kd m/ olw@kd bma=umifh vmcsi=f uw,fqw kd m cifAsm;jrifomwmyJ? (awG@qakH r;
jref;jcif;/ trSwf-13)
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
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a=umif;ESihf &moDOwkobm0udk A[kow k vufqifu h rf;cJ=h uonf? tcsK@d ro
d m;pkrsm;u
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onf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h jrpf}uD;em;&Sd bGerf qGrf wdik ;f &if;aq;puf&u kH Taq;jrpf/ aq;yifrsm;
udk 0,f,x l w
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qnfwnfaqmufvu kd rf a_ =umifh jrpfnma'owGif ig;rsm;a&$@ajymif; tajccsom;aygurf u _ kd
ydwyf ifvu
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+yD;ygu jrpfatmufajc uDvdkrDwm &mESifhcsDaom a'orsm;txd qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdapvdrfhrnf?
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m ysufpD;qHk;&_H;apr_rsm;
tu,f I qnf w nf a qmuf y gu
tcsK@d aom ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mt& t
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,mefcsyfausmif;rsm;yg0if+yD;/ jrpfqHk
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vnf; a&jrKyfoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
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tcsK@d aomolrsm;u TanmifyifwiG f
ewfaeonf[k,Hk=unf=u+yD;/ aumif;rItwGuf yoylaZmf=u&mae&mvnf;jzpfonf?
qnfaqmufjcif;jzifh vlrsm;udk &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt& ae&majymif;a&$@jcif; jzpfap&Hrk #omru/
wdk@. ,Ofaus;r_rsm; qufvufxdef; odrf;wnfwHhEdkifa&;twGufvnf; xdcdkufapEdkif
onf? TjrpfqHkae&monf ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf 0daooxl;ae&mwckjzpfouJhodk@/
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cJ=h u&aom/ yGv J rf; rsm;aqmif&u G cf =hJ u&aomae&monfvnf; aemifrsK;d qufrsm;pGmwdik f
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ucsiv f rl sK;d awG[m 'DprD cH suf jyef&yk o f rd ;f ay;zd@k (etz) ppftpd;k &eJ@ w&kwf ukr%` aD wG/
jrefrmukr% ` aD wGukd tcGit hf a&; qdo k ifw h ,f? 'Dvakd wmif;qdzk @kd wm0efvnf;&Sw d ,f? 'Dvkd
rvkyEf ikd =f uzl;qdv k #ijf zifh {&mrordik ;f aºu;wifawmhrmS aocsmw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh
jrpfqakH 'oqdw k m ucsiv f rl sK;d awG&@J ordik ;f a=umif;/ *k%o f ud mQ eJ@ qufpyfaevd@k yJjzpf
w,f? (awG@qHak r;jref;jcif;/ trSwf 30)
a&jrKyfoGm;rnfh wefzJaus;&Gm&Sd &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ taqmuftODwck

{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
ig;zrf;ol wHigtrsm;pku ydu
k cf sjcif;udk 2 rsK;d toH;k jyKavh&o
dS nf? avSay:rS ydu
k af r#mjcif;ESihf tjcm;w
enf;rSm ydu
k u
f kd tao 24 em&D wae@vH;k axmifxm;+yD; wae@v#if 2-3 }udrf ppfaq;jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0rsm; ysufp;D -u&jcif;?
qnfrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;a=umifh jrpfatmufajca'orsm;wGif wHigvkyfief;

xGuu f ek rf sm; odoo
d momav#meh nf;us qif;oGm;a=umif;udk urBmw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd
jzpf&yfrsm;t&od&cdS &hJ ygonf? 38
qnfrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;a=umifh jrpfatmufyikd ;f a'orsm;wGif qd;k usK;d rsm;udk uDvrkd w D m
&mESichf saD om tuGmta0;txd/ jrpfa=umif;wav#muf. jyifya'orsm;txd oufa&muf
cHpm;&apEdik yf gonf? qnfwnfaqmuf +yD;+yD;csi;f / cHpm;&rnfh qd;k usK;d rsm;udk jrpfatmuf
ajca'orsm;wGif awG@ñuH=u&rnf jzpf+yD;/ tcsdefESifhtr# qdk;usKd;rsm;u ydkIwdk;yGm;vm
Edkifygonf?
ig;rsm; ajymif;a&$@tajccsonfh vrf; jrpfatmufajcjrpfa=umif;wav#mufESifh jrpf

a=umif;udk ydwfqdk@apaoma=umifh/ a=umif;ESifh eD;pyf&ma'orsm;wGif aexdkif=u
ig;rsm;rSm jrpftnmod@k wufI om; aom vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif qnf}uD;rsm;
aygufjcif;rðyEdkif=uawmhyg? Ttcg wnfaqmufjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:&aom qd;k usK;d
rsm;udk odoo d mom ñuHawG@&Edik yf gonf? txl;
jrpfatmufajca'o&Sd wHigvkyfief;
ojzifh jrpf.a&pD;qif;r_rsm; ajymif;vJomG ;+yD;/ a&
rsm;wGif qdk;&GmpGmxdcdkufr_&Sdvmap v$r;f EH;k wifaom vGijf yifrsm;udk ajymif;vJomG ;ap
ygonf? qnfrsm;a=umifh rlv&S&d if;pGJ Edik yf gonf? Tod@k jzpfonfEiS t hf r# jrpfa&uscsed f
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qif;vmapygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h jrLa&;vkyif ef;/ EH;k wifajrEkviG jf yifrsm;wGif opf
ta&S@awmiftm&S jrpfrsm; qdkif&m awmxGuyf pPn;f rsm; &SmazGpm;aomuf aexdik f
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ydkif;a'owGif yufrkef;qnf wnf a&wufrr_ sm; av#meh nf;usqif;vmonfEiS t hf
aqmufcJh+yD;aemuf TjrpftwGif;&Sd r#jrpfatmufajc a'oaevlxrk sm;. pD;yGm;a&;
ig;trsK;d (100) teuf (50) cef@rmS udk xdcu kd v
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aysmufuG,foGm;cJh=u+yD;/ usef&Sdae wd@k wwfu|r;f xm;onfh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdik f
&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;rSm tvkyfrjzpfEdkifawmhbJ
aom ig;rsK;d pdwrf sm;. ta&twGuf
aemufq;kH ajymif;a&$@tajccsjcif;/ òr@jya'orsm;Y
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f aiG&mS &jcif;
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,cifuod&x dS m;aom a'oqdik &f m qnfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Si)f
todokwrsm;rSmvnf; toHk;r0if
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jzpf&ygonf? Oyrm-urfabm'D;,m; Edik if wH iG jf rpftxufyikd ;f Y ,mvDa&wHceG f wmwrH
aqmufvu kd +f yD;aemuf/,cifuaEG&moDwiG f ig;zrf;onfyh pPn;f rsm;udo
k ;kH Ir&=uawmhyg?39
wHigvkyfief;onf jrpfqHka'o&Sd vlxkrsm;. ta&;ygaom toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyf

ief;wck jzpfovdk/ 0rf;a&;twGuf t[m&vnf; jzpfygonf? ig;zrf;&moDrSm atmuf
wdbk mvrS arvjzpf+yD;/ rdom;pk0rf;pmtwGut f jzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ aps;wGif a&mif;
cs&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; ig;zrf;=ujcif;jzpfygonf? ajcmufaoG@&moDwGif jrpf}uD;
em;rS ajymif;a&$@vm=uaom ig;zrf;olrsm;onf jrpftnmod@k wufI ig;zrf;=u+yD; jrpf}uD;
em;aps;ESihf jrpfq&kH dS azmufonfrsm;xH a&mif;cs=uygonf? rd;k &moDusa&mufvmaomtcg
wHig;rsm;onf olwdk@ydkufrsm;udkodrf;xm;vdkuf=u+yD;? ae&if; &yf&GmjyefI v,f,mvkyf
ief;cGirf sm;wGif jyefvyk u f ikd =f uygonf? Ttcsed of nf ig;om;aygu&f moD tpyifjzpfonf?
a'ocH wHigwOD;u ajymjy&mwGif uqkeef @J 0gacgiv f =um;rSm b,forl S ig;rzrf;=ubl;?
'DtcsdefrSm ig;awGu oaE<aqmif=u+yD; om;O=uvdk@yJ? (awG@qHkar;jref;cef; trSwf-
16) ig;tajrmuftrsm;xaom &moD ({+yDvESihf arv=um;wGi)f wae@v#if ig;zrf;orm;
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ajr=oZmawGukd o,fvm=uw,f? tJonfawmh a&v$r;f cH&wJah jruGuef @J a&v$r;f
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t& a&v$r;f wmeJ@ EH;k ajrEkawGu wifaewmud;k ? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef; trSw-f
6/ 17/ 19)
qnfwmwrHrsm;u jrpfrsm;o,faqmifvmaom te,ftESprf sm;udk wm;qD;xm;vdu k yf g
onf? od@k twGuaf =umifh jrpfatmufyikd ;f od@k ra&muf&EdS ikd af wmhyg? Tte,ftESprf sm;onf
yHrk eS t
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ay:a'orsm;wGif oD;ESHtxGufaumif;ap&ef ajr=oZmtjzpf jznfhqD;ay;=uygonf? xdk@
tjyif a&aetyifrsm;ESihf ig;rsm;twGuv f nf; t[m&"gwjf zpfapygonf? qnfrsm;wnf
aqmufvu dk jf cif;a=umifh obm0t& a&v$r;f rd;k wwfonfh yHpk u H ykd supf ;D oGm;ap+yD;/ EH;k wif
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wif;ay;r_udk [ef@wm;vdkufonfhES,f &Sdapygonf? Todk@jzifh {&m0wDjrpfa=umif; w
av#mufwGif pdkufysKd;a&;txGufE_ef;udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. jrpf0u|ef;ay:
a'oonf jrefrmhqeftxGuf. (60) µ udk xkwfvkyfay;aeaom a'ovnf;jzpf&m
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jrpfurf;yg; wdkufpm;r_rsm;jzpfay:apjcif;?
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rsm;a=umifh yHkrSefr[kwfaom a&pD;qif;r_
rsm;jzpfay:ap+yD;/ TtwGufa=umifh jrpf
a=umif;&Sdjrpfurf;yg;wdkufpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:
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qmavmifaeonfhES,f jzpfvmygonf?
wmwrHtaemufwGif te,fxdkifaeaom
te,ftESpfrsm;udkjyefvnf jznfhqD;Edkif&ef
twGuf jrpfurf;yg;rsm;udk wdkufpm;r_rsm;
jzpfap+yD; TtwGufa=umifh urf;yg;wdkuf
pm;r_rsm; ydkIjzpfapygonf?
qDqef;qnf pDrHcsufa=umifh urfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif
xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd rJacgifjrpf0Srf;wav#mufwGif jrpfurf;rsm; wdkufpm;òyuscHae&yHk ("gwfyHk- NGO Fo-
aexdik =f uol aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf r=um rum on Cambodia )
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jrpftxufydkif;&Sd w&kwfEdkifiHwGif qnfrsm;wnf aqmufcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom
tusK;d qufyifjzpfygonf?40 jrpfurf;yg;rsm; &kww f &uf wdu k pf m;òyusjcif;onf tE &W m,f
wck jzpfouJhodk@/ aus;&Gmaevlxkrsm;rSm wdk@. tdrfrsm;udk ukef;wGif;ydkif;odk@ ydkI
ajymif;a&$@=u&onfh tajctaejzpfay:apygonf? jrpfqt kH eD;wGif trsm;aom vlxrk sm;rSm
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rsm;onf ajrqDºuG,0f vSaom jrpfurf;a'oudk toH;k csI [if;oD;[if;&Gurf sK;d pHk pdu k yf sK;d
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urf;yg;rsm;om wdu k pf m;òyuscyhJ gu TajrqDºu,f0vSaom ajrrsm;wGio f w
l @kd rcDS akd exdik f
=u&onfh tcGifhta&;vnf; qHk;&_H;oGm;&zG,f&Sdygonf?
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qnfwckvHk; òyusysufpD;cJh&onf?
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vHkðcHa&;twGuf ylyef&r_rsm;
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k af wG@ tawG@tñuH
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}udrcf &rfa&umwmrSm (2006) ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif &ufrsm;pGm rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f +yD;
aemuf qnfusKd;aygufcJhygonf? a&umwmusKd;aygufr_a=umifh }udrfc&rfaus;&Gmudk a&
v$rf;cJh+yD;/ vl 5-OD; aoqHk;cJh&ygonf? 0ga&Smifqnfonfvnf; 2006 ckESpf/ arvwGif
usK;d ayguyf supf ;D cJyh gonf? od@k aomfvnf; Tqnf usK;d ayguo f nfh owif;rsm;udk owif;
rD'D,mrsm;wGif azmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ/ ppftpdk;&u owif;rxkwfjyef&ef wif;usyfpGmwm;jrpf
xm;cJyh gonf? urBm. tqd;k &Gm;qH;k qnfusK;d aygurf r_ mS w&kwEf ikd if H tv,fyikd ;f &Sd [Deef
c&dik w
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ausmv f maomtcgrS owif;tao;pdwrf sm; xGuaf y:vmcJ&h m/ vlaygi;f (230000)
f eG v
r# Tjzpf&yfa=umifh toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h ygonf? 41
ajriv#irf sm; tEW&m,f

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vdkufI iv#ifrsm;a=umifh qnfrsm;Y [Deef uyfab;'kut Q jyif/ 1993 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfymG ;aom
tufa=umif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apEdkif+yD;/ usif [ d k i f c &d k i f (Qinghai province) &S d a*gif [ l ; qnf
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txdjzpfapEdkifygonf? urBmvHk;qdkif Edik if .H a&t&if;tjrpfqikd &f m 0ef}uD;Xmeonf qnfrsm;
&m iv#iaf =umifjh zpfaom tE &W m,f vHðk cHrq _ ikd &f m vrf;!$ecf surf sm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm; cs
rsm; avhvmtuJjzwfa&; tpDtpOf rSwv f mcJyh gonf? txl;ojzifh 1998 ckEpS w f iG f jyXmef;
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vGefw&mjrifhrm;pGm wnf&Sdaeaom aqmif&u G &f rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;yg0ifygonf?42 jrpfqkH qnf
a'otwG i f ; wG i f usa&muf a e+yD ; / pDrcH sut f wGuf tvm;wl ta&;ay: pDrx H m;csuf rsK;d udk
ajrmufyikd ;f ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf ppfuikd ;f vlod&Sif=um; xkwfjyefa=ujimxm;jcif; r&Sdao;yg?
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rm;pGm &Sad ecJyh gonf?43 {&m0wD jrpfqkH ae=uaom w&kwfEdkifiHydkif ukr`%Drsm;taejzifhvnf;/
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jyif;tm;tqifh (M 7.0- 8.0) tqifh&Sdaom iv#ifrsm;udkvnf; awG@ñuHcJh&zl;ygonf?
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kd eG ;f tm;ay;
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qnfatmufajc&Sd ajrtufa=umif; i,frsm;wGif zdtm;ydkwdk;vmap jcif;jzpfay:&jcif;
jzpfygonf?44
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ay;Edik rf _ tpDtpOfrsm;rSm yGihf vif;jrifomr_ r&So d nfh tm;av#mpf mG / pd;k &dryf yl efz,
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om qnfvmaqmufr,fqdk&ifawmh usaemfawmh vHkðcHtE W&m,fuif;vdrfhr,fvdk@rxif
bl;? usaemfawmh jrpf}uD;em;òr@rmS tdr0f ,fz@kd jyifxm;+yD;+yD? 'gayr,fh tckawmh rajymif;
ao;bl;? bmjzpfreS ;f odwmr[kwb f ;l ? (awG@qakH r;jref;cef; trSw-f 29)
a&}uD;òyusoGm;+yD;aemuf }udrfc&rfqnfrS u|if;usef&pfaom tysuftpD;rsm;
jzpf&yf avhvmcsu?f ? }urd cf &rfqnf

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wnfaqmufcJhaom t}uD;qHk; qnfwck jzpf+yD;/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@. ajrmufbuf 10-
rdkiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdygonf? Ed_if;,SOftcsuft& }uD;rm;aomqnf trsKd;tpm;wGif
ryg0ifb/J ruf*g0yf (2² 5) r#om xkwaf y;Edik yf gonf? 1993 ckEpS w f iG f qnfwnfaqmuf
+yD;pD;cJh+yD;/ 2006 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif qnfusKd;aygufcJhr_a=umifh vlodrsm;aom qnfwck
jzpfygonf? qnfusK;d aygu&f mrS a&v$r;f aoma=umifh vl 5-OD; toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h ygonf?
(awG@qHkar;jref;cef; trSwf-1)
t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;/ tvSLaiG aumufcHjcif;ESifh toufqHk;&_H;&r_rsm;

qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&m &Sif;vif;jcif;udk (1982) ckESpfuyif pwifcJh+yD;/ tca=u;aiG
ray;bJ vkyt f m;cdik ;f apr_rsm;wGif vlaygi;f axmifEiS chf sI
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oGm;&jyefw,f? qnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd a'ocHvx l ak wGu tawmf
pdwfysuf=uw,fqdkwm usaemf,Hk=unfw,f? (awG@qHkar;jref;cef; trSwf-25)
a'ocH c&pf,mefoif;tkyq f &mwOD;. tqdt k & qnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf ajr&Si;f
vif;&mwGif opfyif}uD;rsm; ckwv f =JS u&mY &Gmom; 2-OD; aoqH;k cJ&h +yD;/ qnfwnfaqmuf
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onf[k od&&dS ygonf? qnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwGif ta&twGuf rodEikd af om aus;
&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm zsm;emjcif;/ '%f&m&jcif;rsm; ñuHawG@cJh=u&ygonf? tvkyform;rsm;.
use;f rma&;twGuf apmifah &Smufay;r_ r&So d nfth jyif ppftpd;k &xHrv
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w,f? +yD;vmawmh v#ypf pfr;D vnf;r&bl;? yxrydik ;f rSm tpd;k &u a'ocHjynfol
awGudk pnf;&Hk;wkef;u qnfwnfaqmuf+yD;wJhtcg &vmwJhv#yfppfudk ausmif;
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awGtwGuf oH;k r,f/ pwkwt aeeJ@rS tpd;k &&H;k awGtwGuef @J &yf&mG vlxak wGt
wGuf oH;k r,f/ ajymcJ=h uw,f? +yD;awmh vrf;rD;awGvnf; vif;vmr,fajymw,f?
aemufq;kH awmh olw@kd ajymwJt
h wdik ;f wckrS jzpfrvm=ubl;? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef;
trSwf-26)
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aus;&Gmrsm;rSm av;&ufrS w}udrrf ;D &ygonf? od@k aomfvnf; (etz) ppftpd;k &. ppfwyf
rsm;ESifh &Hk;rsm;rSm tcsdefjynfhrD;&+yD;/ tcrJhv#yfppfrD;oHk; pGJ&jcif;jzpfygonf? aus;&Gmom;
wOD;u ajymjyonfrSm &Gmrsm;onf rdk;umvwGif v#yfppfrD;&aomfvnf;/ aEGtcgwGif
v#ypf pfr;D r&&S[ d qk ykd gonf? tjcm;&Gmom;wOD;u ajym&mwGif aEG&moDa&mufvmwdik ;f
ausmif;om;awGu qnfrmS tca=u;aiGr&bJ vkyt f m;ay;=u&w,f? aemufq;kH v#ypf pf
rD;&vmwJt h cgvnf;usa&m/ olw@kd bmtusK;d tjrwfrS rcHpm;=u&bl;? ausmif;pmzwfz@kd /
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27)
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qnfujkd zpfap jyefvnfðyjyif wnfaqmufEikd jf cif; r&Sad wmhyg? 45
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trSw-f 22)
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ausmif;rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;rsm;u zsm;emolrsm;ESifh tdk;tdrfrJh jzpf&olrsm;udk ulnD
u,fq,fay;a&;twGuf &kef;uefóu;yrf;cJh=u&ygonf?46
&kww f &uf a&wufvmonfEiS hf ñuH&Edik jf cif;?

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jzpfapEdkifygonf? xdkodk@ r[kwfygbJ vnf; a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfaom puf&Hkrsm;wGif
csd e f c gr[k w f b J &k w f w &uf wmwrH r S a&pG e f @ xk w f o nf h tjzpf r sKd ; &S d E d k i f y g onf ?
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a&pGe@f xw k &f efq;kH jzwfcsucf sorl sm;rSm jrpftxufyikd ;f w&kwEf ikd if &H dS tm%mydik rf sm;vnf;
jzpfEikd yf gonf?) a&pGe@f xw k v f u
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wd@k .avSrsm;/ ig;zrf;u&d,m rsm; qH;k &_;H =u&+yD;/ &kww f &uf a&jrifw h ufvmr_a=umifh
tcsK@d rmS a&epfaoqH;k =u&ygonf? 47
rSwfom;zG,f&m qnfrsm;a=umifhjzpfaom a&v$rf;rdk;r_rsm;

tDwvD/ 1963 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv? ? urBmt h jrifq
h ;kH qnf}uD;wckjzpfonfh
Adik t
f eG @f a&avSmifwrH (Vaiont Dam) onf wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;I a&pwifjznfo h nf
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jzpfay:vm+yD; qnfwrH tay: rDwm 200 ausmjf rifah om vdi_ ;f vH;k rsm; v$r;f rd;k cJh
onf? ESprf cd ef@t=umwGif avmif*g&;kH òr@ (Longarone) vnf; wòr@v;kH a&v$r;f rd;k cH
&+yD; vlaygi;f 2000 ausmrf # toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h onf?
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a&xdef;armif;ESifolrsm;u óuwifowday;jcif; r&SdbJ a&v$JwHcg;aygufrsm;udk
zGichf sco
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toufqHk;&_H;apcJhonf?
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a&v$r;f rd;k r_a=umifh vl 7 OD; toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h +yD;/ vlaygi;f (16000) cef@ukd u,f
q,fae&mcsxm;&aom tajctae jzpfay:apcJo h nf? uae'g a':vm (1 '\r
5) bDv, D rH # ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H cJ&h aom a&v$r;f rd;k r_onf uae'gEikd if H ordik ;f wGit
f }uD;
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&Sdcsuft& ravsmfuefaom pDpOfaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh qnfwmwrHrsm; usKd;
aygufcJhr_a=umifh a&v$rf;rdk;r_udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apcJhonf[k azmfjycJhonf?
Edu
k *f s;D &D;,m;/ 1999 ckEpS /f pufwifbm§atmufwb kd mv? ? ude*f s/D
*sufbm/ &Sd&d&dkqnfrsm;. a&xdef;pDrHcef@cGJolrsm;u a&wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhvdkuf=u
aoma=umifh Edik *f gEiS hf um'kemjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;wGif qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefonfh a&v$r;f rd;k
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
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+yD;/ vl (3)odef;ausmf xdcdkufepfemcJh&onf?
w&kwfEdkifiH/ 2004 ckESpf/ arv? ? rdk;jyif;xefpGm&GmoGef;r_a=umifh

a[Gbikd ;f jynfe,f/ usi*f se;f jrpf (Qingjiang River) ay:wGif wnfaqmufaeaom
'gavmif;wef (Dalongtan Dam) ,m,DqnfusK;d aygu+f yD;/ vl 18 OD;touf qH;k &_;H
cJh&ygonf?
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f ? ? y&mbmjynfe,f&dS 2-ESpo f m; umrm
qnfusK;d aygu+f yD; tmvm*dt k m *&efa'; (Alagoa Grande) òr@ rlvef*òl r@ (Mulungu)
rsm; a&v$r;f rd;k cHc&hJ ygonf? vl 5-OD; toufq;kH &_;H &+yD;/ rdom;pk (800) eD;yg;r#
tdk;tdrfrJhjzpfcJh&ygonf?
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qnf (5) ck usK;d aygucf yhJ gonf? t}uD;qH;k jzpfonfh 35-rDwmjrifah om &Sm'Daum
qnfvnf; usKd;aygufcJh+yD;/ vl 80 toufqHk;&_H;cJh&ygonf? vltajrmuftrsm;
'%f&m&&Sdum rdom;pkaygif; (4000) ausmf tdk;tdrfrJhjzpfcJh&ygonf? &Sm'Daum
qnfukd wnfaqmufxm;onfrmS ESpEf pS rf #yif &Sad o;onfh qnftopfjzpfygonf?
tdE,
dN / 2005 ckEpS /f {+yDv? ? ruf'&m y&ma'hjynfe,f&/dS emrm'gjrpfay:wGif
wnfaqmufxm;onfh qnf a=umifh a&v$r;f rd;k r_ jzpfay:apcJ+h yD; tenf;qH;k vl
62-OD; toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h ygonf? xdt k csed w
f iG f jrpfurf;yg;Y 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeol
[dELN bmom0ifrsm;ESihf pnfum;aeaom tcsed jf zpfygonf? jrpf. txufbuf&dS
uDvrkd w
D m 100 cef@ tuGmta0;&Sd tif'&D m qm*gqnf. a&wHcg;rsm;udk óuwif
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vm&jcif;jzpfygonf?
Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Chainging Climate, International
Rivers Network, 2007. pmtkyr
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49
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rsm;jrpfa&wGifjzpfvmapygonf? 51
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(Irrawaddy dolphins) udv
k nf; tE &W m,f&adS pEdik yf gonf? jrpftxufyikd ;f wGif qnfwnf
aqmufra_ =umifh jzpfay:vmEdik af om jy'g;"gwrf sm; ZD0owWrsm;wGif pkyo kH yd o
f nf;vmjcif;
a=umifhvnf; ydkIqdk;&Gm;apEdkifygonf? (jy'g;tenfrsm;pkyHkaeaom a&avSmifwrHrsm;æ
æ tcef;udk =unfhyg?) jy'g;qdyfoifhr_ jy\emrSm jzpfvmEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh }uD;av;aom
jy\emwck jzpfygonf? urBmo h bm00ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;or*~ (World Conservation
Union). tqdt k & a&arSmyf ifrsm; ydwqf @kd xx
l v
J mjcif;/ tajccsaexdik af om ZD0owWrsm;
av#mhenf;oGm;jcif;/ rmusL&D jy'g;"gwfrsm; pkyHkvmjcif;wdk@a=umifh-
jrpfae vif;ydkifig;}uD;rsm;twGuf txl;tE W&m,f&Sdvmap+yD;/ Tta=umif;rSm a&t

wGi;f taqmuftOD}uD;rsm; txl;ojzifq h nfrsm; aqmufvyk jf cif;a=umif/h a&umwmrsm;
ESihf a&wHwikd ;f rsm; aqmufvyk jf cif;a=umifjh zpfapygonf? a&wGi;f aqmufvyk rf v _ yk if ef;rsm;
a=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcu kd yf supf ;D apr_rmS odoo d momjzpf+yD;/ twdik ;f tqt&
tvGe}f uD;rm;vSygonf? Twnfaqmufrr_ sm;a=umifh ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm;OD;a&udk uGjJ ym;wnf
&Sad p+yD;/ jrpfa&jzifh &Sio
f efa&;twGuf rScD akd e=u&aom ZD0 owW0grsm;/ tyifrsm;aysmuf
uG,fum/ obm0ywf0ef;usif axGjym;wnf&Sdr_vnf; qkwf,kwfusqif;vmapEdkifyg
onf? od@k aomfvnf; TudprP sm;tay: od&edS m;vnfr_ odyf r&S=d ubJEiS /hf qd;k usK;d rsm;tay:
tav;xm;r_ r&S=d ubJEiS /hf jrpfae vif;ydik u f o hJ @kd aom Ed@k wu
kd of wW0grsm;tay: oufa&muf
apr_ESifh ywfoufI xnfhoGif;tav;xm; pOf;pm;r_r&Sd=ubJESifh/ a&wGif;wnfaqmufr_
rsm;udk quf vufaqmif&Gufae=uygonf?56
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
w&kwEf ikd if .H obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&; Oya'rsm;t&
qnf w nf a qmuf a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm; twG u f obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif xd c d k u f a pr_
tuJjzwfcsuf (Environmental Impact Assessment) ESihf vlra_ &;t& xdcu kd af pr_
tuJjzwfcsuf (Social Impact Assessment) vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfygonf?
Oya't&udk pDrcH su. f jyefvnf ppfaq;oH;k oyfrE_ iS hf oifah v#m-f roifah v#mf qH;k jzwf
csucf sEikd &f eftwGuf aqmif&u G =f u&ygonf? pDrcH sujf yifqif a&;qGaJ epOfumvrSmyif
TuJo h @kd ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf vlra_ &; xdcu
kd rf q
_ ikd &f m tuJjzwfcsurf sm;udk aqmif&u G =f u
&+yD;/ T&v'frsm;udk pDrHcsuf jyifqifa&;qGJ&mY xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;toHk;cs=u&yg
onf? 57
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd wnfqJOya'rsm;t& Todk@ ywf0ef;usifESifh vlr_a&; xdcdkufr_qdkif&m

tuJjzwfcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;onfudk rawG@&Sd&yg?
(2006) ck E S p f / atmuf w d k b mvwG i f (etz) ppf t pd k ; &u a&t&if ; tjrpf E S i f h
jrpfacsmif;rsm; xdef;odrf;r_Oya'udk jyXmef;cJhaomfvnf; txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;
ryg0if y g? TOya'wG i f pD r H c suf r sm; twG u f tu,f I jrpf a =umif ; rsm;
ajymif;vJapjcif;/ a& t&nftaoG;usqif;apjcif;ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh obm0
ywf 0 ef ; usif xd c k d u f y suf p D ; r_ &S d a pEd k i f y gu/ o,f , l y d k @ aqmif a &;0ef } uD ; Xme.
cGifhðycsuf&,l&ef vdktyfonf[kazmfjyaom tcsKd@tydk'frsm; &Sdygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
a&t&if;tjrpfESifh jrpfacsmif;rsm; xdef;odrf;a&; !$ef=um;r_OD;pD;Xmeuvnf; jrpf
acsmif ; rsm;. ywf 0 ef ; usif rysuf p D ; apa&;twG u f =unf h & _ = uwf r wf & ef
wm0ef & S d y gonf ? od k @ aomf v nf ; TOya't& cG i f h ð ycsuf & ,l & ef t wG u f
aqmif&u G &f rnfh oifah v#maf om vkyif ef;pOftqifrh sm;udk tao;pdwaf zmfjyxm;jcif;
rawG@& bJ/ qdk;usKd;rsm; jzpfay:vmapEdkifaomudpP&yfrsm; wm;qD;umuG,fa&;ESifh
ywfoufI wdusaom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; jyXmef;xkwfjyefxm;jcif;
rawG @ &yg? xd k @ tjyif jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f v$ r f ; ðcH j yXmef ; r_ & S d a om obm0ywf 0 ef ;
usix f ed ;f odr;f r_qikd &f m Oya' r&Sad o;yg? 58
,ae@txd {&m0wD j rpf q H k q nf wnf a qmuf r nf h u d p P E S i f h ywf o uf I

jzpfay:vmEdik o
f nfh obm0ywf0ef;usiq f ikd &f m &du
k cf wfrr_ sm;tay: tuJjzwfcsuu
f kd
vltrsm;od&EdS ikd af tmif xkwjf yefay;jcif; r&Sad o;yg? Tod@k tuJjzwfppfaq;r_ rsm;
aqmif&u G x
f m;&Sjd cif; vH;k 0r&S[
d yk if oHo,yGm;p&m tajctae &Sad eygonf?
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urBmay:wGif jrpfwiG ;f ae vif;ydik rf sK;d pdwf (4) rsK;d cef@om &So
d nft h euf/ {&m0wDvif;
ydik if g; }uD;rsm;(Orcaella brevirostris) onf wrsK;d tygt0ifjzpfonf? wd@k onf
urBm@jrpf}uD; (3)pif; jzpfonfh tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if rH S r[mcrfjrpf/ avmEdik if aH wmifyikd ;f /
uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferfEikd if w H @kd ukd jzwfoef;pD;qif;oGm;aom rJacgijf rpfEiS /hf jrefrm
Edik if .
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onf?
{&m0wDvif;ydkifwdk@onf vlwdk@ESifhyl;aygif;I ig;&Smwwf=uaom rwljcm;em;onfh

xl;jcm;csu&f o dS nf? jrefrmEdik if YH wHigw@kd onf avSeu H kd avSmw f ufjzifah cguI f vif;
ydkifrsm;udkac:avh&Sdonf? vif;ydkifwdk@u ig;rsm;udktkyfzGJ@+yD; ydkufxJodk@armif;ydk@ay;
wwf=uonf? &vmaomig;udk vif;ydik w f @kd tm;vnf; wHigw@kd u r#a0ay;=u&onf?
Trwl xl;jcm;aom taygi;f taz:zG@J ra_ =umifh odyyH` nm&Siw f @kd tzd@k vlEiS w
hf &d p>mefw@kd
. qufqaH &;udk avhvm&ef xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tcGit hf vrf;w&yf &&Sad ponf?
od@k &mwGif urBmo

h bm0xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;tzG@J (The World Conservation
Union)u {&m0wD vif;ydi k rf sm;udk tvGe&f mS ;yg; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuftyfaom
owW0gtjzpf (2004) ckEpS w f iG f xnfo h iG ;f a=ujimowfrw S cf o
hJ nf? vGecf ahJ om&mpk
ESpt f wGi;f {&m0wDjrpfx&J dS vif;ydik t f a&twGurf mS (60) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f eD;yg;av#mu h s
qif;oGm;cJ&h onf? avmavmq,f taocsmqH;k cef@reS ;f awG@&&dS aom ta&twGuf
rSm (59) aumifomjzpfonf?59 jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ppftpdk;&onf ausmufajrmif;ESifh
rif;uGe;f t=um; (qnfwnfaqmufrnfh ae&mrS uDvrkd w D m 330 cef@om uGma0;
onfah e&m)wGif (72) uDvrkd w D m us,0f ef;aom vif;ydik rf sm; umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
a&;ZHek ,fajrwckukd owfrw S af y;xm;cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; vif;ydik rf sm; umuG,f
apmifah &Smufa&;ZHEk iS hf ywfoufI trsm;jynfoo l &d EdS ikd af tmif rnfr#twdik ;f twm
txd a=ujimvkyfaqmifay;aea=umif; aumif;pGmrod&Sd&acs?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
use;f rma&;qdik &f m tEW&m,frsm;
rpD ; bJ +id r f a eaoma&wG i f a&m*go,f

aqmifEikd o f nfh tif;qufrsm; ydrk akd yguzf mG ;
Edkifjcif;?
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aeaom uefozG,f jzpfvmayrnf? xdt k
cg tif;qufrsm;/ yufusdrsm;ESifh tjcm;
aomw&dp>mefrsm;vnf; ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmEdkif
+yD;/ a&m*gydk;o,faqmifEdkifaom uyfyg;
rsm;/ ydk;r$m;rsm;vnf; ydkrdkaygufzGm;vmap
Edkifonfh tE W&m,f&Sdygonf? uyfyg;oH
ucsifjynfe,f&Sd uav;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif tqdk; aumif r sm;a=umif h j zpf o nf h (schisto-
&Gm;tnHhzsif;qHk;aom usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_pepf somiasis) [kac:aom aoG;xJwGif oef
atmufwGif aexdkifae=u&onf?
aumif w G , f a oma&m*gud k qnf w nf
aqmufonfh ae&mrsm;wGif ydkrdk wdk;wufjzpfay:vmonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? Toef
aumifrsm;onf a&m*grsK;d pHu k jkd zpfapEdik +f yD;/ rv_y&f mS ;Edik jf cif;/ ºuufom;rsm;tm;aysmo h mG ;
jcif;/ ud,
k cf E<m csed @J omG ;jcif;/ ta&jym;a&m*grsm;/ tonf;ysujf cif;rSonf 0uf&;l jyefa&m
*g/ ausmufuyf tvkyrf vkyEf ikd af wmhonftxd ysuo f mG ;jcif;/ uifqma&m*grsm;txd
jzpfapEdkifygonf? &Spfpwdk qdkrDa,;ppf (schistosomiasis) a&m*gpGJuyfcH&olrsm;onf
tjcm;a&m*grsm;vnf; xyfrHul;pufcH&ap&ef vG,fulygonf?60 Ta&m*gtjyif urBmh
qnfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Si. f rSww f rf;ðyxm;csurf sm;t& a&avSmifwrHrsm;ESihf a&ay;
a&;pDrHcsufrsm;onf iSufzsm;a&m*gzl;ajymaom a'orsm;wGif aqmif&Gufavh&Sdaom
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xm;ygonf?
jy'g; tenfrsm;pkyHkaeaom a&avSmifwrHrsm;a=umifh jrpfatmufydkif;a'oaevlxkrsm;

xHodk@ tqdyfoifhapEdkifonf?
a&rsm;onf a&avSmifwrHxw J iG f +idraf eonfEiS t f ;kd vmaom ZD0&kyºf uif;rsm;udk
hf r# ykwo
pm;oH;k &Sio
f efae=uaom bufw;D &D;,m;rsm;u a&xJwiG &f adS eaom jy'g;"gwf (rmusL&D)
rsm;udk rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwf (methylmercury) tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJypfygonf? T"gwf
rSm vlwdk@. A[dktm&Hka=umpepfudk tqdyftawmufjzpfapaom "gwfwrsKd;jzpfygonf?
TrDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwrf sm;udk tpm;taomufuiG ;f qufrsm;rSwqifh v$aJ jymif;a&muf
&SI
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"gwyf gaom ig;rsm;/ tcGyH gaom c&k/ ykpeG /f *%ef;rsm; pm;rdygu om;tdrw f iG f rDoikd ;f vf
rmusL&D"gwx f ad wG@Eikd +f yD;/ uav;. OD;a%SmufEiS hf tm&Hak =umpepfz@HG òz;r_ukd xdcu kd af pEdik yf g
onf? uav;. odpdwfqifjcifr_ (cognitive thinking)/ rSwfOm%fpl;pdkufr_ (memory
attention)/ bmompum; ajymqdkr_/ tEkpdwfvkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjriftm&Hk (fine motor
and visual spatial skills) wd@k ukd xdcu kd af pygonf?62 odyyH` nm&Sirf sm;u a&avSmifwrHrsm;
twGif;&Sd ig;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ qnfwnfaqmuf&ma'o jrpfatmufydkif;aevlxk
rsm;. aoG;a=umrsm;twGi;f jy'g;pkyv kH mr_ taetxm;udv k nf; txl;owdxm;vm=uyg
onf? 63
tm&S yHk&dyf (Images Asia) ESifh ucsifvlrsKd;w&yfvHk; zGH@òz;r_qdkif&m vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;

(Pan Kachin Development Society) rS xkwaf 0cJah om rnfonfw h efz;kd ay;&-ay;&
(At What Price)[laom tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;csuft& {&m0wDjrpfzsm;ydkif;
jzpfaom/ rvdcESifh tifrdkifcjrpfrsm;onf 1999 ckESpfrSpwifI ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;
t"dua&$wl;azmf&SmazG=u&m ae&mrsm; jzpfae=uygonf?64 Ta&$wl;azmfxkwfvkyf&m
ae&mrsm;onf qnfwnf aqmufrnfah e&m. jrpfnmydik ;f jzpf+yD;/ a&wGijf y'g;"gwyf g0ifr_
E_e;f jrifah e+yD; jzpfae+yD[k ,lqEdik zf ,
G &f ydS gonf? 2003 ckEpS w f iG f ppfaq;prf;oyfcsut f &
{&m0wDjrpfa=umif;wav#muftwGi;f aexdik af om ig;trsK;d (22)rsK;d wGif jy'g;"gwyf g0ifr_
E_e;f trSeyf if jrifrh m;aea=umif;awG@&&dS ygonf?65 Ta'otwGi;f jrifrh m;pGmyg0ifaeaom
jy'g;"gwrf sm;onf wmwrH. aemufausmwGif pkyakH e=urnfjzpf+yD;/ azmfjycJo h nfth wdik ;f
aemufyikd ;f wGif rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&Dtjzpf ajymif;vJomG ;rnf jzpfygonf? qnfrS a&xkwf
v$wfonfhtcg jrpfatmufydkif;wGif aexdkif=uolrsm;onf jy'g;qdyfoifhaeaom a&ESifh
ig;rsm;udk xdawG@=u&awmhrnf jzpfonf? Tqdk;usKd;udk jrpf}uD;em;òr@atmufbuf 28
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onfvnf; tvm;wl tqdyfoifhcH&zG,f&Sdaeygonf?
qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&mwGif usef;rma&;xdcdkufcHpm;&Edkifonfh tajctaeESifh a&$@

ajymif;vlxkrsm;t=um; jzpfvmEdkifaom usef;rma&;tusKd;qufrsm;
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aom jy\emyifjzpfygonf?66 a&$@ajymif;tajccs&jcif;a=umifh vltrsm;&kwfcsnf; b0
ysu=f u&+yD;/ use;f rma&;t&vnf; ydI k xdcu kd ef pfemzG,f tajctaeudñk uHapygonf? urBmh
qnfrsm;qdik &f maumfr&Si. f rSww f rf;ðycsurf sm;t& jyefvnftajccsaexdik &f ef ajymif;
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urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@ (WHO) u jrefrmEd kif iH . usef ;rma&;apmif ha&Smufr_pepf udk
urBmay:wGif tcsKd@wJhtqdk;&Gm;qHk; EdkifiHwcktjzpf owfrSwfazmfjycJhygonf? ukvor*~
uav;rsm;qd k i f & m &ef y H k a iG t zG J @ (UNICEF) u azmf j ycJ h & mwG i f jref r mtpd k ; &u
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67
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xm;vmr_a=umifh a'ocHjynfov l x
l rk sm;tay: wd;k IzdEydS rf r_ sm;/ zdp;D r_rsm;jzpfap+yD;/ t"rR
aiGaumufcjH cif;/ ajr,mrsm; odr;f ,ljcif;/ ppfwyftwGuf t"rRvyk t f m;cdik ;f apjcif; ponfh
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJ@csxm;
vmr_a=umifh trsK;d orD;rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh ydI k xdcu
kd ef pfemzG,/f rawmfrw&m;ðycH&zG,f
tajctaeñuH&Edik af =umif; rSww f rf;rsm;t& awG@&cdS =hJ u&ygonf? (trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf
txl;xdcdkufepfemapEdkifonfh tE W&m,frsm;tcef;udk=unfhyg?)
(2006) ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf (29) rS ppfom;tiftm; (500)

cef@ukd jrpf}uD;em;awmifbuf&dS av;uke;f rS òr@ajrmufbuf&dS yvmeod@k ajymif;a&$@tajc
pdu
k af pcJyh gonf? yvmeae&mrSm {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufrnfah e&mrS uDvrkd w D m
(20)cef@om uGma0;aomae&mjzpfygonf? wyfpcef;csrnfhae&mESifh eD;aomae&mrsm;
&Sdtdrfajc (50)cef@udk ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;. trdef@jzifh t"rRa&$@ajymif;
apcJyh gonf? ajymif;a&$@=u&onfh tdraf xmifprk sm;rSm rnfonfah v#maf =u;aiGr# r&&S=d uo
uJhodk@/ rnfonfhae&modk@ ajymif;a&$@=u&rSef;vnf;rodyg?
aus;&Gmom;rsm;. owif;ay;ydk@csuft& ,cktcg/ at;&Sm;a0gvfukr`%D. pDrHcsuft

aumiftxnfazmfrnfh pcef;twGuf jcHae&mowfrw S /f jcHpnf;&d;k umxm;+yD jzpf+yD;/ xdpk
cef;*dwfaygufwGif vufeufudkif tapmifhrsm;vnf; csxm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf?
TpDrcH suf qufvufaqmif&uG of nfEiS thf r# Tqnfwnfaqmufa&; pDrcH su. f vHðk cHa&;
twGuf jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk; toHk;ðy-rðyudk twdtusrajymEdkif
ao;yg?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
tajcrJh ajymif;a&$@=u&jcif;ESihf vdiu
f jJG ym;r_tay: tusK;d oufa&mufapr_
tajcrJh a&$@ajymif;r_a=umifh jzpf&aom/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udk taxGaxGtm;jzifh
qif;&Jusyfwnf;apjcif;/ vlr_a&;t& upifhuvsm;jzpf&jcif;/ udk,fpdwf'kuQrsm;
ESihf use;f rma&;qdik &f m qd;k usK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;onf txl;ojzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;
tay: ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGm xdcdkufr_ &Sdapygonf? (urBmhqnfrsm;qdkif&m aumfr&Sif?
pm-115)
qnfprD cH surf sm;a=umifh ae&majymif;a&$@&r_EiS hf jyefvnftajccs=u&r_w@kd a=umifh

jzpf&aom qd;k usK;d rsm;oufa&muf&mwGif trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;tay:
xdcdkufapyHkjcif; rwl=uyg? ae&majymif;a&$@=u&jcif;a=umifh &Sdaeaom vlr_
tzG@J tpnf;ESihf rdom;pkrsm;. aqGrsK;d toduk t f ðrHukd òyuGaJ pygonf? trsK;d orD;
rsm;onf obm0t& trsK;d om;rsm;xuf a&G@vsm;oGm;vmaexdik rf _ enf;yg;jcif;
a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ rdom;pkrsm;/ aus;&Gmrsm;/ vlr_todkuftðrHrsm; òyuGJ
=u&jcif;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif ydkIxdcdkufepfemr_ jzpf=u&yg
onf? tu,fI jyefvnftajccsaexdik f &yguvnf;/ a,mufsm;rsm;rSm ydI k v_yf
&Sm;oGm;vmwwfonfh obm0&Sjd cif;a=umifh òr@rsm;wGif 0ifaiGaumif;aom t
vky&f &ef/ od@k r[kwf tpm;xd;k tvky&f &ef ydI
k vG,u f yl gonf? Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sutf &
trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf tvkyf&&ef ydkIcufcJygonf? 71
urBmhqnfrsm;qdkif&m aumfr&SiftwGuf avhvmcsufpmwrf;wGif/ rm;uyfpf
udv
k cf supf wm (Marcus Colchester) u ajymif;a&$@tajccs+yD;aemuf jzpf&yHu
k kd
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;cJhygonf?
tajctae wpHkvHk;t& 0ifaiGav#mhyg;oGm;+yD;/ tpm;taomuf&SmazG&jcif;

onfvnf; ydkrdkcufcJvmygonf? xif;avmifpmrsm;vnf;&Sm&ef cufcJvmyg
onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;onfvnf; awmawmifrsm;ESihf a0;vmonfEiS t hf r# olw@kd
uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm; r&Edik of nft h wGu/f &d;k &mjzpfonfh ,ufuef;,ufjcif;/ jcif;
awmif;,ufjcif;vkyfief;rsm; vnf; qufvufvkyfudkif&ef cufcJvmygonf?
æ æajr,mudk twlwuG ydik q f ikd =f uaom trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;udk av#mf
a=u;aiGrsm;ay;&mY twlwuG &oif=h uaomfvnf;/ tdraf xmifO;D pD;jzpfol trsK;d
om;uom av#maf =u;aiGukd &&Sad vh&ydS gonf? tcsK@d trsK;d orD;rsm;u ajymjy=u
&mwGif olw@kd . cifyeG ;f rsm; pGe@f ypfomG ;onfuv kd nf; ñuHawG@=u&+yD;/ xdak iGa=u;udk
,lI tjcm;trsK;d orD;ESihf tdr, f mxlaxmif=uonfvnf; &Syd gonf? wd@k tae
jzifh u,forl hJ 'kuaQ &muf=u&onfh tajctae ñuH=u&ygonf? tcsK@d aom jzpf&yf
rsm;wGif/ Oyrm-rkqdk;r wckvyfuJhodk@ aom trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrfaxmifudk
OD;pD;=uaomfvnf; av#mfa=u;ay;&ef c|if;csefxm;onfrsKd;ñuH&ygonf? 72
ajymif;a&$@tajccs&r_rsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;xuf ydI k xdcu kd f

epfem=u&a=umif; urBmb h %f uvnf; todtrSwðf yxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm
trsK;d orD;rsm;rSm olw@kd aetdr/f od@k r[kwf teD;tem;wGif ti,fpm; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;udk tajcðyI 0ifaiG&mS =u&aoma=umifjh zpfygonf? xd@k tjyif aus;
vufa'oae trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm rr#rw ydkIxdcdkufepfemcHpm;=u&zG,f t
a=umif;&Syd gonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf olw@kd onf vltrsm; ydik q
f ikd =f uonfh
(opfawm/ pm;usuaf jr paom) &yf&mG trsm;ydik f &if;jrpfrsm;tay: ydI k rScSD akd e=u
&aoma=umifjh zpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h v,fajrtrsm;pkukd a,mufsm;rsm;u
ydik q
f ikd =f u+yD;/ tcsK@d aom O,smOfrsm;rS rnfoyl ikd q
f ikd o
f nf[k owfrwS x f m;jcif;
r&Sdaomajrrsm;wGif &Sdaewwf=uygonf? 73
trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf txl;xdcu

kd ef pfemapEdik o
f nfh tEW&m,frsm;
jrefrmppfom;rsm;u usL;vGefEdkifonfh vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zuf apmfum;r_rsm;
jrefrmppfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: rk'rd ;f usi/hf vdirf _
qdkif&mt& t=urf;zuf=uaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
azmfjyxm;=u+yD;jzpfygonf?69 jrefrm ppfwyfzGJ@0iftrsm;u usL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;rSm
pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;r&Sdovdk/ jypfr_usL;vGefoludkvnf; wpHkw&m tjypfay;jcif; r&Sdyg? T
tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm;rSm u&ifeDjynfe,fwGif avmyDwa&tm;v#yfppfpuf&Hk vHðk cHa&;t
wGuf apmifh=uyf&aom ppfom;rsm;wGifvnf; jzpfay:usL;vGefcJh=uygonf?
(2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif touf(14 rS 16) ESpftwGif;&Sd ausmif;ol (4) OD;udk

ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f / ylwmtd&k dS ppfwyft&m&Sd (3) OD;ESihf ppfom; (4)OD;wd@k u tkypf k
jzifh rk'drf;ðyusifhcJh=uygonf? Trdefuav;rsm;udk jynfhwefqmvkyfr_ESifh zrf;qD;xm;cJh+yD;/
EdkifiHwumu &_H@csjypfwifr_rsm; jzpfay:vmonfhtcgrSom jyefv$wfay;cJhygonf?70 Trk
'dr;f r_usL;vGeof rl sm;tay: ta&;,ltjypfay;cJjh cif; &S-d r&Su
d kd tao;pdwf rod&&dS yg? Tod@k
aom tjypf&o dS nfh w&m;cHrsm;udk ta&;,ltjypfray;bJxm;onfh tajctaeESihf tpd;k &
udk,fYu trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm; cGifhðyusL;vGefapaom tajctaewGif
{&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufae&mwGif/ ppfwyfrsm; ydkIwdk;csJ@csxm;rnf/
ppfom;rsm; ydI k wd;k rsm;vmaprnfh taetxm;a=umifh ydI k txl;pd;k &drzf ,
G f jzpfapygonf?
vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmapEdkifjcif;?
ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uftzG@J (KDNG) u tao;pdwf rSww f rf;ðycJah om [l;aumif;
csKid 0hf rS ;f a'o&Sd a&$rikd ;f wl;azmf=uonfh a&$wiG ;f rsm;wGif ,m,Dtajccsvmonfh vkyo f m;
rsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ xdkvkyfom;rsm;onfvnf; jzpfovdktaetxm;wGif aexdkif=u&
jcif;tjyif/ trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh vkycf vpmenf;onft h jyif/ tvkyt f cGit hf vrf;vnf;
&Sm;yg;onfhtwGufa=umifh Ta'orsm;Y vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmaeyHkudk
azmfjycJyh gonf? jrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufa&;uJo h @kd aom pDrcH su}f uD;rsm; wnfaqmuf=u
rnfah e&mwGiv f nf;/ Tod@k tajctae rqd;k v#iaf omfrS tvm;wl vlra_ &;tajctaersm;
jzpfay:vmEdik yf gonf? vdiaf zsmaf jza&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tvkyv f yk af e=u&aom rde;f rysKrd sm;/
t"rRjynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apcH=u&olrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh a&m*gul;pufr_rsm;
vnf; cH=u&zG,&f adS eygonf? xd@k tjyif Tod@k aom trsK;d orD;rsm;udk vlrt _ odik ;f rS z,f
usOfcH=u&aoma=umifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m cHpm;epfem&r_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ? pDrHcsuft
aumiftxnfazmfrnfhae&mwGif udk,fcHtm;usa&m*g (tdyfcsftdkifADG§attdkif'Dtufpf)
vnf; ydrk u kd ;l pufys@H ymG ;vmzG,f &Sad eygonf? vlxtk rsm;twGuf use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_
pepf txl;edru hf saeaomtaetxm;wGif tjcm;vl@tzG@J tpnf; w&yfv;kH od@k ydrk u kd ;l puf
ysH@yGm;EdkifonfhtE W&m,ftwGufvnf; pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfygonf?
Our Homeland (Kachin Song)
The most pleasant and glorious homeland of ours,
The site where Mali hka and Nmai hka join together
It is surrounded by snow mountainous and green forest hills,
The mist and the cloud encompass this location
Here, beautiful flowers are blossoming
Rivers and streams flow eternally
Birds and cuckoos fly around,
Cool and pleasant is our homeland
Welcome every one, just for a visit
Unforgettable Kachin culture which can never be satisfied to observe,
Awesome scenic views and natural sights , precious jade and wildlife abound
All kinds of fruits and crops are abundant
As long as the Irrawaddy (Mali hka) river flows
The love of the ethnic Kachin will never cease
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pf xkwv f yk if ef;rsm; (Small hydro power--SHP)
onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om tjcm; a&G;cs,pf &m enf;vrf; jzpfonf?
ti,fpm; a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k vf yk if ef;rsm;udk acsmif;i,frsm;/ tvwfpm;
ESihf t}uD;pm;jrpfrsm;rS a&udu
k ,hJ I
l aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf? Tenf;onf
obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;apaom pGrf;tifxkwf,lEdkifonfh enf;yif
jzpfygonf? ti,fpm;
a&tm;v#yf p pf x k w f
vk y f i ef ; rsm; (Small
hydro power--SHP)
[k q d k & mY rsm;aom
tm;jzifh pGr;f tif (10)
rD * g0yf xuf e nf ; I
xkwaf y; Edik af om pepf
rsK;d jzpfygonf? qd;k usK;d
tenf;i,fr#om jzpf
Inversin, A. R. Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook
ap+yD ; / a0;vH a cgif o D
aom a'orsm;wGif pGr;f tif axmufyahH y;&eftwGuf toH;k ðyEdik yf gonf?
Tti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif a&udk ajrmif; od@k r[kwf
ydkufjzifhoG,f,lI wmbdkiftwGif;odk@ ay;ydk@jcif; jzpfonf? xdktcg puf
armif;wH&Sd a&cGufudk &dkufap+yD;/ wmbdkifpufudk vnfapygonf? Todk@
vnfaeaomarmif;wHudk rD;tm;xkwfay;rnfh *sifea&wmESifh qufoG,f
xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&G@&Sm;r_rS v#yfppfpGrf;tiftjzpfodk@ ajymif;,ljcif;
jzpfygonf?76 Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif qnf}uD;rsm;/ a&umwm}uD;rsm; rvdk
tyfonft h wGuaf =umif/h vltrsm;ajymif;a&$@&ap&ef/ opfawmrsm; a&jrKyf
ysufpD;ap&ef tajctaevnf;r&Sdapyg?
jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf ucsijf ynfe,f&dS vlxrk sm;onf olw@kd vt

kd yf=uaom v#ypf pf
pGrf;tif&&Sdap&eftwGuf/ ti,fpm;a&tm; v#yfppf xkwf,la&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk oifhav#mf&menf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufae=u+yD; jzpfygonf?
trSefqdk&v#if w&kwf EdkifiHonf ti,fpm;a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfief;
(Small hydro power--SHP)wGif OD;aqmifaeonfah e&mu &So d nf[q k kd
Edik +f yD;/ (2006) ckEpS f pm&if;rsm;t& ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f puf&kH
aygif; (43 027) ck &Sdaeygonf?77 rdrdbmom wnfaqmufEdkifaom/
rdrbd mom xde;f odr;f pDrEH ikd af om/ rdrb d mom toH;k ðyEdik af om ti,fpm;
a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&rkH sm;wnfaqmuf&ef w&kwEf ikd if u H 1960 ckEpS rf sm;
uyif rl0g'csrw S cf yhJ gonf? Tod@k A[dk OD;pD;csKyfuikd rf _ rxm;bJ jzef@cx JG m;
aom pDrcH ef@crJG p_ epfEiS hf a'ocHjynforl sm;udk wd@k bmom pDrx H ed ;f odr;f Edik f
aom a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKyfEaHS pjcif;ESihf toH;k ðy
apjcif;udk ydrk jkd riw
hf ifaqmif&u G of ifv h yS gonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if &H dS
ppftpd;k &u qnf}uD;rsm;wnfaqmufa&;Yom tm;oefaeum/ w&kwEf ikd f
iHrS ukr%` rD sm;u Tod@k aqmufvyk af &;twGuf ulnyD yHh ;kd ay;ae=uygonf?
tcef; (4)? tod&&dS jdS zifh oabmwlI tepfemcH-u&jcif;/ odk r[kwf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;rsm; !$ejf ya&G;cs,fapjcif;r&Sb
d J vltrsm;u xdcu
kd ef pfem-u&jcif;?
wefz&Jaus; &GmrS &Gmom;wOD;u ajymjy&mwGif tpdk;&uawmh usaemfwdk@udk

w&m;0iftoday;wmawG r&Sad o;ygb;l ? at&Sm;a0g (ukr% ` )D uvmawmh &Gmvl
}uD;udk 'Dae&mrSm olw@kd tvkyv
f yk rf ,fqw
kd m today;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh &Gmom;
awGukd bmudpv P yk rf ,f/ b,ftwGuaf =umifh vkyrf ,fqw
kd m &Si;f jywm r&Syd gb;l ?
[k ajymygonf? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef; trSw-f 14)
ppftpdk;&onf Tqnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufI a'ocH jynfolvlxkrsm;xHodk@

w&m;0if ta=umif;=um;jcif; r&Sad o;yg? od@k aomfvnf; aus;&Gmvlxrk sm;onf uGi;f qif;
wdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J rsm; oGm;vmaeonfukd jrifawG@ae=u&+yD; qnfwnfaqmufawmhrnfukd
odae=uygonf? *syefavhvmwdik ;f xGma&;tzG@J wcku pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; usecf +hJ yD;/ wd@k
rSwqifh wefz&Jaus;&GmteD; wnfaqmufrnfh qnfESifh tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
od&Sd=u&ygonf?
a&v$rf;rnfha'orsm; azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHktygt0ifjzpfaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk

=unfhI wefz&Jaus;&Gmom;rsm;u ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;. OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;wckxHodk@
Tqnf aqmufvyk af &; udpt P ay: wm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf vdtk yfaom ta&;,laqmif
&Gurf r_ sm; ðyay;yg&efEiS hf oufqikd &f m tm%mydik rf sm;xH qufvufwifjyay;&ef (2004)
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif awmif;qdkcJh=uyg onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv (12) &ufae@wGif
&yf&mG vl}uD;rsm;ESihf vl&akd o &Si&f akd o vlra_ cgi;f aqmif (12) OD;u yl;aygi;f um Adv k cf sKyf
rSL;}uD; oef;a&$xH qnfwnfaqmufru _ pd EP iS hf ywfoufI uef@uu G af =umif; tdyzf iG ahf y;pm
a&;om;ay;yd@k cJ=h uygonf? (aemufqufww JG iG f =unfyh g?) od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@tcsed t f xd
rnfonfhpmudkr# jyef=um;jcif; r&Sdao;yg?
urBmq h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Siu f t=uHðyxm;onfrmS qnfwckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf

qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsrSwfrDwGif a&/ tpm;tpmESifh avmifpmrnfr#vdktyfrnfudk aocsmpGm
oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? tjcm;jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;rsm;
udvk nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ yxrOD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfoifah omtcsurf mS
vuf&dS wnf&adS eqJ pepfrsm;udk xda&mufpmG toH;k csEikd &f eftwGuf rnfo@kd w;kd wufatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf? Twnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh
tusKd;oufa&mufr_ cHpm;&rnfholrsm;udkvnf; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonfhae&mwGif yg0if
ywfoufr_ &Sad p&rnfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif TpDrcH suaf =umifh &&Sv d mrnfh tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;
udk yxrOD;qH;k cHpm;=u&rnfo h rl sm;onf Tvlxrk sm; jzpf=uygonf? tusK;d oufa&muf
cH&zG,&f adS om vlxrk sm;u vufcrH r_ &Sb d J rnfonfqh nfurkd # rwnfaqmufoihyf g? Xmae
a'ocHrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; &Sad eygu wd@k ukd txl;OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;&rnf
jzpfygonf?74 w&kwEf ikd if . H a&t&if;tjrpfOya'wGif pDrcH suu f kd jyifqifa&;qG&J mESihf jyef
vnfoHk;oyfr_ðy&m tqifhrsm;tm;vHk;wGif vlxkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;t
wGuf wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf?75 aocsmonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd {&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcGifh &&Sdvmap&ef
ta=umif;r&Sdyg?
atmufajcrSwpf rk sm;
1
Valley of Darkness:Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,
KDNG,2007
2
Myanmar commits to building more hydropower, Xinhua, May 7, 2007. rD*g0yf (MW)
onf 0yf (watt) woef;ESifhnDr#aom v#yfppf"gwftm; wdkif;wma&;,lepf jzpfonf? Oyrm-uGefjyLwm tvHk;aygif;
(2 000) cef@onf v#ypf pf"gwt f m; wpf rD*g0yfukd toH;k ðyonf?
3
http://www.energy.gov.mm/efficiency_conservation_sustainability.htm, Greater
Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
4
"Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, Hydropower and Dams, Issue
One, 2007.
5
Goodbyes gas for hydropower, The Myanmar Times, July 10-16, 2006.
6
Dams and Development-A new framework for decision-making, The report of the
World Commission on Dams, 2000.
7
Dam the consequences Big, bad dams return to South-East Asia, The Economist,
June 13, 2007. Taqmif;yg;wGif qnf}u;D rsm; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if u H oHviG jf rpfa=umif;wGif wnfaqmufaeaom
qnfrsm; ESifh rJacgifjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef t}uHðywifjyxm;aom avmEdkifiH. 'Gefqma[mif; (Don Sahong)
qnfuo hJ @kd aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm;udk a'ocHjynforl sm;tay:usa&mufrnfh ab;'kurQ sm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ jrpfw@kd .
txd tcdu k f rcHEikd af om a*[pepfrsm; xdcu
kd yf supf ;D r_ukd aomfvnf;aumif; yrmrxm;bJ/ rjzpfraewGe;f xd;k wnfaqmufomG ;
tvm;tvm &Sdaeayonf? urBmhb%f odk@r[kwf tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (at'DbD) wdk@u TpDrHcsufrsm;twGuf b¾maiG
axmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ raxmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ wygwt D m%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm; tkycf sKyfae=uaom TEdik if EH pS cf u
k v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; txl;qmavmif rufarmaeaom tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh w&kwfEdkifiHESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&Edkifa=umif;
odae=u&m/ Todk@w&kyfbufvSnfhI vkyfaqmifvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf [k az: jyxm;ygonf?
8
Myanmars push for Hydropower, Energy Tribune, February 23,2007, at
www.energytribune.com/
articles.cfm?aid= 400.
9
WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 8 Freshwater Biodiversity: a preliminary global
assessment, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998. Tod@k zdp;D apaom ta=umif;wckrmS
qnfrsm; jzpfygonf? tpD&ifcpH mY az: jyxm;&mwGif qnfrsm;onf jrpfa&pD;qif;yHpk epfukd xdcu kd af ponf? trsm;tm;jzifh
t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfh tjyif/ owW0gwdk@. cdkatmif;&maexdkif&m a'o}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf?
om;ayguf&eftwGuf jrpfpepfxJwGif pHkqeful;vl;ae=uaom ig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; txl;odompGm xdcdkufoufa&muf
aponf?
10
Watersheds of Asia and Oceania, As12 Irrawaddy, Water Resources eAtlas, http://
www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/pdf/as/as 13.pdf. Greater Mekong Subregion
Atlas of the environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004 Tpmapmif.az: jycsut f & jrpfwiG ;f &Sd
ig;rsm;wGif **F gjrpfwGif;ae xdkif=uaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifr_&Sd+yD;/ rJacgifjrpfxJrSm rawG@&aom XmaecH ig;rsdK;pdwftrsm;
TjrpfxrJ mS &Sad e=uonf?
11
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
12
Amblyceps Carinatum, a new species of hillstream catfish from Myanmar(Teleostei:
Amblycipitidae), Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2005 53(2): 243-249, December 31,
2005. {&m0wDjrpfrmS awG@&&dS aom tcsK@d ig;clrsm;ESihf ESihf rJacgijf rpfrmS awG@&&dS aom ig;clrsm;onf yHpk cH si;f rwl=ubJ/ wrlx;l jcm;ae
a=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm {&m0wDjrpfonf **F gjrpfEiS hf jrpfpepfcsi;f ydI k wlaoma=umifjh zpfa=umif;udv k nf; aqmif;yg;u az: jy
xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh {&m0wDjrpfonf rwljcm;em;aom ZD0 yx0Da'orsm; (biogeographic regions) . qHpk nf;&m
ae&mwck [kqdkEdkifonf?
13
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/ World Resources Institute , 2002.
14
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
15
"Irrawaddys bounty is its peoples curse, in The Nation, January 24, 1997.
16
http://www. Worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0116_full.html
17
T'¾&Dajymqd=k u&mwGif uGv J rJG _ tcsK@d &ydS gonf? ewfrif;}u;D u vufwzufraS eI a&$cuG jf zifah vmif;+y;D / tjcm;vufwzufrS
aiGcuG u
f ikd I
f avmif;csonf[v k nf; qd=k uygonf? xd@k tjyif jrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh xl;jcm;csut f a=umif;rsm;wGiv f nf;
uGJvGJajymqdkr_ tcsKd@&Sdygonf? Please see The Kachins: Religion and Custom, A. Gilhodes,
1996 and http;//www.pandaw1947.com/irrawaddy_river.htm
18
Myanmar Hydroproject, Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
19
aemufxyfowif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk China Southern Power Grid. website pmrsuEf mS www.csg.cn
wGif =unfhEdkifonf//
20
West-to-east Power Transmission Program Well Underway in SW China, Peoples
Daily Online, January 10, 2003.
21
China to Build Dams in Northern Burma, The Irrawaddy Business News, February
2007.
22
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007, China firm to build Myanmar hydro-power plants, AFP, May5, 2007.
23
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007.
24
Hydropower plays a leading role in Myanmars power development plans, Inter-
national Journal of Hydropower and Dams, Issue Two, 2005.
25
Who rules the Ground? The power of Myanmars area commanders, at http://
www,asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0903/nat_myanmar.html
26
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
27
Myanmar Hydroproject Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
28
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
29
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/c/china-southern-power-grid.html ESifh
www.csg.cn tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS rsm;rS owif;tcsut f vufrsm; &,lygonf?
30
http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/about.htm
31
www.yndaily.com/html/20051201/news_88_714449.html
32
http://www,cjw.com.cn/index/civilization/detail/20070530/88736.asp
33
at&Sa0gvu f rk %
` o
D nf ysO;f rem; òr@awmfopf (aejynfawmf) . twGi;f ESit hf jyif taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk af &; twGuf
tpd;k &ESihf uefx±du k pf mcsKyf csKyfqx kd m;aom t"duukr% ` }D uD;wckvnf; jzpfonf//
34
at&Sa0gvfESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk {&m0wDr*~Zif;rS cGefqrf (Hkun Sam) u okawoeðyonf?
Hanging drug couriers but investing with their suppliers, in The Nation, October
20, 1997.
35
http://www.suntactechnologies.com/
36
htpp://www.japancorp.net/company_show.asp?compid=453
37
Dammed by Burmas Generals: The Karenni Experience with Hydropower Development
from Lawpita to the Salween, The Karenni Development Research Group, 2006.
38
(WCD p. 112)
39
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law,The NGO Forum on Cambodia
40
The Mekongs Changing Currency, Montree Chantawong, in Watershed, Vol. 11,
No. 2, November 2005-January 2006.
41
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001,
p. 117.
42
w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk
urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom
w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
43
http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-myanmar.htm, last accessed June 22, 2007.
44
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001, p.
113-114.
45
vHðk cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tif*sief ,D mwOD;rSm a&epfaoqH;k cJ&h ygonf? 'Dru
kd &ufwpf jrefrmhtoH xkwvf i$ chf su?f (2006 ckEpS /f
Zlvdkif 12) Dam burst kills five in northern Burmas Kachin State.
46
jrpf}uD;em;a&}uD;r_owif;udk http://www.kachinstate.com/reporton_myitkyina_flood.html
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif zwf&E_ ikd yf gonf?
47
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law, The NGO Forum on Cambodia, 2005, Death
toll rises in Indian dam tragedy, 12 April 2005, www.waterpowermagazine.com
48
From Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005, citing Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia:
prospects for riverine biodiversity, Bioscience 50 (9): 793-806, 2000, and The
ecology of tropical Asian rivers and streams in relations to biodiversity
conservation, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 239-263, 2000.
49
Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine
biodiversity, David Dudgeon, in Bioscience, September 2000.
50
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004,
p. 37.
51
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001
52
Tta&;ygaom a'orsm;ta=umif;udk a'guw f m aemfref ar,m (Dr. Norman Meyers) u yxrOD;qH;k avhvmcJ+h y;D /
1988 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJh+yD jzpfygonf? Tavhvmr_udk ESpfpOfxyfrHjznfhpGufcJh+yD; aemufqHk;pmtkyfrSm Hotspots
Revisited: Earths Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions.
[k trnf&ygonf/ udk atmufygtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif zwf&_Edkifygonf? http://multimedia.con
servation.org/cabs/online_pubs/hotspots2/cover.html
53
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0131_full.html
54
Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005
55
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
56
Occasional Paper No. 23 Biology and Conservation of Asian River Cetaceans,
accessed at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/publications/rivercetacean.htm
57
w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
58
Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, in Hydropower and Dams,
Issue One, 2007.
59
Smith, B.D. & Beasely, I. 2004.Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
<www.iucnredlist>.org. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
60
&Sppf wdqk rkd aD ,;ppfa&m*gEiS hf ywfoufaom tcsut f vufrsm;udk Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics
of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001. pmtkyfrS &,lygonf?
61
WCD, p. 118.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
62
rDemrmwm a&m*grmS *syefEikd if &H dS rDemrmwmòr@wiG f 1956 ckEpS u f yxrt}urd f pwifawG@&cdS &hJ jcif; jzpfygonf? cspq f kd aumfyakd &;&Si;f
(Chisso Corporation) . "gwyk pPn;f puf&u kH puf&x kH u
G f rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwyf g0ifaom a&qd;k rsm;ud/k 1932 ckrS
1968 ckEpS t f xd pGe@f ypfaecJ+h y;D aemuf jzpfay:cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k tqdyjf yif;xefvaS om "gwrf sm;onf rDemrmwmurf;ajcESihf
&SD&maEG yifv,fatmf&Sd tcGHygaom c&k/ ykpGefrsm;ESifh ig;rsm;wGif pkyHkaecJh=u+yD;/ a'ocHvlxkrsm;u rsm;udk pm;oHk;um
jy'g;qdyo f ifch =hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf? (2001) ckEpS /f rwfvtxd vlaygi;f (2265) jy'g;qdyo f ifoh nfh '%f cHpm;cJ=h u&+y;D / (wd@k txJrS
1784 OD;rSm toufqHk;&_H;cJh&ygonf?) vlaygif; (10 000) ausmfrSm epfemr_twGuf av#mfa=u;aiG &&SdcJhygonf?
av#mfa=u;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;/ w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm;rSm ,ae@wdkif qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfygonf?
rDemrmwma&m*gudk *syefEdkifiH. pufr_npfnrf;r_rS &&Sdaom a&m*g}uD; (4) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf?
a&m*gvuQ%mrsm;rSm ud, k cf E<m[efcsurf nDbJ xde;f r&jcif;/ vufEiS hf ajcwd@k wiG f xHu k sijf cif;/ taxGaxG ºuufom; tm;enf;
csKd@wJhjcif;/ rsufaphjrifuGif; usOf;jcif;/ t=um;ESifh pum;ajymEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf csKd@wJhjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf? ydkIjyif;xef pGm
tqdyo f ifch &H onfh tajctaewGif &l;oGyjf cif;/ avjzwfjcif;/ owdvpf arharsmjcif;ESihf Ta&m*gvuQ%mrsm; ay:+yD;aemuf
&ufowW ywfrsm;twGi;f aoqH;k jcif;wd@k jzpfwwfygonf?
63
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001.
64
At What Price: Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma, Images Asia and Pan Kachin
Development Society, 2004.
65
Smith, B.D. & Beasley, I. 2004, Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
66
Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEdik if &H dS um&DbmqnfwiG f qnfwnfaqmufpOfumvwGif vlprd ;f rsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf
twl òr@jy tjzpfajymif;vmjcif;a=umifh vdiq f ufqrH a_ =umifh jzpfaom a&m*grsm; wd;k yGm;vmapygonf? r=umao;rDumvwGif
tdycf st f ikd Af -GD attdik 'f t D ufpaf &m*g jzpfEe_ ;f jrifv
h m+y;D / txl;ojzifh a'ocHtrsK;d orD;rsm;udk txl;qd;k usK;d oufa&mufapygonf?
vDqo kd Ekd ikd if /H uke;f jrifah 'o pDrcH suw
f iG v
f nf; a&m*gys@H ymG ;r_Ee_ ;f rSm/ ywf0ef;usiaf 'orsm;xuf ydI k jrifrh m;aecJyh gonf? Dams
and Development - A new framework for decision-making, The report of the World
Commission on Dams, 2000.
67
Aid and sanctions in Burma, Boston Globe, June 16, 2007.
68
Valley of Darkness: Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,
KDNG, 2007.
69
jrefrmppfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;Y rk'drf;usifh/ vdifr_qdkif&mt&
t=urf;zuf=u aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif azmfjyxm;=u+yD; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
&Srf;trsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef&uf tzGJ@ (Shan Womens Action Network) rS xkwfa0aom License to
Rape: The Burmese Military Regimes Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in
Shan State (rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpif? ? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ppfyGJwGif;Y jrefrmppftpdk;&u
vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ u&iftrsKd;orD; tpnf;t&Hk; (au'AvsLtdk) rS
xkwfa0aom Shattering Silences (wdwfqdwfaer_udk csKd;zsufvdkufjcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&;
azmifa';&Si;f (Human Rights Foundation of Monland) ESihf trsK;d orD;ESihf uav;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;pDrcH suf
(Women and Child Rights Project) wd@k yl;aygi;f xkwaf 0aom Catwalk to the Barrack (ppfwef;vsm;od@k
tvSjyvrf;av#muf=u&jcif;) tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? xd@k tjyif csi;f jynf trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf (The Women
League of Chinland) rS xkwaf 0aom Unsafe State (rvHðk caH omjynfe,f) tpF&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; awG@Eikd yf gonf?
70
tr_ trSwf (MMR 090307.CC.VAW) nOf;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m urBmhtzGJ@/ EdkifiHwum
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJ@. 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@wGif wifjycsuf? Jailing of four minor girls gang-
raped by members of the military, Case MMR 090307.CC.VAW, the International
Secretariat of the World Organisation Against Torture, March 9, 2007.
71
The Impact of Dams and Resettlement on Womens Lives, Carol Yong,
www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/79/dams.html
72
Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities, Prepared for the World Commission
on Dams (WCD) by Marcus Colchester - Forest Peoples Programme, November
2000. owdðyoifah omtcsurf mS twdwjf zpf&yf tawG@tñurH sm;t& jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ajymif;a&$@=u&aomolrsm;&&S=d uaom
av#maf =u;aiGrmS rqdpk avmufr#/ tenf;i,fom &&Syd gonf?
73
The Relocation Component in Connection with the Sardar-Sarovar (Narmada)
Project, World Bank, Washington DC, 1984.
74
urBmq
h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Si.f t=uðH ycsurf sm;udk ydrk o
kd &d v
dS ykd gu atmufyg tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif avhvmEdik yf gonf?
www.dams.org
75
w&kwEf ikd if t
H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
76
What is small hydro? from the International Small Hydro Atlas at http://
www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.whatis
77
Development of Small Hydro, G. Baidya, presented at the Himalayan Small
hydropower Summit, October 2006.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
aemufqufwJG 1? awG@qakH r;jref;cJo
h rl sm; pm&if;
pOf &ufpGJ usm;§r touf tvkyftudkif
1 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 35 bk&m;ausmif;vl}uD;
2 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 24 ul;wdk@avSorm;
3 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 38 wHig
4 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 60 rkqdk;
5 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 30 wHig
6 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 58 v,form;
7 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 64 v,form;
8 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 27 usyrf;aps;a&mif;ol
9 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 46 ti,fpm; rdkif;wGif;wl;orm;
10 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 39 wdkif;&if;aq;q&m
11 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 28 0g;a&mif;ol
12 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 24 wHig
13 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 26 ul;wdk@avSorm;
14 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 24 ae@pm;tvkyform;
15 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 40 bk&m;ausmif;vl}uD;
16 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 27 wHigESifh ul;wdk@avSydk@ol
17 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 60 v,form;ESifh wHig
18 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 55 v,form;ESifh ti,fpm; rdkif;wGif;wl;ol
19 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 60 v,form;
20 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm r 65 v,form;
21 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 44 aus;&Gmvl}uD;
22 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 40 oif;tkyfq&m
23 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 43 t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&ol
24 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 56 oif;tkyfq&m
25 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 58 oif;tkyfq&m
28 2007 ckESpf/ {+yDv usm; 40 oif;tkyfq&m
29 2007 ckESpf/ {+yDv usm; 29 oif;tkyfq&m
30 2007 ckESpf/ ZGefv usm; 63 oif;tkyfq&m
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3? ucsiftrsKd;om; ,Ofaus;r_Xme/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
aemufqufwJG 3? ucsiv
f x
l ak cgi;f aqmifrsm;xHrS uef@uu
G af ompm/
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
Villages in the food zone of Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
a&v$r;f cH&rnfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS vlO;D a&pm&if;
No. Village name Household Population
1 anmfarSmf 21 113
2 avm0f*rf 13 58
3 Zefaemif; 72 386
4 *s0g,ef 18 87
5 a':rm,ef 10 57
6 *geef,ef 14 73
7 tif'ek ;f ZGyf 15 77
8 tlavmif,ef 32 179
9 atmf&m,ef 42 401
10 ZGy&f m,ef 8 60
11 cgeb f ,f,ef 6 51
12 rZGyf 54 292
13 tifa':,ef 11 109
14 csaD zG 218 1097
15 varmfZyG f (emarmfZyG )f 17 65
16 r*&rf,ef 29 138
17 &Seaf ig 65 334
18 c0rf,ef 69 354
19 rmefa'gif 165 847
20 'Grb f efZyG f 31 163
21 qeDc;l 18 107
22 ref0ed ;f 189 897
23 qdkifavmf 263 1294
24 vdi_ q f ;D 5 25
25 qa*g0h rl ef 6 30
26 wefz&J 173 1406
27 a*Gaxmif 22 106
28 a0&SD 4 15
29 zppfZyG f 10 57
30 aumhocg 5 20
31 remZGyq f uef 7 28
32 tifqyG Zf yG f 10 30
33 tif*spf 18 180
34 &SDawG,ef 18 160
35 w,ef 40 150
36 rke, f mZGyf 10 60
37 u&wf,ef 6 28
38 *sed rf m,ef 10 45
39 *smxl,ef 27 143
40 c&mZGyf 37 192
41 vwfZyG f 7 29
42 ra&mrfZyG f 8 39
43 v&ef*g; 68 357
44 tGrfv*Grf 5 20
45 'rfu f axmif 17 96
46 Zeef 6 25
47 yavmif,ef 5 25
TOTAL 1904 10505

(&m0wdjrpfukd Ydwq KD F A&umwmwnfaqmufjcif

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{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwqf kd

Kachin Development Networking Group

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© EarthTrends 2002 World Resources Institute

{&m0wDjrpfonf jrefrmEdkifiH. A[dkcsufrae&m {&m0wD[laomtrnfonf

Memorable ever pleasant Kachin homeland

Local residents enjoy their lives

This is the lovely natural homeland of the Kachin people

Dear loving brothers and sisters

Will you forget it due to long loss of contact?

Will you be looking forward to my return?

On the river banks of Mali hka and Nmai hka

The singers song spreads

The fascinating environment of Kachin homeland

Impressed my heart and nostalgia is felt

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Photo: CPI publication

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The singers song spreads

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