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The Myitsone
Song of praise for the Kachin confluence
Mali hka and Nmai hka flow there with beautiful and colorful surroundings
I will keep the music of my soul in my heart for you brothers and sisters
Photo: tab
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&efuek Ef iS hf rE aW v;od@k yd@k ay;+yD; a'ocHaus;&Gmom;rsm;udk tarSmifxYJ xm;ypfcyhJ gonf?
(1993) ckESpfu ucsifjynfe,fY wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJhaom }udrfc&rfqnfrS v#yfppf"gwf
tm; trsm;pkudkvnf; teD;tem;&Sd ppfpcef;rsm;odk@om ydk@v$wfxdefvif;apcJhygonf?
(azmfjyxm;aom uGif;twGif;udk =unfhyg?)
b¾maiG rnfr#ukefusrnfenf;?
trsm;tm;jzifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;u cef@rSef;=uonfrSm a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfrnfh qnf
wnfaqmuf&mY wyfqifaom pGr;f tm; (1) rD*g0yfv#if tar&duefa':vm (1) oef;cef@
ukeu f sEikd yf gonf? ajrae&m tvGeaf umif;ygu Txuf ukeu f spm;&dwf av#meh nf;Edik +f yD;/
pDrcH suwf iG f rar#mv f ifah om jy\emrsm; ñuHawG@&ygu ukeu
f spm;&dwf ydrk sm;Edik yf gonf?
t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh wGucf su&f v#i/f {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nftwGuf &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS o
_ nf tar
&duefa':vm (3²6) bDvsHtxd&SdEdkifygonf?
18 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
tifrdkifc (arc) jrpfudkqnfzdk@jcif;
ppftpd;k onf {&m0wDjrpfay:&Sd yifrqnf}uD;tjyif/ jrpfqakH jrmufbuf&dS tifrikd cf jrpfay:Y
vnf; aemufxyf qnf (7)ck wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdaeygao;
onf? (2007) ckESpf/ arv tpdk;&xkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;wyk'fY
atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;ygonf?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 19
tifrikd cf jrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&efvsmxm;aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm; wnfaqmufrnfh
pDru
H ed ;f onf oef@f pifaomTjrpf. a*[pepfukd aocsmayguf xdcu kd yf supf ;D aprnfjzpfyg
onf? xdrk #omru/ {&m0wD jrpftay:wGiv f nf; rvGrJ aoGtusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;jzpf
ay:apygvrd rhf nf? TtpD&ifcpH mwGif az: jyxm;aom {&m0wDjrpfqq kH nf. xdcu kd &f u
kd f
cwfEikd rf _ qd;k usK;d rsm;twdik ;f yif/ tifrikd cf qnfrsm; tm;vH;k . &du
k cf wfr_ qd;k usK;d rsm;onf
vnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfygvrd rhf nf? Tqnfrsm;wnfaqmufrnft h wGuaf =umifh vltrsm;
tdk;tdrftajcysuf&r_ taetxm;udk rod&SdEdkifao;yg?
tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufrsm;
2002 {&m0wDjrpfqq Hk nfa&bufpt kH oH;k csa&;pDrcH suf trnfay;xm;aom
avhvmwdkif;xGmr_ w&yfudk jrefrmv#yfppf"gwftm;ay;vkyfief;ESifh
pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif; 0ef}uD;Xmewdk@u a&;om;ðypkcJhonf?
uefqikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m; ukr% ` (D Kansai Electric Power
Company)u jrpfq& kH dS wefz&J&mG wGif tao;pm; rd;k av0\Xme
wckwnfaqmufcJhonf?
2003 qnfaqmufrnfah e&mod@k KEPCO .wdik ;f wma&;tzG@J wzG@J 2-}udrf
a&mufvmcJh onf?
2004/ azaz:0g&D wefz&J&mG om;rsm;u ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL; Adv k cf sKyf
armifarmifa&$ xHo@kd uef@uu G pf m ay;yd@k co
hJ nf?
2005/
atmufwdkbmv w&kwEf ikd if &H dS ,leef puf,E , W m; oGi;f uke/f xkwu f ek f ukr%
` D
(Yunnan Machinery Export & Import Company)ESihf ulrif;
a&tm;v#ypf pf 'DZikd ;f Xme (Kunming Hydropower Institute of
Design) wd@k u qnfaqmufrnfh ae&mudk wdi k ;f wm=uonf?
20 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
2005/ Edk0ifbmv (YMEC) ESihf jrefrm v#ypf pfprG ;f tif 0ef}uD;Xmewd@k tifrikd cf jrpf0rS ;f
zG@H òz;r_ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;twGuf em;vnfrp_ mc|ev f m$ w&yfukd
ulrif;òr@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk; cJhonf?
2006/ =o*kw-f
pufwifbmv ajryHka&;qGJjcif;vkyfief;udk txl;ðyvkyfudkifaom jrefrmEdkifiHrS pef;
wufenf;ynm ukr% ` v D rD w d uf (Suntac Technologies Co. Ltd)
u wefz&J&mG &Sd bke;f }uD;ausmif; wausmif;wGif &H;k pdu k v f #uf qnf
aqmufrnfah e&mudk wdik ;f wmcJo h nf? wdik ;f wma&;vkyif ef;rSm toH;k
ðyrnfph uf,E , W m;rsm;udk w&kwjf ynfrS o,f,al &;udpP tqifajy
atmif aqmif&u G af &;twGuf 0ga&Smif&mG wGiv f nf; ,m,Dpcef;pdu k f
onf? pef;wufurk % ` oD nf w&kwu ` D (YMEC)ESihf yl;wGv
f rk % J yk u f ikd f
onf?
2006/
atmufwdkbmv qnfaqmufrnfah e&m (jrpfqrkH S atmufbuf 3-rdik t f uGm) Y jref
rmEdkifiHrS at&Sa0gvfukr`%Du pDrHcsufaqmif&Gufa&; pcef;wck
wnfaqmufco hJ nf? pcef;aqmufvyk +f yD;pD;onfEiS hf wòyifeuf w
&kwfvlrsKd;ajrae&mppfaq;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;onf pcef;wGif 5-v
=umr# aexdik v f #uf ajr ae&m ppfaq;onf?
2006/ 'DZifbmv v#yfppfpGrf;tm; trSwf(1)0ef}uD;XmeESifh w&kyfEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk;
v#ypf pf"gwt f m; xkwv f yk af &; tzG@J jzpfaom w&kyEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _ aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)wd@k onf arc-rvdc a&t
&if;tjrpfzGH@òz;a&;qdkif&m {&m0wDjrpfqHk a&tm;v#yfppf pDrHcsuf
twGuf em;vnfrp_ m c|ev f m$ w&yfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJoh nf? T
oabmwlnrD w _ iG f jrpfqw kH iG f 3600 rD*g0yf pDrcH suEf iS hf tifrikd cf jrpf
ay:&Sd csaD AGwiG f 2000 rD*g0yf pDrcH suw f @kd yg0ifonf? Tvufrw S af &;
xdk;onfh tcrf;tem;odk@ at&Sa0gvfukr`%Dvnf; wufa&muf
onf? ("gwyf &kH )_
2007/ Zefe0g&rD aS r w&kwEf ikd if rH S cse*f si;f 'DZikd ;f Xme (Changjing Design Institute of
China)u vGep f ufjzifh ajrwl;azmufjcif;/ a&avSmifuef ppfaq;jcif;
ESihf ZvaA'wdik ;f wmjcif;rsm; aqmif&u G &f eftwGuf 'DZikd ;f a&;qGaJ &;
tkyfpkrsm;apv$wfcJhonf?
2007/ {+yDv qnf (7) ckwnfaqmuf&mY v#ypf pf"gwt f m;ay;rnfh 65-rD*g0yf
"gwt f m;ay; puf&w kH &Hu k kd csaD AGacsmif;teD;wGif wnfaqmufa&;t
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 21
wGuf tkwfjrpfcsajrndyGJ tcrf;tem; usif;ycJhonf? puf&kHonf
{&m0wDjrpfqHkqnf tygt0if tifrdkifcESifh rvdcjrpfrsm;ay:wGif
qnf}uD; (7)ck wnfaqmufI v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;rnfjzpfonf?
tcrf;tem;udk ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyftek ;f
jrifhESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tm; trSwf(1)0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;
aZmfrif;wdk@u tzGifhrdef@cGef;ajym=um;zGifhvSpfcJhonf?23
2007/ arv trSwf (1) v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&dS a&tm;v#yf
ppfprD cH suf taumiftxnfaz:a&;XmeESihf w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwf
tm;&if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _ aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)wd@k onf tifrikd cf ESihf {&m0wD
jrpfrsm;ay:Y pkpak ygi;f a&tm;v#ypf pfprD cH suf (7) ckwnfaqmufrnf
jzpfa=umif; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmuaz: jycJhonf?
arv (1) &ufae@/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@Y arc-rvdcjrpf0rS ;f ESihf jrpfqakH 'o
a&tm; v#ypf pfprD cH surf sm;ESihf csaD AGacsmif; a&tm;v#ypf pf pDrcH suf
uGyfuJa&;&Hk; zGifhyGJtcrf;tem; usif;ycJhonf?
arv (21) &ufae@/ ucsijf ynfe,fw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd òr@e,frsm;rS trsm;
=unfnKd av; pm;jcif;cH&aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf t}uD;tuJrsm;u Adv k f
csKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xHodk@ Tqnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh ywfoufI
&yfqikd ;f ay;yg &ef uef@uu G pf m 0dik ;f 0ef;a&;om;I ay;yd@k c=hJ uonf?
od@k &mwGif jyef=um;csuf wpHw k &mr# r&&Scd ahJ cs?
qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&m&Sd wdkif;xGma&;ynm&Sifrsm;
22 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
olwdk@ajrjyif wdkif;xGmppfaq;wmawG
vkyfae=uw,f? qnfaqmufr,fhae&m
rSm tvkyform; w&mausmfavmufeJ@
w&kwftif*sifeD,mawG awG@ae&w,f?
ukefwifum;awGeJ@ pufawGvJ q,fpD;
avmuf&Sdw,f?
(awG@qHkar;jref;cef;trSwf-27)
jrpfq&kH dS wefc;kd }uD;anmifyif teD;Y &yfxm;aom
qef;wufwikd ;f xGma&; ukr%DrS um;wpD;
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 23
vuf0zJ ufraS eI tpOftwdik ;f ? ? jrpfqtkH eD; wdik ;f xGm rSww
f rf;wifaeolwOD;? qifa*smifbrG f ESihf
*a&mifbrG f t=um;/ qnfwnfaqmufrnfah e&mY qef;wuf wdik ;f xGma&;ukr% ` .
D uGi;f qif;refae*sm
wOD;u tvHpdkufaeyHk? 0g'lbGrf&Sd wdkif;xGmrSwfwrf; jyKxm;aom tvHwck? vrf;ab;wGif &Sdaeaom
ausmufrD;aoG; erlemrsm;?
24 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yg0ifywfoufae-uolrsm;
ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;onf ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf ppfuikd ;f
wdik ;f wpdww f ydik ;f wGif ppfqifa&; wm0ef,&l ygonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f
vuf&dS ppfXmecsKyf (13) ck&I dS wdik ;f rSL; (13) OD; &Syd gonf? olw@kd onf
EdkifiHawmf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD tzGJ@0ifrsm;vnf;
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f
jzpfygonf? olw@kd &@J =oZmt&Sed t f m%m uawmh &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ
ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; zG@J pnf;yHu
k vG&J if/ wEdik if vH ;kH qdik &f m rl0g' csrw S w f hJ udpaP wGukd ausmf
AdkvfcsKyf tkef;jrifh vGef =oZmra&mufEikd =f ubl;? 'gayr,fh olw@kd xikd &f wJh ppfwikd ;f awGrmS
awmhææ wdik ;f rSL;awGu =oZmt&Sq d ;kH yJ? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; uefx
&du
k pf mcsKyfupd aP wG/ t&if;tjrpf xkw, f al &;vkyif ef;awG/ td;k tdrjf cHajrwnf aqmufa&;
vkyfief;awG/ ausmif;/ aps;eJ@ vrf;-wHwm; wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG tm;vHk;rSm
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 25
olwdk@u qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f? &J/ vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@awGeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;awGuvnf; olwdk@
acgi;f rndr &hf if bmrSvyk yf ikd cf iG hf r&S=d ubl;?[k wOD;u azmfjyygonf?25
w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI) onf ,cif w&kwEf ikd if /H
Edik if aH wmf v#ypf pfprG ;f tm;aumfyakd &;&Si;f (State Power Corporation of China--SP)
. pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;Xme tydik ;f rSaeI cGaJ xmifxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? rSwyf w kH ifxm;aom
t&if;tES;D tjzpf tar&duefa':vm (1² 57) bDvsH &S+d yD/ (CPI) onf Edik if aH wmfaumifp. D
todtrSwfðycsuft& prf;oyf tpdk;& &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ vkyfief;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfydkif OD;ydkif
aumfydka&;&Sif;w&yf jzpfvmcJhygonf? onf w&kwfjynf. t}uD;qHk; v#yfppfxkwf
vkyfa&;vkyfief;}uD;wck jzpfygonf?26
(2007) ckEpS f tapmydik ;f Y w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)
awmifydkif;XmecGJonf jrefrma&tm;v#yfppf pDrHcsufrsm;. t&ma&mufr_udk pdwfyg0if
pm;r_ jyoaomtm;jzifh jrefrma&tm;qdkif&m XmecGJ (Myanmar Hydro Division)
wckudk wnfaxmifcJhonf? (CPI) OuUXonf (2007) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv twGif;u
XmecG&J ;kH od@k omG ;a&muf+yD;/ wdik ;f jynf. pufrw _ ;kd wufa&; r[mAsL[mESiu hf u kd n
f aD om
jrefrmEdik if &H dS pDrcH surf sm; t&Sed jf riw
hf ;kd wufjzpfay:apa&;twGuf nGe=f um;csurf sm;ay;cJyh g
27
onf?
26 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
w&kwEf ikd if H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwtf m;uGe&f uf (China Southern Power Grid)
(2007) ckEpS /f arv(21)&ufae@wiG f (CPI)onf tifrikd cf / rvdcESihf {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f rsm;&Sd
a&tm;v#ypf pf pDrcH surf sm; yl;wGt J aumiftxnfaz:a&;ESihf ywfoufI yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gufa&; oabmwlnDcsuf w&yfudk w&kwfEdkifiH awmifydkif;v#yfppf"gwftm;uGef&uf
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (China Southern Power Grid Corporation)ESihf vufrw S af &;xd;k cJyh gonf?
Tod@k jzifh TpDrcH surf sm;wGif ukr% ` ED pS cf o
k nf r[mAsL[majrmuf vkyif ef;vkyzf ufrsm;
jzpfvmcJha=umif; tcsufjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf?28
w&kwEf ikd if H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m;uGe&f uf (CSG) onf/ w&kwjf ynf. awmifyikd ;f
jynfe,f (5) ckrS aumfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;udk aygi;f pkv#uf (2000)ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif wnf
axmifcahJ om tpd;k &ydik u f rk %
` w D ckjzpfygonf? vuf&t dS m;jzifh Tukr% ` oD nf urBmt}uD;
qH;k vkyif ef;}uD; (500) pm&if; (Fortune 500 Global List) wGif (266) tqifh &Sad eygonf?
(CSG)onf w&kwE f ikd if .H awmifyikd ;f v#ypf pf"gwt f m; uGe&f ufEiS hf ywfoufaom &if;ES;D
jrKyfErHS /_ wnfaqmufrE_ iS hf pDrt H yk cf sKyfrw
_ @kd uo
kd mru v#ypf pf"gwt f m; yd@k vw
$ jf cif;/ jzef@a0
jcif;rsm;udkyg wm0ef,l&onf? onf r[mrJacgifa'o v#yfppf"gwftm; aumfydka&;
&Si;f wGif Edik if aH wmfaumifpu D cef@tyfwm0efay;xm;onfh tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifvnf;
jzpfonft h jyif r[mrJacgiaf 'o v#ypf pf"gwt f m;aumfyakd &;&Si;f . vkyif ef;udk wufwuf
29
ºuºu wGe;f aqmfay;v#u&f o dS nf?
Photo: CPI publication
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHolrsm;
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_
aumfyakd &;&Si;f (CPI)onf . Edik if &H yfjcm;
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_wGif b¾maiGaxmufyHhjcif;/
ñu&H Edik af om ar#mv f ifrh xm;onfh tE &W m,f
qHk;&_H;r_rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;wdk@ESifh ywf
w&kwfEdkifiH v#yfppf"gwftm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ aumfydka&; oufI b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh aumfydka&;&Sif;t
&Sif; (CPI) u 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif usif;yaom rsm;udk oGm;a&mufawG@qHk+yD; t}uHOm%f
jynfy&Sd a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHcsufrsm;Y &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_zdwf rsm;awmif;cHcy hJ gonf? Tod@k aom aqG;aEG;
ac:a&;aqG;aEG;yGJwck
wdkifyifcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif w&kwfEdkifiH
yd@k uek -f oGi;f ukef b%f (China Exim Bank)/ w&kwEf ikd if H yd@k uek f tmrcH aumfyakd &;&Si;f
(China Export Credit Insurance Corporation)/ w&kwE f ikd if H pufrE_ iS hf ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fa&;b%f (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)/ w&kwEf ikd if H aqmufvyk f
a&;b%f (The Construction Bank of China)/ umvf,eG f aumfyakd &;&Si;f ESihf &if;ES;D jryEf rHS _
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 27
b%f (Calyon Corporate and Investment Bank) (rlv jyifopfyikd )f ESihf at&Sa0gvf
ukr%
` w
D @kd jzpfygonf?
,leefae@pOf owif;pm (Yunnan Daily News). azmfjycsut f & (YMEC) ESihf jrefrm
v#ypf pfprG ;f tm; 0ef}uD;Xmewd@k onf (2006) ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbm (30) &ufae@wiG f ulrif;òr@Y
tifrdkifcjrpf0Srf; zGH@òz;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_twGuf em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$mw&yfudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf?31 em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$myg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk trsm;od
atmifxw k jf yefa=ujimjcif; rðyojzif/h w&kwEf ikd if H v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ umfyakd &;
&Sif; (CPI) ESifh qufqH&mY (YMEC). tcef;u¾ rnfodk@&Sdrnfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
rod&yg? (atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk =unfhyg?)
28 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
csef*sif; wdkif;wma&;tzGJ@rS
tcsKd@aom aqmif;yg;rsm;u
cse*f si;f wdik ;f wma&;tzG@J uo
hJ ykd if
tvm;wlvkyfief;rsKd;vkyfudkif
aom ul r if ; 'D Z d k i f ; tzG J @
(Kunming Design Instit-
ute) . yg0ifywfoufr_t
a=umif;udkvnf; az: jy=u
onf? Photos of CISPDRs field work in Kachin State
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 29
avmavmq,fY avmfppf[efonf ukr% ` . D OuUXjzpfonf? ol.om; jzpfol xGe;f jrifEh ikd f
(ac:) pwDAifavmonf refae*sif;'g&dkufwmjzpfonf? pwDAifavmonf bdef;ukeful;
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w,f? +yD;vmawmh v#ypf pfr;D vnf;r&bl;? yxrydik ;f rSm tpd;k &u a'ocHjynfol
awGudk pnf;&Hk;wkef;u qnfwnfaqmuf+yD;wJhtcg &vmwJhv#yfppfudk ausmif;
awGtwGuo f ;kH r,f? +yD;rS ppfwyftwGu/f +yD;awmh csyaf usmif; bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;
awGtwGuf oH;k r,f/ pwkwt aeeJ@rS tpd;k &&H;k awGtwGuef @J &yf&mG vlxak wGt
50 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
wGuf oH;k r,f/ ajymcJ=h uw,f? +yD;awmh vrf;rD;awGvnf; vif;vmr,fajymw,f?
aemufq;kH awmh olw@kd ajymwJt
h wdik ;f wckrS jzpfrvm=ubl;? (awG@qHak r;jref;cef;
trSwf-26)
qnfusKd;aygufjcif;?
(2006) ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f eHeuf (2;00)em&Dtcsed w f iG f &ufowWywf 5 ywf=um rd;k onf;
xefpGm &GmoGef;vm+yD;aemuf qnfusKd;aygufygawmhonf?
t&Sed t
f [kejf yif;pGmjzifh xd;k qif;vmaom a&vH;k u teD;&Sd a&tm;v#ypf pf puf&w kH ckv;kH udk
wdu
k pf m;xd;k csomG ;cJo
h nf? TtwGuaf =umifh vl 5-OD; toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h onf? }udrcf &rf
c aus;&G m ES i f h jrpf } uD ; em;òr@ud k quf o G , f a omt"d u wH w m;rS m vnf ; a&pD ; jzif h
arsmygomG ;cJoh nf? od@k aomfvnf; xl;qef;pGmyif aus;&Gmaevlxrk sm;teufrS rnfow l OD;
wa,mufr# toufqHk;&_H;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? a&tm;a=umifh awmifESpfvHk;=um;wGif&Sdaom
ae&mwckvHk;udk a&wdkufpm;xdk;cs oGm;aoma=umifh a&tm;v#yfppfpuf&Hkudk jzpfap/
qnfujkd zpfap jyefvnfðyjyif wnfaqmufEikd jf cif; r&Sad wmhyg? 45
a&v$rf;rdk;r_'%fñuHI epfem&zG,f&Sdjcif;?
urBmay:&Sd qnf}uD;rsm;. tusKd;tjypf oufa&mufEdkifr_ twdkif;twmudk us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@avhvmcJ=h u+yD;aemuf urBmq h nfrsm;qdik &f maumfr&Siuf qnfrsm;a=umifh jynfol
vlxkrsm;wGif a&v$rf;rdk;r_'%f ydkIñuH&zG,f&Sdonfudk awG@&SdcJh=uygonf? a&wmwrHrsm;
onf a&v$r;f rd;k r_'%f ti,fpm;tcsK@d ukd umuG,af y;Edik af omfvnf;/ a&v$r;f rd;k r_ }uD;rm;
pGmjzpfay:vmygu qnfrsm;a=umifh ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H &r_ ydI k }uD;rm;apEdik yf gonf? a&v$r;f rd;k r_
}uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:vmygu qnfrsm;u xdak &vH;k rsm;udk xde;f odr;f xm;Edik pf rG ;f r&S=d uawmh
yg? a&v#+H yD;aemuf ydI k qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefaom a&v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;jzpfay:apygonf? jrpfqq kH nf
wnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf; TudpPonf pdk;&drfzG,ftcsufjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm T
ae&monf jrpf}uD;em;òr@txufzuf uDvrkd w D m (40) cef@ tuGmta0;wGio f m wnf&adS e
aoma=umifhjzpfygonf? r=umao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; xdka'ow0dkufwGif a&v$rf;rdk;r_
tE &W m,fu wESpw f jcm; ydI k qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefvmaecJyh gonf? ta=umif;rSm Ta'ow
0du
k w f iG f a&$w;l azmfae=uaoma=umifh jrpfurf;yg;rsm;udk ysupf ;D ap+yD;/ a&a=umif; ajymif;vJ
aponft h jyif/ a&}uD;r_ukd obm0t& wm;qD;Edik af om opfawmrsm;vnf; ðyef;wD;vm
aeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? (2004) ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif jrpf}uD;em;òr@a&v$r;f cJ+h yD;/ vlaygi;f
(19000) ausmf a&v$r;f r_'%fccH =hJ u&ygonf? a'o&Sd &yf&mG tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf bk&m;&Scd ;kd
ausmif;rsm;/ bmoma&;toif;rsm;u zsm;emolrsm;ESifh tdk;tdrfrJh jzpf&olrsm;udk ulnD
u,fq,fay;a&;twGuf &kef;uefóu;yrf;cJh=u&ygonf?46
uae'g/ 1996 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f ? ? uG;D bufa'o/ qef*al e;jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifwiG f
a&v$r;f rd;k r_a=umifh vl 7 OD; toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h +yD;/ vlaygi;f (16000) cef@ukd u,f
q,fae&mcsxm;&aom tajctae jzpfay:apcJo h nf? uae'g a':vm (1 '\r
5) bDv, D rH # ysupf ;D qH;k &_;H cJ&h aom a&v$r;f rd;k r_onf uae'gEikd if H ordik ;f wGit
f }uD;
us,q f ;kH aom jzpf&yfjzpfonf? tpd;k &u zG@J pnf;ay;onfh aumfr&Si. f avhvmawG@
&Sdcsuft& ravsmfuefaom pDpOfaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh qnfwmwrHrsm; usKd;
aygufcJhr_a=umifh a&v$rf;rdk;r_udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apcJhonf[k azmfjycJhonf?
Edu
k *f s;D &D;,m;/ 1999 ckEpS /f pufwifbm§atmufwb kd mv? ? ude*f s/D
*sufbm/ &Sd&d&dkqnfrsm;. a&xdef;pDrHcef@cGJolrsm;u a&wHcg;rsm;udk zGifhvdkuf=u
aoma=umifh Edik *f gEiS hf um'kemjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;wGif qd;k &Gm;jyif;xefonfh a&v$r;f rd;k
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 53
r_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJ&h onf? tpD&ifcpH mrsm;t& vlwpfaxmifcef@ toufq;kH &_;H cJ&h
+yD;/ vl (3)odef;ausmf xdcdkufepfemcJh&onf?
obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;qHk;&_H;r_rsm;
xif&Sm;aomynm&SifwOD;u {&m0wDjrpfonf urBm.xif&Sm;aom jrpf}uD;rsm;wGif
wpif;tygt0ifjzpfonf[k azmfjycJyh gonf? txl;ojzifh .pD;qif;r_yrm%/ t&Snf
tvsm;ESihf Tjrpfa=umif;wav#muf xde;f odr;f xm;aom axGjym;pHv k ifonfh ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm;
t& wefz;kd owfrwS jf cif;jzpfygonf? {&m0wDjrpfonf rJacgijf rpf0rS ;f a'o&Sd jrpf}uD; 5-
49
54 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
ck ({&m0wD/ rJacgif/ oHvGif/
ausmufz&mESifh jrpfeDjrpfrsm;) qnfrsm;onf ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm; axGjym;wnf&rdS t _ ay: wpHk
wG i f w pif ; tygt0if jzpf y g w&mtusK;d oufa&mufr&_ adS pEdik af om tajccHtaqmuf
onf? us,fjyef@vSaoma&pD; tODwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;rsKd;jzpfygonf? qnfrsm;wnf
qif ; &mvrf ; a=umif ; w aqmufra_ =umifh jrpftxufyikd ;f &Sd jrpfa=umif;wav#muf
av#muf&Sd obm0a*[aA'p a'orsm;udk a&v$r;f rd;k Edik +f yD;/ &moDtvdu k f a&pD;qif;aer_/
epfudk xdef;odrf;xm;&efonf jrpfatmufyikd ;f &Sd te,fusrj_ zpfpOfuv kd nf; ajymif;vJapEdik f
ta&;}uD;vS+yD;/ jrpfa=umif;t ygonf? xd@k tjyif qnfrsm;wnfaqmufra_ =umifh ig;rsm;a&$@
wGi;f &Sd xl;jcm;wefz;kd &So d nfh a& ajymif;aexdik rf _ vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk [ef@wm;r_jzpfap+yD;/
om;aygu&f ma'orsm;od@k a&$@ajymif;r_ukd xdcu kd af pygonf?
nd a &arS m f r sm;ES i f h taumif
æqnfwnfaqmufro _ nf ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm; axGjym;pGmwnf&dS
i,frsm;ESihf Tjrpfa=umif;udk rSD aexdik rf u_ vkd nf; wdu
k &f u
kd tf usK;d oufa&mufr_ &Sad pygonf?
cdk&Sifoefae=u&aom jynfol Oyrmtm;jzifh vlrsm;ajymif;a&$@r_ jzpfap+yD;/ xdo k @kd ajymif;a&$@
vl x k r sm;twG u f v nf ; t tajccs&jcif;a=umifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay:xyfI
oufaoG;a=umozG,fyifjzpfyg zdp;D r_rsm; jzpfay:apygonf?48
onf?50
qnf}uD;rsm;wnfaqmufvdkuf
jcif;jzifh Ttajctaeudk qef@usiI f qd;k usK;d rsm; jzpfay:apygonf? jrpfa=umif;&Sd obm
0a*[pepf wnfwHhaer_udk rxdef;odrf;EdkifawmhyJ/ jrpfa=umif;. a*[pepfudk òyuGJapyg
onf? qnfujcm;xm;vdkufaom jrpf.txufESifhatmuf ZD0rsKd;uGJrsm;udk oD;oef@ydkif;
jcm;onfhES,f&Sdap+yD;/ rsKd;&dk;ADZ xdef;odrf; &Sifoefr_pepfudk jzpfapaom ZD0owW0grsm;
a&$@ajymif;oGm;vmr_ukd ydik ;f jcm;jzwf awmufonfEh , S f jzpfapygonf? xd@k tjyif ,cifua&
v$r;f EH;k wifaomvGijf yifrsm;ESihf jrpf a&udv k nf; xdawG@ru _ if;rJv
h mapygonf? qnfrpS eG @f
xkwv f u kd af oma&rsmwGif te,f tESpyf g0ifre_ nf;+yD;/ "gwo k abmt&vnf;ajymif;vJr_
rsm;jrpfa&wGifjzpfvmapygonf? 51
ucsijf ynfe,fonf ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm; axGjym;pGmwnf&adS eaom ae&m 2-ckjzpfonfh tdE, dN -
jrefrma'oESifh awmif w&kwf tv,fydkif;a'o=um; txl;tav;xm;&rnfhae&mwGif
wnf&Sdae+yD;/ urBmay:wGif tav;xm;xdef;odrf;&rnfh obm0a*[pepft& ta&;yg
aom a'owck jzpfygonf? Ta'oESpcf w k iG f toD;oD;Y &Sm;yg;aom ZD0owW rsK;d uGaJ ygi;f
tenf;qHk; (1500) cef@pD&Sdae=u+yD;/ a'owGif aexdkifcJhaom rlvrsKd;uGJaygif;(70)µ
r# qHk;&_H;aysmuf uG,fcJh&+yD jzpfygonf?52 tdENd,-jrefrm ZD0owWpepft& ta&;}uD;
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 55
a'orSm ta&;}uD;a'o (8) ckteuf/ wcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJh+yD; ZD0&kuQ rsKd;EG,f
(7000) ausmf wnf&adS eaom a'ojzpfygonf?
vrf;qHo k zG,jf zpf+yD;/ tdE,dN / tif'-kd rmvm,ef/ tif'-kd w&kwaf 'orsm;wGif awG@&&dS aom
&kuo Q wWZ0D rsK;d pHu
k kd awG@Eikd +f yD; ZD0rsK;d uGrJ sm; txl;ºu,f0aoma'ovnf; jzpfygonf?
awmifwef;rsm;ESihf awmifuek ;f rsm;a=umifh a&aiG@rsm;xde;f odr;f xm;onfh us,jf yef@vaS om
vGijf yifukd zefw;D ay;xm;ygonf? Ta'owGi;f aygrsm;vSaom om;&J wd&p>mefjzpfonfh
usm;rsm;uvnf; Ta'o. xl;jcm;r_udk jznfhqD;wefzdk;jrifhapygonf?
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tenf;qH;k iSurf sK;d uGJ (1027)wnf&adS e+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'o&Sd Edik if H
rsm;wGif tjcm;Edik if rH sm;xuf ydrk ºkd u,f0pGmxde;f odr;f xm;Edik af om Edik if jH zpfygonf?54 a'o
aygufiSufrsKd;uGJrsm;onf {&m0wDjrpfa=umif;wav#mufwGif usufpm;=u+yD;/ (2002)
ckEpS f pm&if;t& {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f a'owGif iSurf sm;usupf m;aexdik &f m ae&m (4) ck&adS eyg
onf?55 {&m0wDjrpf tv,fyikd ;f a'oonf wdbufEiS hf [dr0E mW ajrmufyikd ;f tjcm;a'o
rsm;rS a&$@ajymif;aexdik =f uaom a&aysmif u S rf sm;twGuf aqmif;cd&k mtwGu/f em;cdt k ajc
cs&mae&mjzpfygonf? a&. t&nftaoG;ajymif;vJ oGm;jcif;/ ig;rsm;wnf&Sdr_ ta&t
wGuaf jymif;vJomG ;jcif;twGuf iSurf sm;tajccsrw _ iG v
f nf; xdcu
kd af jymif;vJrr_ sm; jzpfay:
vmapvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif urBm.tjcm;aom a'orsm;wGif&SmazrawG@Edkif
onfh iSufrsKd;rsm;aysmuf uG,fqdwfokOf;&rnfh tajctaevnf; jzpfapEdkifygonf?
Tod@k om;aumifrsm;aysmufu, G o
f mG ;&jcif;onf a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_ yHpk yH su,
f iG ;f oGm;
apjcif;/ a&. t&nftaoG; usqif;oGm;jcif;/ a&. jrpfa=umif; pD;qif;r_ obm0ajymif;
vJomG ;jcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfay:Edik yf gonf? {&m0wD jrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufa&;ESihf tifrikd cf
jrpfay:wGif wnfaqmufrnfh tqdðk yxm;aom tjcm;aomqnfrsm;a=umifh ,ck umv
uwnf;u rsKd;wkef;vkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom/ txl;&Sm;yg;ae+yDjzpfonfh {&m0wDvif;ydkifrsm;
56 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
(Irrawaddy dolphins) udv
k nf; tE &W m,f&adS pEdik yf gonf? jrpftxufyikd ;f wGif qnfwnf
aqmufra_ =umifh jzpfay:vmEdik af om jy'g;"gwrf sm; ZD0owWrsm;wGif pkyo kH yd o
f nf;vmjcif;
a=umifhvnf; ydkIqdk;&Gm;apEdkifygonf? (jy'g;tenfrsm;pkyHkaeaom a&avSmifwrHrsm;æ
æ tcef;udk =unfhyg?) jy'g;qdyfoifhr_ jy\emrSm jzpfvmEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh }uD;av;aom
jy\emwck jzpfygonf? urBmo h bm00ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;or*~ (World Conservation
Union). tqdt k & a&arSmyf ifrsm; ydwqf @kd xx
l v
J mjcif;/ tajccsaexdik af om ZD0owWrsm;
av#mhenf;oGm;jcif;/ rmusL&D jy'g;"gwfrsm; pkyHkvmjcif;wdk@a=umifh-
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 57
w&kwEf ikd if .H obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&; Oya'rsm;t&
qnf w nf a qmuf a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm; twG u f obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif xd c d k u f a pr_
tuJjzwfcsuf (Environmental Impact Assessment) ESihf vlra_ &;t& xdcu kd af pr_
tuJjzwfcsuf (Social Impact Assessment) vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfygonf?
Oya't&udk pDrcH su. f jyefvnf ppfaq;oH;k oyfrE_ iS hf oifah v#m-f roifah v#mf qH;k jzwf
csucf sEikd &f eftwGuf aqmif&u G =f u&ygonf? pDrcH sujf yifqif a&;qGaJ epOfumvrSmyif
TuJo h @kd ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf vlra_ &; xdcu
kd rf q
_ ikd &f m tuJjzwfcsurf sm;udk aqmif&u G =f u
&+yD;/ T&v'frsm;udk pDrHcsuf jyifqifa&;qGJ&mY xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;toHk;cs=u&yg
onf? 57
58 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
{&m0wDvif;ydkifig;}uD;rsm;
urBmay:wGif jrpfwiG ;f ae vif;ydik rf sK;d pdwf (4) rsK;d cef@om &So
d nft h euf/ {&m0wDvif;
ydik if g; }uD;rsm;(Orcaella brevirostris) onf wrsK;d tygt0ifjzpfonf? wd@k onf
urBm@jrpf}uD; (3)pif; jzpfonfh tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if rH S r[mcrfjrpf/ avmEdik if aH wmifyikd ;f /
uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferfEikd if w H @kd ukd jzwfoef;pD;qif;oGm;aom rJacgijf rpfEiS /hf jrefrm
Edik if .
H {&m0wDjrpfw@kd wiG of m &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; awG@=u&onf? vif;ydik if g;}uD;rsm;onf
(2) rDwmrS (2²75)rDwmtxd &Snv f #m;+yD;/ tjym&ifrh S rD;cd;k arSmifta&mifrsm;&S=d u
onf?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 59
use;f rma&;qdik &f m tEW&m,frsm;
aeaom use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufrp_ epfukd =unfyh gu/ qnfwnfaqmufrnft h wGuf ydrk kd
jzpfay:vmrnfh a&m*gb,rsm;a=umifh vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;wckv;kH . use;f rma&;udk xdcu
kd af p
awmhrnfrSm aocsmonfhtcsufyif jzpfaeygonf?
64 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
urBmhqnfrsm;qdkif&m aumfr&SiftwGuf avhvmcsufpmwrf;wGif/ rm;uyfpf
udv
k cf supf wm (Marcus Colchester) u ajymif;a&$@tajccs+yD;aemuf jzpf&yHu
k kd
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;cJhygonf?
vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmapEdkifjcif;?
ucsizf @HG òzd;wk;d wufa&;uGe&f uftzG@J (KDNG) u tao;pdwf rSww f rf;ðycJah om [l;aumif;
csKid 0hf rS ;f a'o&Sd a&$rikd ;f wl;azmf=uonfh a&$wiG ;f rsm;wGif ,m,Dtajccsvmonfh vkyo f m;
rsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ xdkvkyfom;rsm;onfvnf; jzpfovdktaetxm;wGif aexdkif=u&
jcif;tjyif/ trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh vkycf vpmenf;onft h jyif/ tvkyt f cGit hf vrf;vnf;
&Sm;yg;onfhtwGufa=umifh Ta'orsm;Y vdifazsmfajza&;vkyfief; }uD;xGm;vmaeyHkudk
azmfjycJyh gonf? jrpfqq kH nf wnfaqmufa&;uJo h @kd aom pDrcH su}f uD;rsm; wnfaqmuf=u
rnfah e&mwGiv f nf;/ Tod@k tajctae rqd;k v#iaf omfrS tvm;wl vlra_ &;tajctaersm;
jzpfay:vmEdik yf gonf? vdiaf zsmaf jza&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tvkyv f yk af e=u&aom rde;f rysKrd sm;/
t"rRjynfhwefqmtjzpf cdkif;apcH=u&olrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh a&m*gul;pufr_rsm;
vnf; cH=u&zG,&f adS eygonf? xd@k tjyif Tod@k aom trsK;d orD;rsm;udk vlrt _ odik ;f rS z,f
usOfcH=u&aoma=umifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m cHpm;epfem&r_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? ? pDrHcsuft
aumiftxnfazmfrnfhae&mwGif udk,fcHtm;usa&m*g (tdyfcsftdkifADG§attdkif'Dtufpf)
vnf; ydrk u kd ;l pufys@H ymG ;vmzG,f &Sad eygonf? vlxtk rsm;twGuf use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_
pepf txl;edru hf saeaomtaetxm;wGif tjcm;vl@tzG@J tpnf; w&yfv;kH od@k ydrk u kd ;l puf
ysH@yGm;EdkifonfhtE W&m,ftwGufvnf; pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfygonf?
66 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
Our Homeland (Kachin Song)
The most pleasant and glorious homeland of ours,
The site where Mali hka and Nmai hka join together
Awesome scenic views and natural sights , precious jade and wildlife abound
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 67
ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pf xkwv f yk if ef;rsm; (Small hydro power--SHP)
onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om tjcm; a&G;cs,pf &m enf;vrf; jzpfonf?
ti,fpm; a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k vf yk if ef;rsm;udk acsmif;i,frsm;/ tvwfpm;
ESihf t}uD;pm;jrpfrsm;rS a&udu
k ,hJ I
l aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf? Tenf;onf
obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;apaom pGrf;tifxkwf,lEdkifonfh enf;yif
jzpfygonf? ti,fpm;
a&tm;v#yf p pf x k w f
vk y f i ef ; rsm; (Small
hydro power--SHP)
[k q d k & mY rsm;aom
tm;jzifh pGr;f tif (10)
rD * g0yf xuf e nf ; I
xkwaf y; Edik af om pepf
rsK;d jzpfygonf? qd;k usK;d
tenf;i,fr#om jzpf
Inversin, A. R. Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook
ap+yD ; / a0;vH a cgif o D
aom a'orsm;wGif pGr;f tif axmufyahH y;&eftwGuf toH;k ðyEdik yf gonf?
Tti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f vkyif ef;rsm;wGif a&udk ajrmif; od@k r[kwf
ydkufjzifhoG,f,lI wmbdkiftwGif;odk@ ay;ydk@jcif; jzpfonf? xdktcg puf
armif;wH&Sd a&cGufudk &dkufap+yD;/ wmbdkifpufudk vnfapygonf? Todk@
vnfaeaomarmif;wHudk rD;tm;xkwfay;rnfh *sifea&wmESifh qufoG,f
xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh a&G@&Sm;r_rS v#yfppfpGrf;tiftjzpfodk@ ajymif;,ljcif;
jzpfygonf?76 Tvkyfief;rsm;wGif qnf}uD;rsm;/ a&umwm}uD;rsm; rvdk
tyfonft h wGuaf =umif/h vltrsm;ajymif;a&$@&ap&ef/ opfawmrsm; a&jrKyf
ysufpD;ap&ef tajctaevnf;r&Sdapyg?
tcef; (4)? tod&&dS jdS zifh oabmwlI tepfemcH-u&jcif;/ odk r[kwf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m
enf;vrf;rsm; !$ejf ya&G;cs,fapjcif;r&Sb
d J vltrsm;u xdcu
kd ef pfem-u&jcif;?
70 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
atmufajcrSwpf rk sm;
1
Valley of Darkness:Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,
KDNG,2007
2
Myanmar commits to building more hydropower, Xinhua, May 7, 2007. rD*g0yf (MW)
onf 0yf (watt) woef;ESifhnDr#aom v#yfppf"gwftm; wdkif;wma&;,lepf jzpfonf? Oyrm-uGefjyLwm tvHk;aygif;
(2 000) cef@onf v#ypf pf"gwt f m; wpf rD*g0yfukd toH;k ðyonf?
3
http://www.energy.gov.mm/efficiency_conservation_sustainability.htm, Greater
Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
4
"Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, Hydropower and Dams, Issue
One, 2007.
5
Goodbyes gas for hydropower, The Myanmar Times, July 10-16, 2006.
6
Dams and Development-A new framework for decision-making, The report of the
World Commission on Dams, 2000.
7
Dam the consequences Big, bad dams return to South-East Asia, The Economist,
June 13, 2007. Taqmif;yg;wGif qnf}u;D rsm; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if u H oHviG jf rpfa=umif;wGif wnfaqmufaeaom
qnfrsm; ESifh rJacgifjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef t}uHðywifjyxm;aom avmEdkifiH. 'Gefqma[mif; (Don Sahong)
qnfuo hJ @kd aom {&mrqnf}uD;rsm;udk a'ocHjynforl sm;tay:usa&mufrnfh ab;'kurQ sm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ jrpfw@kd .
txd tcdu k f rcHEikd af om a*[pepfrsm; xdcu
kd yf supf ;D r_ukd aomfvnf;aumif; yrmrxm;bJ/ rjzpfraewGe;f xd;k wnfaqmufomG ;
tvm;tvm &Sdaeayonf? urBmhb%f odk@r[kwf tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%f (at'DbD) wdk@u TpDrHcsufrsm;twGuf b¾maiG
axmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ raxmufyo hH nfjzpfap/ wygwt D m%m&Sit f pd;k &rsm; tkycf sKyfae=uaom TEdik if EH pS cf u
k v#ypf pf"gwf
tm; txl;qmavmif rufarmaeaom tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;/ txl;ojzifh w&kwfEdkifiHESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&Edkifa=umif;
odae=u&m/ Todk@w&kyfbufvSnfhI vkyfaqmifvm=uvdrfhrnf jzpfonf [k az: jyxm;ygonf?
8
Myanmars push for Hydropower, Energy Tribune, February 23,2007, at
www.energytribune.com/
articles.cfm?aid= 400.
9
WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 8 Freshwater Biodiversity: a preliminary global
assessment, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998. Tod@k zdp;D apaom ta=umif;wckrmS
qnfrsm; jzpfygonf? tpD&ifcpH mY az: jyxm;&mwGif qnfrsm;onf jrpfa&pD;qif;yHpk epfukd xdcu kd af ponf? trsm;tm;jzifh
t}uD;tus,fxdcdkufaponfh tjyif/ owW0gwdk@. cdkatmif;&maexdkif&m a'o}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ysufpD;aponf?
om;ayguf&eftwGuf jrpfpepfxJwGif pHkqeful;vl;ae=uaom ig;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; txl;odompGm xdcdkufoufa&muf
aponf?
10
Watersheds of Asia and Oceania, As12 Irrawaddy, Water Resources eAtlas, http://
www.iucn.org/themes/wani/eatlas/pdf/as/as 13.pdf. Greater Mekong Subregion
Atlas of the environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004 Tpmapmif.az: jycsut f & jrpfwiG ;f &Sd
ig;rsm;wGif **F gjrpfwGif;ae xdkif=uaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifr_&Sd+yD;/ rJacgifjrpfxJrSm rawG@&aom XmaecH ig;rsdK;pdwftrsm;
TjrpfxrJ mS &Sad e=uonf?
11
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
12
Amblyceps Carinatum, a new species of hillstream catfish from Myanmar(Teleostei:
Amblycipitidae), Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2005 53(2): 243-249, December 31,
2005. {&m0wDjrpfrmS awG@&&dS aom tcsK@d ig;clrsm;ESihf ESihf rJacgijf rpfrmS awG@&&dS aom ig;clrsm;onf yHpk cH si;f rwl=ubJ/ wrlx;l jcm;ae
a=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm {&m0wDjrpfonf **F gjrpfEiS hf jrpfpepfcsi;f ydI k wlaoma=umifjh zpfa=umif;udv k nf; aqmif;yg;u az: jy
xm;onf? xd@k a=umifh {&m0wDjrpfonf rwljcm;em;aom ZD0 yx0Da'orsm; (biogeographic regions) . qHpk nf;&m
ae&mwck [kqdkEdkifonf?
13
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/ World Resources Institute , 2002.
14
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 71
15
"Irrawaddys bounty is its peoples curse, in The Nation, January 24, 1997.
16
http://www. Worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0116_full.html
17
T'¾&Dajymqd=k u&mwGif uGv J rJG _ tcsK@d &ydS gonf? ewfrif;}u;D u vufwzufraS eI a&$cuG jf zifah vmif;+y;D / tjcm;vufwzufrS
aiGcuG u
f ikd I
f avmif;csonf[v k nf; qd=k uygonf? xd@k tjyif jrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh xl;jcm;csut f a=umif;rsm;wGiv f nf;
uGJvGJajymqdkr_ tcsKd@&Sdygonf? Please see The Kachins: Religion and Custom, A. Gilhodes,
1996 and http;//www.pandaw1947.com/irrawaddy_river.htm
18
Myanmar Hydroproject, Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
19
aemufxyfowif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk China Southern Power Grid. website pmrsuEf mS www.csg.cn
wGif =unfhEdkifonf//
20
West-to-east Power Transmission Program Well Underway in SW China, Peoples
Daily Online, January 10, 2003.
21
China to Build Dams in Northern Burma, The Irrawaddy Business News, February
2007.
22
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007, China firm to build Myanmar hydro-power plants, AFP, May5, 2007.
23
China eyes second dam on Thanlwin, The Myanmar Times, Volume 19, No.336, May
14-20, 2007.
24
Hydropower plays a leading role in Myanmars power development plans, Inter-
national Journal of Hydropower and Dams, Issue Two, 2005.
25
Who rules the Ground? The power of Myanmars area commanders, at http://
www,asiaweek.com/asiaweek/magazine/99/0903/nat_myanmar.html
26
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
27
Myanmar Hydroproject Report, China Power Investment Corporation Myanmar
Hydro Division, April 2007.
28
http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/channel.do?cmd=show&id=5
29
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/c/china-southern-power-grid.html ESifh
www.csg.cn tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS rsm;rS owif;tcsut f vufrsm; &,lygonf?
30
http://www.ymec.com.cn/en/about.htm
31
www.yndaily.com/html/20051201/news_88_714449.html
32
http://www,cjw.com.cn/index/civilization/detail/20070530/88736.asp
33
at&Sa0gvu f rk %
` o
D nf ysO;f rem; òr@awmfopf (aejynfawmf) . twGi;f ESit hf jyif taqmuftOD;rsm; aqmufvyk af &; twGuf
tpd;k &ESihf uefx±du k pf mcsKyf csKyfqx kd m;aom t"duukr% ` }D uD;wckvnf; jzpfonf//
34
at&Sa0gvfESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk {&m0wDr*~Zif;rS cGefqrf (Hkun Sam) u okawoeðyonf?
Hanging drug couriers but investing with their suppliers, in The Nation, October
20, 1997.
35
http://www.suntactechnologies.com/
36
htpp://www.japancorp.net/company_show.asp?compid=453
37
Dammed by Burmas Generals: The Karenni Experience with Hydropower Development
from Lawpita to the Salween, The Karenni Development Research Group, 2006.
38
(WCD p. 112)
39
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law,The NGO Forum on Cambodia
40
The Mekongs Changing Currency, Montree Chantawong, in Watershed, Vol. 11,
No. 2, November 2005-January 2006.
72 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
41
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001,
p. 117.
42
w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk
urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom
w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
43
http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-myanmar.htm, last accessed June 22, 2007.
44
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001, p.
113-114.
45
vHðk cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tif*sief ,D mwOD;rSm a&epfaoqH;k cJ&h ygonf? 'Dru
kd &ufwpf jrefrmhtoH xkwvf i$ chf su?f (2006 ckEpS /f
Zlvdkif 12) Dam burst kills five in northern Burmas Kachin State.
46
jrpf}uD;em;a&}uD;r_owif;udk http://www.kachinstate.com/reporton_myitkyina_flood.html
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif zwf&E_ ikd yf gonf?
47
Down River, The consequences of Vietnams Se San River Dams on Life in Cambodia
and their meaning in international law, The NGO Forum on Cambodia, 2005, Death
toll rises in Indian dam tragedy, 12 April 2005, www.waterpowermagazine.com
48
From Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005, citing Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia:
prospects for riverine biodiversity, Bioscience 50 (9): 793-806, 2000, and The
ecology of tropical Asian rivers and streams in relations to biodiversity
conservation, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 239-263, 2000.
49
Large-scale hydrological changes in tropical Asia: prospects for riverine
biodiversity, David Dudgeon, in Bioscience, September 2000.
50
Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment, Asian Development Bank, 2004,
p. 37.
51
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001
52
Tta&;ygaom a'orsm;ta=umif;udk a'guw f m aemfref ar,m (Dr. Norman Meyers) u yxrOD;qH;k avhvmcJ+h y;D /
1988 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJh+yD jzpfygonf? Tavhvmr_udk ESpfpOfxyfrHjznfhpGufcJh+yD; aemufqHk;pmtkyfrSm Hotspots
Revisited: Earths Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions.
[k trnf&ygonf/ udk atmufygtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif zwf&_Edkifygonf? http://multimedia.con
servation.org/cabs/online_pubs/hotspots2/cover.html
53
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0131_full.html
54
Myanmar: Investment opportunities in biodiversity conservation, Birdlife
international, 2005
55
Irrawaddy Watershed, EarthTrends/World Resources Institute, 2002.
56
Occasional Paper No. 23 Biology and Conservation of Asian River Cetaceans,
accessed at http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/publications/rivercetacean.htm
57
w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk
urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom
w&kwEf ikd if t H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
58
Legal aspects of hydropower projects in Myanmar, in Hydropower and Dams,
Issue One, 2007.
59
Smith, B.D. & Beasely, I. 2004.Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
<www.iucnredlist>.org. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
60
&Sppf wdqk rkd aD ,;ppfa&m*gEiS hf ywfoufaom tcsut f vufrsm;udk Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics
of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001. pmtkyfrS &,lygonf?
61
WCD, p. 118.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 73
62
rDemrmwm a&m*grmS *syefEikd if &H dS rDemrmwmòr@wiG f 1956 ckEpS u f yxrt}urd f pwifawG@&cdS &hJ jcif; jzpfygonf? cspq f kd aumfyakd &;&Si;f
(Chisso Corporation) . "gwyk pPn;f puf&u kH puf&x kH u
G f rDoikd ;f vf rmusL&D"gwyf g0ifaom a&qd;k rsm;ud/k 1932 ckrS
1968 ckEpS t f xd pGe@f ypfaecJ+h y;D aemuf jzpfay:cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k tqdyjf yif;xefvaS om "gwrf sm;onf rDemrmwmurf;ajcESihf
&SD&maEG yifv,fatmf&Sd tcGHygaom c&k/ ykpGefrsm;ESifh ig;rsm;wGif pkyHkaecJh=u+yD;/ a'ocHvlxkrsm;u rsm;udk pm;oHk;um
jy'g;qdyo f ifch =hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf? (2001) ckEpS /f rwfvtxd vlaygi;f (2265) jy'g;qdyo f ifoh nfh '%f cHpm;cJ=h u&+y;D / (wd@k txJrS
1784 OD;rSm toufqHk;&_H;cJh&ygonf?) vlaygif; (10 000) ausmfrSm epfemr_twGuf av#mfa=u;aiG &&SdcJhygonf?
av#mfa=u;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkr_rsm;/ w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm;rSm ,ae@wdkif qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfygonf?
rDemrmwma&m*gudk *syefEdkifiH. pufr_npfnrf;r_rS &&Sdaom a&m*g}uD; (4) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhygonf?
a&m*gvuQ%mrsm;rSm ud, k cf E<m[efcsurf nDbJ xde;f r&jcif;/ vufEiS hf ajcwd@k wiG f xHu k sijf cif;/ taxGaxG ºuufom; tm;enf;
csKd@wJhjcif;/ rsufaphjrifuGif; usOf;jcif;/ t=um;ESifh pum;ajymEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf csKd@wJhjcif;rsm; jzpfygonf? ydkIjyif;xef pGm
tqdyo f ifch &H onfh tajctaewGif &l;oGyjf cif;/ avjzwfjcif;/ owdvpf arharsmjcif;ESihf Ta&m*gvuQ%mrsm; ay:+yD;aemuf
&ufowW ywfrsm;twGi;f aoqH;k jcif;wd@k jzpfwwfygonf?
63
Silenced Rivers, the Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Patrick McCully, 2001.
64
At What Price: Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma, Images Asia and Pan Kachin
Development Society, 2004.
65
Smith, B.D. & Beasley, I. 2004, Orcaella brevirostris (Malampaya Sound
subpopulation). In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 June 2007.
66
Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duEdik if &H dS um&DbmqnfwiG f qnfwnfaqmufpOfumvwGif vlprd ;f rsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf
twl òr@jy tjzpfajymif;vmjcif;a=umifh vdiq f ufqrH a_ =umifh jzpfaom a&m*grsm; wd;k yGm;vmapygonf? r=umao;rDumvwGif
tdycf st f ikd Af -GD attdik 'f t D ufpaf &m*g jzpfEe_ ;f jrifv
h m+y;D / txl;ojzifh a'ocHtrsK;d orD;rsm;udk txl;qd;k usK;d oufa&mufapygonf?
vDqo kd Ekd ikd if /H uke;f jrifah 'o pDrcH suw
f iG v
f nf; a&m*gys@H ymG ;r_Ee_ ;f rSm/ ywf0ef;usiaf 'orsm;xuf ydI k jrifrh m;aecJyh gonf? Dams
and Development - A new framework for decision-making, The report of the World
Commission on Dams, 2000.
67
Aid and sanctions in Burma, Boston Globe, June 16, 2007.
68
Valley of Darkness: Gold mining and militarization in Burmas Hugawng Valley,
KDNG, 2007.
69
jrefrmppfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;Y rk'drf;usifh/ vdifr_qdkif&mt&
t=urf;zuf=u aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;Y rSwfwrf;wif azmfjyxm;=u+yD; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh
&Srf;trsKd;orD; v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef&uf tzGJ@ (Shan Womens Action Network) rS xkwfa0aom License to
Rape: The Burmese Military Regimes Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in
Shan State (rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpif? ? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ppfyGJwGif;Y jrefrmppftpdk;&u
vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ u&iftrsKd;orD; tpnf;t&Hk; (au'AvsLtdk) rS
xkwfa0aom Shattering Silences (wdwfqdwfaer_udk csKd;zsufvdkufjcif;) tpD&ifcHpm/ rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&;
azmifa';&Si;f (Human Rights Foundation of Monland) ESihf trsK;d orD;ESihf uav;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;pDrcH suf
(Women and Child Rights Project) wd@k yl;aygi;f xkwaf 0aom Catwalk to the Barrack (ppfwef;vsm;od@k
tvSjyvrf;av#muf=u&jcif;) tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? xd@k tjyif csi;f jynf trsK;d orD;tzG@J csKyf (The Women
League of Chinland) rS xkwaf 0aom Unsafe State (rvHðk caH omjynfe,f) tpF&ifcpH mwGiv f nf; awG@Eikd yf gonf?
70
tr_ trSwf (MMR 090307.CC.VAW) nOf;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; qef@usifa&;qdkif&m urBmhtzGJ@/ EdkifiHwum
twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;tzGJ@. 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv (9) &ufae@wGif wifjycsuf? Jailing of four minor girls gang-
raped by members of the military, Case MMR 090307.CC.VAW, the International
Secretariat of the World Organisation Against Torture, March 9, 2007.
71
The Impact of Dams and Resettlement on Womens Lives, Carol Yong,
www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/79/dams.html
72
Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities, Prepared for the World Commission
on Dams (WCD) by Marcus Colchester - Forest Peoples Programme, November
74 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
2000. owdðyoifah omtcsurf mS twdwjf zpf&yf tawG@tñurH sm;t& jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ajymif;a&$@=u&aomolrsm;&&S=d uaom
av#maf =u;aiGrmS rqdpk avmufr#/ tenf;i,fom &&Syd gonf?
73
The Relocation Component in Connection with the Sardar-Sarovar (Narmada)
Project, World Bank, Washington DC, 1984.
74
urBmq
h nfrsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Si.f t=uðH ycsurf sm;udk ydrk o
kd &d v
dS ykd gu atmufyg tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif avhvmEdik yf gonf?
www.dams.org
75
w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH/ a&ESifh pGrf;tif t&if;tjrpfrsm;tawG@tñuHwGif qnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom udpPrsm;udk
urBmhqnfrsm;qkdif&m aumfr&Sifodk@ wifjy&ef Professor R. Fuggle and W.T. Smith, 2000. ðypkaom
w&kwEf ikd if t
H a=umif; wifjycsupf mwrf;rS &,lygonf?
76
What is small hydro? from the International Small Hydro Atlas at http://
www.small-hydro.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=welcome.whatis
77
Development of Small Hydro, G. Baidya, presented at the Himalayan Small
hydropower Summit, October 2006.
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 75
aemufqufwJG 1? awG@qakH r;jref;cJo
h rl sm; pm&if;
pOf &ufpGJ usm;§r touf tvkyftudkif
1 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 35 bk&m;ausmif;vl}uD;
2 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 24 ul;wdk@avSorm;
3 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 38 wHig
4 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 60 rkqdk;
5 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 30 wHig
6 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 58 v,form;
7 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 64 v,form;
8 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 27 usyrf;aps;a&mif;ol
9 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 46 ti,fpm; rdkif;wGif;wl;orm;
10 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv r 39 wdkif;&if;aq;q&m
11 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 28 0g;a&mif;ol
12 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 24 wHig
13 2006 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv usm; 26 ul;wdk@avSorm;
14 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 24 ae@pm;tvkyform;
15 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 40 bk&m;ausmif;vl}uD;
16 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 27 wHigESifh ul;wdk@avSydk@ol
17 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 60 v,form;ESifh wHig
18 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 55 v,form;ESifh ti,fpm; rdkif;wGif;wl;ol
19 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 60 v,form;
20 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm r 65 v,form;
21 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 44 aus;&Gmvl}uD;
22 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 40 oif;tkyfq&m
23 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 43 t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&ol
24 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm usm; 56 oif;tkyfq&m
25 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv usm; 58 oif;tkyfq&m
26 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv r 29 v,form;
27 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv r 26 v,form;
28 2007 ckESpf/ {+yDv usm; 40 oif;tkyfq&m
29 2007 ckESpf/ {+yDv usm; 29 oif;tkyfq&m
30 2007 ckESpf/ ZGefv usm; 63 oif;tkyfq&m
76 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
aemufqufwJG 2? qnfa=umifh epfemr_ qd;k usK;d rsm; cHpm;&rnfh
&yf&mG jynforl sm;rS wifjyaom qnf wnfaqmufa&; uef@uu G of nfph m/
2004 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv?
odk@
OuUX/ twGif;a&;rSL;
ucsifjynfol@ twdkifyifcHaumifpD
&SmwmjzL/ jrpf}uD;em;
ucsifjynfe,f?
vl}uD;rif;cifAsm;?
txufazmfjyyg ta=umif;udpPESifh ywfoufI wefz&Jaus;&Gmae rdrdwdk@ jynfolrsm;rS rdrdwdk@ vlrsKd;pk
w&yfvHk; xdcdkufepfemapEdkifaomudpPESifh ywfoufI arwWm&yfcH wifjytyfygonf?
av;pm;pGmjzifh-
wefz&Jaus;&Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk; pkaygif;vufrSwfa&;xdk;ygonf?
rdwWLudk-
1? autdkiftdk (KIO) qufqHa&;&Hk;/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
2? tJef'Datau (NDAK) tzGJ@ qufqHa&;&Hk;/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
3? ucsiftrsKd;om; ,Ofaus;r_Xme/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
4? ucsif bufywpftoif;awmf XmecsKyf/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
5? jrpf}uD;em;òr@ uufovpftoif;awmf XmecsKyf?
6? ucsifjynfe,f usrf;pmoifausmif; aumvdyf/ aemifeef;/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@?
7? wefz&Jaus;&Gm aumifpD/ vufcHzdkif?
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 77
aemufqufwJG 3? ucsiv
f x
l ak cgi;f aqmifrsm;xHrS uef@uu
G af ompm/
78 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 79
80 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 81
82 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;
Villages in the food zone of Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam
{&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif; 83
a&v$r;f cH&rnfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS vlO;D a&pm&if;
No. Village name Household Population
1 anmfarSmf 21 113
2 avm0f*rf 13 58
3 Zefaemif; 72 386
4 *s0g,ef 18 87
5 a':rm,ef 10 57
6 *geef,ef 14 73
7 tif'ek ;f ZGyf 15 77
8 tlavmif,ef 32 179
9 atmf&m,ef 42 401
10 ZGy&f m,ef 8 60
11 cgeb f ,f,ef 6 51
12 rZGyf 54 292
13 tifa':,ef 11 109
14 csaD zG 218 1097
15 varmfZyG f (emarmfZyG )f 17 65
16 r*&rf,ef 29 138
17 &Seaf ig 65 334
18 c0rf,ef 69 354
19 rmefa'gif 165 847
20 'Grb f efZyG f 31 163
21 qeDc;l 18 107
22 ref0ed ;f 189 897
23 qdkifavmf 263 1294
24 vdi_ q f ;D 5 25
25 qa*g0h rl ef 6 30
26 wefz&J 173 1406
27 a*Gaxmif 22 106
28 a0&SD 4 15
29 zppfZyG f 10 57
30 aumhocg 5 20
31 remZGyq f uef 7 28
32 tifqyG Zf yG f 10 30
33 tif*spf 18 180
34 &SDawG,ef 18 160
35 w,ef 40 150
36 rke, f mZGyf 10 60
37 u&wf,ef 6 28
38 *sed rf m,ef 10 45
39 *smxl,ef 27 143
40 c&mZGyf 37 192
41 vwfZyG f 7 29
42 ra&mrfZyG f 8 39
43 v&ef*g; 68 357
44 tGrfv*Grf 5 20
45 'rfu f axmif 17 96
46 Zeef 6 25
47 yavmif,ef 5 25
TOTAL 1904 10505
84 {&m0wDjrpfukd ydwq
f kd a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;