vljzpf&jcif;&JU

t"du&nf&G,fcsuf
arwåm&Sif(a&Tjynfom)
jzefUcsad &; a&Tjynfompmay
rEÅav;ausmif;OyoumtzGUJ
6^10 &yfuu G ?f csi;f wGi;f vrf;? a&TjynfomNrKd Ue,f/
zkef; - 611622? 611457
yHEk ydS rf w
S wf rf; pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf 119^01(yHkESdyf) ooe-09
xkwaf 0jcif; yxrtBudrf? 2009 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm
rsuEf mS zH;k 'DZikd ;f aMu;om;
uGeyf sLwmpmpD rEÅav;ausmif;
rsuEf mS zH;k ESit hf wGi;f yHEk ydS f OD;aiGpdk;? ol&atmifyHkESdyfwdkuf?
trSwf(177-c)? 6^10 &yfuGuf?
a&TjynfomNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
wm0efcx H wk af 0ol omoema&;0efBuD;Xme? omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
yHEk ydS w
f u
kd ñ
f eT Mf um;a&;rSL; OD;0if;Edik rf S rSwyf w kH iftrSwf
(03843^02405) jzifh ½du k Ef ydS cf iG jhf yKonf/
pDpOfol OD;pd;k wif?h OD;qef;xGe;f
twGi;f zvif udOk ;D
tkyaf & 5000
wefz;kd 1200
 rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ukov kd Ef iS 0hf ,f&aomaps;Bu;D 12
orifESifhwlaom vlom; 13
opfyifay:rSm vrf;avQmufol 15
MunfnKd p&m&[ef;ESihf cifp&m&[ef; 16
t0DpEd iS q hf ikd af omrif; 19
q&maumif;ESifh 'umaumif; 21
bk&m;rsuEf mS Munfo h l 23
bk&m;rsufESmMunfhaom qHk;jzwfcsuf 26
b,fol uJh&JUuJh&JU bk&m;ruJh&JUatmifae 27
rdzk&m;omoemrSm aecsifolrsm; 28
ydóav;ESifhypfaom tEkarm'emw&m; 30
c&pf,mefwpfO;D \ yg&rDxu kd of nft
h vSL 32
csr;f omNy;D ÓPfxikd ;f &jcif;taMumif; 34
yumoetvSLESihf ,rrif;tifwmAsL; 36
&SdwmtukefvSLaom tar&duefwpfOD; 39
rdbrJhuav;trsm;pk bmom;jcm;jzpf&jcif;taMumif; 41
aeU-pnf;pdrfpH? n-acG;pm;cH&jcif;taMumif; 43
tol&um,fjynfodkU wcP 46
olwpfyg;owfwdkif; tyg,frus 49
axmifESifh tyg,fav;yg;onf aMumufp&mr[kwf 53
ewfjynfa&muf "g;jyrsm; 56
 rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ajrjyifay:rS i&JbHk 62
ewfoufwpf&uf vloufwpf&m 67
aetdrfudkyif vSLEdkifol 71
aMumuf&if vGJ? &J&if rif;jzpf 74
pdwfonf raumif;rIü aysmf&jcif;taMumif; 77
olawmif;pm;jzpf&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif; 79
taumif;rBuKd ujf cif;taMumif; 82
vlowfrIusL;vGef&jcif; t"dutaMumif; 85
ynmrJhESifh pnf;pdrfOpöm 87
ukodkvfvkyfzdkU pnf;yGm;&Smol 89
vuf,ufwGif;ESifh wlaomt&m 92
Ak'¨ay;aom 'gejyKenf; 96
bmomjcm;q&mrwpfa,muf\ zGifh[0efcHcsuf 99
&wemoH;k yg;ESihf ode;f ESpq f ,f 103
trdu k q f ;kH ewf[o l nf 106
OD;pd;k Edik \
f Bu;D yGm;aMumif;w&m;rsm; 108
tvky&f iS pf w d af rG;í tvky&f iS jf zpf&ol 111
acG;rsm;udk tefauR;aom u½kPm&Sif 114
pGJjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;w&m; 117
ukodkvfw&m;udk tjrefvkyfjzpfjcif;taMumif; 119
ukodkvfrsm;rsm; jzpfvdkovm; 121
 rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
jcaoFhvdkusifhrS edAÁmef& 126
ausmif;udkrD;½IdUoltm; aus;Zl;wif&jcif;taMumif; 130
edAÁmef&rnfh tEdkif,lenf; 135
ukodkvfjzpfjcif; taMumif;&if; 137
csKdrmvGifESifh a0rmvGif 141
ig;rdepfw&m; 144
xm;0,fNrdKUu avqifESmarmif; 147
jrefrmjzpf&jcif;twGuf 0rf;omp&mrsm; 150
om"krac:wwfaom Nydwåmrsm; 153
uRwfvGwfatmif trQay;enf;tpDtpOf 155
bmom;jcm;wdkU\ aemufqHk;yef;wdkif 157
]r} wpfvHk; aus&jcif;taMumif; 160
uGefypfaom q&mawmf 162
taumif;qHk;qGrf;ESifh ta[mif;qHk;ouFef; 167
rdrdtoufudk jzKef;wD;aeolrsm; 170
wpfb0wm o&P*Hk\ aumif;usKd; 173
rdbrsufpduG,fwm 0rf;omp&m 174
a0rmvGif ig;zrf;aeonf 176
od&rnfht&mESifh y,fowf&rnfht&m 178
Opöm,lenf; ESpfrsKd; 180
xrif;wpfeyftwGuf oH;k ESpu f Recf o
H l 182
 rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
atmifjrifjcif;\ aomhcsufwpfck 185
&SdvdkUrvSL? odvdkUvSLol 187
q&mESprf sK;d 199
wpfNydKifeuf om;ESpfa,mufqHk;&ol\ &ifwGif;pum; 201
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU 203
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;pmwpfapmif 205
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;oHa0*pum; 208
bk&m;u rcdkufyg r½dkufyg 209
BuKd ;'Pfay;yHk jrifuiG ;f us,f 212
BudK;orm;\ oHa0*pmwrf; 218
acwfopf temxydPf 220
'kp½du k &f mG jzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if; 224
ajrjyifay:u i&Jjynf 230
wd&pämefESifhwlaom vlrsm; 233
awmifay:ubk&m; awmifatmifrSm bmomjcm; 235
bk&m;zl;&if; idk&onf 238
umaroku\ H qd;k usK;d rsm; 242
okóefxJrS rkefUqGrf;tvSL 244
 touf ESifh tcsdef
puúefU? rdepf? em&D? aeU? &uf? v? ESpf ponfh
tcsdefwdkav;rsm;udk
aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;onfyif
toufrnf\/
xdkUaMumifh toufudk wefzdk;xm;olonf
tcsdefudk wefzdk;xm;&rnf/
ukodkvf? ynm? Opöm oHk;rsKd;teuf
wpfrsKd;rsKd;udkrS r&bJ
tcsdefjzKef;wD;olrsm;onf
rdrdtoufudk
jzKef;wD;olrsm;yifjzpf\/
arwåm&Si(f a&Tjynfom)
 vljzpf&jcif;&JU
t"du&nf&G,fcsuf
om,m0wDrS armif&jJ rifo h nf tjcm;bmom0if jzpfonf/
pma&;olEiS hf bmomw&m;taMumif;udk yGiv hf if;&if;ES;D pGm aqG;aEG;
tNyD;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ olESifh aqG;aEG;yHk
tus,u f kd ]]t½I;H r&Sad om'óe}} pmtkyw
f iG f zwf½EI ikd o
f nf/ armif
&Jjrifhonf pmzwfonf/ xdkUaMumifh tawG;tac: aumif;onf/
olU tawG;tac:av; wpfckudk zwf½IcHpm;Munfhyg/
vlwpfa,mufrSm wDbDa&m*g jzpfaeonf/ ajcmufv
avmuf pGaJ omufvQif uif;&Si;f pGmaysmufrnfh aq;vnf; olUtem;
wGif &Sad eonf/ odUk aomf olum; xdak q;udk raomuf/ taMumif;
um; xdak q;onf olUEdik if rH S xkwv
f yk af omaq; r[kwaf omaMumifh
[l\/ xdkodkU raomufvQif xdkolonf wDbDa&m*gjzifh aozdkUom
&Sd\/
xdUk twl avmb? a'go paom udavom a&m*grsm;udk
aysmufaprnfh wpfcw k nf;aom aq;onf Ak'\ ¨ 0dyóemw&m;yif
jzpf\/ xdk0dyóemaq;udk rdrdbmomu enf;vrf; r[kwfaom
aMumifh raomufoHk;Edkif? rusifhoHk;Edkif[k qdkvQif ylavmifaom?
tyg,foUkd qGcJ saom udavoma&m*grsm; raysmufuif;½Ho k m&S\
d /
 armif&jJ rifo
h nf Ak'b ¨ mom0if jzpfvmNy;D aemuf &[ef;jyK
vdkufaomtcg ]OD;0dok'¨} jzpfoGm;\/ a&TjynfomNrdKU? rEÅav;
ausmif;rSm ig;0gcefU oDwif;oH;k Ny;D aemuf aumhaomif;NrKd UodUk ajymif;
a&TUoGm;cJo
h nf/ aumhaomif;NrKd U? ckepfrikd &f mG &Sd awmifBu;D wpfawmif
ay:wGif wpfyg;wnf; {upm&D oDwif;oHk;NyD; yckuúL 0dyóem
oifwef;acG w&m;rsm;udk em,lvsuf w&m;usifhaeonf/
OD;0do'k o
¨ nf olUxHoUkd a&mufvmorQ 'um? 'umrçrsm;
tm; tawG;tjrifygonfh w&m;wdak v;rsm;udk a[may;avh&o dS nf/
olUw&m; trsm;pkonf tar;ygaomfvnf; tajzrygay/ tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ojzifh erlemwpfck azmfjyygtHh/ wpfcgwGif
aumhaomif;NrdKU? olaX;uRef;[dkw,frS OD;bkef;jrifhwpfa,muf OD;0d
ok'¨\ awmausmif;av;odkU a&mufvmonf/ OD;0dok'¨u pwif
ar;jref;onf/
]]'umBuD; ... emrnf b,fvdkac:ovJ }}
]]OD;bkef;jrihfvdkU ac:ygw,f bk&m;}}
]]'umBuD; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; bmvkyfovJ }}
]] wynfhawmf olaX;uRef;[dkw,f tif*sifeD,mXmerSm
tvkyf vkyfygw,f bk&m; }}
]]'umBuD; ..vlvmjzpf&jcif;&JU t"du&nf&G,fcsuf[m
tif*sifeD,mvkyfzdkU wpfckwnf;twGufvm;}}
OD;0dok'¨\ w&m;onf pum;vHk; 27vHk;cefUESifh NyD;qHk;cJh
avNyD/ urÇmhtwdkqHk;w&m;[k qdk&avrnfvm; rod/ OD;bkef;jrihf
twGuu f m; tHMh op&mtaumif;qH;k aeUwpfaeU jzpfomG ;\/ vlwpf
a,muf jzpfaeygvsuf ]]vljzpf&jcif;&JU t"du&nf&G,fcsuf}} udk
OD;bkef;jrifhwpfa,muf wpfcgrQ rpOf;pm;cJhzl;ay/
OD;0do'k o ¨ nf xdak r;cGe;f udk ausmif;odUk a&mufvmoltm;
vHk;tm; ar;jref;avh&Sdonf/ odkUaomf tajzudkum; ajymrjyay/
tar;cH&ol ud, k wf ikd f ud,k ehf nf; ud, k [hf efjzifh tajzxkw&f onf/
pma&;olonf þw&m;udk &efuek w f ikd ;f ? a'gyHNk rKd U? ,rHek mvrf;wGif
pwif a[mMum;cJhonf/
xdw k &m;onf emMum;&ol tm;vH;k twGuf tHMh owkev f yI f
zG,&f mjzpfomG ;onf/ todÓPfynmtvif;awG trsm;Bu;D &oGm;
Muonf/ þw&m; ADp'D t D acGukd omauw? (1)aps;vrf;? a&Tv0if;
pwd;k qdik Ef iS hf aq;qdik yf ikd &f iS f OD;ausmvf ?S a':pef;wifh rdom;pkwUkd u
"r®'getjzpf vSL'gef;ae&m acGaygif; axmifcsDaeNyD[k od&onf/
xd, k rHek mvrf;ab;rS rD;aoG;a&mif;aom bmomjcm;'um
Bu;D wpfO;D onf xdw k &m;udk emMum;rdomG ;Ny;D Ak'b ¨ mom0if jzpfomG ;
onf/ xkb d momajymif;vmaom 'umBu;D onf a&Tv0if;rdom;pk
xHrS ,if;w&m;acGrsm;udk ,lí xyfqifh "r®'gejyKaeonfrmS vnf;
acGaygif; &m*Pef;txd&SdaeNyD[k od&onf/
xdk bmomjcm;'umBu;D u OD;vS0if;wdUk rdom;pktm; ajymcJh
aom pum;rSm rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/
]]uRefawmf vlwpfa,muf jzpfaeNyD;awmh vljzpf&jcif;&JU
t"du&nf&, G cf suu f kd wpfcgrSrpOf;pm;rdb;l ? vlvmjzpf&wm rD;aoG;
a&mif;zdUk wpfcwk nf;twGuvf Ukd yJ xifaerdw,f? 'Dw&m;udk em&rS
vljzpf&jcif;&JU t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk aumif;aumif;BuD; odoGm;
w,f}}

ukodkvfESifh0,f&aomaps;BuD;
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufonf 0rf;pm&SmzdkU
r[kwf? tdyfzdkU r[kwf? pm;zdkU r[kwf? umr*kPfcHpm;zdkU r[kwf/
ukodkvfjyKzdkU twGufom jzpf\/ wd&pämefwGif 0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyf
jcif;? pm;jcif;? umr*kPcf pH m;jcif;[laom tcsuaf v;csu&f o dS uJo h Ukd
vlwiG v f nf; xdUk twl av;csuyf if &S\ d / þav;csuo f m &Sad eygu
vlonf wd&pämefESifh bmrQrxl;? twlwlom jzpf\/
vlom;onf ukodkvf (y&[dwtvkyf) udk vkyfwwf\/
wd&pämefum; rvkyfwwf/ þukodkvf (y&[dwtvkyf)aMumifhom
vQif vlom;onf wd&pämefxuf omvGef jrifjh rwfomG ;jcif; jzpf\/
(31)bHw k iG f vlUbHw
k pfbokH m ukov kd v f yk í
f &oavm? tjcm;bHrk sm;
wGif ukodkvfvkyfí r&NyDavm[k ar;cJhjim;tHh/ ]r&Edkif} [kom ajz
&ygvdrrhf nf/ r&Edik [ f o
l nf vlUbHuk o hJ Ukd wif;jynfu
h syjf ynfh r&Edik [f k
qdkvdkjcif; jzpf\/
vlUbHk atmufwGif&Sdaom tyg,fav;bHkwGif qif;&J'ku©
awG rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh rnfonfh ukodkvfrS jyKvkyfí
r&ay/ vlUbHk txufwGif&Sdaom ewfbHk? jA[®mhbHkwdkUwGifum;
csrf;omokcawG rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh rnfonfhukodkvf
udkrQ aumif;aumif;vkyfí r&jyefay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ewfjynfESifh
jA[®mjh ynfwiG f tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vf r&Sad omaMumifh 'geukov
kd f rnfoUkd rQ
rjzpfEdkifjcif;rsKd;yifwnf;/
xdkUaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;rsm;onf ewfjynfodkU a&muf
vQif oufwrf;jynfh raebJ oufwrf;\ oHk;yHkwpfyHkavmufom
aeum rdrdudk,fudk aoatmifjyKí vlUjynfodkU jyefoGm;Muonf/
vlUjynfa&mufrS 'ge? oDv paom ukodkvfyg&rDrsm;udk wif;jynfh
usyjf ynfh qnf;yl;Muonf/ ewfjynfonf vlUb0u &SmazGvmaom
ukodkvfrsm;udk oHk;pGJ&m aps;wef;wpfrsKd;om jzpfonf/

orifESifhwlaom vlom;
rPð rda*g yóaEÅmyd?
wdPH cg'H0 *päwd/
v'¨umavm 'kyÜanmyd?
umrH bkÍÆH0 *päwd/
]]orifonf ywåjrm;udk jrifaomfvnf; *½krpdkufbJ? jruf
udo
k mpm;Ny;D awmwGi;f odUk 0ifomG ;\/ xdUk twl ynmrJah om vlom;
onfvnf; vlUb0udk ukodkvf&zdkU toHk;rcsbJ umr*kPf cHpm;zdkU
twGuf toHk;csí tyg,fav;yg;odkU oGm;onf}}
þum; Ak'\ ¨ tqH;k tr a'oemawmfav;wpfcyk if jzpf
\/
 vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk rodaom ynmrJh
onf vlUb0udk umr*kPf cHpm;zdUk twGuf toH;k csí tyg,fav;
yg;odkU oGm;onf/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk odaom
ynm&Sd onf vlUb0udk ukodkvf&zdkUtwGuf toHk;csí edAÁmefodkU
oGm;onf/
vlwpf&mwGif (99)a,mufonf ,l&aom b0wGifom
aysmfarGUMu\/ usef wpfa,mufom vSL&aom b0udk aysmfarGU
onf/ xdkUaMumifh vlwpf&mwGif (99) a,mufonf vlqif;&Jrsm;
jzpfvmMuNyD; usefwpfa,mufom vlcsrf;om jzpfvm&\/ uREkfyf
onf twdwb f 0u bke;f Bu;D vnf;jzpfczhJ ;l \/ 0ufwpfaumifvnf;
jzpfcJhzl;\/
,ckb0 ud, k t f rlt&m EIwt f rlt&mudk Munfí h xdu
k o
hJ Ukd
jzpfczhJ ;l aMumif; rSe;f qí od&jcif; jzpf\/ yxrb0onf bke;f Bu;D
jzpfNyD;? 'kwd,b0wGif 0ufjzpf&onf/ ,ckb0wGif apmifBuD;udk
ouFef;vkyf ½Hkum w&m;a[mwrf; upm;jcif;onf bkef;BuD;b0
jzpfcJhzl;aMumif; jyoaeonf/
rdk;&GmvQif &THUxJAGufxJ vl;vdrfhae&vQif tvGefaysmfjcif;
onf 0ufb0rSvmaMumif; oufaojyaeonf/ 0ufb0udk aocsm
rSwfrdaomfvnf; &[ef;b0udk aocsm rrSwfrdawmhacs/ odkUaomf
&[ef;b0wGif &[ef;vdk raecJhonfrSm aocsmonf/ taMumif;
um; &[ef;b0rS aoaomtcg tyg,foUkd usNy;D 0ufjzpfc&hJ aom
aMumifhyifwnf;/
 opfyifay:rSm vrf;avQmufol
&[ef;b0onf opfyifay:wGif vrf;avQmufoEl iS hf wl\/
vlUb0onf ajrjyifay:wGif vrf;avQmufolESifh wl\/ ajrjyifü
vrf;avQmuf&olonf acsmfvJvQif yGef;yJh½Hkom&Sd\/ xdkUxuf rydk/
xdUk twl vlUb0ü tjypfao;ao; usL;vGev f Qif raumif;usK;d ao;
ao;om cHpm;&\/ xdkUxuf rydk/
opfyifay:rS ajcacsmfusolum; ao&onfu rsm;\/
raovQifvnf; ajcusKd;? vufusKd;? cg;usKd;NyD; wpfoufvHk; vlpif
rrDonf'h u k u
© kd cHpm;&\/ xdUk twl &[ef;b0üum; tjypfao;ao;
usL;vGefvQifyif raumif;usKd;um; BuD;BuD;rm;rm; cHpm;&\/
taMumif;um; - olwpfyg;vSLonfukd pm;aeol jzpfaom
aMumifhyifwnf;/ "r®y'ü ]{&uywå} trnf&Sd e*g;wpfaumif
taMumif;yg&Sd\/ xdke*g;onf twdwfb0u &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
yif jzpf\/ wpf&ufwGif avSjzihf c&D;oGm;&m vrf;c&D;tMum;wGif
avSvl;aomaMumifh [efcsufysufoGm;aom cE¨mudk,fudk jyefxdef;
Edik &f ef avSteD; urf;pyfwiG af ygufa&mufaeonfh jrufyifwpfyifukd
qGJudkifvdkufrd\/
avS\ t&Sed af Mumifh jrufyifonf &[ef;\ vufwiG ;f odUk
jywfíygvm\/ xdUk aMumifh &[ef;wGif ygpdwt f mywf (tjypf)oifh
oGm;\/ aexdik &f m ausmif;odUk a&mufaomfvnf; a'oemMum;p&m
&[ef; r&Sad omaMumifh rMum;jzpfay/ wpf&ufwiG f a&m*gwpfcjk zifh
ysv
H eG af wmfr&l m jrufyifukd qGjJ zwfcrhJ ad om tjypf (tmywf)aMumifh
e*g;b0odkU a&mufcJh&jcif; jzpf\/
vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf jrufyifwpfyifuEkd w k jf cif;onf
tjypf r[kwfaomfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;twGufum; tyg,fodkUyif
usa&mufc&hJ \/ opfyifay:rSusvQif tenf;qH;k usK;d yJo h mG ;rnf[k
qdkxm;onf r[kwfygavm/ xdkUaMumifh &[ef;b0wGif &[ef;vdk
aeEdkifu aumif;\/ &[ef;vdk raeEdkifu vlxGufoifh\/
&[ef;[lonf MunfndKp&maumif;aom &[ef;? cifp&m
aumif;aom&[ef;[k ESprf sK;d &S\ d / MunfnKd p&maumif;aom &[ef;
[lonf ]Ak't ¨ vdu k s&[ef;} yif jzpf\/ cifp&maumif;aom &[ef;
[lonf ]vlUtvdkus&[ef;} yif jzpf\/

MunfndKp&m&[ef;ESifh cifp&m&[ef;
MunfnKd p&maumif;aom &[ef;wGif cifp&maumif;aom
tcsufrsm;udk rawGUEdkifovdk? cifrifp&maumif;aom &[ef;wGif
vnf; MunfndKp&maumif;aom tcsufrsm;udk awGUEdkifcJ\/
MunfndKp&maumif;aom &[ef;onf ]w&m;&zdkU} udkom
t"du xm;\/ cifrifp&maumif;aom &[ef;onfum; ]ypönf;
av;yg;&zdUk } udo
k m t"duxm;\/ w&m;&zdUk udk t"durxm;/ tHMh o
p&maumif;onfum; -
 ypön;f av;yg;udk t"duxm;Ny;D &Smaom &[ef;onf ypön;f
av;yg;udkvnf; r&? w&m;vnf;r& jzpfwwfNyD;? w&m;udk t"du
xm;NyD;&Smaom &[ef;onf ypönf;av;yg;vnf;&? w&m;vnf;&
jzpfwwfjcif;yifwnf;/
MunfndKp&maumif;aom &[ef;onf rdrdcE¨mudk,fudk
omoem BuD;yGm;&m BuD;yGm;aMumif;twGufom toHk;cswwf\/
vrif;uJo h Ukd usi\ hf / vrif;onf vlwUkd ESihf a0;&mrSmae\/ odUk aomf
vlom;wdUk tm; tvif;a&mifuakd y;\/ tat;"mwfuv kd nf; ay;\/
xdUk twl MunfnKd p&maumif;aom &[ef;onf vlwUkd ESihf a0;&mrSm
ae\/ odUk aomf vlwUkd tm; opömw&m;udk a[mMum;ay;\/ arwåm
"mwfudkvnf; ydkUvTwfay;\/
opömw&m;udk a[mMum;jcif;[lonf tvif;a&mif;udk ay;
jcif;jzpf\/ arwåm"mwfukd ydUk vTwaf y;jcif;[lonf tat;"mwfukd
ay;jcif;jzpf\/ bBu;D awmfrif;w&m;ESihf eef;rawmfr,fEw k Ukd vuf
xufwGif ay:xGef;cJhaom anmifuefq&mawmf OD;Ak"f (OD;puúdE´)
onfum; MunfndKp&maumif;aom Ak'¨tvdkus &[ef;wpfyg;yif
jzpf\/
rif;ESihf rdz&k m;u ausmufaqmufvLS 'gef; ud;k uG,cf &hJ aom
rif;q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfaomfvnf; ypön;f av;yg;tvSL&Sif rif;ESihf
rdzk&m;udk ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd ig;rdepf jynfhatmifyif pum;
vufcH rajymcJhzl;ay/ tb,fhaMumifhenf; -
 rdrd\ vlUb0wGif ae&rnfh toufESifh tcsdefwdkUudk om
oemtm; tNyD;tydkif vSL'gef;xm;jcif;aMumifhyifwnf;/
bBuD;awmfrif;w&m;ESifh eef;rawmfr,fEkwdkUonf q&m
awmfOD;Ak"f\ ausmif;odkU rMumrMum a&mufvmwwfNyD; vdktyf
onfudk Munfh½IvSL'gef;wwfMu\/ ausmif;odkU a&mufa&mufcsif;
q&mawmfudk OD;cs&Sdcdk;\/ q&mawmfum; EIwfquf pum;ajymzdkU
a0;pG? vSní hf yif rMunfah cs/ q&mawmf\ rsuv f ;kH rsm;um; usr;f
pmtkyfrS rcGmay/
vSLp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vSLcJhNyD; jyefcgeD;wGif wpfBudrf OD;cs
onf/ Mo0g'w&m;av;rsm; a[mavrvm;[k rif;ESifh rdzk&m;u
iHv
h ifrh Md u\/ odUk aomf q&mawmfum; pmtkyu f kd pduk af &;aevdu
k f
onfrmS olwUkd vma&muf OD;csonfuykd if od[efrwl/ wpfaeUw&m;
a[mEd;k ? wpfaeU pum;ajymEd;k ESihf apmifq h ikd ;f vmMuonfrmS ESprf sm;
pGmyif MumcJh\/ q&mawmfxHrS EIwfqufpum;oHudkyif rMum;cJh
ygacs/
xdUk aMumifh rif;ESihf rdz&k m;onf q&mawmfEiS hf pum;ajymcGihf
&&ef wpfa,mufvQif wpfBudrfpD BudK;pm;cJhMuzl;\/ wpfcgwGif
bBuD;awmf rif;w&m;onf q&mawmftm; OD;csNyD;onfESifh t&J
pGefUNyD; ,ckvdk avQmufxm;vdkuf\/
 t0DpdESifhqdkifaom rif;
]]q&mawmf bk&m;? wynfhawmfwdkUvdk wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf
rif;vkyo
f rl sm;twGuf tqH;k trw&m;rsm; a[mMum;ay;yg bk&m;}}
xdtk cg q&mawmf a[mMum;vdu k af om w&m;onf vd&k if;
wdk&Sif;ESifh xdrdNyD; q,fpuúefUtwGif;rSmyif NyD;qHk;oGm;\/
xdkw&m;um; -
]rif;ESifhwlatmif usifhu igwdkU qHk;rMo0g'ay;&ef rvdk?
rif;ESifhwlatmif rusifh&ifawmh igeJUrqdkif? t0DpdeJUomqdkifw,f}
[l\/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rS vlBuD;rsm;udk ajr§mufum yifhum w&m;
a[maom &[ef;awmfrsm; owdjyKp&myif jzpf\/ bBuD;awmf
rif;w&m;um; NyHK;NyD; bmrQ jyefrajymEkdifawmhbJ xjyefcJh&av
awmhonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / (rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;? 'ge oDv y&dpöm*- rif;rI
xrf;wdUk tm; &dum© axmufy?hH tZÆ0- jynfou l kd rvdrb
f J ajzmifrh wf
jcif;? r'´0- El;nHhjcif;? wy- NcdK;NcHpGm usifhjcif;? wpfvav;Budrf
Oykof apmifhjcif;? arwåmyGm;jcif;? taum" - trsuf rxGufjcif;?
t0d[o ð - rn§i;f qJjcif;? cEÅ-D onf;cHjcif;? t0da&m"e- jynfo\ l
tvdkqE´ESifh rqefUusifjcif;wdkUyif jzpf\/)
eef;rawmfr,fEo k nf twårmeBu;D rm;\/ ol awmifeef;pH
eef;rawmfBuD; jzpfpOftcgu ESpfaygif; axmifESifhcsDí Mumatmif
ajymqdk oH;k EIe;f aeMuaom toH;k tEIe;f rsm;udyk if trdeUf tmPmjzifh
ajymif;vJoHk;EIef; ajymqdkapcJhonf/
]refusn;f &GuEf Ek }k udk ]refusn;f &Guf xG#x f #G }f [k ajymif;vJ
oHk;EIef;&onf/ ]EkEkvSvS orD;awmfav;} tpm; ]tdtdvSvS orD;
awmfav;} [k ajymif;vJ oHk;EIef;&onf/ olUemrnf ]Ek} [laom
pum;udk rnfolrQ roHk;EIef;apvdkaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
xdo k Ukd rmeBu;D vSaom eef;rawmfr,fEu k kd Edik af omolonf
tif;0aejynfawmfü q&mawmfOD;Ak"f wpfyg;om&Sd\/ eef;rawmf
r,fEo k nf ausmif;odUk aeUpOfrjywf vdt k yfaom t&mrsm;udk &SmazG
vSL'gef;avh&Sdonf/ q&mawmfum; usrf;pmudk pdwf0ifwpm; a&;
ae&m EIwfqufzdkU a0;pG? vSnfhMunfhazmfyif r&acs/
Ny;D vQif uyÜ, d xH vdtk yfaomypön;f udk tyfEo HS nf/ tyfEHS
Ny;D onfEiS hf aemuf&uf vdt k yfrnfyh pön;f &S?d r&Sd ausmif;ay:ausmif;
atmuf vSnfhywfMunfh½Ionf/ xdkudpöNyD;onfESifh q&mawmfxH
oGm;a&muf OD;csNyD; eef;awmfodkU jyefonf/ q&mawmf OD;Ak"fum;
tvmwke;f u EIwrf qufouJo h Ukd tjyefwiG v
f nf; ar;jref;azmfyif
r&acs/
eef;rawmfr,fEk ausmif;odUk vmwdik ;f þyHpk t H wdik ;f jzpf\/
,ckacwf taetxm;t& qdkvQif ausmif;trESifh ausmif;xdkif
bkef;BuD; &efrsm;jzpfxm;a&mhovm;[kyif xifrSwfp&mjzpf\/
 q&maumif;ESifh 'umaumif;
olwUkd ESpOf ;D um; q&maumif;ESihf 'umaumif; yDopGm ae
xdik uf sio hf ;kH Mujcif;yif jzpf\/ ay;vSLwwfou l kd ]'umaumif;} [k
ac:&aomaMumifh 'um[kqv kd Qif trsK;d om;a&m trsK;d orD;yg ESpOf ;D
vH;k ESihf oufqikd \ f / q&m\ t"dutvkyo f nf ]pmaytvky}f ESifh
]w&m;tvkyf} þESpfrsKd;om &Sd\/ {nfhcHpum; ajymzdkU? a[;av;
0g;av; aezdUk ? bk&m;zl; vdu k yf Ukd zdUk ? w,fvzD ek ;f &atmif qdik &f mvlBu;D
udk csOf;uyfzdkU tvkyfrsm; rygacs/
'um\ t"dutvkyfonf y&d,wåd? y#dywåd wpfckckudk
tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f tm;xkwv f su&f adS om q&mtm; vdt k yfaomypön;f
av;yg;udk wwfEikd o f rQ vSL'gef;zdUk jzpf\/ vla&SU ola&SUwGif r@yf
wdkif wufjyzdkU? bkef;BuD;\ ta&;ay;cH&zdkU? avmuDpum;rsm;udk
bkef;BuD;tm; oGm;ajymzdkU tvkyfrsm; rygacs/
xdkUaMumifh olwdkU ESpfOD;onf udk,fhtvkyfudk yDyDjyifjyif
jyKvkyfaeMujcif;yif jzpf\/ odkUaomf ykxkZOfyDyD eef;rawmfr,fEk
onf wpfcgwpf&H q&mawmfajymaom pum;av;udk wpfcGef;
ESpfcGef;cefU em;axmifvdkonfom jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh wpfckaom
&ufwGif ausmif;odkUtoGm; þodkU qHk;jzwfcsuf csxm;\/
]]'DaeUawmh q&mawmfxHrS pum;ajymoH rMum;&orQ
eef;awmfodkU rjyef}} [l\/ olU&nf&G,fcsuf atmifjrif&eftwGuf
tuGufusus pDpOfNyD; ESpfESpft&G,f ajr;rav;udk ausmif;odkUac:
vmcJhonf/ ausmif;odkUa&mufvQif q&mawmfudk OD;csNyD;onfESifh
olpyd af eus pdyyf w k ;D av;udk aypm&Gurf sm; tMum;wGif ajr;rav;
jrifomatmif n§yfxm;vdkufonf/
vSLp&m&So d nfukd vSL? ausmif;wGif Munfph &m&So d nfrsm;udk
MunfNh y;D onfEiS hf q&mawmfxH oGm;a&muf OD;csonf/ Ny;D vQif ajr;r
av;tm; ykvyJ w k ;D udk oGm;,lzUkd vufnKd§ ;xd;k jyvdu
k o
f nf/ uav;
onf OD;Ak"af om bmaom em;vnfonf r[kwaf omaMumifh xyf
xm;aom aypm&Gufrsm;udk wGef;csNyD; ykwD;udk t&,lawmhonf/
]0kef; .. jzef; ..jzef;} [laom aypm&Gufrsm; jyKwfusoH
Mum;rS q&mawmfonf pma&;jcif;udk acwå&yfqdkif;NyD; vSnfhMunfh
avonf/ uav;udk jrifonfESifh -
]][Jh ... awmfawmfaqmhwJh Adkif;wmrav;yJ? b,fu
uav;vJ}}
[k ar;vdkuf&m pum;ajymcsifae&Smaom eef;rawmf
Bu;D u-
]]wynfhawmfr&JU ajr;av;yg bk&m;}}
[k tvkdufoifh ajzvdkufonf/ xdktcgusrS eef;rawmf
BuD;udk ar;azmf&awmhonf/
]][Jh rdEk? ausmif;udk bmvmvkyfwmvJ}}
]]wynfah wmfr vdt k yfaewJh ypön;f av;awG vmvSLwmyg
bk&m;}}
]]uJ ... rdEk? vSLp&m&Sdwm vSLNyD;&if jyefawmh}}
 þaeUum; q&mawmfO;D Ak"f pum;udk t&Snq f ;kH ajymaom
aeUyif jzpf\/ ]Ek} [laom pum;udk roHk;EIef;&[k Oya'xkwfjyef
xm;aom eef;rawmfBuD;onf q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ ]rdEk} [laom
ac:oHudkum; tjypfrjrifonfhtjyif 0rf;omMunfEl;ae&Smyg\/

bk&m;rsufESmMunfhol
q&mawmf OD;Ak"fum; 'um? &mxl;? aiG? *kPf rnfonfh
t&mudkrQ rMunfhbJ bk&m;rsufESmudkom MunfhNyD; omoemjyK
aeaom q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpf\/ ]ynm&Sd\tpGrf;udk tcuftcJ
BuHKrS od&onf} [l aom pum;twdkif; wpfcgwGif omoemydkif
q&mawmfupNy;D rnfonfh wHqyd &f ^r& q&mawmftm;vH;k tqH;k
tjzwf ray;&Jaom omoema&;ESifhqdkif&m trIwpfck jzpfay:
vm\/
xdktcsdefu tif;0aejynfawmfwGif eef;rawmf r,fEkESifh
t&Sdeft0g wefcdk;csif; NydKifaeolrSm bBuD;awmf rif;w&m;ac:
ppfudkif;rif;\ nDawmf tdrfa&SU (om,m0wDrif;om;)yif jzpf\/
ykxZk Of rSeo
f rQ olwpfyg;ESihf ,SONf yKd iv
f Qif tEdik &f rS auseyfMu\/
odUk aomf ykxZk Oftrsm;pk\ tEdik ,
f el nf;um; w&m;enf;vrf; rus
aom tyg,fusrnfh tEdkif,lrIrsKd;om jzpfaewwf\/
[dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;csnf;om&Sdaom tdEd́,EdkifiHBuD;wpfck
vHk;udk Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHBuD;wpfck jzpfoGm;atmif jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;rSm
wjcm;wefcdk; r[kwf? Ak'¨\ arwåmwefcdk;om jzpf\/ rnfonfh
jyóemrsK;d rqdk Ak'u¨ arwåmjzifo h m tEdik ,
f al pcsi\ f / þtEdik ,
f l
enf;onfomvQif edAÁmefa&mufrnfh tEdkif,lenf; jzpf\/ wjcm;
aom tEdkif,lenf;rsm;um; tyg,fusrnfh tEdkif,lenf;rsm;om
jzpf\/
atmifjcif;&Spyf g;onf Ak'\ ¨ arwåmatmifyrJG sm;udk ouf
aojyKjcif;yif jzpf\/ jrefrmvlrsKd;? jrefrmEdkifiH[k qdkvQif urÇmu
odol enf;\/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if H *smAm;uRe;f uyif xifaeMuojzifh
tawmf ajz&Sif;jyMu&\/ odkUaomf ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
a[mif; OD;oefU\ Edik if u
H [k ajymvku d v
f Qiuf m; csucf si;f odMu\/
urÇmppfjzpfrnfh ta&;rsm;udk atmifjrifpmG wm;qD;Edik cf NhJ y;D Nird ;f csr;f
a&;atmifyrJG sm;udk t&,lEikd cf o hJ nfrmS vnf; OD;oefU\ arwåmwefc;kd
yif jzpf\/
xdkuJhodkU tEdkifr,lbJ ]olu yg;½dkufvQif? igu em;udkuf
rnf} [laom enf;rsK;d jzifh tEdik , f al eorQ edAmÁ efEiS hf a0;aeMuOD;rnf
om jzpf\/ tdrfa&SUrif;ESifh eef;rawmfr,fEkwdkUonf &mxl;BuD;zdkU?
tmPm &zdkU? toif;tyif;rsm;zdkU NydKifqdkif½HkESifh tm;r&awmhbJ
oHCmawmf pmatmifyGJtxdyg NydKifvmMuawmhonf/
ppfudkif;rif;ESifh eef;rawmfBuD;wdkUonf ESpfpOf yxrjyef
pmar;yGJawmf usif;yay;\/ xdkpmjyefyGJwGif ESpfpOf tdrfa&SUrif;\
ausmif;rS yxrausmyf *k Kd¾ vf xGuaf eojzifh eef;rawmfr,fE\ k armif
pvif; rif;om;BuD; OD;tdkuvnf; oludk;uG,f&m ausmif;rS yxr
ausmfbGJU qGwfcl;apcsifaom qE´jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/
odkUaomf ol\ qE´jynfh&ef rw&m;aomenf;udk toHk;jyK
av\/ tdrfa&SUrif;\ ausmif;xdkif q&mawmfudk csOf;uyfum pm
tvGeaf wmfaom &[ef;wpfyg;udk olu;kd uG,&f mausmif;odUk ab;u
rodatmif yifhaqmifoGm;avonf/
rw&m;aomenf;jzifh tEdkif,ljcif;onf Ak'¨ESifh qefUusif
buf wdw¬dq&mBuD;wdkU\ enf;vrf;yif jzpf\/ Ak'¨bmom0if rSef
orQ bk&m;&Si\ f wynft h rnfcNH y;D wdwq
d¬ &mBu;D rsm;\ enf;vrf;udk
vHk;0 toHk;rjyKoifhay/
udk,fESifh rxdkufwefygbJ aiGxdk;NyD; &mxl;udk t&,ljcif;?
aiGxdk;NyD; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif xGuf&atmifvkyfjcif;wdkUonf
wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpf\/
yxrjyef pmar;yGJtaMumif;udk jyefqufygtHh/
pmar;yGJ eD;vmaomtcg tdrfa&SUrif;onf olUausmif;rS
yxrausmf qGwcf ;l Edik rf nfh &[ef;udk OD;tdk cd;k oGm;aMumif; odojzifh
ppfuikd ;f rif;xH wkid w
f ef;avonf/ ppfuikd ;f rif;rSm nDawmfEiS hf rdz&k m;
\armifawmfMum;0,f qHk;jzwfcsufay;&ef tcufBuHKae\/
vlrIa&;udpö r[kwfbJ? omoema&;udpö jzpfaeojzifh
aemufqHk;wGif ok"r®mq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh omoemydkifxHodkU vTJ
tyfvdkufonf/ xdkq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsEdkifjzpf
aeawmfrl Muonf/ wu,ft h cuftcJEiS hf BuKH awGU&csed w
f iG f ynm&Sd
\tpGrf;udk od&avNyD/
 tm;vH;k \ oabmwl cGijhf yKcsujf zifh xdtk rIukd q&mawmf
OD;Ak"rf S qH;k jzwfay;yg&ef vTt J yfvu kd o
f nf/ q&mawmfonf a&Smif
vTíJ r&Edik o f jzifh trIukd qH;k jzwfay;&ef vufcvH u
kd &f awmhonf/

bk&m;rsufESmMunfhaom qHk;jzwfcsuf
trIudk qHk;jzwf&ef ok"r®mZ&yfodkU q&mawmfOD;Ak"f <u
a&mufawmfrv l mavNy/D omoemydik f OD;aqmifaom omoemhxyd f
acgifrsm;? w&m;vdk? w&m;cHESifhwuG r[m'gef0ef trSL;jyKaom
rif;y&dowf a&SUarSmuf0,f -
]]'DtrI[m tdraf &SUrif;ESiv hf nf; rqdik ?f eef;rawmfEiS v hf nf;
rqdik ?f rif;om;Bu;D ESiv
hf nf; rqdik ?f bke;f Bu;D csi;f wynfv h ufom;udk
jzm;a,mif;ac:,lwmjzpfvUkd 0denf;ynwfawmftwdik ;f rif;om;Bu;D
ausmif;wdu k uf bke;f Bu;D [m olwpfyg; wynfo h m;udk jzm;a,mif;
ac:,lojzifh 'kuú#ftmywfoifhw,f? a'oemMum;yg? tem;u
bke;f Bu;D wpfyg;u a'oemcHvu kd ?f yxrausmjf yef&rnfh &[ef;onf
olwpfyg; jzm;a,mif;&modUk ]qE´m*wd} vdu k jf cif;aMumifh 'DEpS f yxr
ausmf rjyefqdk&? &GmodkUjyefap}}
[k qH;k jzwfcsucf svu
kd &f m tm;vH;k u 0rf;omtm;& om"k
ac:Muavonf/
 b,fol uJh&JU uJh&JU? bk&m; ruJh&JUatmifae
tjcm;olrsm; uJ&h UJ jcif;aMumifh tyg,foUkd rusEikd ?f bk&m;&Sif
tuJh&JUcH&rSom tyg,fodkUusrnf jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh b,fol
uJ&h UJ uJ&h UJ ? bk&m; ruJ&h UJ atmifom t"duxm;Ny;D aeoif\ h / tjcm;
olrsm; uJ&h UJ jcif;onf rSm;csiv f nf; rSm;Edik \ f / rSecf siv
f nf; rSeEf ikd \ f /
bk&m;&Si\ f uJ&h UJ rIonfum; trSm;[lír&S?d trSecf sn;f om
jzpf\/ þtaMumif;aMumifh bk&m;ruJ&h UJ atmif t"duxm;Ny;D ae&
jcif;jzpf\/ ypön;f av;yg;&zdUk twGuf omoemhabmifoUkd 0ifvmol
rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm; uJ&h UJ rSmom aMumuf\/ bk&m;&Siu f &hJ UJ rSmudk
raMumufay/
Oyrmtm;jzifh bk&m;yGw J iG f Zmwfxnfv h Qif bk&m;&Sif uJ&h UJ
\/ ZmwfrxnfhvQif tjcm;olrsm;u uJh&JU\/ jrefrmjynfwGif
tjcm;olrsm;u uJ&h UJ rSmudak MumufNy;D Zmwfyx JG nfah om bk&m;yGo J m
rsm;\/ bk&m;&Sif uJ&h UJ rSmudak MumufNy;D bk&m;yGüJ ZmwfyrJG xnfo h rl mS
tvGe&f mS ;yg;\/
xdo k El pS rf sK;d wGif q&mawmf OD;Ak"u f m; bk&m; uJ&h UJ rSmudo k m
aMumufol jzpf\/ trsm;uJ&h UJ rSmudk *½kpu kd af om q&mawmfwpfyg;
r[kwfay/ wpfckaomESpf\ uxdef&moDwGif eef;rawmfBuD;wdkU
onf Bu;D us,cf rf;em; rsm;jym;aom ypön;f rsK;d pHjk zifh uxdecf if;\/
q&mawmf OD;Ak"t f wGu&f nfreS ;f Ny;D oDxm;aom ya'om
yifBu;D onf tBu;D qH;k ? taumif;qH;k jzpfaeojzifh vlwikd ;f 0dik ;f 0ef;
MunfhaeMu&onf/ rif;ESifh rdzk&m;rSmvnf; rdrdwdkU MunfndKaom
q&mawmf OD;Ak"fudk vSL'gef;&jcif;jzpfí yDwda0jzmaeMuonf/
uxdeo f uFe;f ESihf ya'omyif vSL'gef;yGBJ u;D um; pavNy/D
<uvmaom wHqyd &f çr& q&mawmfBu;D rsm;Mum;wGif ouFe;f EGr;f EGr;f
ESihf &[ef;i,fwpfyg;vnf; yg0ifvmonfukd q&mawmfO;D Ak"f owd
xm;rdvdkufonf/ 0denf;Oya't& odrfxJü uxdefcif;aomtcg
ouFe;f &Sm;yg;aom&[ef;u uxdeo f uFe;f udt
k vSLcHNy;D cif;&onf/
q&mawmfonf xdkudk,fawmfav;udk a&SUodkU ac:um
]]uxdeftvSLudk udk,fawmfav; vufcHyg}} [k rdefUMum;NyD; q&m
awmftwGuf &nfreS ;f xm;aom tzd;k twefq;kH ya'omyif n§wrf
BuD;udk vSL'gef;vdkufavonf/ tjcm; <uvmMuonfh q&mawmf
rsm;u q&mawmf OD;Ak"fudk ,ckvdk owday;Mu\/

rdzk&m;omoemrSm aecsifolrsm;
]]eef;rawmfrzd &k m;Bu;D u t&Sib
f &k m;twGuf &nfreS ;f xm;
wJh ya'omyifBu;D udk omrmef &[ef;wpfyg;tm; jyefvLS Ny;D uxdecf H
apvdkU oifhawmfyghrvm;? uxdef tvSL&Sif eef;rawmfBuD; pdwfr
aumif;jzpfaeyghr,f}}
xdkenf;wl <uvmaom q&mawmfBuD;tm;vHk;uvnf;
trsm;rsuEf mS (rdz&k m;rsuEf mS )udk MunfNh y;D uefUuGuMf u\/ xdq
k &m
awmftm;vHk;tm; q&mawmfOD;Ak"fu ,ckvdk jyefar;vdkuf\/
 ]]ud,
k af wmfwUkd tm;vH;k [m bk&m;omoemrSm aewmvm;?
rdzk&m; omoemrSm aewmvm;}}
uefUuGuMf uaom q&mawmfrsm;xHrS rnfonfph um;oHrS
xGufay:rvmawmhay/
rSwfcsuf/ / (pum;t& 'umu uxdecf if;onf qd&k aomfvnf;
trSeuf odrxf o J Ukd a&mufvQif &[ef;awmf tcsi;f csi;f om uxdef
cif;í &onf/ 'umu uxdeftvSLudk ay;vSL&jcif;om jzpf\/
uxdef'um ray:vQif &[ef;wpfyg;yg;u rdrdwGif tydk&Sdaom
cg;0wfoif;ydkif wpfxnfjzifhvnf; uxdefcif;í &onfom/)
odrx f üJ uxdecf if;cgeD;wGif <ua&mufvmonfh &[ef;rsm;
xJrS ouFef;&Sm;yg;oljzpfvQif þouFef;udk vufcHNyD; uxdefcif;
ay;zdUk oH;k Burd w
f wd d yefMum;&onf/ xdt k cdu
k w
f iG f 0denf;Oya't&
0gBuD;onf i,fonf r[l/ rnfolrqdk ouFef;&Sm;yg;ol jzpfygu
uxdefouFef;udk cH,l&onf/
tu,fí ouFef;&Sm;yg;aom &[ef;r&SdvQif xdkuxdef
cif;&mausmif;rS 0gtBuD;qHk; rax&fBuD;udkjzpfap? (odkUr[kwf) xdk
rax&fBu;D u xyfqifñ h eT Mf um;aom ausmif;twGuf aus;Zl;rsm;ol
&[ef;jzpfap uxdefouFef;udk cH,l&onf/
 ydómav;ESifhypfaom tEkarm'emw&m;
wpfcgwGif eef;rawmf r,fEo
k nf q&mawmftm; ,ckvkd
vma&mufavQmufxm;\/
]]wynfah wmfronf þtkwaf usmif;awmfBu;D udk oH;k ode;f
ausmrf Q tuketf uscNH y;D aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJyh gw,f bk&m;? zvHck kH
&GmwGifvnf; wpfodef;ausmfrQ tukefuscHum ausmif;wpfaqmif
aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;cJyh gao;w,f? þuJo h Ukd vSL'gef;cJ&h aomfvnf;
ukodkvfaumif;rIü tm;&wif;wdrfrI r&SdcJhygbk&m;/
tcgcyford ;f qGr;f ? ouFe;f ? xD;? zdeyfponfh jrwfaom0w¬K
wdUk udv
k nf; axmufyv hH LS 'gef;cJyh gonf bk&m;? xko d Ukd vSL'gef;&aom
aumif;rIukodkvf\ tusKd;udk a[mMum;ay;awmfrlyg bk&m;}}
xdt
k cg q&mawmfO;D Ak"u f ausmif;trtm; a&zvm;jzifh
a&tjynfh cyf,vl m&ef apcdik ;f vdu
k of nf/ tem;a&mufaomf xdak &
cGufxJrS a&rsm;udk tukeftpif oGefypfcdkif;vdkufjyefonf/ NyD;rS
xdk Oyrmtwdkif; w&m;a[mygawmhonf/
]]tck oGefypfvdkufaom a&ESifh vSLíukef&aom ypönf;
wl\? zvm;xJü uyfíusefcJhaom a&ESifh aumif;usKd;&onfESifh
wl\}}
q&mawmf\w&m;oabmudk ÓPfrrD&mS aom eef;rawmf
BuD;um; rsufESmyif raumif;atmif jzpfoGm;&Sm\/ q&mawmfu
tus,fodapcsifonfrSm þuJhodkU jzpf\/ 'geonf ]yg&rDxdkuf
aom 'ge} ESifh ]yg&rDrxdkufaom'ge} [k ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ xdkwGif yg&rD
xdu k af om'ge[lonf avmu(tvSLcH)aumif;pm;zdUk t"duxm;Ny;D
vSL'gef;aom'gersKd; jzpf\/
yg&rDrxdu k af om'ge[lonf igaumif;pm;zdUk t"duxm;
Ny;D vSL'gef;aom'gersK;d jzpf\/ yg&rDxu kd af om'geonf vlcsr;f om?
ewfcsr;f omudk ay;onft h jyif udavomuke&f m edAmÁ efcsr;f omudk
ay;aomaMumifh ]] xdkufwefaom aumif;usKd;udk &aom'ge }} [k
qdkoifh\/
yg&rDrxdu k af om'geonf vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f omavmuf
udkomay;NyD; edAÁmefcsrf;omudk ray;EdkifaomaMumifh ]aumif;usKd;
t&enf;aom'ge} [k qdkoifh\/ eef;rawmfBuD;onf ]ig aumif;
pm;zdkU? ig xif&Sm;zdkU} [laom pdwfjzifh vSL'gef;cJhjcif; jzpf\/
xdUk aMumifh omrmeftao;trTm; vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f om
avmufuo kd m&Ny;D tusK;d ay;tBu;D rm;qH;k jzpfonfh edAmÁ efcsr;f omudk
r&Edik af y/ þtcsuu f kd xif&mS ;ap&ef ]oGecf svu
kd o
f jzifh ukeo f mG ;
aoma&ESifh vSLíukefoGm;aom vSLzG,f0w¬K wlonf/ a&cGufü
uyfuseaf om a&ESihf &aomaumif;usK;d wlonf} [k a[mMum;awmf
rlvdkjcif; jzpf\/
 c&pf,mefbmom0ifwpfOD;\ yg&rDxdkufonfhtvSL
wpfenf;tm;jzifh yg&rDxdkufaom'geudk ]ÓPf,SOfaom
'ge} [k ac:EdkifNyD;? yg&rDrxdkufaom'geudk ]ÓPfr,SOfaom'ge}
[k ac:oifah yonf/ avmutwGu?f omoemtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;
rnfhae&mrsm;udk a&G;cs,fpdppfí vSL'gef;jcif;rsKd;onf ]ÓPf,SOf
aom'ge} yif jzpfonf/
&efukefNrdKUESifh rEÅav;NrdKUwdkUwGif odef;aygif; av;axmif
ausmcf efU tuket f uscu H m wnfaqmufxm;aom uifqma0'em
&Sirf sm; jyKpak pmifah &Smuf&m OD;vSxeG ;f - uifqmazmifa';&Si;f aq;½Hk
BuD;rsm;onf yg&rDxdkufonfh ]ÓPf,SOfaom'ge} yif jzpf\/
tvSL&Sif OD;vSxGef;onf c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfaomf
vnf; ol\tvSLum; Ak'¨csD;usL;awmfrlonfh yg&rDxdkufaom
tvSLrsKd;yif jzpf\/ bmomjcm;tcsKdUu avmutwGuf aus;Zl;
rsm;onfh yg&rDxdkufaom tvSLrsKd;udk vSLwwfMuaomfvnf; Ak'¨
bmom0if trsm;pku rvSLwwfMuonfrSm 0rf;enf; aMuuGJzG,f
aumif;vS\/
ÓPf,SOfaom'geudk jyKonfh tvSL&Sifrsm;onf jzpfav
&m b0rsm;wGif BuD;yGm;csrf;om½HkrQru ÓPfynmyg xufjruf
xl;cReo f jzifh bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;udk wpfBurd w f pfcg em½Hrk Qjzifh &[EÅm
txd jzpfoGm;Edkifayonf/
 ÓPfr,SOfaom 'getcsKdUudk jyOD;tHh/ NrdKUwpfNrdKUrS bk&m;
wpfqludk rvdktyfbJ a&TawGcsxm;&m ½kyfyGm;awmfrSm oyÜg,frI
r&SdawmhbJ a,mifum;aeaom cE¨mudk,fjzifh t½kyfqdk;oGm;av
awmhonf/
tjcm; NrKd UwpfNrKd UrS bk&m;wpfqu l u
kd m; rsupf ad e&mcsn;f
a&G;Ny;D a&TawGcsvu kd &f m bk&m;rsuv f ;kH awmfrmS jyL;xGuNf y;D MunfnKd
zG,&f mrjzpfawmhbJ aMumufp&mBu;D jzpfomG ;awmhonf/ NrKd UwpfNrKd U
wGif bk&m;ti,fpm; ½kyfyGm;awmfav;rsm;udk a&Trsm; w&m;vGef
csvdkufonfrSm ½kyfyGm;yHkaysmufNyD; a&TwHk;BuD; jzpfoGm;awmhonf/
xdkodkU ÓPfr,SOfbJ &rf;í rvSLoifhay/ bk&m;udk a&Tcs
jcif;rSm a&Ta&mif0if;Ny;D oyÜg,f&efjzpfonf/ bk&m;yHyk suaf p&ef a&Tcs
jcif;r[kw/f xdUk aMumifh ½kyyf mG ;awmfoyÜg,f½kH vdo k avmufom a&Tcs
oifhonf/ rvdktyfbJ yHkysufoGm;onftxd a&Trcsoifhay/
bk&m; tm½Hck w H efaqmif;xJoUkd 0ifvu kd v
f Qif ½kyyf mG ;awmf
rsm;rSm a&SUaemuf0, J m n§yo f yfaeawmhonf/ b,f½yk yf mG ;awmfukd
&Sdcdk;&rnfrSef; rod/ a&SUu ½kyfyGm;udk trIrJhtrSwfrJh &Sdcdk;vdkufvQif
aemufu ½kyyf mG ;rsm;udk zifEiS ahf ygufovdjk zpfomG ;&m bk&m;&Scd ;kd zdUk yif
tcufawGUae&onf/
trSefum; - tm½HkcHwefaqmif; wpfckvQif ½kyfyGm;wpfql
avmufom xkvkyfudk;uG,foifhyg\? rvdktyfbJ trsm;BuD; rvSL
oifhay/ xdkodkU vSLrnfhtpm; aq;wuúodkvf rwufa&mufEdkifjzpf
aeonfh aq;ausmif;om;? aq;ausmif;olav; wpfa,mufudk
axmufyHhay;vdkufrnfqdkvQif avmutwGuf rnfrQ aus;Zl;rsm;
vdkufavrnfenf;/
bk&m;0if;wpfcx k w
J iG f bd;k bd;k atmifEiS hf bd;k rif;acgif t½kyf
BuD;ESpf½kyfudk taqmifBuD;BuD;ESifhwuG xkvkyfxm;onfudk awGU&
zl;\/ cefUrSef;acs odef;aygif; (50)ausmfrQ ukefusayvdrhfrnf/ xdk
bk&m;0if;xJrS oefUpifcef;udk oGm;Munfhaomtcg ysufpD;½IyfyGNyD;
eHa[mifaeonfudk awGU&onf/

csrf;omNyD; ÓPfxdkif;&jcif;taMumif;
xdkbk&m;0if;xJü wu,f vdktyfaeonfrSm tdrfom? vl
trsm; ZGwfvSLaeonfum; bdk;awmf 0dZÆmyHkrsm;/ xdkbdk;awmf 0dZÆm
½kyfrsm; xkvkyf&jcif; taMumif;udk avhvmMunfhvdkufaomtcg
&mxl;wufzUkd ? tmPmNrzJ Ukd ? pD;yGm;wufzUkd ,MwmtaeESihf xkvyk jf cif;
jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdb k ;dk awmf0Zd mÆ yHrk sm;onf avmutwGu?f
omoemtwGuf bmrQ aus;Zl;rrsm;ay/
þ'gersK;d um; ÓPfr,SOaf om'gersK;d yif jzpf\/ xd'k ge&Sif
rsm;onf jzpfav&mb0wGif pD;yGm;Opömum; aygrsm;<u,f0yg\/
odkUaomf taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom ukodkvfudk jyKcJhpOfuwnf;u
ÓPfr,SOcf ahJ omaMumifh (wd[w d Mf oruukov kd )f jzpfcahJ omaMumifh
xdkcsrf;omaom b0wGif ]ÓPfwHk;ol? ÓPfr&Sdol} ('Gd[dwf) jzpf
vm&awmhonf/ o"u jyygtHh -
 pma&;ol\ZmwdNrKd UwGif jrifrw d ikd ;f &ifemp&maumif;aom
olaX;om;wpfa,mufukd awGU&zl;\/ olUtouf q,fih g;ESpt f &G,f
&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; rlvwef;tqifhrS rwuf&ay/ tb,fhaMumifh
enf;/ pmoifí r&aomaMumifhwnf;/
olpdwfcsrf;omatmifom rdbrsm;u ausmif;odkU [efjy
vdkufydkUae&jcif; jzpf\/ xdkuav;u pmoifí &Edkifavmufaom
ÓPfynm ygrvmonfh ]'Gd[dwfyk*¾dKvf} jzpfaeaomaMumifhyif
wnf;/ ol\ rdbrsm;um; wdu k rf sm;? um;rsm;jzifh csr;f omMuyg\/
tusKd;w&m;udk axmufqvdkufvQif taMumif;w&m;udk
rvGw J rf; rSe;f qEdik \
f / xdo
k il ,f csr;f om<u,f0aeonfrmS twdwf
b0u 'gejyKcJhaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/ odkUaomf oljyKcJhaom 'ge
rsm;onf avmutwGuf? bmom omoemtwGuf aus;Zl;rrsm;
aom ÓPfr,SOfonfh 'gersm; jzpfcJh\/
xdkÓPfrygaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ,ckb0wGif r*fÓPf?
zdv
k Ó f Pfukd r&Edik af wmhay/ eef;rawmfBu;D tm; q&mawmfO;D Ak"u f
eifheifhoD;oD; qHk;rrnfqdkvQifvnf; qHk;rp&myif/ bBuD;awmfrif;
w&m;aemuf om,m0wDrif;? xdrk if;aemuf yk*rH if;? xdrk if;aemuf
rif;wkef;rif; vufxufwGif ay:xGef;cJhaom xG#facgifq&mawmf
Bu;D uvnf; jyKjyifoifo h nfh jrefrmwdUk \ tvSLtwrf;rsm;ESifh ywf
oufí ],rrif;xHtppfcH oHayguf} wGif ,ckvdk a&;om; qHk;r
awmfrlcJhonf/
 yumoetvSL&SifESifh ,rrif; tifwmAsL;
(,rrif;) o'¨gajzmifhwef;? 'gecef;? ajymprf;ygOD;uG,f/
(a,mufsm;) om;BuD;&Sifjzpf? uRefawmfppf? n§pfívSLcJhw,f/
(,rrif;) vSLaomtcg? apwem? oHk;jzmnDovm;uG,f/
(a,mufsm;) oH;k csuaf pwem? enf;vSyg? rSepf mG avQmufawmhr,f/
uReaf wmft h vSL? a<u;awGy?l aiGual rQmrf w d ,f? ulaiG
ESio hf m igvSLwm? axrdyg&if awmfa&mhr,f? uReaf wmf
rsKd;rSm? onfvdkom? atmufarhrdygw,f/
(,rrif;) ,kwjf rwfr[l? pm;aomufo?l MunfjzLygovm;uG,/f
(a,mufsm;) aiGurl sm;&m? vlcsr;f om? rsuEf mS vdu k í f auR;cJw h ,f/
rsufESmenf;yg; vlrGJrsm;? rvGJomauR; auR;&w,f/
vlcsr;f omyif r@yf0if? zsmvQio f ifjzL; cif;ay;w,f?
onfudk [kdudk <uygAsKdU? AsKdAsmrpJ ac:cJhw,f/
uGr;f aq;? vufzuf? qDtuftuf? 0ufEiS hf Muufom;
auR;cJw h ,f/ uReaf wmfrsK;d rSm? aiGrsuEf mS ? onfv[ kd mrS
o'¨gw,f/
(,rrif;) rifhtvSLrSm? aiGawG[m? ESajrmygbduG,f/ y&du©&m?
aqmif&efrSm? aumif;pGmvSLovm;uG,f?
(a,mufsm;) y&du©&m? nHhvSpGm? zdk;csKdwmrS 0,fay;w,f/
(,rrif;) vSLaomtcg? ypönf;rSm? pifMu,fygovm;uG,f/
(a,mufsm;) uRefawmfvSLwm? ypönf;rSm? cdk;wmrsm;cJhw,f/
(,rrif;) ypönf;ukefwm? rif;vSLwm? 0rf;enf;ygavw,f/
bke;f Bu;D yifhvrf;? tv,fvrf;? ajymprf;ygOD;uG,f/
tusio hf u
d m© ? a&G;cs,u
f m? jrwf&mud, k af wmf yifv
h m;
uG,/f
(a,mufsm;) onfvdk[mrSm? ravhvm? rsufESmemrS yifhcJhw,f/
EIwqf ufac:iif? rsuEf mS &Ti?f yk*Kd¾ vaf umif;vdUk xifchJ
w,f/ onfvdkq&m uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGmyifhcJhw,f?
wdkUtrsKd;yg? wdkUq&m? wdkU&Gmudk,fawmf yifhOD;r,f/
(tyifhcHbkef;BuD; tajym) ajymif;ESiphf yH g;? rif;wdUk rsm;? b,favmuf
&vm;uG,f/ ausmif;udkrsm;oGm;? &,f
[m;[m;? vufzufuGrf;pm;w,f/
iSufaysm tkef;oD;? 'umBuD;? jrnf;prf;
ygOD;uG,/f
(a,mufsm;) onfvdk ac:qdk? rsufESmcsKd? xdkyk*¾dKvfrS yifhcJhw,f/
uRefawmfwdkU&Gm? vSLMuwm? onfvdkcsnf;om yifhMu
w,f/
(,rrif;) tarmifvSLwm? Avcsm? awmfprf;ygOD;uG,f/
jrefrmbk&if tqufqufrpS í ,cktpd;k &rsm; vufxuf
wdkifatmif jrefrmAk'¨omom trsm;pk\ tvSLonf txufyg
oHayguf twdkif;om jzpfaeonfudk owdxm;olrsm; awGUjrifEdkif
ygonf/ xdkUaMumifhyif jrefrmtrsm;pkonf vSLoavmuf rGJaeMu
jcif;jzpf\/
 2006 ckESpf? Mopaw;vsEdkifiH? qpf'eDNrdKUodkU w&m;a[m
<upOfu Ak'¨bmom0if vli,frsm;u pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m ar;cGef;
wpfckudk ar;Mu\/
xdkar;cGef;um; -
]]jrefrmrsm;onf tjrwfq;kH jzpfaom Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm; jzpf
ygvsuf? 'gevnf; tNrJwrf;jyKaeygvsuf urÇmwGif tqif;&JqHk;
jzpfaeonfrSm tb,faMumifhygenf;}} [l\/
tajz (11)csuf teuf yxr t"dutusqHk; tcsuf
wpfcsufrSm ]]yumoe 'geawG rsm;aomaMumifh}} [lí jzpfonf/
em*pfrek w
f ikd ;f 'Pfc&H aom {&m0wDwikd ;f rS 'kuo
© nfrsm;udk jrefrm
rsm; rvSLr[kw?f vSLygonf/ odUk aomf bmoma&;wGif vSLaomEIe;f
xm;ESifh wdkif;wmMunfhvQif q,fyHk wpfyHkavmufom vSLonfu
rsm;\/
xdek m*pf'u k o © nfrsm;twGuf &Sw d mtukef vSLaomolrmS
tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k e,l;a,mufNrKd UrS trsK;d om;Bu;D wpfO;D jzpf
aejcif;yif/ azmfjyrnfhtaMumif;t&mudk e,l;a,mufrS trsKd;
orD;BuD;wpfOD; vma&muf avQmufxm;aomaMumifh od&jcif;jzpf
onf/ xdktar&duef trsKd;om;BuD;onf em*pf 'ku©onfrsm;
taMumif;udk aocsmod&onfESifh bPfwGiftyfESHxm;onfh ol
csrf;omorQaom aiGrsm;udk oGm;a&mufxkwf,lonf/
 &SdwmtukefvSLaom tar&duefwpfOD;
olcsrf;omorQ pkaiGtm;vHk;rSm a':vm wpfodef;ESpf
aomif;ESiihf g;&mcefU jzpfonf/ olonf a':vmig;&mom vufusef
xm;&SdNyD; usefa':vm wpfodef; ESpfaomif;udk em*pf'ku©onfrsm;
twGuf y&[dwtzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSwpfqifh tm;vHk;vSL'gef;oGm;cJh
onf/
a':vm wpfoed ;f ausmaf vmufom&So d nfukd axmufaom
tm;jzifh xdkolonf olwdkUEdkifiH taetxm;ESifh wGufqMunfhvQif
qif;&Jom;wpfO;D om jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ xdo k Ukd aom qif;&Jom;wpfO;D rS
rdrd csr;f omorQukd wu,fvt kd yfaomae&modUk tdwo f eG zf marSmuf
vSL&Jjcif;rSm tHhMop&m? MunfndKp&maumif;vSonf/
tar&duefEikd if H csr;f omjcif;\ taMumif;w&m;rsm;pGmwdUk
wGif olwUkd vSLaom tvSLrsm;\ yg&rDxu kd o f nfh 'gersm;onfvnf;
taMumif;wpfck taejzihf yg0ifvrd rhf nf[k cefUrSe;f &\/ vGecf ahJ om
ESpEf pS cf efUu *sme,fwpfapmifwiG f xif&mS ;aom olaX;rBu;D wpfO;D
\ bmoma&;tvSLESihf vlraI &;tvSLESprf sK;d udk wpfNyKd ief ufazmfjycJh
zl;onf/
bk&m;wnf&eftwGuf ode;f ig;q,f? rdbrJyh &[dwausmif;
twGuf ig;aomif;usyf [l\/ tu,fí xdkolaX;rBuD;\ ae&m
wGif tar&duefEdkifiHESifh *syefEdkifiHol olaX;rBuD;wpfOD; jzpfrnf
qdkygvQif bk&m;wnf&eftwGuf ig;aomif;usyf? y&[dwausmif;
twGuf odef;ig;q,f vSLrnfrSm aocsmaeayonf/
 tb,fhaMumifhenf; -
olwdkUonf vSLaomtcg o'¨gomru? awG;ac:ajrmfjrif
aom ynmyg,SONf y;D vSLavh&jdS cif;aMumifyh ifwnf;/ tar&duefEiS hf
*syefrsm;u bk&m;wnf&ef usyfaiG ig;aomif;? y&[dwausmif;
twGuf usyo f ed ;f ig;q,f vSL&jcif;\ taMumif;udk qef;ppfa0zef
jyygOD;tHh/
bk&m;wnfjcif;onf ]]ajrjyifrmS wnfjcif; ESihf ESv;kH om;rSm
wnfjcif;}} [lí ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ ajrjyifwGif wnfxm;aom bk&m;
rsm;onf ESpfumv Mumjrifhí aqG;ajrUoGm;jcif;aMumifh vnf;
aumif;? avçrdk; paom obm0ab;'PfaMumifh vnf;aumif;?
qefUusifbuf bmomjcm;wdkU\ zsufqD;rIaMumifh vnf;aumif;
ysufpD;&onfom jzpf\/
rdbrJh y&[dwausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifí uav;rsm;udk
jyKpkysKd;axmifay;jcif;tvkyfum; uav;rsm;\ ESvHk;om;ü bk&m;
wnfay;jcif;yif jzpf\/ ESvHk;om;wGifwnfaom bk&m;rsm;um;
b,faomtcgrS rysufpD;awmhay/
xdu
k av;rSwpfqifh om;çorD;tpOftquf vufqifu h rf;
o,faqmifawmhrnf jzpfaomaMumifw h nf;/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;? tmz*ef
epöwef? ygupöwef paomEdkifiHrsm;wGif Ak'¨bmom0if wpfOD;rQ
r&Sdawmhjcif;onf ajrjyifwGif bk&m;wnf&efudkom owd&MuNyD;
uav;i,fwdkU\ ESvHk;om;ü bk&m;wnfay;&ef arhavsmhcJhaom
aMumifhyifwnf;/
 rdbrJhuav;trsm;pk bmomjcm;jzpf&jcif;taMumif;
pma&;olonf Ak'¨bmom y&[dwausmif; tawmfrsm;
rsm;odkU a&mufzl;yg\/ ausmif;wdkif;eD;yg;wGif EGrf;yg;csKdUwJhMu\/
awmifay:a'orS bmomjcm; uav;i,frsm;udkyif vma&muf
tyfEMHS u\/ odUk aomf q&mawmfrsm;um; vmorQ vufrcHEikd Mf u/
q,fa,muf tyfvQif ESpaf ,mufavmufuo kd m vufcEH ikd Mf uonf/
pm;p&m? 0wfp&m jynfhpHkatmif ray;EdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/
xdktcg usef&Spfa,mufonf jynfhpHkaom bmomjcm;y&
[dwausmif;rsm;odUk a&mufomG ;awmhonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh csppf &m
jrefrmh&ifaoG;i,frsm;onf axmifESifhcsDum bmomjcm;tjzpfodkU
a&mufomG ;Mujcif; jzpf\/ þtcsurf sm;udak xmufí tawG;tac:
&Sdolrsm;qdkvQif bk&m;wnfzdkU&ef aiGusyfig;aomif;vSLNyD;? rdbrJh
y&[dwausmif;twGuf usyfaiGodef;ig;q,fudk vSL'gef;rnf jzpf
aMumif; a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpf\/
jycJhaom tcsufrsm;udk a&;jzpfcJhjcif;rSm pma&;ol NyD;cJh
onfb h 0 &[ef;jzpfcphJ Ofu ukov
kd Ef iS hf tukovkd w
f iG f tukov kd u
f
rsm;cJhjcif;aMumifh tyg,fus&jcif;udk qufpyfí a&;cJhjcif; jzpf\/
tawG;tac: &Sdolonf olwpfyg; trSm;udk MunfhNyD; udk,frrSm;
atmif oifcef;pm ,lwwf&rnf jzpf\/
vlUb0udk &ocdkufwGif ]umr*kPf cHpm;zdkUonf t"du?
ukodkvf vkyfzdkUonf omrn} [k cH,lol rsm;aeaomaMumifh vlU
avmuBu;D wpfcv k ;kH rNird ;f csr;f bJ ylavmifNy;D yGuaf vm½du k af ejcif;
jzpf\/ ]vlUb0udk &ocdkufwGif ukodkvfvkyfzdkUonf t"du? umr
*kPcf pH m;zdUk onf omrn} [k cH,u l sio
hf ;kH ol rsm;jym;vmrnfqv kd Qif
vlUavmuBuD;onf tNrJwrf; Nidrf;csrf;om,maernf jzpfonf/
]umr*kPfcHpm;zdkU t"du? ukodkvfvkyfzdkU omrn}[k cH,lxm;Mu
aomtcg oDvapmifzh Ukd t"du rxm;MuawmhbJ 'gejyKjzpfzUkd wpfck
udok m tm½Hpk u kd Mf uawmhonf/ xdUk aMumifh owfjzwfum? cd;k qd;k wdu k f
cdu
k uf m? vdrn f m vmbfpm;umjzifh aiG&mS Ny;D 'gejyKaeMujcif;jzpf\/
trSeu f m; ukov kd o f nf aumif;usK;d udk jzpfapovd?k tuk
odkvfonf raumif;usKd;udk jzpfaprnfom jzpf\/ ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk
jyKvyk cf v
hJ Qif aumif;usK;d ? qd;k usK;d ESprf sK;d vH;k udk wpfb0wnf;rSmyif
aeUpH ncH? ckepf&ufcH ckepf&ufpH yHpk rH sK;d jzifh ay;qyfMu&rnf jzpf\/
aeUpH ncH Nyw d må rwpfa,muftaMumif;udk ayw0wåKygVd
awmf u@rkE´daywD0w¬KwGif awGU&onf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH? [dr0EÅm
awmBuD;twGif;ü tvGefBuD;rm;aom u@rkE´Dtrnf&Sd tdkifBuD;
wpftdkif&Sdonf/ xdktdkifBuD;\ teD;wGif vlwdkUrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkif
aom AdrmefBuD;wpfck&Sd\/
xdAk rd mef&iS f trsK;d orD;onf aeUtcgwGif xdAk rd meftwGi;f ü
ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&onf/ ntcga&mufvQif a&tdkifBuD;xJrS
wufvmaom EGm;ayguf yrmP&Sad om acG;eufBu;D wpfaumif\
udkufjzwfpm;aomufjcif;udk cH&\/ ol\tom;rsm;udk acG;euf
BuD;u ukefatmif pm;ypfvdkuf&m t½dk;csnf;om usefawmh\/
 acG;Bu;D onf xdt k ½d;k rsm;udk a&tdik w
f iG ;f odUk ,ufcsNy;D a&
atmufxJodkU jyefvnf ikyfvQKd;oGm;awmhonf/ tHhMop&maumif;
onfum; t½dk;rsm; tdkifxJua&ESifh xdvdkufaomtcg Adrmef&Sif
trsKd;orD;rSm vlaumif;yuwd jyefjzpfoGm;jcif;yifwnf;/ xdkodkU
jyefjzpf&onfrmS olonf a&S;,cif vlUb0jzpfpOfu ukov kd ?f tuk
odkvf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk a&míjyKcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

aeUewfpnf;pdrfpH nacG;pm;cH&jcif;taMumif;
olonf xdkb0u 'gevnf;jyK\/ oDvvnf; aqmuf
wnf\/ odkUaomf tBuHtpnfESifh csOf;uyfvmaom aoaomuf
MuL; apmif;ynm&Sif a,mufsm;wpfa,muf\ zsm;a,mif;rIaMumifh
umarokrpd mä pm& tukov kd u
f u
H kd usL;vGecf o
hJ nf/ xdt
k aMumif;udk
ol\a,mufsm; odomG ;í ppfar;aomtcg vdrn f maom rkom0g'
uHudk qufvuf usL;vGefjyefonf/
xdo
k Ukd vdrn
f m&if; ol\vdrn f mrIukd ,HMk unfap&ef used pf m
qdvk u kd af o;onf/ ]umarok usK;d vGeyf gvsuf rusL;vGeyf gbl;} [k
vdrfnmcJhvQif ]EGm;aygufyrmP&Sdaom acG;eufBuD;onf npOf
udkufowfNyD; tpm;cH&ygap} [k usdefqdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ukodkvf
jyKcahJ omaMumifh aeUtcgwGif ewfpnf;pdru f kd cHpm;&Ny;D tukov kd f
udkvnf; jyKcJhaomaMumifh ntcg acG;tpm;cH&jcif; jzpfonf/
 ]"r®y't|uxm? avmouwdó0w¬K} wGiu f m; yifv,f
xJwiG f ckepf&ufp?H ckepf&ufc&H aom a0rmeduNyw d må rrsm;udk awGU&
onf/ xdkNydwåmrrsm;onf a&S;,cif vlUb0 jzpfpOfu ukodkvf?
tukov kd f ESprf sK;d vH;k udk a&maESmjyKcMhJ u\/ xdUk aMumifh ,ckb0wGif
ckepf&uf ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&NyD;? usefckepf&ufu i&JcH&jcif;
jzpfonf/
pma&;olonf w&m;emy&dowftm; nw&m;yGJrsm;wGif
rdrw d Ukd ar;vd&k m ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;cGijhf yKNy;D jyefvnfajzMum;ay;avh
&So
d nf/ wpfcgwGif tifrwefpw d 0f ifpm;zG,&f maumif;aom ar;cGe;f
wpfck wufvmonf/
(ar;) oBueF pf mrsm;\tqdt k & acgif;jywfaMu; tavmif;tpm;
vkyfMu&mwGif jA[®mrif;u ½IH;ojzifh odMum;rif;u jA[®mrif;\
acgif;udk jzwfvdkufonf/ xdkacgif;jywfBuD;tm; ajrjyifudk csvQif
rD;avmifNy;D opfyiftm;vH;k aornf/ yifv,foUkd csvQif yifv,fa&
tm;vH;k cef;ajcmufrnf/ aumif;uifoUkd ypfvQif &moDOwk ysupf ;D Ny;D
rdk;acgifrnf/
xdUk aMumifh rnfonfah e&mudrk S rypfawmhbJ ewforD;rsm;
udk tvSnEhf iS hf udik x f m;aponf/ wpfEpS jf ynfv h Qif ewforD;wpfyg;
vufrS tjcm; ewforD;wpfyg; vufodkU ajymif;a&TU&onf/ xdkodkU
ajymif;a&TUjcif;udk ]oBuFef} [k ac:aMumif; a&;om;xm;ygonf/
xdkpum;onf Ak'¨0g't& rSefuefrI &SdEdkif^r&SdEdkif odvdkygonf
bk&m;/
 wpfzef odMum;rif;onf oBuFefwGif vlUjynfodkU pD;awmf
,mOfwpfcck u k pkd ;D Ny;D ESppf Ofvmonf[al om pum;onf ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfESifh udkufnDrI &Sd^r&Sd odvdkygonfbk&m;/
(xm;0,fNrdKUrS y&dowfwpfOD;)
(ajz) o*F[usrf;ü ]½lyavmau ye Cmem'dwåd,H ew¬d}
½lyjA[®mb h ükH ESmacgif;tMunf½yk ?f vQmtMunf½yk ?f ud, k t
f Munf½yk f
r&S[d k zGiq hf x
kd m;aomaMumifh ½lyjA[®mrsm;wGif acgif;a&m? ud, k af &m
r&Syd g/ acgif;a&mud, k yf g r&Sod jzifh jA[®mrif;\ OD;acgif;udjk zwfonf
[laom pum;onf rjzpfEikd af wmhay/ rsupf t d Munf½yk f &Sod nfrmS
bk&m;zl;jrif&eftwGujf zpfNy;D em;tMunf½yk &f o dS nfrmS w&m;em&ef
twGuo f m jzpfonf/ tqif;? toH? t&omudk cHpm;&ef r[kw/f
bk&m;xHvmaomtcg ud, k rf &Sv
d Qif vufvnf;r&S?d vuf
r&Sb d EJ iS hf bk&m;udk rnfoUkd &Scd ;kd rnfenf;[k ar;vmygu cE¨mud, k f
yHo
k P²mef r[mbkw½f yk Mf urf;Bu;D rsm;jzpfatmif zefqif;Ny;D &Scd ;kd Mu
jcif;jzpfonf/
vlUjynf\ tESpw f pf&monf odMum;rif;aeaom wm0wð
omewfjynf\ wpf&ufom &Sdonf/ vlUjynf tESpfwpf&mwGif
oBuFef tcgwpf&m usav&m odMum;rif;onf ewfjynf twdkif;
twmt& wpf&uftwGif; vlUjynfodkU tcgwpf&m qif;&rvdk
jzpfaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf t,ltqt&
oBuFefuswdkif; odMum;rif; vlUjynfqif;onf qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkif
awmhacs/
 jA[®mrif;\ OD;acgif;udkjzwfjcif;? oBuFefusvQif odMum;
rif;onf ,mOfwpfckckudk pD;eif;NyD; vlUjynfodkU qif;jcif;paom
t,ltqrsm;onf [dE´Lbmomusrf;*efwdkUrS vmjcif;jzpfonf/
txufyg tar;tajzav;udk axmufxm;NyD; vlUb0
tESpw f pf&m[lonf wm0wðomewfwUkd \ oufwrf;ESiw hf uG vf Qif
wpf&ufom &SdaomaMumifh bmrQ rajymyavmufay/ xdkrajymy
avmufaom tcsdefwdkav;udk ukodkvfrsKd;pHk &a&;twGuf toHk;cs
oif\ h / umr*kPcf pH m;Ny;D tukov kd rf sm; &zdUk twGuf toH;k rcsoifh
ay/
tukodkvfESifh ywfoufvmvQif awG;vnf; rawG;oifh?
ajymvnf; rajymoifh? jyKvnf; rjyKoifhay/ 'geukodkvf? oDvuk
odvk ?f bm0emukov kd ?f 0dyóemukov kd ?f r*fuo
k v
kd ?f zdv
k u f ok vkd f
[laom ukodkvfajcmufrsKd;vHk;udk &atmif ,loifhayonf/ tuk
odv
k jf zpfwikd ;f jzpfwikd ;f ukov kd jf zpf&rnfh tcsed rf sm;udk zJah y;ae&jcif;
jzpfaMumif; rarhoifhay/

tol&um,fjynfodkU wcP
wu,fhjzpf&yfwpfckjzpfaom þtaMumif;t&mav;udk
zwf&onfrSm ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmfcJhavNyD/ odkUaomf pdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;vSojzifh ,cktcsdefxdatmif rarhcJhay/ a&;ol\
emrnfuu kd m; rrSwrf ad wmh/ aqmif;yg;emrnfEiS hf taMumif;t&m
udkom rSwfrdawmhonf/ a&;olonf ae&ma'oudk vTJajymif;í
a&;xm;aomfvnf; weoFm&Dwikd ;f ? uRe;f pkNrKd Ue,f? ,cif Nrw d Nf rKd Ue,f
twGi;f yg0ifonfh wHig&Gmwpf&mG rSjzpfaMumif; pma&;olu twwf
odaeonf/
Ny;D cJo
h nfh 2007 ckEpS u f pma&;olonf Nrw d Nf rKd UrS pufavS
Bu;D jzifh &Spef m&DausmMf um armif;ESi&f onfh yifv,fwiG ;f rS wHig&Gm
rsm;odUk wpfveD;yg;cefU w&m;a[m<ucJjh cif;aMumifh ,ckvkd ajymjy
Edkifjcif;jzpfonf/
tHMh op&maumif;aom jzpf&yfreS f Zmwfvrf;tprSm azmfjy
cJah om Nrw d u f Re;f pkNrKd Ue,ftwGi;f wGif yg0ifonfh wHig&Gmav;wpf&mG
wGif ZeD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D &SMd uonf/ olwUkd vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufonf
pdwfaumif;? apwemaumif; &SdMuojzifh wpf&GmvHk;u cspfcifMu
onf/ csppf Ed;k tm;jzifh udzk ;kd axmif? r0gEk[k ac:Mu&mrS xdek mrnf
yif twnfjzpfoGm;awmhonf/
NrdwfNrdKUe,fESifh uRef;pkNrdKUe,f yifv,fwGif ay:aeaom
uRef;av;rsm;onf &mESifhcsDí &Sdayonf/ a&csKd&aom uRef;av;
rsm;ay:wGif wHig&Gmav;rsm; wnfxm;avh&NdS y;D ? a&csKrd &aomuRe;f
av;rsm;ay:wGiu f m; &Gmrwnfay/ uHZmwfq&mBu;D \ apcdik ;f csuf
t& wHig&GmwGif vlvmjzpf&aomtcg olou l ,
kd u
f ,kd f wHigtvkyf
udk vkyf&awmhonf/
yifv,fwiG ;f jzpfaomaMumifh wjcm;tvkyf vkypf &mvnf;
odyfr&Sday/ O,smOfNcHajr pdkufysKd;ol tenf;i,fawmh&Sdonf/ &Gm
vlOD;a&\ q,fyHk&SpfyHkum; a&vkyfom;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ odkU
aomf a&vkyfief;udk vkyfaeaomfvnf; olwdkUonf Ak'¨bmom0if
rsm;yifjzpfaomaMumifh olwdkU&GmwGif bk&m;? ausmif;uef tukef&Sd
onf/
uRe;f pkNrKd Ue,f&dS oaAmif;awmif&mG ausmif;qdv k Qif &efuek f
NrdKUay:rS bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;tcsKdUxufyif omvGefaumif;rGef
aom jrefrmrIvuf&mrsm;jzifh aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;xm;onf/ ode;f
ESpfaxmifcefU ukefusonf[k od&onf/ tvSL&Sifum; xdk&GmrS
OD;oef;aiGtrnf&Sd 'umwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf NrdwfNrdKUay:wGif
vnf; ig;xyfwu kd Bf u;D wpfv;kH udk aqmufvyk f aexdik Ef ikd o
f nftxd
a&vkyfief;jzifh BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf atmifjrifaeol jzpfonf/
Nrwd Nf rKd Ue,f? oZif&mG ausmif; q&mawmf OD;tm'dp?ö Nrw d Nf rKd U?
0ufwu kd af usmif;rS OD;awZdE?´ pma&;olwUkd \ tqH;k tr w&m;rsm;
aMumifh ,cktcg a&vkyif ef;udk pGeUf vTwí f a&mfbmyif pdu k yf sK;d a&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/
ol pwifBuD;yGm;oGm;cJhonfrSm olwdkUe,fwGif pm;rnfhol
r&Sad om uPef;ao;ao;av;rsm;udk xdik ;f vlrsK;d rsm; wtm;BuKd uf
Muojzifh vdt k yfoavmuf zrf;qD;a&mif;cs&mrS pwifBu;D yGm;vmcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ol aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;aom ausmif;\
rkcfOD;wGif uPef;ESpfaumifyHkudk xkvkyfNyD; a&Taq;jzifh okwfxm;
onf/
 Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfaomaMumifh xdkuPef;rsm;udk
aus;Zl;qyfaomtm;jzifh ausmif;tvSL'geudk uPef;rsm;tm; &nf
pl;í trQay;a0onfhtjyif uPef;½kyfudkyg xkvkyfxm;jcif;jzpf
aMumif; &Si;f jycJo h nf/ pma&;ol yifv,f&mG wpfciG w f iG f vSnv
hf nf
w&m;a[mpOfu aAmif;awmifO;D oef;aX;onf tptqH;k pufavS
udk wm0ef,lNyD; vSLcJhonf/
oem;p&maumif;onfrSm wHig&GmrSeforQ vltm;vHk;rSm
olwUkd ud,
k of wl Ukd b0qH;k aeonfh tyg,fpmvlrsm;tjzpf owfrw S f
xm;wwfMuonf/ olwdkUwGif oDvukodkvf r&Edkif[k owfrSwf
xm;Muojzifh 'geukov kd u
f o
kd m tm;oGecf eG pf u
kd f jyKwwfMuonf/
pma&;ola[maom w&m;rsm;udk emMum;&aomtcgwGirf S olwUkd rSm
tm;wufoa&mjzihf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfMuonf/

olwpfyg;owfwdkif; tyg,frus
pma&;olu ]]Oy&dyPÖmoyg|dawmf? r[mur®0b d *Fow k }f }
udk tajccHxm;í atmufyga'oem tusO;f csKyu f kd olwUkd em;vnf
vdkufemcsifEdkifatmif a[majymjyavh &Sdonf/ xdka'oemrSm
olwpfyg;touf owforl sm; tyg,fusonf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh
,lqvQif igbk&m; vufco H nf/ odUk aomf olwpfyg;touf owfol
wdkif; tyg,fusonf [laom pum;udk igbk&m; vufrcHEdkif/
taMumif;um; -
 olwpfyg;toufukd owfoo l nf ESpqf ,fah v;em&Dumv
ywfv;kH r&yfrem; owfjzwfaeonf r[kw?f owfcsed rf mS owfovd?k
ukov kd v f yk cf sed rf mS vnf; vkyaf eonfom jzpf\/ aocgeD;wGif owf
aom tukodkvfu t&iftusKd;ay;csdef r&bJ? jyKxm;zl;aom uk
odvk u f t&iftusK;d ay;vQif olwpfyg;toufowfí toufarG;
jrLolyif jzpfaomfvnf; aumif;&m ok*wdodkU a&mufEdkifaMumif;
&Sif;vif; a[mMum;xm;onf/
xdka'oem ESifhtwl ]t*kFw¬dK&ft|uxm} 'kwd,wGJwGif
azmfjyxm;aom oD&dvuFmrS 'rdVwHigonfBuD;\ taMumif;udk
om"u xkwfjyvdkufonf/ xdkolonf odwwfaom t&G,frSpí
wHigtvkyfjzifh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;vkyfvmol jzpfonf/ olU
touf owfolrsm;onf jzpf&mb0wGif toufwdkwwfonf?
tema&m*grsm;wwfonf/
'rdVonfvnf; touf ig;q,fcefUrSmyif a&m*gBuD;pGm
jzpfNyD; aornfhtcsdefudk a&mufvmonf/ aocgeD;wGif i&Jusrnf
jzpfaomaMumifh i&Jerd w d rf sm; xifvmonf/ olonf toHeufBu;D
jzifh atmf[pftultnDawmif;aeaomfvnf; rnforl Qu,fwifí
r&ay/ xdktcsdefrSmyif qGrf;cHudk,fawmfwpfyg; <uvmNyD; olUtm;
o&P*HEk iS hf ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfay;&m oluvnf; vdu k qf íkd
aqmufwnfonf/ o&P*Hk qdt k Ny;D rSmyif wHigonfBu;D uG,v f eG f
oGm;cJo h nf/
 odkUaomf aocgeD;uyfNyD; aqmufwnfcJhaom o&P*Hk
ukodkvfaMumifh wHigonfBuD;onf vloufjzifhqdkvQif ESpfaygif;
ud;k oef; touf&n S af om pwkr[m&mZf ewfbo kH Ukd a&mufco
hJ nf/
þtcsuu f akd xmufí aocgeD;uyfNy;D aqmufwnfaom o&P*Hk
onfyif ewf&Gmok*wdodkU ydkUay;ao;vQif aeUpOf yGm;rsm;aqmuf
wnfaom o&P*HkqdkvQif ydkíyif ydkUay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkU a[mMum;vdkufvQif a&vkyfom; &Gmol? &Gmom;
rsm;onf 0rf;omaysmjf rL;oGm;wwfMuonf/ wpfzef oDvukov kd f
onf 'geukov kd x
f uf omaMumif; tyg'gefyg|dawmfwiG f ig;ESpof m;
ESifh &[EÅmjzpfaom rax&fwpfyg;&Sdonf/ olUtrnfudk ]yÍöoDv
orm'ged,} [k ac:onf/
olonf vGecf ahJ om ud;k q,fw
h pfurÇmxufu yGiahf wmfrl
cJo
h nfh taemr'óDjrwfpmG bk&m; vufxufawmftcgu pE´0wD
aejynfawmfwGif qif;&Jom;wpfOD; jzpfcJhzl;onf/
- Opömpnf;pdrf qif;&JvdkU tyg,frus/
- udk,fusifhoDv qif;&JrS tyg,fusonf/
- Opömpnf;pdrq
f if;&JvUkd rnfonfh ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;urS
txifrao;/
- udk,fusifhoDv qif;&JrSom ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;rsm;
txifao;onf/
 þ tawG;ac: &SdaomaMumifh xdkqif;&Jom;onf ig;yg;
oDvudk wpfb0vHk; vHkNcHKatmif apmifhxdef;cJhonf/ xdkukodkvf
aMumifh ol&&Sad omaumif;usK;d rSm (91)urÇm tyg,fwcH g;ydwo f nf/
tBurd o f ;kH q,f odMum;rif;jzpfonf/ (75)Burd f pMumrif;jzpfonf/
½dk;½dk; {u&mZfbk&ifb0 ra&rwGufEdkifatmif jzpfonf/
,ck þbk&m;omoemawmf aemufqHk;b0wGif tdE´d,
EdkifiHwGif olaX;om; oGm;jzpfonf/ wpf&ufwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtwl
&[ef;wpfyg;xH o&P*HEk iS hf ig;yg;oDvaqmufwnf&m ig;yg;oDv
tqHk;rSmyif 0dyóemÓPfrsm; tqifhqifhwufNyD; &[EÅmjzpfcJh
&onf/
'geukodkvfESifh ywfoufvQif enf;enf;vSLu enf;enf;
aumif;usKd;&onf/ rsm;rsm;vSLu rsm;rsm;aumif;usKd;&onfudk
vlrsm; odaomfvnf; oDvukov kd Ef iS hf ywfoufvQiu f m; enf;enf;
apmifhvQif enf;enf; ukodkvf&onf? rsm;rsm;apmifhvQif rsm;rsm;
ukov kd &f onf[al om tcsuu f kd aocsmem;vnfot l vGeef nf;\/
&Sif;atmif OyrmESifh EIdif;jy&vQif aiGwpfaxmif vSLvQif
wpfaxmifz;kd aumif;usK;d &onf/ aiGwpfaomif;vSLvQif wpfaomif;
zd;k aumif;usK;d &onf/ oDvwGiv f nf; ig;yg;oDvudk wpfem&Dapmifh
vQif wpfem&Dpm aumif;usKd;&onf/ q,fem&D apmifhvQif q,f
em&Dpm aumif;usKd;&onfom jzpfonf/
xdkenf;wl ig;yg;oDvwGif wpfyg;apmifhvQif wpfyg;pm
ukov kd &f Ny;D ig;yg;vH;k apmifv
h Qif ig;yg;pm ukov kd &f rnfom jzpf\/
xdtk csuEf iS yhf wfoufí a&vkyo f m;rsm; ydrk t
kd m;wuf 0rf;ajrmuf
ap&ef "r®y't|uxmüvm&So d nfh pdw0f ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfuav;
wpfckudk xkwfjycJhonf/
NrKd UwpfNrKd UwGif cd;k om;"m;jy ig;&monf omrmefxuf ydí k
aomif;usef;Muojzifh tjrpfjzKwfypf&eftwGuf ppfwyfESifhtwl
jynfoltm;vHk; yg0ifaom vlxkBuD;jzifh cdk;om;"m;jywdkU ckdatmif;
&m awmBuD;udk xGufaygufr&Sdatmif 0dkif;ydwfvdkufMuNyD; wjznf;
jznf;ESifh e,fusOf;atmif a&SUodkUwdk;um wdk;um 0dkif;Muonf/
ckd;om;ig;&monf olwdkU rnfodkUaomenf;ESifhrQ vGwf
atmif rajy;Edik af wmhonfukd odomG ;Muonf/ olwpfyg;toufukd
tvGet f uRH owfco hJ rl sm;onf rdrt d ouf aorSmudu k m; wtm;
aMumuf&GHUwwfonfrSm ykxkZOfwdkU\ obm0wpfckvdk jzpfae\/
,ckvnf; olwpfyg;udk xifovdk owfcJhMu? cdk;cJhMuaom cdk;om;
ig;&mwdkUonf udk,fhtvSnfhodkU a&mufaomtcg axmufwnf&m
r&atmif ylaqG;idka<u;aeMuonf/

axmifESifh tyg,fav;yg;onf aMumufp&mr[kwf

tm;ud;k &mudk tylwjyif;&SmazGMu&m wpfyg;wnf; awm&
aqmufwnfaeaom &[ef;awmf wpfyg;udk awGUoGm;Muonf/
&[ef;awmftm; 0dkif;0ef;OD;csMuNyD; olwdkUtm; 'ku©rS u,fwif&ef
avQmufxm;Mu\/ axmifonf aMumufp&m r[kwf? 'kp½dkufrI
onfom aMumuf p&m jzpf\/ 'kp½du k rf jI yKro
S m axmifoUkd usjcif;
jzpf\/ xdkUtwl tyg,fav;yg;onf aMumufp&mr[kwf? tyg,f
av;yg;odkUusaMumif; tukodkvfonfom aMumufp&m jzpf\/
qufí awG;awmvQif aojcif;w&m;onf aMumufp&m
r[kwf? aoNyD;aemuf tyg,fodkU usjcif;onfom aMumufp&m
jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh tyg,fwcH g; ydwNf y;D aom t&d,mrsm;onf ao
&rSmudk b,faomtcgrS raMumufMujcif;jzpf\/ tyg,fav;yg;odUk
rusatmif ukodkvfjyKxm;olonfvnf; t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm;uJhodkU
aojcif;w&m;ESifh &ifqdkif&mü aMumufp&mrvdkay/
aocgeD; tusK;d ay;aom uHonf ]*½ku?H tmoEéu?H tm
pdPÖuH? u#wåmuH} [k av;rsKd;&Sd\/ xdkwGif *½kuHt& ukodkvf
t&mwGif psmefuo k v kd rf sm;udk ,l&Ny;D ? tukov kd t
f &mwGif yÍömeEÅ
&d,uHig;yg;udk ,l&onf/ *½kuH[lonf ]BuD;av;aom? tm;BuD;
aom uH} [k qdkvdkonf/
tmoEéuH[lonf aocgeD; uyfNyD;jyKaom uHrsKd; jzpf\/
a&SUwGif azmfjycJhaom 'rdVwHigonfBuD; ewfjynfa&mufonfrSm
aocgeD;wGif &Gwq f akd qmufwnfaom tmoEéuo H &P*Hk ukov kd f
aMumifhyif jzpf\/
tmpdPu Ö [ H o l nf tNraJ vhusit hf yfaom ukov kd ?f tuk
odv
k f wpfcck uk kd qdv k o kd nf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aeUpOf ig;rQm;cJo h ol nf
aocgeD; umvwGif ,if;tm½Hkrsm; jyefvnf xifvmwwfovdk
aeUpOf bk&m;&Scd ;kd olonfvnf; bk&m;&Scd ;kd aom tm½Hrk sm; ay:vm
wwfonfrSm tmpdPÖuHyif jzpf\/
jyKumrQjzpfaomuH? apwemqdk;ç apwemaumif; xuf
oefpmG ryg0ifojzifh uHrnf umrwåukd ]u#wåmuH} [k ac:onf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh aeUpOfvrf;avQmufaom tm½Hrk sm;? usm;upm;aom
tm½Hrk sm;yif jzpf\/ xdak v;rsK;d wdUk wGif tm;taumif;qH;k *½kuu H
t&ifqHk; tusKd;0ifay;\/
*½kurH &Sv
d Qif aocgeD;jyKaom tmoEéuu H 'kw, d tusK;d
ay;onf/ tmoEéuH r&SdvQif tNrJrjywfjyKaom tmpdPÖuHu
wwd, tusKd;ay;onf/ xdktmpdPÖuHr&SdvQif jyKumrQjzpfaom
u#wåmuHu tusK;d ay;onf/ tm;aumif;aom tNrrJ jywfjyKonfh
tmpdPÖuHxuf tm;ao;aom? aocgeD;jyKonfh tmoEéuHu
tb,fhaMumifh t&iftusKd;ay;&oenf;/
tajzudk xif&mS ;atmif Oyrmjyí &Si;f tH/h naea&mufí
EGm;rsm;udk NcHxJodkUoGif;aomtcg xGm;usKdif;oefrmaom EGm;rsm;
onf t&if0ifa&mufMu\/ tm;enf;aom EGm;tdkrsm;onfum;
aemufqHk;rS 0if&ojzifh EGm;NcHwHcg;aygufwGifom ae&m&Mu\/
reuf EGm;NcH zGifhaomtcgwGifum; tm;enf;onfh EGm;tdk
Bu;D rsm;u t&ifxu G cf iG &hf Mu\/ taMumif;um; NcaH yguf0ESihf eD;ae
aomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkUtwl tmpdPÖuHu tmoEéuHxuf tm;
aumif;aeonf rSeaf omfvnf; aocgeD;jzpfaomaMumifh teD;uyf
jyKaomuHu t&iftusK;d ay;&jcif;jzpfaMumif; &Si;f vif;pGm odtyf
yg\/
 þtcsuu f kd cd;k om;ig;&mu rodaomfvnf; &[ef;awmf
u aocsmodxm;\/ xdkUaMumifh ]oifwkdUudk rnfolrQ u,fír&?
oifwUkd ud, k w f ikd f aqmufwnfxm;aom oDvuom u,fwifvrd fh
rnf? ighxw H iG f ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfMuavmh} [k ajymNy;D oDv
aqmufwnfay;avonf/ oDvaqmufwnfNyD;onfESifh ]oifwdkU
wGif t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkU ESpfoufaom ig;yg;oDvukodkvf
&Sad eNy?D xduk o k v kd uf kd tzefzeftrSw&f í aojcif;w&m;udk &ifqikd f
Muukefavmh} [k Mo0g'ay;\/
a&epfaeolonf aumuf½dk;wpfrQifrQudkaomfvnf; tm;
ud;k wBu;D qGu J ikd of uJo h Ukd tm;ud;k &mrJah eaom ck;d om;ig;&mwdUk onf
vnf; aqmufwnfxm;aom ig;yg;oDvudk toufaoonftxd
vHkNcHKatmif apmifhxdef;&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufMuav\/

ewfjynfa&muf "m;jyrsm;
olwUkd onf ig;yg;oDvudk em&Dyikd ;f avmufom apmifx h ed ;f
cGi&hf Muygonf/ 0dik ;f vmaom ppfom;rsm;ESihf jynforl sm; a&mufvm
MuNyD; olwdkUtm;vHk;udk owfjzwfvdkufMuonf/ odkUaomf em&Dydkif;
avmufom apmifhxdef;cJh&aom ig;yg;oDv ukodkvfaMumifh olwdkU
tm;vHk;onf ewfjynfodkU a&mufMu&onf/
þom"uudak xmufí a&vkyo f m;rsm;onfvnf; &orQ
tcsdefuav;wGif oDvudk vHkNcHKatmifapmihfxdef;&ef oifhaMumif;?
Oyrmtm;jzifh naeydkif;rSpNyD; ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfvdkufu?
aemufwpfaeU rdk;vif;txd oDvukodkvfrsm; &rnfjzpfaMumif;?
yifv,fxJ ig;zrf;oGm;onfrSm wpfcgoGm;vQif oHk;vcefUMumjrifh
aMumif;? jyefvmaomtcg wpfvausmcf efU tem;,laMumif;? xdo k Ukd
em;csdefwpfvwGif ig;yg;oDv vHkNcHKatmif apmihfxdef;oifhaMumif;
ajymjy&m a&vkyfom;rsm; tvGef0rf;omMuonf/
udzk ;kd axmifEiS hf r0gEkwUkd onf ,ckajymjyaeaom yifv,f
wHig&Gmav; wpf&GmrS jzpfygonf/ wpfcgwGif udkzdk;axmifonf
0g;vwfavSjzifh yifv,fwGif;odkU ig;zrf;vdkufoGm;avonf/ urf;
rjrif vrf;rjrif yifv,fxJwGif tenf;qHk; oHk;vcefUMumjrihfrnf
jzpfonf/ yifv,fxJ a&mufí wpfvausmfausmf tMumrSmyif
rkew
f ikd ;f oifNh y;D udzk ;kd axmifwUkd 0g;vwfavS yifv,fwiG ;f jrKyo
f mG ;
awmhonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / (0g;vwf = '&GwfqGJig;zrf;pufavS/)
udkzdk;axmifum; opfwHk;BuD; wpfwHk;udk zufwG,frdNyD;
yifv,fxJwGif av;&ufcefU ajrmygaecJhonf/ ig;&ufajrmufwGif
olwpfcgrS ra&mufzl;aom uRef;BuD;wpfuRef;ay:odkU a&mufoGm;
onf/ ig;&uf wdkifwdkif a&awGudkcsnf; tm;i,fzG,f&m jrifaecJh
aom udzk ;kd axmifonf ajrBu;D ay: ajceif;rdonfEiS hf wif;xm;aom
tm;udk avQmhcsvdkuf&m 0kef;ceJ vJusNyD; owdvpf arhajrmoGm;
avonf/
 udkzdk;axmifum; owd&í rsufpdzGifhMunfhvdkufaomtcg
vSycefUnm;aom wdu k Bf u;D wpfwu kd af y: a&mufaeonfukd awGU&
onf/ ol tdyfaeonfrSmvnf; wpfxGmausmfausmfcefU xlaom
py&drfarGU,mBuD;ay:wGif jzpfaeonf/ NcHKxm;aom apmifBuD;rSm
vnf; uwåDygtem;uGyfxm;aom taumif;pm; odk;arT;apmifBuD;
jzpfaeonf/
udkzdk;axmif tvGeftrif; tHhMooGm;\/ aoNyD; ewfjynf
rsm; a&mufaeovm;[k awG;vdkufrdygao;onf/ aemufrS ]igvdk
wHigonfwpfa,mufu b,fvv kd yk f ewfjynfa&mufEikd rf mS vJ? 'Dvkd
qdk&if tck a&mufaewm b,fbHkvJ? odkUr[kwf yifv,fwGif;rS
uRef;&Gmwpf&Gmay:rsm; a&mufaeovm;} ponfjzihf rqHk;jzwfEdkif
atmifyif jzpfae&onf/
xdtk csed rf mS yif vSypGm0wfpm;qif,ifxm;aom trsK;d orD;
wpfO;D olUtdycf ef;xJ0ifvm&m udzk ;kd axmifwpfa,muf olUrsuv f ;kH
udk olyif r,HMk unfEikd af tmif jzpfomG ;awmhonf/ xd0k ifvmolum;
tjcm;ol r[kwf? olUra[oD r0gEkjzpfaeaomaMumifhyifwnf;/
r0gEk tem;a&mufonfESifh udkzdk;axmifonf tdyf,mrS
qwfceJ xxdik u f m r0gEkvufukd rvGww f rf; zrf;qkyx
f m;vdu k Nf y;D -
]]r0gEk .. rif;b,fvv kd yk f 'DuRe;f ay: a&mufae&wmvJ?
igua&m aoNyD; Opömapmifhrsm; jzpfaea&mhovm;? 'Dvdk BuD;us,f
crf;em;wJh NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUu b,fvdkjzpfvdkU 'DuRef;ay: a&mufae
&wmvJ}} [k tirf;r& ar;rdawmhonf/
 r0gEk rsufESmu tHhMo[efrjy? odrfarGUpGm wpfcsufrQ
NyHK;vdkufNyD; -
]]uJ .. udkzdk;axmif? tJ'gawG aemufawmhodvdrfhr,f?
tckavmavmq,f udkzdk;axmif ig;&ufwdkifwdkif xrif;iwfvm
w,f r[kwfvm;? vm ..xrif; t&ifoGm;pm;MupdkU}} [k ajymNyD;
udkzdk;axmifvufudk qGJum ac:oGm;awmhonf/
xrif;0dkif;wGifum; urÇmay:wGif taumif;qHk;qdkaom
pm;zG,pf rkH sm; tukeyf g0ifaeonfukd awGU&awmhonf/ udzk ;kd axmif
wpfa,muf bmrS qufrar;EdkifawmhbJ xrif;udkom tirf;r&
pm;awmhonf/ xrif;pm;NyD;onfESifh bkef;BuD;qGrf;uyfonfh yHkpH
twdkif; tcsKdyGJrsm; csvmjyefonf/
udwfrkefUrsKd;pHk? opfopfrsKd;pHk? vufzuf&nf? aumfzD
tukeyf g0ifonf/ Adu k w f if;atmif pm;Ny;D onfEiS hf udzk ;dk axmifwpf
a,muf tdycf siv f monf/ tvdu k o
f ad om r0gEku udzk ;kd axmifukd
qGJNyD; tdyfcef;xJodkU jyefac:vmonf/
udkzdk;axmif cE¨mudk,fonf &om½Hkudk rSD0JNyD;onfESifh
wpfvausmw f wd d uif;uGmaeaom azm|AÁm½Hu k kd odomxif&mS ;pGm
awmifhwvmjyefonf/ pdwfaemufudk udk,fu ygoGm;aomtcg
r0gEkukd qwfceJ ayGUcsv D ukd Nf y;D vQif yg;ESpzf ufukd tirf;r& arT;MuL
ypfvdkufonf/
NyD;awmh tdyfcef;qDodkU ......../
 b,fíb,frQ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;onfrod/ udzk ;kd axmif Ed;k vm
aomtcg ae0if&w D a&myif jzpfaeavNy/D r0gEkonf udzk ;kd axmif
ab;rS vl;vJxvdkuf&if; t0wftpm;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifae
onf/ Ny;D onfEiS hf udzk ;kd axmif b,fvrkd S xifrw
S rf xm;aom pum;
wpfcGef;udk ajymvmonf/
]]udkzdk;axmif? uRefrwdkU 'D&Gm&JUxHk;pHu na&muf&if &Gm&Sd
vlukef &GmjyifrSm oGm;aeMu&w,f? reufvif;rS &GmxJudk jyefvm
&w,f/ udkzdk;axmifuawmh {nfhonfqdkawmh aeUa&m? na&m
'DwdkufxJrSm aeEdkifygw,f/ r0gEkudk wu,fcspfw,fqdk&if bmrS
rar;bJ 'Dwu kd xf rJ mS yJ ae&pfcyhJ g/ b,frS roGm;ygeJU/ reuf r0gEk
jyefvmwJhtxd apmifhyg}}
xdo
k Ukd ajymNy;D r0gEkwpfa,muf n§Kd ;i,faom rsuEf mS jzifh
xGufoGm;avawmhonf/ tHhMop&maumif;onfum; r0gEkonf
wpfbufoUkd vSnv hf u
kd of nfEiS hf tdr0f ikd ;f tjyifoUkd cJEiS yhf pfvu
kd o
f vdk
csucf si;f a&mufomG ;jcif;yif/ udzk ;kd axmif a,mufsm;tm;jzifh tajy;
vdkufonfyif tdrfa&SUwHcg;xdom a&mufonf/
r0gEkum; wHcg;tjyifa&mufí tjcm;&Gmol&mG om;rsm;ESihf
twl a&mí ygoGm;ayNy/D udzk ;kd axmifwpfa,muf tHMh oBu;D pGmjzifh
tdrfa&SUvrf;rBuD;udk vSrf;Munfhaerd&m t&yfxJ&SdorQ vltm;vHk;
n§Kd ;i,faom rsuEf mS rsm;jzifh &GmtjyifoUkd wpfwef;Bu;D oGm;aeMu
onfudk jrif&onf/ t&yfxJwGif vlom;qdkí udkzdk;axmifwpf
a,mufom usefawmhonf/ ykcufxJrS uav;utp tm;vHk;
&Gmjyif xGufMu&onfrSm tb,fhaMumifhygenf;/
aemufwpfaeU rd;k vif;awmh r0gEkEiS w hf uG t&yfot l &yf
om;tm;vHk; udk,fhtdrfudk,f jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ r0gEkuawmh
bmrSrjzpfovdk udkzdk;axmifESifh &,fp&marmp&majymvdkuf? uvl
usq D ,fvu kd Ef iS hf aysmyf g;aeonf/ olwUkd udk Munf&h onfrmS aeUcif;
ydkif;wpfcsdefvHk;udk csrf;ajrUaysmf&TifpGm ukefvGefoGm;apcsif[efwl
onf/ udkzdk;axmifuawmh raeEdkif? wpf&GmvHk; na&mufonfESifh
&GmhjyifxGuf&jcif;taMumif;udk odcsifaeonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; -
]]r0gEk? nna&mufwikd ;f rif;wdUk wpfawG &Gmjh yifxu G x f u G f
ae&wm bmaMumifhvJ? igaocsmodcsifw,f? ajymjyyg}}
]]udzk ;kd axmifuvnf; ud, k t
hf wGuf bmrStusK;d r&Sw d [ hJ m
odcsifraeygeJU}}
r0gEkudkum; b,fvdkrS ar;vdkUr&ay/ onfvdkESifh wpfae
ukefoGm;jyefonf/ ae0ifoGm;onfESifh r0gEkrsufESmav; n§dK;vs
oGm;onf/ NyD;awmh xHk;pHtwdkif; rSmjyefonf/
]]udkzdk;axmif? 'Dtdrfay:uae b,frS roGm;ygeJU? rdk;vif;
wmeJU uRefr jyefa&mufvmrSmyg}}
xdo k Ukd rSmNy;D onfEiS hf wjcm;olrsm;ESiahf &mí &GmjyifoUkd oGm;
ygawmhonf/ xdak eUnrSmawmh udzk ;kd axmif raeEdik af wmh? aemufq;kH
useaf eaom &Gmom;wpfO;D \aemuf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS rodrom vdu k f
oGm;vdkufonf/ arSmifaeNyDjzpfojzifh olUudk rnfolurQ rjrifMu/
 &Gmpnf;½dk;em; a&mufonfESifh udkzdk;axmif wpfa,muf
opfyifBu;D wpfyifay: wufvu kd o
f nf/ opfyifay:a&mufí &Gmjyif
vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg jrifvdkuf&aom jrifuGif;aMumifh udkzdk;
axmif &ifrSm odrfhodrfh wkefoGm;NyD; opfyifay:rS vdrfhrusap&ef
opfudkif;rsm;udk zspfn§pf qkyfudkifxm;vdkuf&onf/

ajrjyifay:rS i&JbHk
]]&GmtjyifbufrSm i&JbHk jzpfaeyguvm;}}
r0gEktygt0if &Gmol&Gmom;tm;vHk; qif;&J'ku©rsKd;pHkudk
cHpm;aeMu&onf/ wcsKdUa,mufsm;rsm;udk i&Jom;rsm;u yg;apmif
ESpzf ufukd oHcswd Ef iS q
hf NJG zNJ y;D oH&nfyrl sm; avmif;xnfah eMuonf/
t&uform;rsm; jzpf[efwlonf[k udkzdk;axmifu oHk;oyfvdkuf
onf/
wcsKUd aom a,mufsm;rsm;\ ajcvufwUkd wGif "m;oGm;rsm;
ay:vmMuNy;D ESpaf ,mufwpfwJG tcsi;f csi;f "m;ckwaf eMuonfrmS
aoG;w&TJ&TJjzifh tonf;wkef tlwkefjzpfp&maumif;vSonf/ tcsKdU
aom rdef;rrsm;onfum; ajrBuD;ay: yufvufvef vJaeMuNyD;
olwdkUacgif;rsm;udk i&Jom;rsm;u {&mrwif;ykwfBuD;jzifh xkcGJae
vduk of nfrmS xif;acsmif;xufjcrf;uGo J vdk olwUkd OD;acgif;rsm;vnf;
xufjcrf;uGJoGm;avonf/
 odUk aomf acgif;wpfv;kH uGo J mG ;onfEiS hf csucf si;f aemufxyf
acgif;wpfv;kH jyefxu G v f mjcif;um; tHMh op&maumif;vS\/ tcsi;f
csi;f xd;k ckwaf eMuolrsm;rSm Muuform;rsm;jzpfEikd Nf y;D acgif;xkcaH e&
olrsm;rSm ig;wdUk \acgif;udk xkco hJ rl sm;jzpfvrd rfh nf[k udzk ;kd axmifu
oHk;oyfaerdonf/
udkzdk;axmif qufrMunfh&Jawmh? aMumuf'l;awG wqwf
qwf wkefvsuf&Sd&m MumvQif opfyifay:rS jyKwfusoGm;Edkifonf/
opfyifay:rSqif;NyD; tdrfodkU okwfajcwifum ajy;cJhonf/ tdrf
a&mufawmh vHk;0 tdyfvdkUr&awmh/ apmapmu ted|m½Hkrsm;om
rsufpdxJwGif uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:vsuf&Sdonf/
reufvif;onfESifh r0gEkwpfa,muf nu bmrSrjzpfcJh
ovdk aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT ?f vSvyS y 0wfpm;Ny;D tdrx f o
J Ukd 0ifvmcJoh nf/
tusÐa&m? xbDyg tjzLa&mif 0rf;quf 0wfvmonf/ tusÐrSm
vufput&G,f csKyx f m;ojzifh ,Of,Ofav;ESihf vSaeonf/ acgif;
wGiv f nf; pHy,fyef;rsm; yefxm;vdu k of nfrmS arT;aeNy;D wpftrd v f ;kH
arT;BudKifvsuf&Sdonf/
r0gEk\ tvSwGif acwåepfarsmoGm;ojzifh ar;&rnfh
ar;cGef;rsm;udkyif w'*F arhavsmhoGm;onf/ cPMumrS r0gEku
udkzdk;axmifrsufESmudk vSrf;Munfhum wpfcsufar;vdkufonf/
]]udkzkd;axmif rsufESmraumif;ygvm;? bmjzpfvdkUvJ}}
]] .............}}
 udzk ;kd axmifxrH S bmpum;rS xGurf vm/ r0gEku qufajym
onf/
]]r0gEk &dyfrdygNyD ..? udkzdk;axmif nu uRefrwdkU&JU 'ku©
awGudk vdkufMunfhw,f r[kwfvm;}}
udkzkd;axmif rsufpdxJwGif nujrifcJh&onfh aMumufruf
zG,f&mjrifuGif;rsm; topfwpfzef ay:vmjyefonf/ udkzdk;axmif
r0gEk\ vufESpfzufudk wif;wif;usyfusyf qkyfudkifvdkufNyD; -
]]r0gEk? ighukd trSet
f wdik ;f ajymprf;yg? eifwUkd u bmbHo
k m;
awGv?J aeUrSm pnf;pdraf wG pdwBf uKd ucf pH m;&Ny;D ? nusawmh bmjzpf
vdkU i&JcHae&wmvJ}} [k atmf[pfar;vdkufonf/
r0gEku bmrQrajzEdik /f udzk ;kd axmif&ifciG x
f J rsuEf mS tyfcs
vdkufum uav;wpfOD;ozG,f ½IdufBuD;wiif idkygavawmhonf/
acgif;xdk;NyD; wodrfhodrfh idka<u;aeojzifh udkzdk;axmifrSm r0gEkudk
ayGUzuf ESpfodrfh&if; tajzpum;udk &ifwxdwfxdwfjzifh apmifhae
rdonf/ r0gEkacgif;rS a0aeatmif yefxm;onfh pHy,fu;kH rsm;onf
idkonfh t&SdefaMumifh vIyf&Sm;NyD; atmufodkU jyKwfusrvdk jzpfvm
onf/
arT;BudKifaeaom pHy,fyef;av;rsm; ajrBuD;ay: usoGm;
rnfukd pd;k &dro
f jzifh udzk ;kd axmifu vufEiS t
hf om qky, f x
l m;vdu k f
onf/ tm;&atmif idNk y;D onfEiS hf r0gEku olwUkd \b0 tjzpfreS u f kd
ajymjyavonf/
 ]]udkzdk;axmif? uRefrwdkUwawGu vlawG r[kwfygbl;?
a0rmedu NydwåmbHkom;awGyg? udkzdk;axmif avSxGufNyD; ESpfygwf
avmuft&rSm uRerf OD;aESmufaoG;aMumjywfNy;D qH;k cJw h ,f? uRerf
wdUk wawG[m vlUb0&Spd Oftcgwke;f u umr*kPcf pH m;zdUk u t"du?
ukodkvfvkyfzdkUu omrnvdkU oabmxm;cJhMuw,f}}
]]tJ'D oabmxm;[m tifrwef rSm;ygw,f? wu,fawmh
vlUb0a&mufvm&if ukov kd &f zdUk u t"du? tm½Hik g;yg; umr*kPf
w&m; cHpm;zdkUu omrnvdkU oabmxm;rS vljzpf&usKd; eyfrSmyg?
omrnxm;&r,fh umr*kPcf pH m;rIukd t"duae&mrSm xm;rdawmh
aiG&NyD; pm;&? aomuf&? 0wf&&if NyD;a&m qdkNyD; aiG&r,f qdk&if
owfjzwf? vdrfnm? cdk;0SufwJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfrdMuw,f}}
]]Ak'¨bmomawGqdkawmh tqifajywJhtcgvnf; ukodkvf
av;bmav; enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh vkyw f maygh? 'gayr,fh ukov kd f
tvkyu f kd omrnae&mrSm xm;wmqdak wmh tukov kd ef UJ pmvdu
k f
&if tifrwef enf;yg;ygw,f? 'Dawmh uRefrwdkUb0rSm ukodkvf?
tukodkvf ESpfrsKd;vHk; a&maewmaygh}}
]]jyKcJhwJh ukodkvftwGuf aeUcif;ydkif;rSm ewfpnf;pdrfudk
cHpm;&NyD;? jyKcJhwJh tukodkvftwGuf ntcgrSm i&JcHae&w,f?
udkzdk;axmif 'DrSm tNrJraeEdkifbl;qdkwm uRefrodygw,f? tdrfudk
a&mufatmif uRefrudk,fwdkif vdkufydkUrSmyg? ta&;wBuD; rSmcsif
wmu vljzpf&jcif;&JU t"du&nf&G,fcsuf[m ukodkvfvkyfzdkU jzpf
aMumif;udk b,fawmhrS rarhzdkUygyJ}}
 ]]vlUb0 oufwrf;wdkwdkav; ae&ocdkufrSm uRefrwdkUvdk
aeUpH? ncHb0rsK;d ra&mufatmif 'geukov kd ?f oDvukov kd ?f bm0
emukodkvf tukefvkyfyg? tukodkvfqdk&ifawmh pdwfxJrSmawmif
rul;ygeJU? uJ- udzk ;kd axmif tdyaf wmh? cPae uRerf udzk ;kd axmifukd
jyefydkUay;r,f}}
xdkodkU &Snfvsm;pGmaom pum;rsm;udk ajymqdkNyD; r0gEku
udkzdk;axmif\ ezl;tv,fwnfhwnfhudk pdkufMunfhvdkuf&m udkzdk;
axmif wpfa,muf rsufawmifrsm; pif;usvmNyD; wcPcsif;
tdyf,may:wGif tdyfaysmfoGm;awmhonf/
udzk ;kd axmif Ed;k vmawmh olUtdro f Ukd jyefa&mufaeNy/D BuKH chJ
&aomjzpf&yfrsm;u udzk ;kd axmif pdwx f o
J Ukd tpDt&D 0ifvmonf/
]igBuHKcJhwmawG[m tdyfrufvm;? wu,fvm;? yifv,fxJarsmyg
&if; ighpw d af wG ua,mifacsmufcsm; jzpfwmvm;? Ny;D awmh 'Dtrd af y:
ig b,fvdkenf;eJU jyefa&mufvmwmvJ/}
olUnmvufwiG f qkyv f suyf gvmaom t&mrsm;udk jzefUí
Munfv h ukd &f m r0gEkacgif;wGif yefxm;aom pHy,fyef;rsm;jzpfaMumif;
csucf si;f odvu kd o
f nf/ pHy,fyef;av;rsm;udk erf;½Iy&f if;jzifh wrvGef
b0a&mufonftxd olUudk ,k,cspfcifpGm apmifha&SmufcJhonfh
r0gEkudk vGrf;qGwfowd&um rsuf&nfwdkU ydk;ydk;aygufayguf pD;us
vmonf/ rsuf&nf tjzef;cH&aom pHy,fyef;wdkUonf vef;Edkifyg
awmhrnfavm/
 xdrk aS emufü udzk ;kd axmifonf a&vkyif ef;udk vH;k 0pGeUf vTwf
ypfvu kd Nf y;D tjypfuif;aom tvkyrf sm;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
jyKum ukodkvfudk t"duxm;&SmazGaom olawmfaumif;BuD;wpf
a,muf jzpfoGm;cJhonf/
þjzpf&yfudk zwf&NyD;aemuf apm'uwpfck wufzG,f&Sd
onf/ vlEiS hf ewf aygif;oif;í &Edik o f vm;} [laom apm'uyif/
a0rmeduNyw d må rsm;onf ewfpnf;pdrf cHpm;csed w f iG f wu,feh wfrsm;
vdyk if cHpm;&í ewf[yk if qdEk ikd yf gonf/ vlEiS hf ewf aygif;oif;Edik f
ygonf/ odkUaomf txufwef;pm; ewfrsm;um; r[kwf? atmuf
wef;pm; pwkr[m&mZftEG,0f if ewfrsm;om jzpfonf/ ayw0w¬K
wGif ½ku©pdk;ewfESifh vlrdef;rwpfOD; aygif;oif;yHkudk bk&m;&Sif a[m
Mum;xm;onf/ xdk0w¬Kudk þpmtkyf tqHk;ydkif;wGif tjynfhtpHk
azmfjyygrnf/
rE¨mwkpMumrif;Bu;D uJo h Ukd bke;f wefc;kd Bu;D rm;aom vlom;
rsm;um; txufewfjynfu ewforD;rsm;ESiyhf g aysmyf g;aygif;oif;
EdkifaMumif; usef;*efvm&Sdonf/

ewfoufwpf&uf vloufwpf&m
"r®y'wGif aemufb0udk jyefvnftrSw&f aom y#dyZl u
d m
trnf&Sd trsKd;orD;av;wpfOD; taMumif;udk pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m
a[mMum;awmfrx l m;onf/ y#dyZl u
d monf wm0wðomewfjynfrS
vmcJo h jl zpfonf/ ol\ vifa,mufsm; ewfom;trnfum; rmvm
bm&D[k ac:onf/
xdek wfom;wGif y#dyZl ud mtygt0if ZeD;r,m; ewforD;
aygif; wpfaxmif&o dS nf/ wpf&ufwiG f ewforD;wpfaxmifEiS t hf wl
eE´0efO,smOfoUkd qif;Ny;D aysmyf g;aqmhupm;Muonf/ xdt k csed rf mS yif
ewforD;av;wpfyg;onf ewfoufa<u (ao)avonf/
ewfwUkd onf jzLEkaeaom ewfMoZmudo k m pm;jcif;aMumifh
½kyw
f &m;rsm; oefU&Si;f pifMu,fonf/ tnpftaMu; pGeUf &jcif;vnf;
r&Sad y/ xdUk aMumifh ewfrsm;aoqH;k vQif ½kycf E¨mBu;D csucf si;f aysmuf
oGm;ojzifh wcsKUd qdv k Qif aooGm;rSe;f yif rodvu kd Mf uacs/ ewfrsm;
ewfouf a<uawmhrnfqdkvQif atmufyg tcsif;t&mrsm; ay:
aygufvmonf/
csKdif;Mum;rS acR;rsm; ,dkpD;vmonf/
t0wftpm;rsm; a[mif;EGrf;vmonf/
yefxm;aomyef;rsm; n§dK;EGrf;vmonf/
ewfjynfü raysmfEdkifjzpfvmonf/
ewfjynfrS pkawoGm;aom y#dyZl u d monf tdE,
d´ Edik if w
H iG f
trsK;d orD;av;wpfa,muf oGm;jzpfonf/ olonf Zmwdó&ÓPf
udk &aomaMumifh olUt&ifb0udk jyefvnftrSw&f oGm;onf/ pnf;
pdrf? tacRt&H? oufwrf;? tpm;taomuftm;vHk; ewfjynfu
vlUjynfxuf rEIid ;f omatmif omvGejf rihjf rwfaeonfukd vufawGU
odvmol jzpfaomaMumifh vlUjynfwiG f ukov kd pf Nk y;D wm0wðomodUk
jyefoGm;&efom qE´jzpfaeonf/
olonf oHo&mtwGuf &nf&, G cf su&f o dS jl zpfojzifh aiGukd
vnf;&Sm\/ ukodkvfudkvnf; &Sm\/ aiGonf vlUbHkwGif oHk;pGJ&ef
twGujf zpf\/ ukov kd o
f nf oH;k q,fw h pfbv kH ;kH wGif oH;k pG&J eftwGuf
jzpf\/ aiGonf vlUbHk wpfbw kH iG of m oH;k í&Ny;D ? ukov kd w
f &m;onf
rnfonfh bHkwGifrqdk oHk;í&onf[k odaom ynmonf wu,fh
ynmjzpf\/
xdt
k awG;tac: ynmrsK;d um; bDat? trfat? yDtw d cf s'f D
bGUJ &olrsm;yif &Scd sirf S &SMd u\/ xdb k UJG rsm;udk &xm;aomfvnf; rvSL
&ufrwef;&uf jzpfaeolrsm;udk awGU&aomaMumifh ,ckvkd ajymvdu k f
jcif;jzpf\/ usefaom bHkrsm;udk tomxm;í ukodkvfw&m;onf
i&JbHküyif toHk;usyHkudk odom½HkwifjytHh/
,rrif;\ wrefig;rsKd;&Sd\/ xdkig;rsKd;udk azmfjy&mokwfudk
]a'0'lwokwåef} [k ac:\/ xdkwref ig;rsKd;um; -
oltdk? olem? olao? uav;? tusOf;om;wdkUyif jzpf\/
i&JoUkd usa&muforl sm; vGwo f ifu h vGwaf p&ef ,rrif;Bu;D u ppf
aq;ay;onf/ ,rrif;onf i&JoUkd qGcJ sol r[kw/f i&JoUkd rusoifh
ol rusatmif apmifha&Smufu,fwifolom jzpf\/
,rrif;onf i&JodkU usa&mufvmoltm; wrefig;rsKd;udk
ar;jref;avh&Sd\/ wpfrsKd;avmufudk ukodkvfqdkufatmif ajzqdkEdkif
olrsm;onf i&JrS csucf si;f vGwNf y;D ewfjynfoUkd wufomG ;wwf\/
,rrif;\ ar;jref;pdppfyHk erlemwpfckudk azmfjytHh/
]]toifvlom;? toifonf vlUb0wkef;u olaoudk
awGUzl;yg\avm}}
]]awGUzl;ygonf}}
]]xdok Ukd awGUonft h cg igvnf; wpfaeUwGif þuJo h Ukd ao&
rSmygvm;[k oHa0*ÓPf jzpfzl;ygovm;}}
]]jzpfzl;ygw,f}}
[k ajzNy;D onfEiS hf i&Jrv S wG Nf y;D ewfjynfoUkd wef;wufomG ;
awmhonf/ xdkig;rsKd;vHk; ar;jref;NyD;onftxd rnfonfh oHa0*rQ
r&bl;qdkrS i&JodkU us&onf/ vlUb0wGif &cJhonfh rjzpfpavmuf
oHa0*ÓPf ukov kd af v;onfyif i&JbrkH S vGwo f mG ;avmufatmif
toHk;wnfhvSayonf/
rEÅav;NrKd U? rpd;k &drwf u
kd of pfwnfaxmif&ef ajrtvSLcH&&Sd
pOfu yxrqHk; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;aomausmif;rSm ]"r®'g,m'
ausmif;} jzpfonf/ ,ck y"meem,uq&mawmf OD;&mZ"r® oDwif;
oH;k onfh ausmif;yifjzpf\/ xdak usmif;udak qmufvLS olrmS rEÅav;
NrdKUrS OD;awmESifh a':vIdif rdom;pkwdkU jzpfonf/
olwdkUonf ausmif;aqmufvSLonfhtjyif pmcs? pmoif
oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom ypönf;av;yg;udk tNrJwrf;
axmufyHhvSL'gef;aeMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ olwdkUonf qefa&mif;NyD;
toufarG;Muonf/ xdpk Oftcgu olwUkd tem;wGif qefqikd f q,f
qdik &f \
dS / odUk aomf 0,f,o l rl sm;onf OD;awmESiahf ':vIid f wpfqikd f
wnf;wGifom trsm;qHk;0,f,lMuonf/
olwUkd qdik w
f iG f ukeaf omtcgwGirf S tjcm;qdik o
f Ukd 0,fMu
onf/ vSLav? a&mif;&av? a&mif;&av? vSLavjzifh olwdkUb0
onf aysmfp&maumif;aeawmhonf/ olwdkU touft&G,f&vm
aomtcg om;orD;rsm;tm; xdkufoifhaom tarGrsm;udk tjynfh
tpHk tnDtrQ cGaJ 0ay;vdu k o f nf/ vuf&adS eaom wdu
k w f pfv;kH om
olwdkU vifr,m;twGuf usefawmhonf/

aetdrfudkyif vSLEdkifol
olwdkU\ o'¨gw&m;um; tHhMozG,faumif;\/ olwdkU
aeaom wdkufESifhNcHudkyif q&mawmf OD;ol&d,udk yifhí a&pufcs
vSL'gef;xm;onf/ olwdkUudk raocif aecGifhjyKyg/ olwdkU aoqHk;
onfEiS hf þwdu k Ef iS hf Ncu
H kd a&mif;csí ausmif;wdu
k t
f wGuf vdt
k yf
aomae&mwGif toHk;csyg[k avQmufxm;onf/
ynmrJhrsm;onf ,l&onfudk aysmf\/ ynm&Sdrsm;onf
vSL&onfudk aysmf\/ rolawmfrsm;onf ,l&onfudk aysmf\/
olawmfaumif;rsm;onf vSL&onfukd aysm\ f / &,ljcif;ESihf ay;qyf
jcif;wdkUwGif ay;qyfjcif;ü aysmfarGUolonfom wu,fholawmf
aumif;jzpfaMumif;udk bk&m;tavmif;awmf jznfq h nf;cJ&h aom 'ge
yg&rDtcef;udk Munfhí odEdkifayonf/
 y#dylZdumonf ynm&Sdol jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh ol&SmazG&
orQudk vSLvnf; vSL\/ pm;0wfaea&;twGufvnf; xdkufovdk
toHk;jyK\/ xdkodkUvSL&mü xl;jrwfaom tvSLcHudkvnf; vSL\/
tnw& tvSLcHudkvnf; vSL\/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvSL&Sifrsm;
onf xl;jrwfaomtvSLcHuo kd m vSLcsi\
f / tnw&tvSLcHrsm;udk
rvSLcsifMu/
rdrd b0oHo&m usiv f nfaomtcgwGif xl;jrwfaomb0
xuf tnw&b0jzifh usiv f nf&onfu ydrk sm;rnf jzpf\/ tn
w&b0wGif aumif;usK;d csr;f om cHpm;&onfrmS tnw& tvSLcH
rsm;udk vSLcJhaomaMumifhyifjzpf\/
y#dyZl u
d monf tvSL'gejyKwikd ;f þukov kd af Mumifh rmvm
bm&Dewfom;\ ZeD;r,m;ewforD; jzpf&ygvdk\ [líom tNrJ
wrf; qkawmif;avh&Sd\/ ]y#dylZdum} [lonf vifa[mif;twGuf
&nfñTef; vSL'gef; ylaZmfwwfaom rdef;uav;[k t"dyÜm,f&\/
olonf vlUb0\ "r®wmtwdkif; t&G,fa&mufaomtcg tdrf
axmifus\/ xdkUaemuf om;orD;rsm; xGef;um;\/ ol\touf
ckepfq,fcefUrSmyif vlBuD;a&m*gjzifh qHk;yg;cJh\/
aoqH;k aomtcg ol\ qkawmif;twdik ;f rmvmbm&Dewf
om;\ ZeD;r,m;ewforD; jyefjzpf\/ ukov kd af umif;rIaMumifh ewf
jynfa&mufonfum; bmrQrxl;qef;? xl;qef;onfu y#dylZdum
ewfouf ra<urDuwnf;u usif;yaeaom aysmfyGJ&TifyGJBuD;onf
,cktcsdeftxd rNyD;qHk;ao;jcif;yifwnf;/
 vlUb0 tESpfckepfq,fcefUonf ewfjynfü wpf&ufyif
rjynfhao;ygwum;/ ewfoufwrf;jzifh wGufrnfqdkvQif wpf&uf
jynfah tmifr&Sad om vlUb0udk tMumBu;D xifNy;D tukov kd f jzpfciG hf
ay;jcif;onf rdrdudk,frdrd cspf&mra&mufbJ ESpf&ma&mufaeyg\/
y#dyZl u d mudk ½kww f &uf awGUvdu k &f aom rmvmbm&Dewfom;onf
,ckvdk ar;vdkuf\/
]]y#dylZdum oif cPavmuf aysmufoGm;w,f? b,fudk
oGm;vdu k w f mwke;f }}
]]toifewfom; - wcP r[kw?f igonf ewfoufa<uNy;D
vlUbHük rde;f uav;wpfa,muf oGm;jzpfonf/ oifu h kd jyeftrSw&f
aomaMumifh ukodkvfrsKd;pHkvkyfNyD; oifESifh jyefawGU&ef tNrJwrf;
qkawmif;cJo h nf/ vlUobm0twdik ;f tdraf xmifus? om;orD;awG
xGef;um;NyD; oufwrf;ukefvdkU tckvdk ewfjynfudk jyefa&mufvm
wmyg}}
xdktcg ewfom;onf tHhMoxdefUvefUaom rsufESmjzifh -
]]y#dyZl u
d m? vlwUkd \ wpfb0wm oufwrf;um; igwdUk ewf
rsm;\ O,smOfwpfcgaysmcf sed af wmif r&Syd gvm;/ 'Davmuf oufwrf;
wdw k akd v;ae&wJh vlom;awG[m vlUb0wefz;kd udk em;vnfNy;D oifh
vdkyJ ukodkvfaumif;rIawGudk rsm;rsm;BuD; qnf;yl;Mu&JUvm;}}
]]toifewfom;? vlUb0wefzdk;udkem;vnfNyD; ukodkvfudk
&,loo l nf enf;yg;vSygonf/ vlUb0oufwrf;udk t&SnBf u;D xif
Ny;D umr*kPcf pH m;zdUk avmbaemuf wpfaumufaumuf vdu k &f if;
aoqHk;NyD; tyg,fav;yg;usolu rsm;ygonf}}
ewfom;onf umr*kPf tarSmifBu;D usaeaom vlom;
wdkU\tjzpfudk awG;NyD; BuD;pGmoHa0*&avonf/ vlUb0cE¨mudk
umr*kPf cHpm;zdkUtwGuf toHk;csNyD; tyg,fav;yg; usoGm;ol?
'ku©a&mufoGm;olrsm;onf bk&m;vufxufuvnf; &SdcJh\/ ,ck
acwfrSmvnf; &Sd\/ pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ojzifh ESpfrsKd;vHk;azmfjy
aythH/

aMumuf&ifvGJ &JvQifrif;jzpf
þacgif;pOf emrnfav;udk ay;cJholrSm wpfcsdefu "r®
uxduavmuwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;ol om,m0wDq&mawmf
OD;aÚ,syif jzpfonf/ bk&m;a[m*gxm wpf*gxmudk vlwdkif;
em;vnf cHpm;í&atmif *gxmteufay;xm;yHrk mS tvGeaf umif;
vSojzifh "r®uxdu q&mawmfrsm;twGuf azmfjyvdkufayonf/
rvdktyf[k ,lqolrsm; ausmfzwfEdkifygonf/
yknH bdu©a0 rmbm,dwå?
yknH bm,awm okcH bm,wdemr/
wo®m yknH0 umwAÁH?
tyknH epumwAÁH/
bdu©a0 trwrnf? edAÁmefqDodkU? BuHpnf a&mf&rf;? arQmf
um rSef;í BudK;yrf;Mujim;? tdk .....cspfom;
 cspforD;wdkU/
yknH 'goDeu d n f m? 0D&, d mESi?hf cEÅo
D pöm? "d|mefygvQi?f
arwåm? Oayu©m q,f0aygif;pk jrwfaumif;rIu/kd
rmbm,dwå raMumufvdkufMuygukefESifh/
rbm,dwå avmb? a'go? arm[ trdkuf &efolawG ukef;
0ifí wdkufwmESifh raMumufvdkufMuygukefESifh/
yknH edAÁmefaomifNrdKU? a&mufatmif ydkUrnf? armifwdkU
ocif? aus;Zl;&Sipf pf jzpfBu;D jzpfayaom ukov kd f
aumif;rIu/kd
bm,awm tjrifví JG ? eifyw J rl? igh&efo[ l k jiLpla&SmifuiG ;f ?
aMumuf&GHUwkefvIyfjcif;&Sdaomolonf/
okcH rysufwef;w0? b0 txufwef;us usNyD;?
rsuEf mS yef; vSvSeJU? vSvSBuD; 00BuD; cHpm;pHpm;
&rnfjzpfaom csrf;omudk/
bm,wdemr vlewfedAÁmef? oHk;wefaom pnf;pdrfudk? nD;xdef
atmif? txif r<um;csifojzifh? txift&Sm;
aMumufaomolrnf\/
wo®m xdkodkUrSefpGm? jzpfavygaMumifh (0g) xdkodkU tNrJ
taMumufvGJavaomaMumifh/
tyknH vlewfeAd mÁ ef? oH;k wefpvH;k ? ½I;H Bu;D ½I;H rnf?h rke;f p&mh
trSef? tukodkvfuHudk/
epumwAÁH tdyfrufwGifrQ rjrifMubJ a&SmifvTJxyfxyf?
 rIrjrwfojzifh rjyKtyfonfomwnf;/
yknH0 "d|meforQ pdwfBuHqojzifh edAÁEéjynfacrmudk
Munfa0jzm t[kwfay;wwfonfh? ac:a&;xif
&Sm;? ukodkvfw&m;udkomvQif/
umwAÁH jyKtyf\/ jyKoifh\/ jyKxkduf\/ jyKMuayawmh/
umwAÁHumwAÁH{0 tajymtvkyf oabm[kwfNyD;awmh avm
ukwfESifh avmuD? xdkESpfvDtarmufNrJMuzdkU?
aMumufvGJp&m wuwnf;yif? tzsif;pepf
awGrdkU? aMomf .... &JvQifrif;jzpf jyKMu&m
awmhownf;/
]aMumuf&ifv}JG qdo k nfrmS - 'ge? oDv? bm0em [laom
ukov kd w
f &m;awGukd aMumufNy;D rjyKbaJ evQif vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f
om? edAÁmefcsrf;omwdkUESifh vGJrnf[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ]&JvQif
rif;jzpf} [l onf - 'ge? oDv? bm0em paom ukov kd wf &m;awGukd
&J0phH mG jyKvQif vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f om? edAmÁ efcsr;f omwdUk udk &rnf[k
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
]pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud,
k yf g} [laom qkay;onf taumif;buf
xuf tqdk;bufudk a&mufzdkUu ydkrsm;\/ taMumif;um; ]ygy o®ð
&rwd raem} [laom a'oemt& pdwo f nf raumif;rI tukov kd f
üom arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaomaMumifhaywnf;/
pdwfonf tb,fhaMumifh aumif;usKd;ay;rnfh ukodkvfü
raysmyf u kd bf J raumif;usK;d ay;rnfh tukov kd üf aysm&f oenf;/ þ
ar;cGe;f udk b0oHo&mtjrif? 0dyóemÓPftjrif ESprf sK;d jzifh ajz
tH/h vlwpfa,muf\ b0onf rnfonht f csed ?f rnfonfu
h mvu
pçonf[k rodavmufatmif &Snfvsm;vSaMumif; ]terw*¢} [l
aomyk'fjzifh Ak'¨u a[mawmfrlcJh\/

pdwfonf raumif;rIü aysmf&jcif;taMumif;

xdrk sm;pGmaom b0wdUk udk wpfuak #pDyMkH unfv h Qif 9999999
b0onf tukodkvftvkyfjzifh aysmfarGUcJhNyD; usefwpfb0avmuf
om ukodkvftvkyfjzifh aysmfarGUcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tukodkvfvkyfNyD;
tyg,fuscahJ om b0awGu rsm;aomaMumifh tyg,fusrnfh tuk
odkvftvkyfü pdwfuaysmfarGUaejcif; jzpf\/
uav;rsm;udk avhvmMunfu h xdt
k csuo f nf ydí k xif&mS ;
onf/ iSufuav;rsm;udk av;cGESifh ypfwwfatmif oifay;p&m
rvdkay/ tvdkvdkvkyfcsifNyD; tvdkvdkwwfoGm;onf/ 'Pf&m&ae
aom iSuu f av;wpfaumifukd aq;ukay;zdUk ? jyKpzk Ukd ? ,k,zdUk owd
jyKrdaom uav;um; r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;\/ w&m;emzdkU? w&m;½I
rSwzf Ukd wpfem&Djynfah tmif rxdik Ef ikd af omolonf zJ½u kd zf Ukd ? yGMJ unfzh Ukd
wpfnvH;k xdik Ef idk of nfrmS tukov kd w f &m;ESio
hf m b0rsm;pGm aysmf
arGUcJah Mumif; xif&mS ;jyae\/ urÇmwGif vlO;D a&oef;aygif; ajcmuf
axmifausmf &Sdaomfvnf; t&if;ppfMunfhvQif vlESpfrsKd;om &Sd\/
xdkESpfrsKd;um; -
 pdwcf ikd ;f wdik ;f vdu k í f vky&f aom pdwu f u
kd Recf oH nfh vlom;
ESihf pdwu f kd rdrvd &kd mcdik ;f Edik af om pdwu f o kd cifvyk o f nfh vlom;wdUk yif
jzpf\/ pdwu f u kd Recf &H aom vlom;onf pdwcf ikd ;f orQ rde;f rtaysmf
tyg;vdu k pf m;? avmif;upm;vky?f ao&nfao&uf aomuf&aom
aMumifh ypöu©b0wGifvnf; atmufwef;us? axmifwef;usNyD;
oHo&mwGiv f nf; tyg,fav;yg;odUk us&&m ypöuo © oH &mESpjf zmvH;k
epfemqH;k ½I;H &\/ ocifonf uReu f kd vd&k mcdik ;f ouJo h Ukd pdw\
f ocif
ESiw hf al om vlom;onf pdwu f kd rdrvd &kd m aumif;aomtvkyw f Ukd udk
rjzpfrae vkycf ikd ;f \/ w&m;remcsif ayem\/ 'gerjyKcsif ayjyK\/
oDvraqmufwnfcsif ayaqmufwnf\/
xdkUaMumifh pdwf\ocifjzpfaom vlom;onf ypöu©b0
wGifvnf; BuD;yGm;wdk;wufí oHo&mwGifvnf; aumif;&mok*wd
b0odUk a&muf&Ny;D ypöu© oHo&m ESpjf zmvH;k aumif;usK;d csr;f omudk
cHpm;&\/ or®morÁK'¨bk&m;&Sif? yapöuAk'¨grsm;ESifh t&d,myk*¾dKvf
rSeforQwdkUonf pdwfudk rdrdvdk&mcdkif;Edkifaom pdwf\ocifrsm;yif
jzpf\/
tyg,fav;bHo k nf pdwu f kd uRecf aH om vlom;rsm;twGuf
jzpfNyD; vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;om? edAÁmefcsrf;omonf pdwfudk ocif
vkyfEdkifaom vlrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ ,ck pdwfudk uRefcH&onfh
twGuf 'kua© &muf&aom olaX;ESpaf ,muftaMumif;udk azmfjytH/h
yxrwpfO;D rSm "r®y'üvmaom tmeE´mtrnf&dS olaX;
BuD;wpfOD;yif jzpf\/ olonf 0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyfjcif;? pm;jcif;?
umr*kPf cHpm;jcif;wdUk jzifo h m vlUb0wpfcv k ;kH udk toH;k csco
hJ nf/
avmuaumif;usKd; y&[dwtvkyf[lí wpfckrS rvkyfcJhay/
xdkuJhodkUaomyk*¾dKvfudk ]vl} [lí rac:&? vlUwd&pämef[k
ac:&aMumif; 0drme0w¬K t|uxmü zGifjyxm;onf/
0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyfjcif;? pm;jcif;? umr*kPfcHpm;jcif;
wdkUonf wd&pämefüvnf; &Sd\/ vlüvnf; &Sd\/ xdkav;csufom
&So
d nf[q k vkd Qif vlonf wd&pämefEiS hf bmrQrxl;? twlwo l mjzpf\/
y&[dwtvkyf &SdaomaMumifhom vlonf wd&pämefxuf jrifhjrwf
oGm;jcif; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh vlyDovdkol rSeforQ rdrd pGrf;tm;&Sd
oavmuf avmuaumif;usKd;udk vkyfaqmif&rnfom jzpf\/
ynm&Sd olawmfaumif; rSeo f rQonf vlUb0\ atmifjrif
rIukd wdu
k wf mNcaH jr? a&TaiGwUkd jzifh wdik ;f wmonf r[kwaf y/ avmu
aumif;usKd;udk rnfrQavmufxd aqmif&GufEdkifcJhoenf; [laom
tcsufjzifhom wdkif;wmMuayonf/ xdktcsufjzifh wdkif;wmvQif
tmeE´molaX;Bu;D um; vlUb0ü atmifjrifrw I pfcrk S &roGm;cJah y/

olawmif;pm;jzpf&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;
xdUk aMumifh olaoaomtcg olawmif;pm;&GmBu;D wpf&mG rSm
vlomG ;jzpf&onf/ &,ljcif;ü aysmaf rGUcJo
h rl sm;onf qif;&Jom;rsm;
jzpfvmMuonf[laom pum;onf rSefuefaypG/ olonf olaX;
b0jzpfpOfu vSL&rSm pd;k aomaMumifh tdraf &SUwGif tvSLvmcHorl sm;
udk rsuEf mS xm; wif;jywwfonf/ tHBuw d jf ywwfonf/ xdt k jyKtrl
aMumifh ,ckb0wGif yg;pyfayguf? ESmacgif;aygufrsm;onf &Sdoifh
onfh ae&mwGifr&SdbJ tvGefaMumufp&maumif;ae\/
"r®y't|uxmü yHoyk u d mpaum0d,-ajrbkwb f v D ;l ESihf
wlonf [lí zGifhjyxm;onf/ ol a&mufvmuwnf;u xdk&Gmu
vlrsm;onf rnfoUkd rS awmif;&rf; pm;aomufír&bJ 'kua© &mufMu
awmh\/ rdk;BudK;ypfvQif pufuGif;rdolrsm;yg ao&ouJhodkU ol\
tukodkvfpufuGif;rdolrsm;vnf; 'ku©a&mufMu&jcif; jzpf\/
&Gmudk wpf0ufpDcGJ&m olygaombufu qif;&JNyD; olryg
aombufu tqifajyoGm;onf/ xdo k Ukd cG&J if;jzifh olUtarwpfO;D
om useaf wmhonf/ tarygxGuaf jy;ojzifh aemufq;kH wGif olonf
wpfa,mufwnf;om awmif;pm;&awmhonf/ wpf&ufwGif vrf;
wumvnf awmif;pm;&if; ol tmeE´molaX;Bu;D b0u aecJah om
wdkuftdrfBuD; a&SUodkU a&mufoGm;\/
olonf Zmwdó&ÓPf ay:vmum ol\twdwb f 0udk
jyefrSwfrdoGm;\/ olUudk,fol olawmif;pm;wpfa,muf [lí rod
awmh/
tmeE´molaX;BuD;[kyif txifa&mufNyD; wdkuftdrfBuD;
xJodkU pGwf0ifoGm;awmhonf/ wHcg;apmifhwdkUonf trIrJhtrSwfrJh
jzpfNyD; rwm;jrpfEdkifjzpfoGm;onf/
wdu k t
f rd Bf u;D xJ a&mufvmaom tcg olUom;rS arG;xm;
aom olUajr;av;awGyif olUt&G,f ckepfEpS o f m;cefU a&mufaeay
Ny/D aMumufrufz,G &f maumif;aom olUrsuEf mS udk jrifaom uav;
rsm;onf xdwfvefUwMum; atmf[pf idka<u;Muonf/
xdktcg olaX;BuD;jzpfaeom olUom; rlvoD&donf ajy;
xGufvmNyD; -
]]a[h - tdraf pmifah wG bmvkyaf eMuwmvJ? 'Dusuo f a&
r&Sw
d hJ olawmif;pm;av;udk tdrx f u
J ae jrefjrefqx
JG w
k o
f mG ;Muprf;}}
[k trdeUf ay;vduk \ f / xdtk cg wHcg;apmifrh sm;onf oli,f
av;udk wGef;xdk; ½dkufykwfNyD; ajrüvJapMuonf/ NyD;vQif acG;ao
aumifuJhodkU ajrBuD;ay:wGif '&Gwfwdkuf qGJ,lvmNyD; vrf;ab;&Sd
trIdufyHkBuD;ay:ü ypfxm;vdkufMuonf/
xdktcsdefrSmyif NrdKUxJodkU qGrf;cH<uvmaom bk&m;&SifESifh
oHCmawmfrsm;onf oli,fav;&S&d m trIu d yf okH Ukd a&mufvmNy;D vQif
olaX;BuD;jzpfaeaom rlvoD&dudk ac:,lNyD; þoli,fonf b0
a[mif;u oif\zcifoal X;Bu;D wnf;[k ajymjy&m rlvoD&u d r,Hk
ay/ xdUk aMumifh olaX;Bu;D b0u jrK§ yEf oHS 0kd uS x f m;cJah om a&Tt;kd Bu;D
ig;vHk;udk oli,ftm; azmfjyapjcif;jzifh tmeE´molaX;BuD;b0rS
vmoljzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;aponf/
xdktcgrSpí rlvoD&donf &wemoHk;yg;udk qnf;uyfol
wpfOD; jzpfoGm;avonf/ tmeE´molaX;BuD;udk taMumif;jyKí
Ak'¨uatmufyg*gxmudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
 ykwåm tw¬d "emtw¬d?
£wdAmavm 0d[nwd/
twåm[d twåaem ew¬d?
ukawm ykawåm ukawm"eEÅd/
vlrukd of nf ighrmS om;orD;&S\
d ? ighrmS ypön;f Opöm&S\
d [lí
(wPSmpGJ)jzifh pdk;&drfylyefae\/ trSeftm;jzifh rdrdonfyif rdrdtm;
pd;k ydik jf cif; r&S&d um;? om;orD;rsm;onf tb,frmS twnf&EdS ikd t f hH
enf;/ ypönf;Opömonf tb,frSm twnf&SdEdkiftHhenf;/

taumif;rBudKufjcif;taMumif;
weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;&Sd NrdKUe,fwpfckwGif ypönf;Opömrsm;
xm;p&mr&Sad tmif csr;f omaom olaX;Bu;D wpfa,muf &Scd zhJ ;l onf/
olUwGif emrnf&if;&Sdaomfvnf; olUAsLyÜwfESifh udkufatmif ]OD;uyf
ap;} [kyif ac:Muonf/ olUb0 wpfoufwmwGif vSL'gef;ay;urf;
onf[lí wpfBudrf wpfcgrS r&SdcJhzl;ay/
tdrfrS tvkyform;rsm;\ vpmudkyif tjynfhray;bJ
uvdru f uspv f yk o
f nf/ tvkyo f rm;\ wef&mwefaMu; vkycf udk
tjynfrh ay;vQif tvky&f iS o f al X;onf tvkyof rm; qif;&Jom;xHrS
jyefvnfc;dk ,ljcif;yif jzpfonf/ olonf wjcm;vltay:üomru
rdrdudk,f rdrdyg apwem r&Sdacs/
 xrif;Murf;? [if;Murf;udkom pm;onf/ xrif;aumif;?
[if;aumif;udk b,faomtcgrS rpm;/ Murf;wrf;aom? nHhaom
t0wfudkom 0wfonf/ El;nHhaom? aumif;aom t0wfudk b,f
aomtcgrS r0wf/ ypönf;Opöm aygrsm;csrf;omygvsuf aumif;
aumif;pm;r&jcif;? aumif;aumif;0wfr&jcif;onf 'gejyKpOftcgu
vSLNyD; ty&apwem ysufcJhaomaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkUaMumifh vSLNyD;vQif rdrdaxG;NyD;om; wHawG;vdk oabm
xm;oifo h nf/ jyefvnfNy;D ESajrmap;ESjJ cif; rjyKoif/h Oyrmtm;jzifh
oDwif;0gvuRwaf omtcg orD;Bu;D ESihf orD;i,fwUkd onf rdciftkd
BuD;tm; wwfEdkiforQ ypönf;rsm;jzifh uefawmhMuonf/ csrf;om
aom orD;Bu;D u t0wftxnf taumif;pm;rsm;? aiGaMu;rsm;udk
uefawmhEdkifaomfvnf;? qif;&Jaom orD;i,fum; udwfrkefUav;
wpfvHk;jzifhom uefawmhEdkifonf/
orD;Bu;D jyefomG ;aomtcg rdciftBkd u;D u t0wftxnf
tcsKUd ESihf aiGaMu;tcsKUd udk qif;&JaomorD;i,ftm; jyefvnfpeG Uf BuJ
vduk o f nf/ xdo k wif;udk orD;Bu;D Mum;oGm;aomtcg olvLS wmudk
ud, k w f ikd f roH;k bJ orD;i,ftm; wqifjh yefvnfay;&ygrnfvm;[k
rdciftm; qlylajymqdkawmhonf/
þodkUajymqdkjcif;onf vSLNyD;ypönf;tay: tmvsrjywf
ao;aomaMumifhyif jzpf\/ vSLNyD;aom ypönf;onf rdrdypönf;
r[kwfawmh/ tvSLcH\ udk,fydkifypönf; jzpfoGm;avNyD/ tvSLcH
BudKufovdk pDrHydkifcGifh&Sdayonf/ rdrdESifh bmrQrqdkifaomaMumifh
rD;½IUd ypfonfjzpfap? olwpfyg;udk ay;ypfonfjzpfap rnfoUkd rQ pdwf
uGupf &mtaMumif; r&Sad y/ pdwu f uG jf cif;onf ty&apwem ysuf
jcif;yif jzpf\/
xdkuJhodkUaom olaX;wpfOD; Ak'¨vufxufawmfwkef;u
vnf; &Scd zhJ ;l onf/ olUtrnfukd ]tykwu å } [k ac:onf/ om;orD;
r&Sad omol[k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ xdt k ykwu å olaX;wGif OpömaMu;aiG
uka#aygif;rsm;pGm &Sd\/ odkUaomf aoqHk;csdefxd tpm;taomuf
qdvk Qif qefux JG rif;ESifh yke;f &nfBu;D [if;udo k m pm;Ny;D ? t0wftpm;
qdkvQifvnf; tMurf;qHk;? tnHhqHk;udkom 0wfonf/
olaoaomtcg tarGco H m;orD;r&So d jzifh use&f pfcahJ om
OpömaMu;aiGrsm;udk aumovrif;u rif;b@mtjzpf odrf;,l&m
vSnf;tpnf; ckepfq,fwdkufcefU &onf/ xdkolaX;onf ykxkZOf
jzpfygvsuf tb,fah Mumifh taumif; rBuKd u&f ygoenf;[k bk&m;
&Siftm; ar;avQmuf&m bk&m;&Sifu ,ckvdk ajz&Sif;a[mMum;ay;
awmfrlonf/
xdok al X;onf twdwb f 0wpfcu k olaX;yifjzpfczhJ ;l onf/
wpf&ufwGif eef;awmfodkU tcpm;oGm;&if; vrf;ckvwfwGif w*¾&
odct
D rnf&dS yapöuAk'g¨ wpfyg; qGr;f cH<uvmonfukd awGU&SMd unfnKd
&ojzifh olUtdro f Ukd <uNy;D qGr;f tvSLcH&ef avQmufxm;onf/ xdo k Ukd
avQmufxm;Ny;D eef;awmfoUkd qufomG ;onf/ yapöuAk'g¨ vnf; olU
pum;twkdif; olUtdrfodkU <uoGm;onf/
 olaX;uawmfonf olaX;BuD;udk,fwdkif avmif;vSLcdkif;
vdu k o f nfqakd omaMumifh qGr;f aumif;? [if;aumif;rsm;udk oydwf
tjynft h vQH avmif;vSLvduk o f nf/ rax&fonf qGr;f tEkarm'em
jyKNy;D jyef<uvm&m vrf;ckvwfwiG f olaX;Bu;D ESihf jyefqo kH nf/ olaX;
BuD;u qGrf;oydwfzHk;udk zGifhcdkif;NyD; vSrf;Munfh&m ESajrmap;ESJaom
pdwfrsm; ay:oGm;onf/ ]]ig\ xrif;awG? [if;awG tvum;jzpf
ygNy?D 'Du, kd af wmfu igvSLwJq
h rG ;f awGpm;Ny;D tdyaf erSm? olUudv k LS r,fh
tpm; tdru f tvkyo f rm;awGukd auR;&if tckxufyNkd y;D tvkyv f yk f
MurSm/}} þuJhodkU vSLNyD; apwemysuf,Gif;cJhonf/
olonf b0wpfcu k tpfu&kd if;\om;udk owfNy;D tpfukd
\ tarGtESprf sm;udk rw&m;odr;f ,lco hJ nf/ xdu k o hJ Ukd tukov kd u f kd
vky&f jJ cif;onf vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf suf rSm;,Gi;f aeaom
aMumifjh zpfonf/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf suo f nf ukov kd f
vkyzf Ukd jzpfaomfvnf; olonf tm½Hik g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;rsm; cHpm;
zdkU vlvmjzpfjcif;[k vGJrSm;pGm ,lqcJhonf/

vlowfrIusL;vGef&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;
xdUk aMumifh vljzpfocdu
k f ukov kd vf yk zf Ukd t"du? umr*kPf
cHpm;zdkU omrn[k oabmxm;&rnfudk ajymif;jyefvSefNyD; vljzpf
ocduk f umr*kPcf pH m;zdUk t"du? ukov kd v f yk zf Ukd omrn[k cH,ul sihf
oHk;aomaMumifh wljzpfoludkowfNyD; pnf;pdrfOpömrsm;udk ,lrdcJh\/
av;eufpmG awG;Munfyh gu vlUavmuwGif jzpforQ jypfrrI sm;onf
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqusifhoHk;rd
aomaMumifhcsnf;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/
olonf xdu k ohJ Ukd yapöuAk'g¨ udk qGr;f vSLcdik ;f cJah om ukov
dk f
aMumifh ckepfb0wdwd olaX;BuD;jzpf&onf/ odkUaomf vSLNyD;om;
ypön;f udk jyefEaS jrmrdaomaMumihf aumif;aumif;pm;vdUk r&? aumif;
aumif; 0wfvUkd r&aom 'Pfukd cHpm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdUk jyif tpfukd
jzpfo\ l om;udk owfjzwfcahJ omaMumifh b0wdik ;f om;orD; rxGe;f
um;jcif; jzpfonf/
,ck tcsed t f cgwGiu f m; oljyKcahJ om ukov kd u f o
H nfvnf;
ukefNyD? wljzpfoludk owfcJhaom tukodkvfuvnf; raumif;usKd;
ay;&ef usa&mufNyD jzpfaomaMumifh tyg,fav;yg;odUk usomG ;cJ&h
ayNy/D 2007 ckEpS cf efUuvnf; nDtpfrcsi;f jyefowfrjI zpfymG ;onfh
&GmBuD;wpf&GmodkU pma&;ol w&m;a[m<ucJhonf/
pma&;olonf azmfjyyg t*Fgav;csufESifh nDaom a'o
rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;Ny;D w&m;a[m<uavh&o dS nf/ xdt k *Fgav;csurf mS -
(1) ra[mzl;ao;aoma'o jzpfjcif;/
(2) vlrdkufrsm; aygrsm;jcif;/
(3) tvGefacgifaoma'o jzpfjcif;/
(4) qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ wdkU jzpfonf/
2007 ckEpS u f rEÅav;wdik ;f ? jrif;NccH ½dik ?f awmifomNrKd Ue,f
twGuf ajcmuf&uf w&m;yGJ cGw J rf;&&m xdt k *Fgav;csuEf iS jhf ynfph kH
aom Z&yfBu;D &Gmonf w&m;yGEJ pS &f uf&oGm;onf/ Z&yfBu;D &Gmonf
xdkt*Fg av;csufteuf vlrdkufrsm;jcif; [laom tcsufu ydkí
tm;aumif;aeonf/
pma&;olr<ucif wpfvtvdck efUu xd&k mG wGif nDtpfrcsi;f
jyefowfaom trIwpfck jzpfymG ;onf/ tarGc&JG mrS rauseyfrjI zpfNy;D
nDrjzpfou l tpfrjzpfot l m; tdyaf ysmaf ecsed w
f iG f OD;acgif;udk &J'if;
jzifch wk Nf y;D owfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ xdjk ypfraI Mumifh owfoo l nf axmif
vnf;us&onf/ aoaomtcgwGifvnf; tyg,fav;yg;odkU us&
ayOD;rnf/
ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;rsm;onf pnf;pdrOf pömudk taMumif;
jyKNy;D vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f om? edAmÁ efcsr;f omudk t&,lMuaomfvnf;
ynmrJh vlrdkufrsm;um; tyg,fav;yg;udk t&,loGm;MuonfrSm
oHa0*jzpfzG,faumif;vSayonf/ xdktcsufudk Munfhí bk&m;&Sif
udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf tykwåuao|dZmwf tqHk;wGif azmfjyyg
t"dyÜm,f&Sdonfh *gxmudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

ynmrJh ESifh pnf;pdrfOpöm

pnf;pdrOf pömwdUk onf ynmrJo
h ul kd zsuq
f ;D uke\ f / edAmÁ efukd
&SmrSD;ol (ynm&Sd)udk rzsufqD;Edkifukef/ ynmrJholwdkUonf pnf;pdrf
Opömü wyfrufjcif;wPSmjzifh olwpfyg;wdUk udk zsuq f ;D ouJo h Ukd rdrd
udk,fwdkifvnf; zsufqD;wwf\/
("r®y' - 355)
rSwfcsuf/ / pnf;pdrOf pömaMumifh olwpfyg;udk 'kua© y;jcif;? owf
jzwfjcif;onf olwpfyg;udk zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdktukodkvf
aMumifh tyg,foUkd usNy;D 'kua© &muf&jcif;onf rdru d ,
kd rf rd d zsuq f ;D
jcif;jzpf\/
weoFm&Dwdkif;rS olaX;BuD;taMumif;udk jyefquftHh/ xdk
olaX;Bu;D aeaomNrKd UwGif pma&;oltm; ypön;f av;yg; tNrv J LS 'gef;
aom 'g,dumrBu;D wpfa,muf &S\ d / xd'k g,dumrBu;D um; vljzpf
&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk odol jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh ukodkvf
vkyzf Ukd t"du? umr*kPcf pH m;zdUk omrn[k oabmxm;Ny;D ukov kd f
rsKd;pHk vkyf\/
&Sm&orQ aiGrsm;udkvnf; pm;0wfaea&;ESifh t&if;tESD;
twGuf csefxm;NyD; useforQ wu,fvdktyfaom ae&mwdkUwGif
vSL'gef;\/ odef;wpfaxmif&SdvQif odef;ig;&mtxd vSL'gef;&Jaom
0domcgvdk trsK;d orD;Bu;D wpfO;D jzpfonf/ ol\trnfukd ]a':jr&Si}f
[k ac:\/
a':jr&Sifum; odef;wpfaxmifcefUom csrf;omNyD;? OD;uyf
ap;um; ode;f aygif; aomif;csí D csr;f omol jzpf\/ a':jr&Sio f nf
odraf qmufonf? ausmif;aqmufonf? Z&yfaqmufonf? aq;½Hk
rsm;? 'ku©onfrsm;udk vSL'gef;onf/ xdkodkU vSLonfudk OD;uyfap;
jrifaomtcg ,ckvdkajymonf qdk\/
]]eifuawmh vSL&Jvu
kd w
f m? igawmh tJ'v
D rkd vSL&Jb;l }}[l\/
 wu,fvnf; avmutwGuf? omoemtwGuf bmrQ
vSLroGm;ay/ ol aoaomtcg pkaqmif;xm;orQ ypön;f Opömrsm;udk
om;orD;rsm;ESihf aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;u ajAmifwpfrsK;d ? cd;k 0Suí
f wpf
oG,f? w&m;&ifqdkifí wpfenf;jzifh trsKd;rsKd;,liifMu&m tdrfwGif
bmrQruseaf wmhay/ olaoqH;k onfrmS q,fEpS af usmMf umcJNh yD jzpf
aomfvnf; olUom;orD;rsm;\ tarGtwGuf w&m;&ifqikd af eonf
rSm ,cktcsdefxd rNyD;qHk;ao;ay/ xdkUtwl OD;uyfap;onfvnf;
olaqmufcahJ om wdu k Bf u;D wGif Nywd må jzpfaeonfrmS ,ck tcsed x f d
ruRwfao;ay/ þum; pdwfudk uRefcHcJhaom olaX;ESpfa,muf
taMumif; jzpf\/ ,ckwzef pdwfudk ocifvkyfEdkifaom olaX;ESpf
a,muftaMumif;udk qufvufazmfjytHh/

ukodkvfvkyfzdkU pD;yGm;&Smol
]temxydPf} [lonf ol\ emrnf&if; r[kwf/ ol\
vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd *kPjf yKac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpf\/ temxydP\ f
t"dygÜ ,frmS ]ud;k uG,t f m;xm;&m r&So
d rl sm;udk xrif;auR;wwfo}l
[k qdkvdkonf/ ,ckacwf toHk;tEIef;jzifh ajymrnfqdkvQif rdbrJh
uav;rsm;udk apmifha&Smuf auR;arG;wwfol[k qdkvdkayonf/
ol\ trnf&if;rSm ok'wå jzpfonf/ olonf &mZN*Kd [Nf rKd U
odUk ukeaf &mif;uke0f ,fomG ;&if; bk&m;&Siwf &m;awmfukd emMum;um
aomwmyef wnfvmol jzpfonf/ olaeaom om0w¬Nd rKd UwGiv f nf;
Ak'\¨ w&m;awmfrsm;udk jyefUyGm;apcsio f nf/ xdUk aMumifh bk&m;&Siuf kd
om0w¬Nd rKd UodUk <ua&mufow D if;oH;k ay;yg&ef avQmufxm;Ny;D ausmif;
aqmuf&ef ae&m&Smavonf/
om0wd¬NrdKUESifh reD;ra0;aom ae&mü wnf&Sdonfh aZw
rif;om;\ O,smOfNcHBuD;udk ajrjyifESifhtjynfh a&T'*Fg;rsm;cif;um
0,f,al vonf/ aiGom;ESiw hf uG v f Qif ausmif;ajrzd;k onfyif (18)
uka#&Sdonf/ oHCmrsm; &mESifhcsDNyD; oDwif;oHk;Edkifonfh aZw0ef
ausmif;Bu;D udk aqmufvyk o f nfrmS (18)uka# ukeu f sonf/ ausmif;
a&pufcsyGJwGif vSL'gef;onfrSmvnf; (18)uka#yif ukefusonf/
pkpak ygif; (54)uka# ukeu f sayonf/ xdUk tjyif ausmif;odUk
eHeuf? aeUv,f? n oHk;acgufwdwd oGm;onf/ xdkodkU ausmif;odkU
oGm;onfhtcgwdkif; vSLp&m wef;p&mwpfckck tNrJygoGm;avh&Sd\/
xdkUtjyif aeUpOfaeUwdkif; olaX;BuD;tdrfwGif oHCmtyg;ig;&mudk
qGrf;auR;avh &Sdonf/ xdkodkU vSL'gef;Edkifatmifvnf; ukefa&mif;
ukef0,ftvkyfudk zdzdpD;pD;vkyfayonf/
þtcsurf sm;udak xmufqí temxydPf pD;yGm;&Smjcif;rSm
ukodkvfvkyfzdkU t"dujzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ xdkrQ vSLae&m Opöm
aMu;aiGawG ukerf oGm;bl;vm;[k ar;p&m&S\ d / vSLí ukeo f mG ;onf?
rGo
J mG ;onf[í l r&S/d Bu;D yGm;wd;k wufvmjcif;om &S\ d / xdt
k aMumif;
udk yg&mZduPfyg|dawmf? a0&ÍÆmykPmÖ ;Bu;D \0w¬Kü a[mMum;zl;\/
a0&ÍÆmykPmÖ ;Bu;D onf bk&m;&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmf ig;&mudk
a0&ÍÆmjynfü 0gqdk0guyf&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;\/ ol\
awmif;yef avQmufxm;csut f wdik ;f bk&m;&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmftyg;
ig;&mwdUk a0&ÍÆmjynfwiG f 0gqd0k guyfMuonf/ rmefewfonf bk&m;
&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmfrsm; pm;a&;aomufa&; 'kua© &mufap&ef bk&m;
&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;udk arhavsm&h ef a0&ÍÆmykPmÖ ;Bu;D tm; wefc;kd
ESifh vkyfxm;vdkufonf/
xdUk aMumifh ykPmÖ ;Bu;D onf bk&m;&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;udk
wpf0gwGi;f vH;k arhavsmah eNy;D bmrQ rvSLjzpfawmhay/ xdt k csed rf mS
a0&ÍÆmjynfBu;D wGif &moDOwkazmufjyefum aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm; ysuf
pD;NyD; tiwfab;BuD; qdkufavonf/ vlrsm;rSm aeUpOf &mESihfcsDNyD;
tiwfab;aMumifh aoqH;k Mu&onf/ y&y#dA'¨- olwpfyg;udk rScD í kd
omoemjyKMu&aom bk&m;&SiEf iS hf oHCmawmfrsm;um; &onfjzpf
ap? r&onfjzpfap aeUpOf qGrf;cH<uaeMu&onf/
bk&m;&Si\f tjypfukd qDvt kd ayguf&mS aeaom wdwq d¬ &m
BuD;wpfOD;u olUwynfh &GmolBuD;wpfOD;tm; ajym&rnfh pum;udk
oifay;Ny;D bk&m;&Six f H vTwv f ukd o
f nf/ xd&k mG olBu;D u bk&m;&Siu f kd
vmavQmufonfrSm -
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;[m wpfavmuvHk;udk oem;u½kPmxm;
olvdkUvnf; Mum;zl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tckvdk vlom;awG tiwf
ab;qdu k af ecsed rf mS qGr;f cH<uwm[m vlom;awGtay: tMuifem
uif;&m ra&mufygavm}}
xdktcg bk&m;&Sifu -
 ]]ig oHo&mü usifvnfcJhorQaom umvywfvHk; 'ge
jyKí qif;&JoGm;ol [lí wpfa,mufrQ rawGUzl;ay/ 'geaMumifh
pD;yGm;Opöm aygrsm;oGm;olrsm;udo
k m awGUzl;onf/ taomuftpm;?
taysmt f yg;? avmif;upm;aMumifh qif;&JomG ;olrsm;udo
k m awGUzl;
onf}} [k rdefUMum;awmfrlavonf/

vuf,ufwGif;ESifhwlaomt&m
'gejyKjcif;onf vuf,ufwiG ;f u a&udk cyf,jl cif;ESihf wl
ayonf/ xdOk yrmudk xif&mS ;atmifjytH/h rEÅav;wdik ;f ? rauG;wdik ;f
uJhodkUaom tnma'owGif aEGumva&mufNyDqdkvQif rdk;wGif;u
a&rsm; wva[mpD;qif;cJo h nfh acsmif;rsm;rSm oJjzLrsm;om use&f pf
awmhonf/ a&[lí r&Sdawmhay/
tnmolav;rsm;onf aomufa&oefU&&eftwGuf nae
ae0if&w D a&mwGif td;k ud, k pf cD g;rSmyduk í
f oJjzLrsm;zH;k vTr;f aeaom
acsmif;rsm;qDoUkd qif;vmMuonf/ acsmif;xJa&mufvQif oJrsm;udk
wpfawmifausmaf usmcf efUtxd eufatmif vufjzifw h iG ;f wl;&onf/
xdt
k cg acsmif;atmufwiG f pdru hf seaf eaoma&onf oH;k vufrcefU
ay:vmayonf/ xdka&udk vuf,ufwGif;a&[k ac:onf/
xdak &udk tke;f rIwcf uG jf zifh wpfcuG cf si;f cyf,u l m aomuf
a&tjzpf toHk;csMu&onf/ 'gejyKjcif;onf xdkvuf,ufwGif;rS
a&udk cyf,jl cif;ESihf wlonf/ xdv k uf,ufwiG ;f rS a&av; oH;k vuf
opfudk enf;enf;av;&,f? cyfvdkuf&if ukefoGm;rSmyJ[k ,lqNyD;
rcyfbaJ evQiv f nf; vuf,ufwiG ;f a&u oH;k vufopfxuf ydw k ;kd
rvmay/ wpfzef cyfvu kd jf yefvQiv
f nf; xl;Ny;D avsmrh oGm;ay/ wpf
cGufcyfNyD;wdkif; a&oHk;vufopfum; jyefwdk;vmonfom/
odef;wpf&m csrf;omolonf ukefrSmaMumufNyD; rvSLbJ
aeonfhtwGufaMumifh odef;wpf&mxuf xl;jcm;pGm ydkírvmay/
vSLvdu k o
f nft h wGuv f nf; odompGm ukeí f roGm;ay/ wjcm;aom
enf;rsm;jzifh xdkaiGrsm; jyefía&mufvmonfom jzpf\/
þtawG;tac:rsm;udk vSLzl;wef;zl;olrsm;om vufcEH ikd f
onf/ rvSLzl;rwef;zl;olrsm; vufrcHEdkifay/ NrdwfNrdKUopf? aZ,sm
oD&d&yfuGufwGif ukefpHka&mif;í toufarG;aom udkxGef;0if; +
r ...wdkU ZeD;armifESH ESpfa,muf&Sd\/ udkxGef;0if;onf vSLwdkif;
vSLwdkif; yg&rDxdkufaom'gejzpfatmif? ÓPf,SOfaom'gejzpf
atmif tm;xkwfjyifqifavh&Sd\/ avmu (tvSLcH)aumif;pm;zdkU
t"duxm;í vSL'gef;vQif yg&rDxdkufaom'ge jzpfonf/ avmu
twGu?f omoemtwGuf wu,ftusK;d rsm;rnfah e&mudk a&G;cs,f
í vSL'gef;vQif ÓPf,SOfaom (tocFg&du)'ge jzpfonf/
igaumif;pm;zdkU? igcsrf;omzdkU t"duxm;í vSL'gef;aom
'gersK;d onf yg&rDrxdu k af om'gejzpfonf/ aA'ifq&m ,Mwmacs
cdik ;f onfth wGu?f olwpfyg; wku d w
f eG ;f onft
h wGuf rvdt k yfbJ &rf;
vSLaom 'gersK;d onf ÓPfr,SOaf om (oocFg&du)'ge jzpfonf/
xdkwGif yg&rDxdkufaom'geonf vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;omudkvnf;
ay;onf/ edAÁmefodkUvnf; ydkUonf/
yg&rDrxdkufaom'geum; vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;omudkom
ay;onf/ edAmÁ efoUkd rydUk / taMumif;um; yg&rDrxdu k af om'gewGif
udavomtaiGUtouftcsKUd ygaeaomaMumifyh if jzpf\/ olonf
igaumif;pm;zdkU[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh vSL'gef;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
]ig} [lonf 'd|u d ad vom/ ]aumif;pm;zdUk } [lonf avmbudav
om/ xdk 'd|dudavomESifh avmbudavomwdkU 0if½Iyfvdkufjcif;
aMumifh yg&rDrxdkufaom'geonf udavomuif;&m edAÁmefodkU
a&mufatmif rydkUEdkifjcif; jzpf\/
ÓPf,OS af om'geonf jzpf&mb0wGif ypön;f Opömaygrsm;
csr;f omaponft h jyif ÓPfynmxufjrwfot l jzpfoUkd vnf; ydUk ay;
onf/ xdUk aMumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;\w&m;udk wpfBurd ef m½HEk iS hf &[EÅm
tjzpfoUkd a&mufMujcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m; 'geukov kd jf yKpOf
uwnf;u aus;Zl;rsm;rnfah e&mudk ÓPfjzifh qef;ppfa&G;cs,u f m
vSL'gef;cJah omaMumifh tusK;d w&m; b0csr;f omudk &aomtcgwGif
ÓPfaumif;jcif; jzpf\/
ÓPfr,SOfaom'geum; jzpf&mb0wGif pnf;pdrfOpömayg
rsm;<u,f0apaomfvnf; tBuHwkH;? ÓPfwHk; b0odkU a&mufap
onf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;\w&m;udk em,lusio hf ;kH aomfvnf; r*fzv kd u f kd
r&Edik af wmhay/ xdyk *k Kd¾ vrf sK;d udk 'G[
d w
d yf *k K¾ v[ f v k nf; ac:Muonf/
taMumif;w&m; ukodkvfjyKpOfuwnf;u ÓPfrygcJhaomaMumifh
tusKd;w&m; cE¨mvmjzpf&mwGifvnf; ÓPfrygjcif; jzpf\/
 xdktcsufwdkUudk aocsmodaom udkxGef;0if;onf vSLzdkU
wef;zdkUBuHKvmvQif wu,fvdktyfaom ae&modkUom &SmazGí vSL
onf/ olwUkd &yfuu G t f pGe&f dS awmifapmif;wpfcak y:wGif edaj*m"m½Hk
trnf&dS pmoifwu kd f wpfwu kd &f \
dS / xdpk moifwukd w
f iG f pmoifom;
oHCmawmf ig;q,fausmf&Sdaomfvnf; aexdkifp&mausmif; rvHk
avmufay/
xdUk aMumifh udx k eG ;f 0if;onf q&mawmfukd avQmufNy;D ay
ig;q,f? &Spfq,fcefU&Sdaom ausmif;BuD;wpfausmif;udk rwnfNyD;
aqmuf\/ oludk,fwdkif odef;ig;q,fcefU rwnfí aqmufaomf
vnf; aemufuvdu k rf nfo h rl sm; r&Sí d xdak usmif;Bu;D rSm tkwjf rpfrS
qufí rwufEdkifatmif jzpfaeonf/ wpfaeU pma&;olESifh awGU
aomtcg udkxGef;0if;onf xdktaMumif;udk avQmuf\/
]]wynfhawmf? q&mawmfhpmxJ ygwJhtwdkif; wu,fvdk
tyfvdkU omoemtwGuf wu,f aus;Zl;rsm;vdkU 'Dausmif;BuD;udk
OD;aqmif aqmufvyk w f mygbk&m;? wynfah wmf[m ode;f aygif;&mESifh
csDNyD; csrf;omwJhol r[kwfygbl;/ wynfhawmf wwfEdkifoavmuf
ode;f ig;q,f rwnfNy;D aqmufvu kd w
f m tkwjf rpfxad wmh Ny;D oGm;
yg&JU/ aemufu xdxad &mufa&muf yHyh ;kd r,fo h u
l ygrvmbl; bk&m;/
'DtaqmuftOD Ny;D wJt h xdq&kd if ode;f av;&mausmaf wmh ukerf ,f
bk&m;/ wynfhawmf b,fvdkqufvkyf&rSef;awmif rodygbl;}}
 Ak'¨ay;aom 'gejyKenf;
]]udkxGef;0if;uvnf; - bk&m;&Sifu 'gejyKqdkwJhae&mrSm
rEdkifreif; vSLcdkif;wmrS r[kwfbJ/ udk,fpm;r,fhxJu wwfEdkifo
avmuf zJhvSLvdkU ajymwmyJ/ rEÅav;NrdKUu rpdk;&drfwdkufBuD;udk
wnfaxmifvLS 'gef;cJw h hJ ausmif;'umBu;D OD;ouf&n S [f m wpfBurd f
wnf; wpfESpfwnf;eJU vSLcJhwm r[kwfygbl;/}}
]]aiGaMu; tjrwftpGe;f &vmvdu k f aqmufvu dk f vky&f if;eJU
ESpx f yfwu kd Bf u;D aygif; q,fah v;vH;k avmuf[m Ny;D oGm;&wmyg/ xdUk
twlyJ vlysHawmfywåjrm; aoG;aq;wdkufydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif[m
vnf; ausmif;wdkufBuD;awG? "r®m½HkBuD;awG? apwDBuD;awGudk&wJh
tjrwfaiGtvdkuf jznf;jznf;csif;aqmuf&if;eJU NyD;oGm;wmygyJ/}}
]]udx k eG ;f 0if;- pum;wpfceG ;f &Swd ,f/ c&D;rdik wf pfaomif;udk
yxrajcvSrf; wpfvSrf;u pç&wmwJh/ ckvnf; odef;av;&mausmf
ukerf ,fah usmif;Bu;D udk wpfEpS af v;ode;f ukeaf vmufuae paqmuf
oGm;yg/ udx k eG ;f 0if; t&if;tES;D aiGuv kd nf; rxdcu kd b f J ausmif;Bu;D
Ny;D oGm;ygvdrrfh ,f/ vuf,ufwiG ;f ua&udk cyfovdak ygh udx k eG ;f 0if;
&,f}}
udx k eG ;f 0if;um; pma&;ol\pum;udk em;axmifNy;D vkyif ef;
vnf; rxdcu kd af tmif tjrwfaiGxrJ cS cJG NJG y;D jznf;jznf;csi;f aqmuf
vm&m ode;f aygif;av;&mausmf ukeu f sonfh taqmuftODBu;D rSm
tacsmyifuikd af eayNy/D 2008ckEpS ?f (9)vydik ;f twGi;f u olUukov kd f
ausmif;BuD;xJwGif w&m;yGJwpfn a[may;cJh&ao;onf/
temxydPfolaX;BuD; taMumif;udk jyefquftHh/ wpfcg
wGif temxydPo f al X;Bu;D onf tqd;k avmu"H wpfcu k kd BuKH &\/
wjcm;olrsm;u olUxHrS aiGq,f&h pS u f ak # acs;xm;\/ xkad iGrsm;udk
jyefrqyfMuojzifh aiG tvGef Muyfwnf;oGm;avonf/ xdkUtjyif
ol\ rdbbdk;bGm;rsm;u olUtwGuf ta&;ay: udpö&SdvQif oHk;&
atmif ajrwGijf rK§ yEf xHS m;aom q,f&h pS u f ak #wefz;kd &So
d nfh &wem
tdk;rsm;rSmvnf; jrpfa&wdkufpm;&mwGif ygoGm;avonf/
odUk aomf temxydPu f m; ol\ tvSL'gersm;udk &yfrypf
ay/ wwfEdkiforQ vSLaeqJyif jzpf\/ wpfckum;&Sd\/ ,cifu
oHCmawmfig;&m qGrf;uyfonfhtcg tom;[if;wdkUjzifh aumif;
aumif;rGefrGef uyfvSLEdkif\/ ,cktcsdefwGifum; qefuGJxrif;ESifh
ykef;&nfBuD;[if;udkom uyfvSLEdkifawmhonf/
tdraf xmifa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? use;f rma&;? vlraI &;tqifajy
aejcif;onf ukov kd u
f aH Mumif?h wpfenf; apwemaumif;jzihjf yKvyk f
onfh aumif;aomtvkyfaMumifh jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmifa&;? pD;yGm;
a&;? use;f rma&;? vlraI &;tqifrajyjcif;onf tukov kd uf aH Mumifh
jzpfonf/ wpfenf; apwemqdk;jzifh jyKvkyfonfh raumif;aom
tvkyaf Mumifh jzpfonf/ tukov kd of nf rD;ESiw
hf \
l / ukov kd o
f nf
a&ESifh wlavonf/
xdUk aMumifh tukov kd rf ;D avmifí tdraf xmifa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
ponf tqifrajyonfhtcg ukodkvfudk rsm;rsm; ydkvkyf&onf/
tukov kd rf ;D udk ukov kd af &rsm;rsm;jzifh Nird ;f owf&onf/ xdu k r®ó
uwm or®m'd|d tjzpfreS u f kd ydik Ef ikd pf mG odxm;onfh olaX;Bu;D onf
rnfonfht&mudkrS Oy'fa&mufraebJ ukodkvfudkom wpdkufrwf
rwf jyKvkyfaejcif; jzpf\/
xdtk csed rf mS yif tuGuaf umif;udk apmihaf eaom wHcg;rkcf
apmifhewfonf udk,fxifjyum olaX;BuD;udk ,ckvdk ajym\/
]]olaX;BuD;? oifonf &wemoHk;yg;udk twdkif;tqr&Sd
vSL'gef;aomaMumifh ,ckvdk qif;&JoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 'DaeUrSpí
&wemoH;k yg;tm; vSL'gef;ud;k uG,jf cif;udk rjyKygESi/hf tJovdk &wem
oHk;yg;udk pGefUr,fqdk&if ta<u;q,fh&Spfuka# jyefqyfatmif ig
tusK;d aqmifay;r,f/ Ny;D awmh jrpfxyJ goGm;wJh q,f&h pS u f ak #&Swd hJ
&wemtdk;awGudkvnf; jyefq,fay;r,f/}}
olaX;BuD;tm; &wemoHk;yg;ESifh oHk;q,fhajcmufuka#
BudKuf&mudk a&G;cdkif;aejcif;yif jzpf\/ olaX;BuD;um; wpfb0pm
oH;k q,fah jcmufuak #udk ra&G;/ wpfoo H &mvH;k tm;ud;k &rnfh &wem
oHk;yg;udkom a&G;cs,fcJh\/ xdkewfudkvnf; olUtdrfxJwGif rae&ef
ESix f w
k yf pfvu dk af vonf/ rdpmä 'd|ed wfonf olUtjypfEiS o hf l olaX;
BuD;tdrfrS xGufoGm;&avonf/
 bmomjcm;q&mrwpfa,muf\ zGifh[0efcHcsuf
a&TjynfomNrKd UwGif bmomjcm;b0rS Ak'b ¨ momodUk ajymif;
vmaom rdom;pkwpfp&k \ dS / olwUkd rdom;pkwiG f rdcif\ rdbESpyf g;
vH;k onf bmomjcm;rsm; jzpfonf/ zcifu ujym; jzpfonf/ taz
tjcm;bmom0if? tar Ak'b ¨ mom0if jzpfonf/ odUk aomf olum;
zcifbufvdkufNyD; tjcm;bmom0if jzpfoGm;onf/
odUk aomf olUtarum; olEiS hf vdu k af eonfw h ikd af tmif Ak'¨
bmomudo k m ud;k uG,v f su&f odS nf/ Ak'b ¨ momyDyD olUom;udk wpf
Budrfavmuf 'kv’b&[ef; 0wfapcsifonf/ odkUaomf olUacR;ru
cGifhrjyK/ olU acR;rum; bmoma&;acgif;aqmif q&mrBuD;wpf
a,mufjzpfonf/ ,ck xdt k rsK;d orD;ud,
k w f ikd f pma&;oltm; &ifziG hf
ajymMum;aom pum;rsm;udk t&if;twdik ;f azmufonfcsvu kd &f ay
onf/
]]q&mawmfu ]bmomwefzdk;} qdkwJh trnfeJU pmtkyf
wpftkyf a&;zdkU pDpOfaew,f/ tck wpf0ufavmufawmh a&;NyD;
aeNy/D 'Dpmtkyxf rJ mS bmomjcm;uae Ak'b ¨ momudk ajymif;vmol
awG&JUtaMumif;udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk a&;rSm/ 'g,dumrBuD;wdkUu
rdom;pktukefvHk; Ak'¨bmomudk ajymif;vmMuwmqdkawmh ydkNyD;
pdwf0ifpm;w,f/ b,fvdkaMumifh Ak'¨bmomxJ ajymif;vmw,f
qdkwmudk odcGifh&Sd&if odyg&ap/}}
 ]]wynfhawmf tygt0if rdom;pktm;vHk; Ak'¨bmomxJ
a&mufatmif vkyfay;ol[m vlvnf; r[kwfbl;/ &[ef;oHCm
vnf; r[kwfbl;/}}
]]'gjzifh b,fou l Ak'b¨ mom0ifjzpfatmif vkyaf y;wmvJ}}
]]NydwåmbHk a&mufaewJh wynfhawmfr&JU a,mu©rBuD;yg}}
]]pdwf0ifpm;p&myJ/ qufajymygOD;}}
]]wynfhawmf&JU a,mu©rBuD;[m aqGpOfrsKd;quf Ak'¨bm
om0ifawGyg/ olUusrS bmomjcm;eJU tdrfawmifuscJh&wm/ 'gay
r,fh Ak'¨bmomudk rpGefUygbl;/ bmom rajymif;wJhtwGuf r,m;
wpfa,muf &r,fh tcGifhta&;awGudk bmrQ r&cJhygbl;/ ol[m
bmomjcm; rdom;pktodkuft0ef;xJrSm tapcHrwpfa,mufvdkyJ
aecJh&ygw,f}}
]]wynfhawmfreJU &wm olU&JU wpfOD;wnf;aom om;yg/
om;av; t&G,fa&mufwmeJU ol[m Ak'¨bmomyDyD &SifjyKcsifcJhyg
w,f/ 'gayr,fh cGirhf &cJyh gbl;/ a,mufsm;bufu bmomtwkid ;f yJ
½d;k &myGaJ wG vkycf &hJ ygw,f/ 'Dwek ;f uvn;f rsu&f nfeUJ rsucf u G yf gyJ}}
]]wynfhawmfreJU olUom; vufxyfNyD;wJh aemufrSmvnf;
om;udck spw f ahJ ZmeJU wynfah wmfr&JU tdrrf mS vdu
k af ew,f/ a,mu©r
Bu;D [m wynfah wmfr pdwMf unfvifwt hJ csed uf kd tNrwJ rf; acsmif;ae
w,f/ wynfah wmfr rsuEf mS MunfMunfvifvif&NdS yq D wkd meJU tem;
udv k mNy;D olUom;udk 'kvb ’ &[ef; ckepf&ufavmuf 0wfciG jhf yKygvdUk
tEl;tñGwf awmif;qdkawmhwmyJ}}
 ]]wynfhawmfruvnf; wZGwfxdk; wpf,loefqdkawmh
wpfcgrS cGirhf jyKygbl;/ owdxm;rdwm wpfcu k awmh ol[m tJ'v D kd
cGiahf wmif;vkUd r&wJt h cgwdik ;f rsu&f nfawG yd;k yd;k aygufayguf usNy;D
½IdufBuD;wiif idkauR;wmygyJ/ tJ'Dvdktcsdefus&if tonf;rmwJh
wynfhawmfrawmif olUtwGuf pdwfraumif; jzpfjzpfoGm;w,f}}
]]pdwqf if;&JvUkd xifygw,f/ toufr&Sn&f mS ygbl; bk&m;/
ckepfq,f rjynfch ifrmS yJ qH;k oGm;w,f/ olq;kH Ny;D wJt h csed rf mS wynfh
awmfrudk oHk;Budrfwdwd 0ifyl;NyD; vlUb0u olUqE´udk jznfhay;zdkU
awmif;qdkjyefygw,f}}
]]bmvJ - olUom;udk 'kv’b&[ef;cHay;zdkUvm;}}
]][kwyf gw,f bk&m;/ olUom;udk &[ef;cHay;rS ol 'DNyw d må
b0u vGwfr,f/ olUudk oem;&if? rdcifcsif; udk,fcsif;pm&if olU
qE´ukd wpfBurd w f pfcgavmuf jznfah y;ygvdUk id, k Nkd y;D ajym&Smygw,f/
'Dvkd oH;k Burd w
f wd d 0ify;l ajymwJt
h cgrSmawmh om;wpfa,muf&adS eNyD
jzpfwJh wynfhawmfr[m rdcifcsif;udk,fcsif;pmNyD; cifyGef;jzpfoludk
'kv’b&[ef;cHcGifh ay;vdkufygw,f}}
]]&[ef;cHyGJrSm tvSLay;NyD; trQa0wJhtwGuf uRwfoGm;
w,f xifygw,f/ aemufxyf bmrSrjyawmhygbl;/ ]&wemoH;k yg;
[m Nydwåmb0 a&mufaeoludkawmif uRwfvGwfEkdifpGrf; &Sdygvm;}
qdwk m wynfah wmfr ud, k af wGUodvukd &f ygw,f/ aemuf &[ef;cHyJG
rSma[mwJh w&m;awGukd em&Ny;D wynfah wmfrwdUk wpftrd o f m;vH;k
Ak'¨bmom jzpfcJh&wmyg}}
 ]]trSeftwdkif; 0efcH&&if NrdKUxJrSmaewkef;u jzpfcJhwJh Ak'¨
bmomqdkwm rd½dk;zvmAk'¨bmomyg/ a&Tjynfoma&mufrS q&m
awmf pGeUf BuvJ ukd wf hJ rsu&f nfruscifoad pcsi?f jrefrmwdUk \touf
qdw
k hJ pmtkyEf pS tf yk uf kd zwfNy;D rS wu,fh Ak'b
¨ mom0ifawG jzpfMu
wmyg/
vlwpfa,muf[m tajy;b,favmufjrefjref wpfa,muf
wnf; ajy;wmqdk&if jrefrSef; rodomygbl; bk&m;/ wjcm; tajy;
orm;awGeUJ ,SONf y;D ajy;wJt h cgusro S m oltajy;jrefwm[m ay:
vGivf mygw,f bk&m;/ 'DOyrmtwdik ;f yJ jrefrmtrsm;pk[m arG;u
wnf;u Ak'b ¨ mom jzpfvmMuNy;D wpfjcm; b,fbmomudrk v S nf;
ravhvmzl;awmh Ak'¨bmom&JU wefzdk;BuD;yHkudk odyfrodMuygbl;
bk&m;}}
]]wynfah wmfwUkd vdk bmomjcm;uae Ak'b ¨ momjzpfvmol
awGuawmh bmomESpfrsKd;udk tvdkvdk ,SOfMunfhNyD;om; jzpfwJh
twGuf Ak'¨bmom&JU wefzdk;BuD;rm;yHk? jrifhjrwfyHkawGudk wu,f
odaeygw,f bk&m;/ 'gaMumifh Ak'¨bmomtjzpfudk toufxuf
awmif wefzdk;xm;ygw,f bk&m;}}
 &wemoHk;yg;ESifh odef;ESpfq,f
]]wynfhawmfwdkU rdom;pk &wemoHk;yg;udk toufxuf
wefz;kd xm;w,fqw kd mudk bmomjcm;jzpfwhJ wynfah wmfr&JUnDr[m
rod&mS ygbl;/ 'ghaMumifv
h nf; wynfah wmfrudk &wemoH;k yg;ESihf ode;f
ESpfq,f BudKufwm a&G;cdkif;cJhzl;w,f}}
]]aMomf ..pdw0f ifpm;p&myJ/ b,fv, kd OS Nf y;D a&G;cdik ;f wmvJ
ajymjyygOD;}}
]]wynfah wmfwUkd Ak'b ¨ mom0if jzpfomG ;uwnf;u aqGrsK;d
tm;vH;k u aocef;jzwfvu kd Mf uw,f/ bmoma&; tzGUJ tpnf;awG
qDuvnf; bmtultnDrS r&awmhygbl;/ Ak'¨bmom0ifawG&JU
tavhtxuvnf; ausmif;uef bk&m;udkom vSLwwfMuwm/
qif;&J 'ku©a&mufwJholudk pD;yGm;a&; tultnDay;w,fqdkwm
r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;ygw,f bk&m;/}}
]]'gaMumifh wynfah wmfwUkd a&TjynfomNrKd Uopfukd a&mufwhJ
tcsdefupNyD; qif;&JMuyfwnf;oGm;ygw,f/ wynfhawmfr&JU om;
av;[m nDrrdom;pk&UJ taxmuftyHeh UJ rav;&Sm;rSm tvkyo f mG ;
vkyfaeygw,f/ om;av;ydkUwJh aiGeJUqdk&if awmfawmfacsmifvnf
rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh wynfah wmfr om;ydUk wJah iGukd wynfah wmfrwdUk u
udk,fwdkif wdkuf½dkuf xkwf,lvdkUr&bl; bk&m;}}
]][if - udk,fhom;u ydkUwJh aiGyJ? bmjzpfvdkU udk,fwdkif
xkwf,lvdkU r&wmvJ}}
 ]]wynfhawmfr&JU nDru vrf;p&dwfutp ukefusp&dwf
tm;vH;k udk pdu k x f m;wmqkad wmh ukrP Ü u D aiGvNJT yq D &kd if nDremrnf
eJUyJ vTyJ gw,f/ tck wynfah wmfwUkd Ak'b ¨ momjzpfwt hJ csed u f pNy;D
nDrjzpfou l om;vGw J ahJ iGawGukd tydik o
f rd ;f ypfvu
kd yf gw,f/ wynfh
awmfwdkUudk ray;awmhygbl;}}
]]tdk- w&m;Oya'r&SdwJh wdkif;jynfrS r[kwfbJ? 'g,dumr
BuD;wdkUu w&m;rpGJbl;vm;}}
]]w&m;pGMJ unfyh gw,f/ om;ydUk wJah iGukd r&wJt h jyif wynfh
awmfrwdUk r&Srd &hJ rdS ahJ iGav;yg xyfuek o f mG ;vdUk tckawmh ud, k x hf u kd ef UJ
udk,fhuHyJqdkNyD; Nidrfaevdkufygw,f/ wpfaeUawmh wynfhawmf&JU
nDru wynfah wmfukd vSr;f ac:Ny;D ajymygw,f/ Ak'b ¨ momudpk eG Uf Ny;D
t&ifbmomxJ jyef0ifyg/ om;ydUk xm;wJh ode;f ESpq f ,fausmf wpfcg
wnf; xkwfay;r,fwJh bk&m;}}
(rSwfcsuf) þjzpf&yfonf 2004 ckESpfcefUu jzpfí odef;ESpfq,f
ausmf wefz;kd onfrao;aMumif; cefUrSe;f MunfEh ikd o f nf/
]]'Dawmh 'g,dumrBuD;u bmjyefajymvdkufvJ}}
]]ode;f ESpqf ,f rajymeJU? ode;f ESp&f may;vnf; Ak'b ¨ momudk
rpGefUbl;vdkU ajymNyD; wpfcgwnf; jyefvmcJhygw,f/ wynfhawmfr
[m Ak'b ¨ momudk toufxuf wefz;kd xm;vdUk tckvkd ajymEdik w f m
yg/ wynfah wmfwUkd rdom;pk qif;&Jaewm wynfah wmfr todq;kH yg/
orD;ESpaf ,muf txnfcsKypf uf½rkH mS vkyw f hJ vpmav;eJUyJ rdom;pk
ig;a,muf avmufatmif pm;ae&wJh b0yg bk&m;}}
 ]]orD;ESpfa,muf&JU vpmuvnf; qkaMu;a&m bma&m
aygif;rS wpfv ig;aomif;qdw k m trsm;qH;k yg/ wynfah wmfeUJ trsK;d
om;uvnf; toufBuD;MuNyDqdkawmh bmrS rvkyfEdkifawmhygbl;/
orD;av; ESpfa,mufuvnf; awmf&Smygw,f/ olwdkUvpmeJUwif
tdrpf &dwf ravmufreS ;f odvUkd aiGav;ode;f acs;Ny;D zdeyfeUJ txnfp
awGudk tvkyform;csif; vay;ESifh a&mif;ygw,f}}
]]a&mif;awmh a&mif;&ygw,f bk&m;/ 'gayr,fh twd;k ay;&
wmu rsm;w,f bk&m;/ wpf&m wpfq,fwdk;qdkawmh wpfvjynfh
wdik ;f twd;k u av;aomif; ay;ae&awmh jrwfwt hJ jrwfuav;u
udk,froHk;&bJ twdk;xJ ygoGm;wmaygh bk&m;}}
'g,dumrBuD;u pma&;ol ar;ojzifh olU&ifxJ&Sdonfh
twdkif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymjyaejcif; jzpfonf/ temxydPf
olaX;Bu;D uJo h Ukd &wemoH;k yg;udk aiGxuf wefz;kd xm;aom Ak'b ¨ m
om0ifrsm; &SdaMumif; vufawGU jrif&onfhtwGuf tm;wuf0rf;
ajrmufrdonf/ tem;wGif xdkifvsuf&Sdaom uyÜd,jzpfol nDawmf
armifp;kd wift h m; aiGav;ode;f xkwcf ikd ;f Ny;D olwUkd rdom;pkukd *kPjf yK
vdkufygonf/
,ck 2008 ckESpfwGifum; olwdkUonf a&TjynfomNrdKUü
qefqD ukepf q kH ikd Bf u;D zGiu
hf m a&mif;csEikd af omtqifo h Ukd a&mufae
avNy/D xdo k Ukd zGiEhf ikd &f eftwGuv f nf; pma&;ol\ e0ur®xrJ S q,f
ode;f usyu f kd twd;k rJh pdu k x f w
k uf nl cD ahJ yonf/ tay:,HMunfv h Qif
xdkrdom;pk aiGav;odef; &oGm;jcif;onf pma&;olu ay;jcif;jzpf
onf/ eufepJ mG Munfv h Qiu f m; &wemoH;k yg;udk MunfnKd aom olwUkd
\ apwemu ay;jcif;om jzpfonf/
þrdom;pkuo hJ Ukd yif temxydPo f al X;Bu;D udv
k nf; &wem
oHk;yg;udk MunfndKaom ol\ apwemESifh o'¨gw&m;wdkUu (54)
uka#aom tojymwdUk udk jyefvnf *kPjf yKay;tyfcahJ yonf/ wHcg;
rkcfapmifhewfonf olaX;BuD; ESifxkwfojzifh xGufcJh&aomfvnf;
aemufxyf aep&m tdrfr&Sday/ xdktcgusrS olUtjypfudk jrifNyD;
aemifw&um NrdKUapmifhewfudk oGm;NyD;tultnDawmif;\/
NrKd Uapmifeh wfuvnf; olaX;Bu;D udk vdu k rf ajym&Jay/ wzef
pwkr[m&mZf ewfrif;Bu;D av;yg;xH tultnDawmif;jyef\/ olwUkd
uvnf; rajym&JMuay/ aemufqHk; odMum;rif;xH oGm;tultnD
awmif;aomtcg tBuaH umif;wpfcu k kd &cJ\
h / odMum;rif;u wHcg;
rkcfapmifhewftm; tckvdk tBuHay;\/

trdkufqHk;ewf[lonf
]]rif;[m awmfawmf rdkufrJwJh ewfyJ/ &wemoHk;yg;udk
toufeJUvJNyD; MunfndKwJh t&d,m olawmfaumif;udkrS &wem
oHk;yg;udk oGm;NyD; pGefUcdkif;wm b,favmuf rdkufrJ&m a&mufovJ/
igud,k w
f ikd v
f nf; olaX;Bu;D udk vdu
k Nf y;D rajym&Jb;l / odUk aomf olaX;
BuD; auseyfapr,fh tBuHwpfckudkawmh ay;vdkufr,f/
olaX;BuD; &p&m&SdwJh (18)uka#aom tojymawGudk
jyefqyfatmif vkyfay;yg/ NyD;&if jrpfxJarsmygoGm;wJh (18)uka#
aom &wemypönf;awG&,f? ydkif&SifrJhaewJh (18)uka#wefaom
wjcm; &wemypönf;awG&,fudk wefcdk;eJU q,f,lNyD; olaX;BuD;&JU
b@mwdu k x
f rJ mS xnfah y;yg/ tJ'gawGtm;vH;k vkyNf y;D Nyq D rkd S &wem
oH;k yg;udk b,faomtcgrS apmfum;armfum; rajymawmhb;l qdw k m
udk olaX;Bu;D xH awmif;yefvu kd yf g/ olawmfaumif;qdw k m awmif;
yef&if ausat;Muygw,f}}
odMum;rif;ajymonft h wdik ;f vdu
k ef mcJo h nft h wGuf wHcg;
rkcfapmifhewfonf olaX;BuD; NcH0if;twGif;ü jyefvnfaexdkifcGifh
&&So d mG ;cJo
h nf/ Ak'b ¨ mom0iftm;vH;k onf temxydPo f al X;Bu;D
\ pdwf"gwfudk twk,loifhonf/ &wemoHk;yg;ESifh (36)uka#udk
a&G;cdik ;f pOfu avmbbufvu kd Nf y;D (36)uka#udak &G;cJv h Qif wpfb0
pmom csrf;omNyD; oHo&mwGif tyg,fodkU usrnf jzpfonf/
rSefuefpGm &wemoHk;yg;udk a&G;cs,fcJhaomaMumifh (54)
uka#xdatmif&Ny;D oHo&mwGif edAmÁ efxd a&mufO;D rnf jzpfonf/
Ak'¨vufxufu temxydPfolaX;BuD;um; vlUb0udk edAÁmef&zdkU
twGuf toH;k csco hJ jl zpf\/ temxydPo f al X;Bu;D uJo h Ukd yif vlUb0
udk edAÁmef&zdkUtwGuf toHk;csol rEÅav;NrdKUrS ausmufwGif;olaX;
wpfOD;taMumif;udk tusOf;csKyf wifjyygOD;rnf/
olUemrnfukd ]armifp;kd Edik }f [k ac:Edik yf gonf/ ppfuikd ;f NrKd U
e,f? a'gif;r&Gmom; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS ESpfpOf usif;yaom
ausmufrsu&f wem avvHwif a&mif;csyw JG iG f jrefrmwpfjynfv;kH rS
vmjyaom &wemrsK;d pHu k kd wm0efcw H ifjyolrmS ausmufwiG ;f olaX;
OD;pdk;Edkifyif jzpfonf/ olonf &wemukrÜPDBuD;wpfckudk ydkifqdkif
aom olaX;b0odkU vG,fulpGm a&mufcJh&jcif; r[kwfay/
omrmef ausmufw;l tvkyo
f rm;av; b0rS ukrP
Ü yD ikd &f iS f
olaX;BuD;b0odkU ydkUay;aom taMumif;w&m;rsm;rSm -

OD;pdk;Edkif\ BuD;yGm;aMumif;w&m;rsm;
- tvkyfudk pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;NyD; MumjrifhpGmvkyfjcif;/
- pGrf;tm;udk tukefpdkufxkwfNyD; vkyfjcif;/
- r&yfrem; w&pyf vkyfjcif;/
- tvkyfudk av;av;pm;pm; vkyfjcif;/
- aysmf&TifMunfEl;pGm vkyfjcif;/
- udk,fusifhoDv aumif;jcif;/
- ay;NyD;om;uwdudk b,faomtcgrS rzsufjcif;/
- tvkyf&Siftay: opöm&Sdjcif;/
- olwpfyg;\tvkyfudk rdrdtvkyfvdk oabmxm;jcif;/
- tvkyfudk ydkaumif;atmif aeUpOf BuHpnfpdwful;jcif;/
- tvkyform;rsm;udk rdrd rdom;pkvdk oabmxm;NyD; wwfEdkif
orQ jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;/
- rdrEd iS yhf wfouforQ ta&mif;t0,form;rsm;tay: arwåm
ppf? arwåmrSefxm;jcif;/
 - ywf0ef;usi&f dS taygif;toif;tm;vH;k udk rdru d o hJ Ukd csr;f om
atmif enf;aumif;rsm;udk vQKUd 0Surf xm;bJ &uf&ufa&ma&m
ay;jcif;/
- Bu;D yGm;csr;f omjcif;onf 'ge&Scd ahJ omaMumif[ h k em;vnfojzifh
wu,f vdt k yfaom ae&mrsm;udk ud, k w
f ikd &f mS azGívSL'gef;
jcif;/
- tusKd;rsm;rnfh pmtkyfrsm;udk ntdyf,m0ifcgeD;wdkif; zwf½I
jcif;/
- a'oEÅ& A[kokwESifh EdkifiHwum A[kokw&Sdjcif;/
wdkUyif jzpfonf/
BuD;yGm; wdk;wufjcif;onf tusKd;w&m; jzpf\/ xdktusKd;
w&m;onf azmfjyyg taMumif;w&m;wdUk aMumifh &&Sv d mjcif; jzpf\/
taMumif;rJh &&Sv d mjcif; r[kw/f udpk ;kd Edik u
f kd pma&;ol oabmtus
qH;k um; pmayA[kow k &Sjd cif;yif jzpf\/ olaX;t"dygÜ ,fukd tawG;
tac:ynm&Siw f pfO;D u ,ckvakd &;om;zl;onf/ aiGrw S pfyg; tjcm;
bmrQr&Sdaomoludk olaX;[k ac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh olaX;
trsm;pkrmS xdt k awG;tac:ynm&Sif ajymovdk aiGrw S pfyg; tjcm;
todÓPf bmrQr&So d o l m rsm;ayonf/ pmayA[kow k &So d ol nf
pmay A[kokwr&Sdolxuf tNrJwrf; acgif;wpfvHk; jrifhaewwf
onf/
taemufwikd ;f om;rsm;u ta&SUwdik ;f om;rsm;xuf ae&m
wdik ;f wGif omaejcif;rSm pmzwfjcif;aMumifyh if jzpfonf/ t*Fvefü
&yfuu G w f pfcak zmfwikd ;f rjzpfrae yg&aomt&mrSm pmMunfw h u
kd f
yif jzpfonf/ &yfuu G pf mMunfw h ukd yf if jzpfaomfvnf; xdpk mMunfh
wduk wf iG f urÇm*h E¦0ifpmtkyt f m;vH;k &Sad e&onf/ xdpk mayA[kow k
tm;aMumifhvnf; uRef;EdkifiHav;wpfckomjzpfaom t*Fvefonf
wpfurÇmvHk;eD;yg;udk odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
udkpdk;Edkifonf rdk;ukwf ausmufwGif; wpfwGif;rS omrmef
ausmufw;l orm;av;wpfa,mufyif jzpfonf/ olonf pmzwfol
jzpfaomaMumifh ]] rdrdudk,fudk Edkifatmif rtkyfcsKyfEdkifolonf ol
wpfyg;udk tkycf sKyaf om acgif;aqmifaumif; b,faomtcgrS jzpf
rvmEdik }f [laom 'óeav;udk tNro J wd&ol jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh
vli,fyyD D taomuftpm;? taysmt f yg;udk vdu
k pf m;csiaf omfvnf;
rdrdudk,fudk Edkifatmifxdef;NyD; rvdkufpm;cJhay/
acgif;aqmifpw d &f o dS ol nf b0ay;tajctaet& aemuf
vdkufb0odkU a&mufae&aomfvnf; cPomjzpf\/ tcsdefusvm
aomtcg rdrdESifhxdkufwefonfh acgif;aqmifb0odkU a&muf&rnf
om/ ywåjrm;tppf EGrH epf [laom pum;yHo k nf xdo k Ukd acgif;aqmif
pdwf&Sdolrsm;udk &nfñTef;jcif; jzpf\/
wpfzef aemufvu kd pf w d &f odS ol nf b0ay;tajctaet&
acgif;aqmifb0odUk a&mufae&aomfvnf; cPomjzpf\/ tcsed f
usvmaomtcg rdrdESifh xdkufwefonfh aemufvdkufb0odkU jyef
a&muf&onfom/ acG;½l;aumif;pm; wpfrGef;wnfh [laom pum;
yHo
k nf aemufvu kd pf wd &f o
dS w l pfa,muf acgif;aqmifb0ü MumMum
aer&onfudk jyqdkvdk&if;yif jzpf\/
rcdik ;f bJ vkyjf cif;? tvkyu
f kd trsm;Bu;D vkyNf y;D tcGit hf a&;
udk tenf;i,fom ,ljcif;wdUk onf acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpfrnfo h \
l
xl;jcm;aom tcsurf sm;yif jzpf\/ cdik ;f rSvyk jf cif;? tvkyu f kd tenf;
i,fom vkyfNyD; tcGifhta&;udk trsm;BuD;,ljcif;wdkUonf aemuf
vdkufjzpfrnfhol\ t*Fgvu©Pmrsm;yif jzpf\/

tvkyf&SifpdwfarG;í tvkyf&Sifjzpf&ol
udpk ;kd Edik of nf omrmef ausmufw;l orm;av; wpfa,muf
omjzpfaomfvnf; ausmufw;l vkyif ef;Bu;D wpfcv k ;kH udk rdrt
d vkyv f kd
oabmxm;\/ vpm &Spaf omif;cefUom &aomfvnf; &Spo f ed ;f ru
wefatmif tvkyv f yk \
f / aiGukd t"durxm;bJ tvkyu f kd t"du
xm;jcif;onfvnf; acgif;aqmifaumif;\ t*Fgwpfcyk if jzpfonf/
trSeftm;jzifh tvkyform;rSeforQonf rdrdvpmudk rdrd
ud,k wf ikd f owfrw S jf cif; jzpf\/ tvkyu f kd ig;aomif;wefatmifom
vkyo f ul kd tvky&f iS o f nf ig;aomif;omay;rnfjzpfonf/ tvkyu f kd
ig;odef;wefatmif vkyfoludkum; tvkyf&Sifonf ig;odef;ay;rnf
om jzpf\/ udpk ;kd Edik o f nf tvkyo f rm;jzpfaomfvnf; tvky&f iS pf w d f
arG;\/
olwdkU ausmufwGif;rS ausmufaumif;awG xGufatmif?
avvGirhf I r&Sad tmif? aps;aumif;&atmif olprG ;f tm;&So d rQ BuKd ;pm;
\/ xdo k Ukd tvkyu f kd ydv
k yk af ejcif;onf olaX;xHrS tcGit hf a&;&,l
vdík r[kw/f vkycf sipf w d &f adS omaMumifh vkyaf ejcif;om jzpfonf/
acgif;aqmifpdwf&SdolESifh zm;olonf wjcm;pDjzpf\/
acgif;aqmifpw d &f o dS o
l nf tvky&f iS \
f uG,&f mrSmjzpfap?
a&SUrSmjzpfap tvkyfudk yHkrSeftwkdif; BudK;pm;vkyf\/ zm;olum;
tvky&f iS af &SUrSmom yifyef;atmifvyk jf yNy;D tvky&f iS u f , G &f mwGif
bmrQ rvkyfbJaeol jzpf\/ xdkolrsKd;onf tuJrcwfwwfaom
tvky&f iS t f csKUd aMumifh acgif;aqmifb0 a&mufaomfvnf; vQypf ;D
vufovdk cPom jzpf\/ xdkolrsKd;\ vkyf&yfum; tm;usp&m
r[kwf/ a&Smif&Sm;p&mom jzpf\/
pdawåe ed,saw avmaum - pdwo f nf avmuBu;D udyk if
rdrdvdk&modkU aqmifEdkifonf[k bk&m;a[m&Sd&m tvkyf&Sifpdwf&Sdol
onf tvky&f iS b f 0odUk tb,frmS ra&mufb&J ydS grnfenf;/ ESpMf um
vmonfEiS t hf rQ udpk ;kd Edik o
f nf omrmeftvkyo f rsm;b0rS tvkyf
orm;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&ol jzpfvmonf/
xdkUxuf ESpfMumvmaomtcg olaX;\ refae*sm (odkUr
[kw)f rsuEf mS vTx J m;&ol jzpfvmonf/ þtcsurf sm;udk axmufí
tvkyform;rsm;onf rdrd\ vpmudk rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfjcif;
jzpfonf[k qdkcJhjcif; jzpf\/ tvkyf&SifolaX;onf w½kwfjynfodkU
tNyD;jyefoGm;aomtcg udkpdk;Edkifudk ausmufwGif;BuD;wpfwGif;vHk;
vTJtyfcJhavonf/ tvkyform;yifjzpfaomfvnf; tvkyf&Sifpdwf
&So
d o
l nf tvky&f iS jf zpf&onf[al ompum;udk udpk ;kd Edik u f vufawGU
jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpf\/
]]vlcsif; wlygvsuf wcsKdUu qif;&JNyD;? wcsKdUu csrf;om
onfrmS tb,fah Mumifyh genf;}} [k okbvkvifu ar;cJ&h m- Ak'u ¨
'ge&So d rl sm;onf csr;f omNy;D ? 'ger&So d rl sm;onf qif;&JaMumif; ajz
qdak wmfrcl o hJ nf/ pmzwfrsm;aom OD;pd;k Edik u f xdt k csuu f kd aoao
csmcsm odxm;aomaMumifh Ak'¨\ ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; omoem
twGu?f avmutwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;rnfh ae&mrsm;odUk wwfEikd o f rQ
&SmazGvSL'gef;avh&Sdonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh - ausmufwGif;rS tvkyform;rsm; aexdkif
raumif;jzpfvQif olUtdwfxJrS pdkufxkwf ukoay;avh&Sdonf/ ol
ud,k wf ikd f vrf;jyvdu k af omaMumifh aemifwiG f tvky&f iS o f al X;vnf;
raeomawmhbJ pdu k x f wk uf o
k ay;aomtavhukd &&So d mG ;cJo
h nf/
wpfcgwGif OD;pdk;Edkifonf c&D;oGm;&if; pdwfraumif;p&m
jrifuiG ;f wpfcu k kd awGUvduk &f onf/ acG;rBu;D wpfaumifEiS hf acG;av;
oH;k aumifwUkd onf tpma&pmjywfNy;D csKyH w k xf w
J iG f acGvaJ eMujcif;
yif/ rarG;csio f jzifh acG;rBu;D a&m acG;av;oH;k aumifuykd g awmxJ
vmypfxm;&m vlaetdraf jcr&So d jzifh tpma&pmjywfum vJaeMu
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
,cktcsdefwGif tpmwpfeyfavmufom pm;&ygu vlae
tdraf jcrsm;&Sad om ae&modUk olwUkd om;trdwpfawG oGm;Edik Mf urnf
jzpfonf/ OD;pdk;Edkifonf jzpfay:vmaom o'¨gw&m;aMumifh um;
ay:odUk tjrefajy;um auR;arG;p&mrsm;udk &SmMunfo h nf/ rnfonfh
tpmudkrQ rawGU&/ rsufaphwpfqHk;? wpfarQmfwpfac: vSrf;arQmf
Munfah omfvnf; tdraf jc,majcrajymESihf wJtrd w f pfv;kH yif rawGU&
ay/ auR;arG;csiaf om arwåmapwemonf jyif;xefaeNyD jzpfaom
aMumihf zufoefUoefUrsm;udck ;l um acG;rsm;a&SUwGif jzefUcsvu
kd o
f nf/

acG;rsm;udk tefauR;aom u½kPm&Sif

t½dk;ay:ta&wifjzpfum csdeJUaeaom acG;rBuD;ESifh acG;
av; oH;k aumifonf OD;pd;k Edik u f kd &efov l m;? rdwaf qGvm;[k rcGjJ cm;
Edik af om tMunfjh zifh vSr;f Munfah eMuonf/ &efojl zpfaeygu xGuf
ajy;Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhNyjD zpfojzifh taocHzUkd &efom &Sad yonf/ OD;pd;k
Edik o f nf ol\tmacgifukd vufnKd§ ;xd;k um toifch sxm;aom zuf
&GufBuD;ay:odkU xdk;tefcsvdkufonf/
acG;rBuD;ESifh acG;av; oHk;aumifonf tefzwfrsm;udk
twif;xdk;[yf pm;vdkufMu&m cPESifhukefoGm;onf/ ig;&ufwdkif
wdik f tpmESihf jywfaeMuaom olwUkd \ 0rf;Adu k rf sm;onf wpfBurd f
pm;&½HEk iS hf rwif;wdrEf ikd Mf uay/ xdUk aMumifh olwUkd \ rsuv f ;kH av;pHu
k
OD;pd;k Edik \
f rsuEf mS udk wdik yf ifrxm;bJ wpfNyKd iw f nf; pdu k Mf unfv h suf
om; jzpfaeMuonf/
xdtk jzpfukd &dyrf o d mG ;aom OD;pd;k Edik u
f 'kw, d tBurd f tef
csNyD; auR;vdkufjyefonf/ xdktcsdefwGifvnf; rdom;pkav;aumif
tvkt,ufpm;Mu&m cPESiu hf ek o
f mG ;jyefonf/ xdUk aMumifh wwd,
tBurd f tmacgifukd vufnKd§ ;xd;k tefcsvu kd jf yef&m acG;av;aumif
pm;Mujyefonf/ odUk aomf þtBurd f pm;&mwGif £a`E&´ oGm;onf/
tvkt,uf r[kwaf wmh/ xdUk aMumifh olwUkd tm;&wif;wdrf
oGm;NyuD kd OD;pd;k Edik f &dyrf o
d mG ;onf/ olU0rf;xJwiG v f nf; pm;xm;aom
xrif;rsm; wpfaphrQ ruseaf wmhay/ aemufq;kH tBurd f tef&mwGif
yifyef;vGe;f ojzifh aoG;ptenf;i,fyif ygvmonfukd awGU&onf/
xdkukodkvf jyKNyD;onfrSpí OD;pdk;Edkif\ vkyfief;rsm;onf
wpf&edS xf ;kd atifjrifvmcJo h nf/ olyikd f ausmufprd ;f wGi;f rS rxifrw S f
bJ ywåjrm;rsm;yif xGuv f mojzifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm axmifwuf vmcJh
onf/ tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf (14)a,mufwGif wd&pämefrsm;vnf;ygonf/
wd&pämefwpfaumifudk auR;vSLvQif b0wpf&m csrf;omaMumif;
]Oy&dyPÖmoyg|dawmf? 'u©P d 0db*Fow k }f wGif bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
awmfrx l m;onf/
OD;pd;k Edik \f bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufaom tvSLrsm;rSm ode;f
aygif;axmifEiS chf sí D &Syd gonf/ OD;pd;k Edik u f kd pma&;ol txl;av;pm;
rdonfrSm vlrIa&;ESifh ywfoufaom ae&mrsm;wGif xda&mufpGm
vSLwwfraI Mumifyh ifjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynftwGuf rjzpfraevdt k yf
aeaom vrf;rsm;? wHwm;rsm;udk wwftm;orQ vSL'gef;aeonfrmS
vnf; odef;wpfaxmifxuf enf;rnf r[kwfay/
rEÅav;NrKd U&Sd pdeyf ef;bufoUkd wdu k ½f ukd af ygufaom (41)vrf;
vrf;rBuD;udk OD;pdk;Edkifu odef;wpf&mrwnfNyD; vSL'gef;&m uwå&m
vrf;acsmBuD; NyD;oGm;onfrSm rMumao;ay/ þ'gersKd;um; yg&rD
xdkufaom 'gersKd;yif jzpf\/
ol\ vlraI &;tvSL'ge rsm;pGmteufrS jrefrmwdik ;f twk,l
oihof nfh av;pm;MunfnKd tm;usz, G &f m 'gewpfcu k kd azmfjyygOD;
rnf/ ppfudkif;NrdKUe,fwGif tvGef qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom aemufMunfh
uRef;trnf&Sd &Gmav;wpf&Gm &Sdonf/ xdk&Gmav;onf ypönf;Opöm
omru udk,fusifhoDv pm&dwåyg qif;&Jaom&Gmav; jzpfonf/
- Opömpnf;pdrf qif;&JvdkU tyg,frus?
- udk,fusifhoDv qif;&JrS tyg,fusonf/
- Opömpnf;pdrf qif;&JvdkU b,fynm&Sd olawmfaumif;urS
txifrao;?
- udk,fusifhoDv qif;&JrS txifao;onf/
paom tqHk;trrsm;udkay;rnfh q&mbkef;BuD;rsm;onf
olwUkd &GmwGirf &S/d taMumif;um; ESpt f wefMumu jrpfa&wku d pf m;Ny;D
urf;yg;rsm;NyKd &m olwUkd &GmOD;ausmif;ESihf apwDrsm; a&xJygoGm;jcif;
aMumifhwnf;/ olwdkU tm;udk;wBuD; vkyfudkifpm;aomufaeaom
v,f,mudkif;uRef;rsm;onf urf;NydKonfhxJ ygoGm;ojzifh bmom
a&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;tm;vHk; atmufwef;usoGm;awmhonf/
ud,k yf ikd v
f ,f,mrsm; r&So d jzifh wjcm;&GmrS v,frsm;? udik ;f
rsm;odkU aeUpm; 0ifvkyfzdkU BudK;pm;Muaomfvnf; u½kPmxm;NyD;
cdkif;rnfhvlu r&Sd/ ]r&Sd? cdk;Edk;} [laom pum;udk bk&m;a[myrm
vufudkifjyKNyD; a&epfoludk 0g;ulxdk;aeMuonf/ or®mtmZD0
enf;jzifh pm;aomuf&ef rvG,faomtcg cdk;0Sufpm;aomufaom
tqifhodkU a&mufvmMuonf/

pGJjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;w&m;
aumif;aomtvkyf jzpfap? raumif;aomtvkyf jzpfap
MumMumvkyv f Qif pGw
J wf\/ t&ufpjJG cif;? aq;vdypf jJG cif;? uGr;f pGjJ cif;
wdkUonf xdktvkyfudk MumMum vkyfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ y&[dw
tvkyf? arwåmyGm;aom tvkyf? *kPfawmfyGm;aom tvkyfrsm;udk
MumMumvkyfvQifvnf; pGJonfom jzpf\/
tmz&du? awmeufBuD;xJrS qifajcaxmufa&m*gonf?
temBu;D a&m*gonfwUkd tm; aowyefoufwpfq;kH b0udjk rK§ yEf u HS m
aq;ukoay;onfh u½kPm&Sif ]tJvfbwf&TdKufZm} onf *smrPD
aoG;ygonfh Oa&mywdu k of m; wpfa,mufom jzpfonf/ csr;f om
aomEdik if w
H iG f vljzpfygvsuf awmeufBu;D xJwiG f 'kuo © nfrsm;udk
wpfoufv;kH jyKpak pmifah &SmufEikd o
f nfrmS y&[dwtvkyu f kd MumMum
vkyfaomaMumifh pGJoGm;jcif;om jzpfonf/
wpfurÇmvH;k u av;pm;MunfnKd Muaom a&m*gonftm;
vH;k \rdcifBu;D ]rmomx&DZm} onf tdE, d´ rS vrf;ab;wGif aovk
arsmyg;jzpfaeaom 'kuo © nfrsm;udk tdraf xmifyifrjyKbJ oufwrf;
ukefonftxd jyKpkapmifha&SmufEdkifonfrSmvnf; aumif;aom
tvkyfudk ESpf&Snfvrsm; vkyfonfhtwGuf pGJoGm;jcif; jzpf\/
 xdkUaMumifh pGJrnfhpGJvQif rdrd? olwpfyg; ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf
aus;Zl;rsm;aom tvkyu f okd mvQif pGaJ tmifvyk of ifoh nf/ avmu
udk zsufpD;rnfh raumif;aomtvkyfrsm;udk pGJoGm;atmif MumMum
rvkyfoifhay/ aemufMunfhuRef; &Gmom;rsm;onfvnf; cdk;aom
tvkyu f kd MumMumvkyaf omtcg pGo J mG ;Mu\/ cd;k 0Suaf omtvkyrf S
wpfyg; wjcm;rnfonfh tvkyfrQ rvkyfawmhay/
olwUkd twGuf wpfe,fv;kH 'kua© &mufvmaomtcg NrKd Ue,f
twGi;f &Sd &Jrsm; tm;vH;k pkaygif;Ny;D xd&k mG xJrS tdraf xmifO;D pD; trsK;d
om; (31)a,mufudk zrf;qD;í axmifcsvdkuf&onf/ rdom;pkcsif;
ud,k cf si;f pmaom OD;pd;k Edik of nf use&f pfcahJ om vlrr,f uav;i,f
rsm;\ tajctaeudk avhvm&ef xd&k mG xJoUkd ntcsed w f iG 0f ifa&muf
Munf½h cI ohJ nf/ ol\ awGUjrifcpH m;&rIrsm;udk OD;pd;k Edik uf ,ckvzkd iG [ hf
ajymMum;cJhonf/
]]q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfhawmfb0rSm 'Davmuf qif;&J
'kua© &mufaewJh &GmrsK;d udk wpfcgrS rawGUzl;ygbl;/ tdraf wGuMkd unfh
vdu k &f if ,dik ef UJ aewJh oufu,fr;kd ? x&Humav;awGcsn;f yJ/ wcsKUd
tdraf v;awGq&kd if tumeJU tcif;awmif r&Sb d ;l / vlrr,f? uav;
i,fav;awG[m ajrBuD;ay:rSm 'Dtwdkif; tdyfaeMuw,f}}
]]wcsKdU uav;awGu tusÐyJygw,f? abmif;bD rygbl;/
wcsKUd uav;awGu abmif;bDyJ ygw,f? tusrÐ ygbl;/ wcsKUd uav;
awGuawmh abmif;bDa&m? tusÐa&m bmrSrygbl;/ udk,fvHk;wD;
av;awGeUJ 'Dtwdik ;f yJ tdyaf eMuw,f/ wynfah wmf pdwrf aumif;
vGe;f vdUk rsu&f nfawmif usrw
d ,f/ pkpak ygif; uav; (47)a,muf
vHk;udk wynfhawmf&JU om;orD;tjzpf arG;pm;vdkufw,f/ tck
&efukefrSm oD;oefUwdkufeJUxm;NyD; ynmoifay;aeygw,f}}

ukodkvfw&m;udk tjrefvkyfjzpfjcif;taMumif;
]]usefcJhwJh rdcifeJU t&G,fa&mufNyD; uav;awGtwGuf
vnf; vpOf qef(6)jynfeUJ aiGig;axmif ydUk ay;aeygw,f/ ig tNrJ
wrf; aoEdkifw,fqdkwJh r&PmEkówd bm0emudk wynfhawmf
aeUwdkif; yGm;rsm;ygw,f/ aojcif;w&m;udk tNrJyGm;rsm;NyD; tNrJ
aoMunfah ewJt h wGuf wynfah wmfcpH m;&wJh vufawGUaumif;usK;d
awGuawmh ukov kd w f &m;udk tcsed rf qGb
J J csucf si;f vkyjf zpfygw,f}}
]]tukov kd f 'kp½du
k t
f vkyrf sm;udk Buv H nf;rBu?H ajymvnf;
rajym? vkyfvnf; rvkyfjzpfawmhygbl;/ NyD;awmh ao&rSmvnf;
vHk;vHk; aMumufpdwf r&Sdawmhygbl;/ wynfhawmfrsm; ½kwfw&uf
aoqH;k oGm;&if 'Duav; (47)a,muftwGuf &ifav;p&maumif;
ygw,f/ use&f pfcw hJ hJ om;r,m;awGu wynfah wmfpw d rf sK;d r&S&d if
olwdkUav;awGtm;vHk; 'ku©a&mufMurSmyg}}
]]tpdk;&drfqHk;uawmh olcdk;ol0Sufb0udk jyefa&mufoGm;
rSmudkygyJ/ wynhfawmf 'Duav;awG arG;pm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufu
'D&mG rSm olc;kd rsK;d qufawG jywfomG ;apcsiv f Ukd ygyJ/ 'ghaMumifh 'Duav;
awGtwGuf bPfrSm odef;ig;&m BudKwif tyfESHay;xm;ygw,f/
wynfah wmf ½kww f &uf aooGm;awmif 'Doed ;f ig;&mu olwUkd av;
awG&JU b0c&D;udk atmifjrifatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;oGm;rSmyg}}
]]wynfah wmf q&mawmfwUkd "r®uxduawGa[mwJh w&m;
udk tNrJemaeawmh wcsKdU yg|dav;awGqdk&if tvGwf&aew,f
bk&m;/ wynfhawmf tvGwf&aewJh pmydk'fwpfcku ]tó0ewm
"r®ó y&d[m,EÅd } - rMum;em&jcif;aMumifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;
qkw, f w
k f ysupf ;D &onf qdw k mygyJ/ 'D&mG ol&mG om;awG ud, k uf sihf
oDv ysufoGm;Muwm[m w&m;rem&vdkUygyJ/ olwdkU[m trnfcH
tm;jzifh Ak'¨bmomawGjzpfayr,fh Ak'¨w&m;awGudk wpfcgrS rem
Mum;zl;Muygbl;/ 'gaMumifhvnf; oDvawG ysufukefwmyg}}
]]tck wynfah wmf olwUkd &GmrSm q&mawmfrsK;d pHyk ifNh y;D w&m;
yGBJ u;D usi;f yzdUk BuKd ;pm;aeygw,f/ cswd q f w kd m rD;yltNraJ y;aerS aysmh
ajymif;wmyg/ rD;eJUa0;wmeJU rmoGm;wmygyJ/ xdUk twl ykxZk OfawG
[m w&m;qdkwJh rD;yltNrJay;aerS pdwf"mwfawG aysmhajymif;NyD;
olawmfaumif; jzpfMuwmyg/ w&m;eJU a0;wmeJU pdwfawG[m rm
ausm cufxefNyD; rolawmfb0udk jyefa&mufoGm;wwfygw,f}}
]]'gaMumifh olwUkd &GmrSm bke;f Bu;D ausmif; wnfaxmifay;zdUk
ajruGu0f ,fNy;D ygNy/D a[mwwfajymwwfwhJ q&mawmfwpfyg;yg;udk
awmif;yefNy;D yif&h rSmyJ/ rdu k af ewJv
h al wGukd vdrm® vmatmif a[m
ajymzdUk qdwk m awmfawmfwefwef a[majymwwf½ekH UJ ratmifjrifb;l
bk&m;}}
(rSwcf su)f ,ck xdak usmif;wnfaxmifNy;D vQif vdt k yfygu pma&;ol
udk,fwdkif 0gqdkNyD; w&m;a[m? w&m;jyzdkU wm0ef,lxm;ygonf
apwDwpfqEl iS hf wpfxyfausmif; wpfausmif;um; aqmufNy;D ayNy/D
þum; pdwu f kd ocifvyk af om olaX;ESpOf ;D \ taMumif;
udk &SmazG az:jyjcif; jzpf\/ þae&mxd zwfNyD;vQif pm½Iolonf
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufonf ukodkvfjyKvkyfzdkU jzpf
aMumif; vufcEH ikd af vmufayNy/D ukov kd jf zpfzUkd twGuf A[d'x ¨ uf
rdrd tZÑwåonf ydkíta&;BuD;\/ aomwmyefwnfzdkU t*Fgav;
csuw f iG f ]]a,medaom reoDum&}} - oifw h ifah tmif ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;
(odUk r[kw)f ukov kd jf zpfatmif ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; [laom tcsuw f pf
csuf yg&Sd\/

ukodkvfrsm;rsm;jzpfvdkovm;
xdkUaMumifh vlUb0 ae&ocdkuf ukodkvfrsm;rsm; jzpfvdkol
onf a,medaomreoDum&ac: taumif;jrif0g' pdwfxm;&SdzdkU
tvGet f a&;Bu;D \/ Ak'u¨ t*Fw
k Kdå &yf g|dawmfwiG f ukov
kd jf zpfjcif;\
teD;qHk;taMumif;onf a,medaomreoDum&? tukodkvfjzpf
jcif;\ teD;qHk;taMumif;onf ta,medaomreoDum& jzpf
aMumif; wduspGm a[mMum;xm;\/
- raumif;uGuu
f o
kd m Munfrh nfqv
kd Qif aygif;Edik pf &myk*Kd¾ vf
r&Sd/
 - aumif;uGuu f okd m Munfrh nfqv kd Qif raygif;Edik pf &myk*Kd¾ vf
r&Sd/
- a'go"mwfjzifh olwpfyg;\ raumif;uGuu f kd &SmMunfv h Qif
tukodkvfvnf; jzpfonf? pdwfvnf; qif;&Jonf? t½kyf
vnf; qd;k onf? toufvnf; wdo k nf/ pD;yGm;vnf; ysuf
onf? i&JodkUvnf; us&onf/
- arwåm"mwfjzifh olwpfyg;\ aumif;uGuu f kd &SmMunfv h Qif
ukov kd v
f nf; jzpfonf? pdwv f nf; csr;f omonf? ½kyv f nf;
vSonf? toufvnf;&Snfonf? pD;yGm;vnf; wufonf?
edAÁmefodkUvnf; a&mufonf/
azmfjyyg "r®'óetwdkif; usifhoHk;aom "r®y'üvm&Sd
onfh okr*Fvtrnf&dS olaX;Bu;D wpfO;D taMumif;udk wifjyygrnf/
uóybk&m;&Sif vufxufawmf tcguyif jzpf\/ wpfcgwGif
olaX;BuD;onf udpöwpfckjzifh NrdKUxJodkUoGm;&m Z&yfwpfckay:wGif
tdyaf eaom trsK;d om;wpfa,mufukd awGU&ojzifh aemufu ygvm
aom ta>ct&Hrsm;udk ,ckvdk ajymvdkuf\/
]]'Dvl[m cdk;0Sufpm;aomufwJh vlwpfa,muf jzpfw,f/
olUajcaxmufrmS &TUH awG? trIu d af wG ayusaH ewm[m cd;k 0Supf m;ol
wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; oufaojyaew,f}}
xdkpum;udk Mum;onfESifh olcdk;onf rsufvHk;udk zGifhMunfh
vdkuf&m olaX;BuD;udk jrifoGm;\/ olcdk;jzpfaomfvnf; cdk;onf[k
ajymjcif;udk rBudKufay/ xdkUaMumifh olaX;BuD;\ b0wpfckvHk;udk
zsufqD;ypf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufonf/ olaX;BuD;um; rSefaomf
vnf; tusKd;r&Sdaom pum;wpfcGef;udk ajymvdkufrdaomaMumifh
Opömpnf;pdrfrsm; ysufpD;qHk;½IH;&ayawmhrnf/
rjzpfrae pum;ajym&awmhrnf qdkvQif - rSefvnf; rSef?
tusK;d vnf;&S?d olwpfyg;vnf; ESpo f ufaom pum;rsK;d udo k m a&G;
cs,fajymEdkifvQif taumif;qHk;yif jzpf\/ bk&m;&Sifu &m[kavm
0g'okwfwGif -
]]cspo
f m; &m[kvm? pum;ajymawmhrnfqv kd Qif rpOf;rpm;
rajymtyf/ ajymawmhrnfh pum;onf rdrdudk xdcdkufrnfvm;? ol
wpfyg;udk xdcu kd rf nfvm;[k awG;awmtyf\/ rdr?d olwpfyg; ESpOf ;D
om;wdUk wGif wpfO;D OD;udk xdcu
kd rf nfph um;jzpfygu tajymtyf/ rdr?d
olwpfyg; ESpfOD;om;vHk;udk rxdcdkufaom pum;udkom ajymMum;
tyf\}}
[lí a[mMum;awmfrx l m;onf/ pum;ajymolwikd ;f owd
xm;oifhaom tcsufwpfckyif jzpf\/ xdkolcdk;onf aemuf&ufrS
pí olaX;BuD;\ Opömypönf;rsm; ysufpD;ap&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
awmh\/ yxrtaejzifh olaX;BuD; ydkifqdkifaom &ifhrSnfhaeNyDjzpf
onfh {ursm;pGmaom pyg;cif;rsm;udk rD;wdkufypf\/ {u &mESifhcsD
aom pyg;cif;rsm;onf em&Dydkif;twGif; rD;avmif jymusoGm;\/
olaX;Bu;D um; pyg;cif;om obm0rD; tavmifc\ H / olUpdw"f mwf
udk udavom a'gorD; tavmifrcHay/ aemufwpfzef pyg;rsm;udk
jyefpdkufaponf/
 'kwd,tBudrf pdkufNyD;aom pyg;rsm; &ifhrSnfhcsdefa&muf
onfESifh olcdk;onf rD;wdkufjyefavonf/ pyg;cif;rsm;tm;vHk; jym
usoGm;jyef\/ olaX;BuD;um; Opömypönf;om tysufpD;cH\/ pdwf
"mwfudkum; tysuftpD; rcHay/ wwd,tBudrf jyefpdkufonf/
xdo k Ukd pyg;cif;rsm; rD;avmiftzsut f qD;cH&onfrmS ckepfBurd w f w
d d
jzpf\/ olc;kd onf ,ckvkd pyg;cif;rsm;udk rD;½IUd zsuq f ;D &jcif;\ &nf
&G,fcsufrSm olaX;BuD;udk pdwfqif;&JapvdkaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
,ck ol xifovdk olaX;BuD;u pdwfqif;&Jjcif; r&Sdaom
tcg olU&nf&G,fcsuf ratmifjrifjzpfae\/ xdkUaMumifh olaX;BuD;
ydik qf ikd af om v,fxeG o f nfEh mG ;rsm; v,frxGeEf ikd af tmif 'l;aumuf
aMumrsm;udk jzwfypfNy;D 'kuw d© jzpfatmif vkyv f u
kd af vonf/ olaX;
BuD;u pdwfqif;&Jjcif; rjzpfbJ aemufxyf EGm;rsm;udk xyf0,fav
onf/ xdu k ohJ Ukd EGm;rsm;\ 'l;aumufaMumrsm;udk jzwfvu kd ?f aemuf
xyf topf0,fvdkufESifh ckepfBudrfwdwd &Sdavonf/

xdkrQESifh olaX;BuD; pdwfqif;&Jonfudk rawGU&aomtcg

olcdk;onf olaX;BuD;aeonfhtdrfudk rD;½IdUzsufqD;vdkufavonf/
olaX;BuD;u tdrfudkavmifonfh obm0rD;udk *½krpdkuf? pdwfudk
avmifonfh a'goac: aomurD;udkom ravmifatmif *½kpdkuf
avonf/ rSe\ f / obm0rD; avmifjcif;onf wpfb0 wcPom
qif;&JapEdkif\/ a'goudavom rD;avmifjcif;um; tyg,fusNyD;
oHo&m wpfavQmufvHk; qif;&JapEdkifaomaMumifhwnf;/
 xdkUaMumifh olaX;BuD;onf udk,fqif;&J? pdwfqif;&J jzpf
raebJ 'kw, d tBurd f tdru f kd jyefaqmufavonf/ tdraf qmufNy;D
onfEiS hf olc;kd u rD;½IUd jyefonf/ xdo k Udk rD;½IUd vdu
k ?f jyefaqmufvu kd Ef iS hf
ckepfBurd w f w d &d adS vonf/ olvyk o f rQ olaX;Bu;D \pdwu f kd rnfoUkd rQ
rxdcu kd af omtcg jyKvyk o f l olc;kd omvQif aerxdxikd rf om jzpfae
&\/
{nfhonfu rpm;vQif tdrf&SiftwGuf jyefjzpfonf [l
aom pum;yHt k opfav; wpfcu k kd pm½Iot l m; rQa0csi\ f / wpfcg
u ykPÖm;wpfa,mufonf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; rMum;0Hh remom
atmif vma&muf qJa&;ae\/ qJ&jcif;taMumif;rSm olUnDwpf
a,mufudk tuRwfw&m;&atmif w&m;a[maomaMumifh [l\/
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ol qJqo kd rQ wpfceG ;f rQjyefrajymbJ Nird o f ufpmG
oDwif;oHk;aeonf/ ykPÖm;qJí armoGm;aomtcgwGifrS ,ckvdk
rdefUMum;onf/
]]ykPmÖ ;? oifth rd of Ukd {nfo h nfrsm; vmaomtcg pm;p&m?
aomufp&mrsm;udk csauR;zl;ygoavm}}
]]auR;zl;ygonf}}
]]{nfhonfrsm; rpm;bJ jyefoGm;aomtcg xdkpm;p&mrsm;
onf rnfolUtwGuf jzpfoGm;oenf;}}
]]tdrf&Sifjzpfaom uREkfyftwGufom jzpfoGm;onf}}
]]xdk Oyrmtwdik ;f yif? oifonf ightm; a'goESihf qJa&;\/
igonf oif\ qJa&;jcif;udk vufrcH/ a'go rjzpf/ xdkUaMumifh
oifqaJ &;orQ tukov kd u
f rH sm;onf oift h wGuo f m jzpfomG ;\}}
xdpk um;wpfceG ;f ESiyhf if qJa&;wwfonfh tauúmoubm
&'GgZtrnf&adS om ykPmÖ ;onf Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwpfa,muf jzpfomG ;cJh
&onf/ ,ckjzpf&yfüvnf; olc;kd jypfrmS ;orQukd olaX;Bu;D u a'go
rjzpfaomtcg? vufrcHaomtcg jypfrSm;orQ tm;vHk;onf jypf
rSm;ol olcdk;twGufom jzpfae\/
0dyóem w&m;oabmjzifMh unfv h Qif jypfrmS ;qJa&;ol\
½kyfemrfonf jypfrSm;qJa&;NyD;onfESifh r&Sdawmhay/ csKyfaysmuf
ysupf ;D oGm;avNy/D rdru
d kd qJa&;jypfrmS ;aom ½kyef mrfonf r&Sad wmh
onft h wGuf rnfoUl udk oGm;í pdwq f ;kd awmhrnfenf;/ aemufxyf
topfjzpfonfh ½kyef mrfukd pdwq f ;kd rnf? wkeUf jyefrnfqv kd Qif rdbESihf
jzpfaom jyóemtwGuf om;orD;udk oGm;&ef&mS ovdo k m jzpfay
rnf/

jcaoFhvdkusifhrS edAÁmef&
wpfzef qJa&;cH&aom ½kyef mrfonf qJa&;cH&Ny;D onfEiS hf
r&Sdawmhay/ xdkUaMumifh rnfolUtwGuf emMunf;awmhrnfenf;/
0dyóemynm&Sdolonf jcaoFhuJhodkU usifh\/
0dyóemynm r&Sdolonf acG;uJhodkU usifh\/ &efolu
wkw?f "m;? vufeufwUkd jzifh ypfcwfaomtcg acG;onf tusK;d w&m;
jzpfaom wkwf? "m;? vufeufwdkUudkom vdkufudkuf\/ taMumif;
w&m;jzpfaom &efoludk udkufowfjcif;r&Sd/ xdkUaMumifh wkwf? "m;?
vufeufwdkUjzifh ypfcwfrIudk tNrJwrf;cH&\/
jcaoFo h nf a&muf&v dS maom tusK;d w&m;jzpfonfh wkw?f
"m;? vufeufwdkUudk *½krpdkuf? taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom wkwf"m;
wdUk ypfcwfot l m;omvQif ajy;0ifuu kd o f wfypfvukd \ f / xdUk aMumifh
wkwf? "m;? vufeufwdkUonf aemufwpfBudrf jyefrvmawmhay/
xdkUtwl rdrdudk qJa&;apmfum;olonf wkwf? "m;? vufeufESifh
wlaom tusKd;w&m;om jzpf\/
rdrd oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmaom a'go udavomum;
tyg,fydkUrnfh t"dutaMumif;&if;w&m; jzpfonf/ ynmrJhonf
tusK;d w&m;jzpfaom ynwf&efou l o kd m vdu
k vf aH jz&Si;f aeojzifh
oHo&m rqHk;Edkifawmhay/ ynm&Sdum; taMumif;w&m;jzpfonfh
a'go udavomudkom bm0emjzifh y,fowfvdkufaomaMumifh
taESmifht,Sufrsm;onf b0wpfavQmufvHk; uif;&Sif;oGm;av
onf/
qJa&;aom½kyfemrfu qJa&;NyD;onfESifh r&Sdawmhay/ rdrd
oEÅmefrSm jzpfay:aeaom a'gou ighudkqJa&;onf? ighudkqJa&;
onf[k tzefzefjzpfay:aeaomaMumihf i&JoUkd us&jcif; jzpfonf/
xdUk aMumifh y,fowf&iS ;f vif;&rnfh w&m;onf yk*Kd¾ vo f wå0gr[kw?f
a'goudavomçomjzpfaMumif; ynm&Sdwdkif; owdjyKoifh\/
olaX;Bu;D onf ypön;f Opömomcsr;f omonfr[kw?f tawG;
tac:ynmyg csrf;omol jzpf\/ tusKd;w&m;jzpfonfh yk*¾dKvf
owå0gudk y,fowfjcif; rjyKbJ taMumif;w&m;jzpfonfh a'go
udavomudo k m tjzpfrcHaomtm;jzifh y,fowfEikd af omaMumifh
onf;cHEikd jf cif;jzpf\/ olc;kd onf olaX;Bu;D rnfonft h &mudk wefz;kd
xm;Edik o
f enf;[k avhvm&if;jzihf uóybk&m;&Si\ f ausmif;'um
BuD;jzpfaMumif; odoGm;jyefavonf/
olvSLaom ausmif;BuD;udk rD;½IdU zsufqD;vQif {uefrkcs
pdwfqif;&J? udk,fqif;&Jjzpf&rnf[k ,lqNyD; bk&m;&SifoDwif;oHk;
onfh ausmif;awmfBu;D udk rD;wif½UdI vdu k af vonf/ tvGeBf u;D aom
ausmif;awmfBu;D jzpfojzifh em&DtawmfMumatmif avmifaeav
onf/ NrdKUxJrSm&Sdonfh &[ef;&Sifvl tm;vHk;wdkUonf rD;avmifae
aom ausmif;awmfBu;D udk pdwrf aumif;pGmjzihf 0dik ;f Munfah eMuonf/
xdk 0dik ;f Munfo
h rl sm;xJwiG f ausmif;'um olaX;Bu;D ud,
k wf ikd f
yg0if\/ ausmif;Bu;D rD;avmif jymusNy;D oGm;onfEiS hf ausmif;'um
BuD;onf vufyrf;aygif; xcwfNyD; ]igvdkvl ZrÁLrSm &Sdao;&JUvm;}
[k tm;&yg;& [pfa<u;av\/ xdktcg ab;rS vlrsm;onf xdwf
vefUwMum;jzpfoGm;NyD; olaX;BuD;udk owday;Muonf/
]]olaX;BuD; owdxm;yg? pdwfraumif;rjzpfygeJU}}
]]bmvJ? usKyfudk pdwfazmufjyefoGm;w,f rSwfvdkUvm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]wu,fawmh usKyf vufyef;aygif;cwfwm[m pdwq f if;
&JvdkU r[kwfbl;? pdwfcsrf;omvdkUyg}}
]]olaX;BuD;? rdrdtjrwfwEdk;vSLxm;wJh ausmif;aqmifBuD;
wpfaqmif rD;avmifoGmwJhudpörSm pdwfcsrf;omp&mtcsuf&Sdw,f
qdkwm [kwfEdkifyghrvm;}}
]][kwfEdkifygw,f? taumif;jrif0g'eJU Munfhr,fqdk&if
b,fae&mudk MunfMh unfh ukov kd jf zpfp&m? pdwcf sr;f omp&mqdw k m
&Sdygw,f}}
]]olaX;BuD; rdrdvSLwJhausmif;BuD; rD;avmifoGm;wJhudpörSm
ukodkvfjzpfp&m? pdwfcsrf;omp&mqdkwm b,ftcsufawGygvJ}}
]]rdwfaqGwkdU? uREfkyfum; ausmif;BuD;rD;avmifaom pdwf
qif;&Jp&mtaMumif;udk rMunfah y? ausmif;Bu;D rD;avmifomG ;onfh
twGuf 'kw, d tBurd f ausmif;vSLcGi&hf ayonf [laom tcsuu f kd
om Munfo h nf/ &cJvaS om jrwfpmG bk&m; omoemwGif bk&m;&Sif
twGuf ESpBf urd wf ikd w
f ikd f ausmif;vSLcGi&hf jcif;rSm eJeaJ emaem tcGihf
ta&;r[kwaf y/ xdt k csurf sm;aMumifh ausmif;aqmifBu;D rD;avmif
jcif;onf uREykf t
f wGuf 0rf;omp&m? ukov kd jf zpfp&m[k rSw,
f jl cif;
jzpf\}}
olaX;BuD;onf bk&m;&SiftwGuf ausmif;awmfBuD;udk
'kw,
d tBurd f jyefvnfaqmufvyk o f nf/ ausmif;awmfBu;D Ny;D oGm;
aomtcg a&pufcstvSLyGJBuD;udkvnf; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm usif;
yonf/ axmifESifh csDaom y&dowfxJwGif olaX;BuD;udk b0ysuf
atmif zsuaf om olc;kd vnf; ygaeonf/ odUk aomf ausmif;awmfoUkd
olvmjcif;rSm aumif;aomvmjcif; r[kwf/
 ol raumif;aMumif;udk olaX;Bu;D u vlMum;xJwiG f xkwf
azmfajymygu "m;ESifh xdk;owfrnf [laom tBuHjzifh "m;ajrmif
cg;Mum;xJ xdk;NyD; vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sif ausmif;tEkarm
'emw&m; a[mNy;D onfEiS hf a&pufrcsrD tcsed af v;wGif olaX;Bu;D
onf vuftkyfcsDNyD; rwfwyf xç&yfvdkuf&m y&dowftm;vHk;\
rsuv f ;kH rsm;onf olaX;Bu;D xHoUkd a&mufomG ;Muonf/ olc;kd \ nm
vufonf "m;ajrmift½dk;ay:odkU vSpfceJ a&mufoGm;cJhonf/ ol
raumif;aMumif; ajymonfEiS hf olaX;Bu;D udk tqH;k pD&if&ef toifh
jyifvdkufjcif;yif/ olaX;BuD;u olU cHpm;csufrsm;udk bk&m;&Siftm;
wpfckcsif; avQmufxm;aeonf/
]]jrwfpmG bk&m;? wynfah wmfonf rnfowl pfO;D wpfa,muf
udkrQ jypfrSm;apmfum;jcif; rjyKvkyfcJhyg/ xdkUaMumifh wynfhawmf
b0udk zsufqD;rnfh &efol &Sdrnf [kvnf; rxifcJhyg/ ,cktcg
wynfhawmf\ b0udk rIefUrIefUnufnuf zsufqD;rnfh&efol &Sdae
aMumif; od&ygNyD/ xdk&efolonf wynfhawmf\ v,frsm;udk ckepf
Budrfwdkifwdkif rD;½IdU zsufqD;cJhygonf}}

ausmif;udkrD;½IdUoltm; aus;Zl;wif&jcif;taMumif;
]]wynfhawmf EGm;rsm;udk ckepfBudrfwdkifwdkif 'ku©dwb0odkU
a&mufapcJyh gonf/ wynfah wmf aetdru f kd ckepfBurd w
f ikd w
f ikd f rD;½IUd
zsuq
f ;D cJyh gonf/ xdEk iS rhf Q tm;r&ao;bJ wynfah wmf vSLxm;onfh
bk&m;ausmif;awmfBuD;udkyif rD;½IdUzsufqD;cJhygonf/}}
]]odkUaomf wynfhawmfonf olUudk pdwfrqdk;yg/ ausmif;
awmfBuD;udk rD;½IdUcJhonfhtwGuf aus;Zlyif wifygao;onf}}
]]tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf bk&m;&Sif\ ausmif;awmfBuD;udk
ESpBf urd w
f ikd wf ikd f aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;cGi&hf aomaMumihf jzpfygonf/
xdak us;Zl;udk axmufxm;í ,ckausmif;tvSLudk trQay;a0onfh
tcg ausmif;udk rD;½IdUaom &efoltm; OD;wnfí trQay;apvdkyg
onf bk&m;}}
bk&m;&Sio f nf olaX;Bu;D \ qE´twdik ;f ausmif;udrk ;D ½IUd ol
&efot l m; t"duxm;í trQay;a0avonf/ a&pufcsyBJG u;D Ny;D qH;k
aomtcg wjcm;olrsm; rdrw d Ukd tdro
f Ukd jyefomG ;Muaomfvnf; rjyef
Edik b
f J 0rf;enf;yufvuf idak <u;aeolrmS &efol olc;kd Bu;D yif jzpf\/
bk&m;&Sifudkvnf; uefawmh\/ olaX;BuD;\ ajczrdk;ay: rsufESm
tyfum uefawmh&if; w½Iyf½Iyfidka<u;\/
ol\tjypfrsm;udv k nf; cGiv hf w T &f ef tBurd Bf urd af wmif;yef
\/ olonf tjzLpifq;kH olawmfaumif;Bu;D udrk S tBu;D rm;qH;k aom
tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefrdjcif; r[kwfygavm/
El;nHah om rIyd iG o
hf nf cufrmaom ajrjyifukd azmufxu G f
vmEdik pf rG ;f &S\
d / taumiftxnf &Smr&avmufatmif odraf rGUvS
onfh a&vIdif;av;rsm;onf rmausmawmifhwif;vSaom ausmuf
awmifausmufapmif;rsm;udk oJreI af v;rsm;jzpfomG ;atmif wdu k pf m;
EdkifpGrf;&Sd\/
 xdUk twl olawmfpifrsm;\ arwåm? u½kPmjzifh xHrk rT ;f onfh
El;nHah om ESv;kH om;onf rolawmfrsm;\ cufrmaom ESv;kH om;udk
aysmhaysmif;apEdkifpGrf;&Sdayonf/
,ckvnf; olaX;BuD;\ El;nHhaom ESvHk;om;onf olcdk;
Bu;D \ cufrmaomESv;kH om;udk aysmah ysmif;apcJah vNy/D olc;kd Bu;D \
tjypfudk olaX;BuD;u cGifhvTwfaomfvnf; oljyKaom tukodkvf
uHu cGifhrvTwfay/ aoaomtcg t0Dpdi&JodkU us&onf/ t0Dpd
i&JrS vGwaf omtcg rD;avmifcaH e&aom (25),lZem&Sd a>rNyw d må
Bu;D b0odUk a&mufc&hJ onf/ olaX;Bu;D um; oljyKcahJ om ukov kd rf sm;
twdkif; vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;om? edAÁmefcsrf;omrsm;udk cHpm;&ay
onf/
("r®y'? '@0*f ajcmufckajrmuf pyg;BuD;a>rNydwåm0w¬K)
olaX;Bu;D ESihf olc;kd Bu;D wdUk \ jzpf&yfuMkd unfí h pm½Iorl sm;
onf uHtusK;d ay;ESihf ppfreS af omtEdik , f rl w
I Ukd udk owdjyKoifoh nf/
a&SUwGiaf zmfjycJah om temxydPo f al X;Bu;D \ 0w¬KtqH;k wGif Ak'u ¨
þ*gxm ESpf*gxmudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ yxr *gxmrSm -
ygaygyd yówd bN'H?
,m0ygyH e ypöwd/
,'g p ypöwdygyH?
tx ygayg ygyged yówd/ [lí jzpf\/
t"dyÜg,frSm -
 tukov kd uf H tusK;d ay;csed f ra&mufao;vQif raumif;rI
jyKoo l nf aumif;usK;d udk cHpm;Edik ?f awGUjrif&Edik o
f nf/ tukov kd u
f H
tusKd;ay;csdef a&mufvQifum; raumif;rIjyKolonf raumif;usKd;
udkom awGUjrif cHpm;&awmhonf [lí jzpfonf/
,ckjzpf&yfü ckd;olBuD;onf apwemqdk;jzihf olaX;BuD;\
Opömpnf;pdrrf sm;udk zsuq f ;D cJo
h nf/ odUk aomf tukov kd u
f u
H tusK;d
ay;csdef ra&mufao;aomaMumifh olonf ,ckb0 wpfb0vHk;
aumif;usK;d awGukd cHpm;ae&ao;onf/ tukov kd u
f H raumif;usK;d
ay;csdef a&mufaom tcgwGifum; olonf a>rNydwåmBuD; b0jzifh
ESpfodef;aygif;rsm;pGm rD;avmifcHae&avNyD/
þom"uudk axmufí tukodkvfjzifh pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifh
aeolrsm;udk tm;rustyf/ oljyKaomtukov kd f tusK;d ray;cifom
pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifNh y;D aumif;usK;d udk cHpm;ae&jcif; jzpf\/ tukov kd f
tusK;d ay;csed f a&mufvmvQiu f m; raumif;usK;d udo k m cHpm;&rnf
jzpf\/ 'kwd, *gxmrSm -
baj'myd yówd ygyH?
,m0 bN'H e yówd/
,'g p ypöwd bN'H?
tx baj'm bj'med yówd/ [lí jzpf\/
t"dyÜg,frSm -
ukodkvfuH tusKd;ay;csdef ra&mufao;vQif aumif;rIjyK
olyif jzpfaomfvnf; raumif;usKd;udk awGUjrif&? cHpm;&Edkifonf/
ukodkvfuH tusKd;ay;csdef a&mufvQifum; aumif;rIjyKolonf
aumif;usKd;udkom awGUjrifcHpm;&awmhonf} [lí jzpfonf/
,ckjzpf&yfü olaX;Bu;D onf apwemaumif;jzifh aumif;rI
ukodkvfawGudkom jyKvkyfcJh\/ odkUaomf ukodkvfuH tusKd;ay;csdef
ra&mufao;aomtcg Opömpnf;pdryf supf ;D jcif; [laom raumif;
usK;d rsm;udk cHpm;&onf/ ukov kd u
f H aumif;usK;d ay;csed f a&mufaom
tcgwGifum; olaX;BuD;onf vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;om? edAÁmefcsrf;
omrsm;udk cHpm;ae&NyD jzpfonf/
þom"uudak xmufí ukov kd af umif;rIvyk yf gvsuf 'ku©
a&mufaeol? pD;yGm;ysuaf eolrsm;udk txifrao;tyf/ oljyKaom
ukov kd uf aumif;usK;d ray;cifom 'kua© &muf&jcif; jzpf\/ ukov kd f
tusK;d ay;csed f a&mufvQiu f m; aumif;usK;d udo k m cHpm;&rnf jzpf\/
trsK;d om;Bu;D wpfO;D apwDysuw f pfqu l kd jyKjyif&mrS a&m*g
wpfckjzpfNyD; aoqHk;oGm;onf/ ur®óuwm or®m'd|d tjrifrSef
r&Sdolrsm;u apwDysufudk jyifaomaMumifh ao&onf[k owif;
vTifhMu\/ xdktwdkif; apwDjyifvdkU ao&onf [laom t,ltq
rSef? rrSefudk pma&;oltm; ar;jref;zl;\/ rrSef[kom ajz&rnf/
apwDjyifjcif;onf ukov kd jf zpf\/ ukov kd jf zpfvQif aumif;
usK;d udo k m ay;&rnfjzpf\/ wjcm; tukov dk uf H 0iftusK;d ay;aom
aMumifh (odkUr[kwf) taetxdkif rqifjcifaomaMumifh aoqHk;&
jcif;jzpf\/ ukov kd u
f uH aumif;usK;d ay;&ef apmifah ewke;f om jzpf
\/ ukodkvfuHonf aumif;usKd;ay;½Hkomru tukodkvftusKd;
rsm;udkvnf; y,fazsmufay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd\/
xdktrsKd;om;BuD;wdkU rdom;pkonf apwDjyifaom ukodkvf
udo k m rjyKvQif rdom;pktm;vH;k ao&rnfh tukov kd af wG &Sad e\/
odUk aomf xm0&ukov kd f trsK;d tpm;wGif yg0ifaom apwDjyifonfh
ukodkvfudk rcsdefrD jyKvkyfvdkufaomaMumifh tukodkvf tusKd;ay;
avsmhenf;oGm;&jcif;jzpfaMumif; ÓPfjzifh qifjciftyf\/

edAÁef&rnfh tEdkif,lenf;
tEdkif,lenf;onf ppfrSefaom tEdkif,lenf;? rSm;,Gif;
aom tEdik , f el nf;[k ESprf sK;d &S\
d / ppfreS af om tEdik ,
f el nf;[lonf
edAÁmef&rnfh tEdkif,lenf;yif jzpf\/ rSm;,Gif;aom tEdkif,lenf;
[lonf tyg,fusrnfh tEdkif,lenf;yifjzpf\/
olwpfyg;ESihf ,SOv f mvQif ykxZk Ofwikd ;f tEdik , f cl siMf u\/
odkUaomf rSm;,Gif;aom tEdkif,lenf;jzifhom tEdkif,lwwfMujcif;
aMumifh oHo&m wpfavQmufwiG f tyg,fusvUkd rqH;k Edik f jzpf&awmh
\/
Ak'¨u "r®y'wGif edAÁmef&rnhf tEdkif,lenf; av;rsKd;udk
a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;wdkUum; -
- trsufa'gojzpfoludk arwåmjzifh tEdkif,l
- tusifh,kwfoludk tusifhaumif;jzifh tEdkif,l
- ESajrmap;eJoludk ay;urf;jcif;jzifh tEdkif,l
 - vdrn f majymqdo k u
l kd trSet f wdik ;f ajymjcif;jzifh tEdik ,f l
[líjzpf\/
þppfreS af om tEdik , f el nf;jzifo h m tEdik , f Ml urnfqv kd Qif
edAmÁ efoUkd tvQit f jrefa&mufMurnfjzpf\/ þppfreS af omenf;jzifh
wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D tEdik , f Ml urnfqv kd Qif Edik o
f v l nf; 0rf;om? ½I;H ol
vnf; oHa0*jzpfum ESpOf ;D vH;k ukov kd wf &m; wd;k yGm;Murnf jzpf\/
xdkodkU r[kwfbJ -
- trsuaf 'goBu;D olukd &efNiKd ;tmCmwjzifh tEdik , f vl Qif
- tusifh,kwfoludk tusifhqdk;jzifh tEdkif,lvQif
- ESajrmap;eJoludk wGefUwdkjcif;jzifh tEdkif,lvQif
- vdrfnmajymqdkoludk rkom;pum;jzifh tEdkif,lvQif
Edik o
f rl mS vnf; &efrsm;? ½I;H olrmS vnf; aMuuGNJ y;D ? ESpOf ;D pvH;k
tukodkvfjzifh Zmwfodrf;Mu&ayrnf/
,ck jzpf&yfü olaX;Bu;D onf olc;kd Bu;D tay: edAmÁ ef&rnfh
ppfrSefaom tEdkif,lenf;jzifh tEdkif,lcJhjcif; jzpf\/ olcdk;BuD;u
trsuaf 'gojzifh jypfrmS ;zsuq f ;D onfukd olonf arwåmjzifh tEdik f
,lcJhonf/ olcdk;BuD;u tusifh,kwfvmonfudk olonf tusifh
aumif;jzifh tEdik , f cl o
hJ nf/ xdk ppfreS af om tEdik , f el nf;jzifh tEdik f
,lcahJ omaMumifh Edik o f l olaX;Bu;D vnf; 0rf;om? ½I;H ol olc;kd Bu;D vnf;
owdoHa0*&NyD; ukodkvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;cJh&avonf/
 ukodkvfjzpfjcif;taMumif;&if;
aomwmyefwnfzUkd t*Fgav;csuf vdt k yf\/ ,if;wdUk um;
ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;udk rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif;? xdkolawmfaumif;
a[maom w&m;udk emMum;jcif;? ukodkvfjzpfatmif ESvHk;oGif;
qifjcifjcif;? w&m;ESiahf vsmpf mG usio hf ;kH jcif;wdUk yif jzpf\/ xdt k csuf
av;csufwGif ukodkvfjzpfatmif ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifjcif; [laom
tcsufwpfcsuf yg&Sd\/
xdktcsufonf aumuDukodkvf jzpfzdkU tcsufa&m? avm
ukwå&m r*fukodkvf? zdkvfukodkvf jzpfzdkUtwGufyg ta&;BuD;aom
tcsufyifjzpf\/ Ak'¨u t*FkwådK&f yg|dawmfwGif ukodkvfjzpfjcif;\
teD;qH;k taMumif;onf a,medaomreoDum&? tukov kd jf zpfjcif;
\ teD;qHk;taMumif;onf ta,medaomreoDum& jzpfaMumif;
a[mMum;xm;\/
em;&Sif;atmif a&;&vQif taumif;jrif0g' &Sdolonf
ukov kd cf sn;f tNrw J rf;jzpfí? raumif;jrif0g'&So d ol nf tukov kd f
csnf; tNrJwrf;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;yif jzpf\/ þa'oemudk
axmufí ukov kd jf zpfzUkd ? tukov
kd jf zpfzUkd wGif A[d'x ¨ uf tZÑwu å
ydkí t"duusaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ odkUaomf aumif;uGufudk
jrifwwfzUkd olUtvdv k kd tvum;&onf r[kw?f arwåmbm0emudk
xHkaeatmif yGm;rsm;olom &onf/
p&d,myd#u t|uxmü arwåm\Xmefav;csuu f kd þodUk
zGifhjyxm;\/
 [dwmum& y0wådvu©Pm arwåm
[dwly oH[m& &om? tmCmw 0de,&om0g
aomr®um0 ypöKy|em? owåmeH remy ybm0
'óe y'|mem
arwåmonf owå0gwdUk \ tusK;d pD;yGm;udk usiahf qmifaom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;vu©m&S\
d / þum; arwåm\vu©Pm/
arwåmonf owå0gwdUk \tusK;d pD;yGm;udk uyfíaqmifjcif;udp&ö \dS /
wpfenf;- arwåmonf &efNiKd ;tmCmwudk y,fazsmufjcif;udp&ö \ dS /
þum; arwåm\ vkyfaqmifcsufudpö/
arwåmonf at;jrNidrf;csrf;aom pdwfoabmvQif ÓPf
tm; a&S;½Ixifvmwwfaom tjcif;t&m&Sd\/ þum; arwåm\
ypöKy|mef/ arwåmonf olwpfyg;\ ESpfoufzG,faom*kPfudkom
½Ijrifwwfaom a,medaomreoDum&vQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;
&Sd\/ þum; arwåm\ y'|mef/
þü arwåm\ Xmefav;csufwGif ]a,medaom reoD
um&}[laom t*Fgwpfcsuf ygaeonfukd txl;owdjyKoifyh gonf/
aemufacs;yHkBuD;udk awGUwmcsif; wlaomfvnf; taumif;jrif0g'
&Sdolu ukodkvfjzpfí raumif;jrif0g'&Sdolu tukodkvf jzpf&yHk
om"uudk xif&Sm;atmif xkwfjytHh/
ausmufqnfrS a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xif&mS ;pOftcg
uyif jzpf\/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf q&m
awmfBuD;udk aeUpOf vltkyfBuD; &maxmifcsDí vma&muf zl;ajrmf
aecsdefyif jzpf\/ wpfcgwGif rdom;wpfpkonf EGm;vSnf;BuD;jzifh
vma&mufzl;ajrmfMu\/ jyefaomtcg olwdkUEGm;rsm; ,dkcscJhaom
EGm;acs;rsm;udk usKH;ypfcsdef r&cJhay/
raumif;jrif0g'&Sad om uyÜ, d wpfa,mufu xdEk mG ;acs;yHk
BuD;udk jrifvdkufaomtcg -
]]tvum; vlawG? q&mawmfBuD;udkawmh vmzl;csifMu
w,f? olwdkUEGm;awGu ,dkcswJh rpifawGudkawmh rodrf;csifMubl;}}
[k jrnfweG af wmufw;D vdu k of nf/ xdt
k cg taumif;jrif
0g'&Sad om q&mawmfBu;D u xdt k oHukd Mum;oGm;aomtcg ,ckvkd
csufcsif; jyefajymvdkufonf/
]][m ... 'umBu;D ES,?f tJ'g olwUkd udk aus;Zl;wif&rSm/
bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh rpifyHkudk olwdkUusKH;ypf&if olwdkU ukodkvf
&r,f/ udk,fusKH;awmh udk,f ukodkvf&r,f/ udk,fukodkvf&atmif
xm;ypfcJhwmvdkU rSwfNyD; olwdkUudk aus;Zl;wifvdkufprf;yg/ z,fyg?
z,fyg? 'umBuD; rusKH;csif&if bkef;BuD; usKH;vdkufyghr,f}}
xdo k Ukd ajymNy;D q&mawmfu aemufacs;yHek m;odUk <uvm&m
xdktcgrS uyÜd,rSm ol\ raumif;jrif0g'udk owdxm;rdoGm;um
]]wynfah wmf rSm;ygw,fb&k m;}}[k avQmufNy;D EGm;acs;yHu k ckd sucf si;f
xusKH;vdkufavawmhonf/
ud,k Ehf mG ;u,dck swhJ EGm;acs;udak wmif usK;H roGm;bl;[k ESv;kH
oGi;f jcif;onf raumif;jrif0g'jzpfonf/ ta,medaomreoDum&
jzpfonf/ xdUk aMumifh EGm;acs;yHu k kd jrif&aomumvrSm tukov kd jf zpf
&onf/ EGm;acs;yHkudk igusKH;cGifh&awmh igyJ ukodkvf&rSmygvm;[k
ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;onf taumif;jrif0g' jzpfonf/ a,medaomreoD
um& jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh EGm;acs;yHkudk jrif&aom q&mawmfrSm
ukodkvfjzpf&onf/
(1991) ckESpfcefUuyif jzpf\/ xdktcsdefu pma&;olrSm
a&TjynfomwGif pmoifwdkuf wnfaxmifcgp jzpfonf/ ESpfq,hf
&SpfESpf? &Spf0gom &ao;onf/ wpfcgwGif awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKUe,f
twGif;&Sd qnfBuD;&GmodkU 0wfaqmufwnf<uonf/ 0wfaqmuf
wnfjcif;[lonf &[ef;rsm; oifah &mufaom tmywfcek pfrsK;d teuf
'kw, d tBu;D qH;k tmywfukd ajyaysmufatmif 0denf;ESit hf nD ukpm;
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
wpfjynfvHk;rS <uvmaom ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;rsm;rSm
tyg;wpf&m eD;yg;cefU &Sdonf/ aeUpOf tcuftcJ awGU&onfrSm
uk#(D tdro f m)oH;k a& rjynfph jkH cif;yif jzpfonf/ ud&k if? ausmif;om;
wdUk rSmvnf; i,f&, G of rl sm;jzpfaomaMumifh owd&onft h cg a&cyf
xnfhazmf&aomfvnf; owdr&onfhtcg a&cyfxnfhazmf r&ay/
oefUoufa& r&Sdaomtdk;udk jrif&wmcsif; wlaomfvnf;
raumif;jrif0g'&Sdaom bkef;BuD;tcsKdUrSm uk#Da&awmif jynfhpHk
atmif vkyfray;Mubl;[k tjypfjrifum tukodkvf jzpfMuonf/
pma&;olum; xdkuJhodkU rjrif/ ig ukodkvf&zdkU tcGifhta&; BuHKvm
wmyJ[k oabmydu k Nf y;D &,fEpS q
f ,fv;kH vH;k uk#aD &rsm;udk cyfxnfh
cJhygonf/ xdkUaMumifh &ufESpfq,fvHk;vHk; ukodkvfcsnf; jzpfcJh&
ygonf/
olwpfyg; rvkycf siaf om a0,sm0pöuo k v kd u
f kd vkyof rl sm;
onf olwpfyg;r&Edik af om aumif;usK;d rsm;udk &onfrmS obm0yif
jzpf\/ olwpfyg;r&aom b0atmifjrifrt I csKUd udk pma&;ol &onf
rSm olwpfyg;rvkycf siaf om a0,sm0pöuo k vkd rf sm;udk jyKvyk cf ahJ om
aMumifh[k ,HkMunfaeygonf/

csKdrmvGifeJU a0rmvGif
olwdkUonf nDtpfr r[kwfyg/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; odyif
rodMuyg/ csKdrmvGifu weoFm&Dwdkif;? xm;0,fNrdKUwGif aexdkifNyD;
a0rmvGiu f tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k e,l;a,mufNrKd UwGif aexdik f
ayonf/ touftm;jzifh xuf0ufcefU uGmayonf/ csKrd mvGiu f
toufav;q,f 0ef;usicf efU&SNd y;D a0rmvGiu f ESpq f ,f 0ef;usif
cefUom &Sdayonf/
olwUkd ESpOf ;D wGif wlwmqdí k pma&;ola[maom w&m;udk
emzl;wmwpfckom &Sdonf/ xl;jcm;csuf wpfckum; jrefrmjynfrSm
aeaom csKdrmvGifu pma&;ol\ w&m;udk touf av;q,fem;
a&mufrS emzl;NyD; tar&duefrSmaeaom a0rmvGifu toufESpf
q,ft&G,frSmyif tifwmeufrSwqifh em&jcif; jzpfonf/
csKrd mvGiu f kd 2003 ckEpS cf efUu pwif awGUzl;jcif; jzpfonf/
xdt
k csed u
f csKrd mvGio f nf aiG&mS zdUk wpfct
k wGuf vlvmjzpfjcif;[k
cH,x l m;ol jzpfonf/ aumhaomif;NrKd UodUk ta&mif;t0,fupd w ö pfck
jzifhvm&if; aumhaomif;NrdKUrS trsKd;om;wpfOD;ESifh vufxyfvdkuf
Muonf/ xdt k rsK;d om;onf pma&;ol\w&m;yGrJ sm;udk aumhaomif;
wGif uruxjyKí usif;ycJhol jzpfonf/
xdt k rsK;d om;ESihf ywfoufNy;D pma&;olausmif;odUk csKrd mvGif
a&mufczhJ ;l jcif; jzpfonf/ odUk r[kwyf gu bke;f Bu;D ausmif;odUk a&muf
zdkU&efyif rvG,fay/ xdkrS aemuf av;ESpfausmfcefU tMumwGif
xm;0,fNrKd UodUk pma&;ol w&m;yG<J ua&muf&onf/ 0gywGif &ufr&
ojzifh 0gqdkvrSmyif 0gyefNyD; <ucJh&onf/
xm;0,fNrdKU? bk&m;BuD;0if; twGif;rSmyif rdk;xJavxJü
w&m;yGBJ u;D oH;k n atmifjrifpmG usi;f ycJMh uonf/ "r®m½HBk u;D twGi;f
ESihf bk&m;wefaqmif; ewfvrf;rsm;wGif w&m;emy&dowfrsm; tjynfh
tusyf em,lcMhJ uonf/ w&m;yGJ 'kw, d &uf naerSmyif xm;0,fol
csKdrmvGifwpfa,muf pma&;olxH a&mufvmcJhonf/
]]q&mawmf? wynfhawmfudk rSwfrdygovm;}}
]]rSwfrdwmaygh? aumhaomif;rSm awGUcJhzl;wJh csKdrmvGif
r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwyf gw,f bk&m;? wynfah wmfr tck oHa0*ÓPfawG
&oGm;vdUk aiGwifrubl;? ukov kd w
f &m;awGyg &SmrS;D aeygNyD bk&m;}}
]]b,fvdk tawGUtBuHKaMumifh oHa0*ÓPfawG &oGm;
wmvJ}}
 ]]trsKd;om;eJU vufxyfpOfu ola&m wynfhawmfa&m
touf oHk;q,fausmfyJ &SdMuao;wmqdkawmh aojcif;w&m;eJU
ta0;BuD;vdkU xifcJhMuw,f bk&m;/ taemufwdkif; pum;yHkt&
touf av;q,f ausmrf S vlUb0 pw,fqw kd m rrSeyf gbl; bk&m;/
wynfhawmfr trsKd;om;[m toufoHk;q,fhig;rSmyJ qHk;yg;oGm;
ygw,f}}
]]udk,fhtrsKd;om; qHk;wmudk vufawGUBuHK&awmhrSyJ auG;
aomvuf rqefUcif? qefUaomvuf rauG;cif aojcif;w&m;[m
a&mufvmEdik w f ,fqw kd hJ w&m;udk vufcrH ad wmhwmyg? q&mawmf&UJ
w&m;acGawG em&? pmtkyfawGudk zwf&awmh todÓPfawG[m
ydkNyD;awmh &ifhusufvmygw,f}}
]]vlrIa&;tvkyf? pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfqdkwm b,fawmhrS NyD;
w,fvUkd r&Sb d ;l / aowJt h xd vkyMf u&wm/ 'ghaMumifh vlraI &;tvkyf
awG? pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfawGNyD;rS ukodkvfa&;udk vkyfr,fqdk&if b,f
awmhrS rvkyfjzpfawmhbl;/
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tvkyfawGMum;xJuyJ ukodkvfa&;udk
&oavmuf vky, f &l w,fqw kd hJ q&mawmf&UJ w&m;acGxu J tqH;k
traMumifv h nf; wynfah wmfr[m pD;yGm;a&;tvkyaf wG Mum;xJu
ukodkvfa&;tvkyfawGudk vkyfEdkifaeygNyD bk&m;}}
 ig;rdepfw&m;
]]NyD;awmh q&mawmf&JU w&m;acG wpfacGxJu ig;rdepfeJU
tNyD; a[mwJh w&m;av;[mvnf; wynfhawmf&JU b0udk tBuD;
tus,f ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhygw,f}}
(rSwfcsuf) xdkw&m;rSm a&TjynfomNrdKUwGif puf½HkBuD;oHk;ck wnf
xm;aom olaX;BuD;wpfOD;udk a[mcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkolaX;BuD;
onf pD;yGm;a&;wpfcu k o
kd m pdw0f ifpm;Ny;D ukovkd af &;udk vH;k 0pdwf
r0ifpm;cJhay/ wpf&ufwGif olUrdwfaqGwpfOD;u pma&;oludk yifh
oGm;Ny;D owdoaH 0* &aprnfh vd&k if;wd&k iS ;f w&m;wpfy'k u f kd a[m
ay;zdkU awmif;yefcJhonf/
pma&;oludk tat;wpfcGuf uyfxm;NyD; olaX;BuD;onf
olUrdwaf qGEiS hf pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGut f aMumif;awGuo kd m qufwu kd f
ajymaeojzifh pma&;oltvSnfhudk a&mufrvmcJhay/ jyefcgeD; ol
OD;vmcsaomtcsed rf yS if w&m;a[mcGi&hf cJo h nf/ ig;rdepfwmtcsed f
wGif pma&;ol a[mcJhaom w&m;rSm -
]]'umBu;D ? bHq k ikd t
f vkyaf wGcsn;f vkyrf aeygeJU? ud, k yf ikd f
tvkyfawGudkvnf; wGJvkyfyg}}
]]'D puf½akH wG tm;vH;k [m wynfah wmf wpfa,mufwnf;
ydkifwJh udk,fydkiftvkyfawGyg bk&m;}}
]]'umBu;D ? pD;yGm;a&;tvkyrf eS o f rQ bHq
k ikd t f vky?f trsm;
qdkiftvkyfcsnf;yg? ukodkvf&a&;tvkyfudkom udk,fydkiftvkyfvdkU
ac:ygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh vSLNyD;wJh ukodkvfrSeforQ udk,fydkifypönf;
jzpfoGm;NyD; rvSL&ao;wJh Opömypönf;rSeforQudk bHkqdkifypönf;vdkU
rSwyf g/ 'umBu;D ydik q f ikd x
f m;wJh Opömypön;f tm;vH;k [m rdom;pkyikd f
bHkqdkif ypönf;csnf;yg/ 'ghaMumifh rdom;pk aqGrsKd;om;csif;tm;vHk;
pkaygif;NyD; oHk;pGJaeMuwmyg}}
]]'umBuD; aoqHk;oGm;NyDqdkwmeJU ypönf;Opömtm;vHk;[m
'umBuD;eJU bmrQ rqdkifawmhygbl;/ usefwJh rdom;pkeJUom qdkifyg
awmhw,f/ 'Dtcsed u f srS bHqk ikd yf pön;f qdw
k m ydak ocsmoGm;ygw,f/
bHkqdkifypönf;rSeforQ rdrduvnf; ypönf;udk pGefU&ygw,f/ ½kwfw
&uf ao&wmrsKd;aygh/ ypönf;uvnf; rdrdudk pGefUygw,f/ rD;? a&?
rif;? cdk;ol? tarGcHqdk;aMumifh ysufpD;qHk;½IH;oGm;&wmrsKd;yg}}
]]2008 ckEpS uf urm&Gwrf mS "m;jyrIjzpfomG ;w,f/ tdr&f iS f
olaX;vifr,m;a&m? om;orD;awGa&m? tapcHrav;yg pkpak ygif;
ig;OD;towfc&H w,f/ acgif;udk aoewfeUJ csn;f typfc&H wm? "m;jy
wdu k rf u
I awmh wd;k wufvmw,fvUkd qd&k rSmaygh/ 'Dtrd &f iS af wG[m
NyD;cJhwJh &uftenf;i,fu wdkufwpfvHk;ygwJh NcH0if;BuD;wpfckudk
a&mif;cJhw,f/
odef;aygif; wpfaomif;av;axmifeJUwJh/ tJ'DxJu odef;
aygif; av;axmifudk tukef,lvmcJhw,f/ tck "m;jytwdkufcH&
awmh tJ'D ode;f aygif;av;axmif tukeyf goGm;w,f/ &wemypön;f
awGvnf; ukew f myJ/ olwUkd [m 'Doed ;f aygif;av;axmifxu J ode;f
aygif;av;q,favmufrsm; vSLxm;&if olwdkUtwGuf oHo&mrSm
ygoGm;rSmyg/ tckawmh oHo&mudk wpfjym;rS ygroGm;awmhbl;}}
]]a&Tref;wifarmifeJU wGJucJhwJh atmifoef;wifqdkwJh rif;
orD;Bu;D [m t&G,u f vnf;wif? ynmuvnf; aumif;wJt h wGuf
0if;Adkvf? qef;0if;wdkUvufxufxd wGJNyD;uwkef;yJ/ ol[m &orQ
aiGawGukd a&Twakd &TpvkyNf y;D Al;wpfA;l eJU aocsmpkxm;w,f/ a&TawG
pkzUkd u t"du? ukov kd v
f yk zf Ukd u omrnvdUk oabmxm;cJw h maygh/
wpf&ufawmh a&Tref;obif ZmwfpifBu;D rD;avmifvu kd w f m atmif
oef;wif rpm;&uf? r0wf&uf? rvSL&uf pkxm;wJh a&TawG[m rD;xJ
ygoGm;w,f/ eJeJrSudk jyef&SmvdkU r&awmhbl;}}
]]tJ'tD csed uf pNy;D rif;orD;Bu;D atmifoef;wif[m &orQ
udk vSLzdUk t"duxm;awmhw,f? 'guawmh ypön;f u ud, k uhf pkd eG Uf oGm;
wJh oabmaygh/ 'DaeUtwGuf 'umBu;D &JU ud, k yf ikd yf pön;f tppf[m
q&mawmfukd tckuyfvLS cJw h hJ ig;&mwef tat;wpfcu G yf /J 'Dig;&m
wefukodkvf[m 'umBuD; udk,fydkif tppfyJ/ udk,fydkifypönf;jzpfwJh
twGuf 'Dig;&mwefukodkvfudk rD;avmifvdkU r&bl;}}
]]a&arsmvdUk r&bl;/ rif;uodr;f vdUk r&bl;/ olc;kd u ck;d ,l
vdUk r&bl;/ om;qd;k orD;qd;k u zsuq f ;D vdUk r&bl;/ rdrad o&ifvnf;
oHo&mwpfavQmuf aemufuvdkufNyD; aumif;usKd;awG ay;ygvdrfh
r,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ a'oemt& Opömu av;rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ a&TUajymif;
vdUk r&Edik w
f hJ wduk w
f mNcaH jr pwmawGukd xm0&OpömvdUk ac:ygw,f/
qif? jrif;? uRJ? EGm;? a&TaiG pwJh a&TUajymif;vdkU&wJh Opömudkawmh
Z*FrOpömvdkU ac:ygw,f}}
 ]]yef;&H? vuform;? pma&; pwJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
twwfynm rSeforQudkawmh t*ForOpömvdkU ac:ygw,f/ 'ge?
oDv? bm0emqdkwJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudkawmh tEk*grduOpömvdkU
ac:ygw,f/ 'Db0? 'DcE¨meJU om;awG? r,m;awG&adS eawmh a&S;Opöm
oHk;rsKd;udkvnf; &Sm&ygr,f/ aemufb0 aemufcE¨meJU tem*wf
oHo&m &Sdaeao;wJhtwGuf ukodkvfOpömudkvnf; &Sm&ygr,f}}
csKdrmvGif ajymaom ig;rdepfw&m; qdkonfrSm azmfjyyg
w&m;av;yif jzpf\/ aemufwiG f xdo k al X;Bu;D onf ukov kd wf &m;
udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; vkyfvmaMumif; od&ayonf/ aemufaeU
reuf t½kPq f rG ;f pm;yif&h ef avQmufxm;Ny;D csKrd mvGijf yefomG ;onf/
pma&;oltygt0if oHCmckepfyg;yifx h m;Ny;D ouFe;f taumif;pm;
ckepfpHk uyfvSLrSmjzpfaMumif;vnf; txl;avQmufxm;oGm;onf/

xm;0,fNrdKUu avqifESmarmif;
aemufwpfaeU reuf tm½kPq f rG ;f pm;<u&ef ouFe;f ½HNk y;D
um;ay:twufrmS yif rd;k ESit hf wl av;jyif;yg usa&mufvmojzifh
um;q&mu tEÅ&m,f&SdEdkifojzihf cPaerS<u&ef avQmufxm;NyD;
um;ay:rSmyif rdepfESpfq,fcefU xdkifaevdkufonf/ em&D0ufeD;eD;
MumrS avNird o f mG ;ojzifh um;udak usmif;xJrS armif;xGuv f ukd o
f nf/
csKdrmvGifwdkU tdrfa&SU a&mufonfESifh pdwfraumif;p&m
jrifuiG ;f wpfcu k kd jrifawGU&awmhonf/ csKrd mvGiw f Ukd \ ESpx
f yfwukd f
tdrftrdk;onf avqifESmarmif;'PfaMumifh wpfjcrf;rSm yGifhxGuf
oGm;onf/ tay:xyf? atmufxyf ESpfckvHk; a&awG pdk&TJaeonf/
<uvmaom &[ef;ckepfyg;rSmvnf; xdik pf &mae&mr&So d jzihf rd;k wd;k
rwfwyf jzpfaeonf/
rJhrJhav;jzpfaeaom csKdrmvGif\ rsufESmu cPMumvQif
csK;H yGcJ sNy;D idak wmhrnfjzpfaMumif; odomaeonf/ pma&;ol ulnrD S
jzpfawmhrnf/ odUk r[kwv f Qif pdwcf sr;f omNy;D ukov kd &f rnfyh uJG pdwf
qif;&JNyD; tukodkvfjzpf&rnfhyGJ jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
]]csKrd mvGif ridek UJ ? ukov
kd jf yKwyhJ rJG mS tukov kd af wG ygrvm
apcsib f ;l / ud, k u
hf ,
kd u
f akd wmif tpd;k r&wm 'D&moDOwkukd b,fvkd
vkyNf y;D tpd;k &Edik rf mS vJ/ em;Mum;½IymG ;xm;wJh 0dyóemw&m;qdw k m
aomu (a'go) jzpfp&m ae&mrSm aomu (a'go) rjzpfatmif?
avmb jzpfp&mae&mrSm avmb rjzpfatmif toHk;cswwfrS em
Mum;&usKd;? ½IyGm;&usKd; eyfrSmaygh}}
]]avmavmq,f txufxyf? atmufxyf a&awG&TJae
awmh b,fae&mrSm qGr;f uyf&rSe;f rodatmif jzpfaew,f bk&m;}}
]]rylygeJU? Murf;jyifay: uyfr&&if? pm;yGJtjrifhrSm xdkifcHk
tjrifheJU uyfrSmaygh/ [dkrSm xdkifcHkESpfvHk;awGUw,f? a&awGajcmuf
oGm;atmif t0wfeUJ okwyf g/ Ny;D awmh pm;yGt J jrifwh pfv;kH 'Daxmifh
rSm csyg/ 'Dae&mu rdk;vHkw,f}}
pma&;ol pDpOfay;rIaMumifh tcuftcJMum;rSmyif qGr;f uyf
yGJrSm atmifjrifpGm NyD;qHk;oGm;onf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif rdk;vnf;wdwf
oGm;ojzihf ab;tdrfrS w&m;em y&dowfrsm;yif a&mufvmojzifh
qGrf;auR;yGJrSmvnf; jyefvnf touf0if vIyf&Sm;vmojzihf csKdrm
vGif\ rsufESmav; jyefvnf Munfvifvmonfudk awGU&onf/
tdrw f iG ;f w&m;yGu J m; pavNy/D pdwq f if;&Jonfb h uf a&mufaeaom
oltm; (15) rdepf twGif; pdwfcsrf;omonfhbuf a&mufatmif
a[majym&onfh tvkyu f m; cJ,Of;aom tvkyw f pfco k m jzpfyg\/
]]csKdrmvGif? ykxkZOfawG&JU obm0u - pdwfcsrf;omp&m?
ukodkvfjzpfp&mu q,fck&Sdw,f/ pdwfqif;&Jp&m? tukodkvf jzpf
p&mu wpfc&k w dS ,fq&kd ifawmif pdwcf sr;f omp&m q,fcu k kd rawG;
bl;/ pdwq f if;&Jp&mwpfcu k ykd J awG;Ny;D tNrw J rf; pdwq f if;&Jaewwf
w,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; a&m*grsm;wJhol? toufwdkwJhol? tyg,f
uswJholawGu rsm;aewmaygh}}
]]pdwfqif;&J&if udk,fqif;&JwmyJ/ udk,fqif;&J&if a&m*g
rsm;Ny;D toufww kd myJ/ pdwcf sr;f om&if ud, k cf sr;f omw,f/ ud, k f
csrf;om&if a&m*guif;NyD; touf&SnfwmyJ/ urÇmh bdk;ouf&Snf?
bGm;ouf&n S Bf u;D awG&UJ b0aemufaMumif;udk avhvmMunfw h thJ cg
pdwcf sr;f omatmifaejcif;[m touf&n S jf cif;&JU t"dutaMumif;
jzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f}}
oufawmf (102)ESpf aeoGm;&wJh ppfuikd ;f a&T[oFmawm&
q&mawmfBu;D u touf&n S af tmifaeenf; cPcP ar;jref;vGe;f
vdkU ]enf;enf;pm; rsm;rsm;avQmuf? acgif;Munfatmifxm;} qdkNyD;
ouf&n S u f se;f rmjcif;&JU t"dutcsuo f ;kH csuuf kd a[mjyxm;w,f/
acgif;Munfatmifxm;qdkwm pdwfcsrf;omp&m? ukodkvfjzpfp&m
udo
k m awG;yg/ pdwq f if;&Jp&m? tukov kd jf zpfp&mudk rawG;ygeJUvdUk
ajymvdk&if;ygyJ}}
]]'DaeU 'Dtcsed rf mS csKrd mvGit
f wGuf pdwq f if;&Jp&m? tuk
odv
k jf zpfp&mu wpfcyk &J ydS gw,f? pdwcf sr;f omp&m? ukov kd jf zpfp&m
uawmh trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f}}

jrefrmjzpf&jcif;twGuf 0rf;omp&mrsm;
xdpk um;ta&mufwiG f csKrd mvGiaf &m? y&dowfrsm;yg pma&;
olukd wNyKd ief uf wtHw h Mo armhMunfv h ukd Mf uonfukd awGU&onf/
pma&;olu w&m;udk jyefqufvdkufonf/
]]pdwq
f if;&Jp&m tukov kd jf zpfp&muawmh rkew f ikd ;f aMumifh
tdrtf rd;k wpfjcrf; vefomG ;wmygyJ/ 'guvnf; aemufaeU jyifvu dk f
&if NyD;oGm;rSmygyJ/ tck csKdrmvGif&JU pdwfcsrf;omp&m? ukodkvfjzpf
p&mawGudk ajymygawmhr,f/ yxrqHk; pdwfcsrf;omp&m? ukodkvf
jzpfp&muawmh vlUb0rSm vljzpf&wmygyJ/ 'DvlUb0wpfckyJ 'ge
ukodkvf? oDvukodkvf? orxbm0emukodkvf? 0dyóembm0em
ukodkvf? r*fukodkvf? zdkvfukodkvf qdkwJh ukodkvfajcmufrsKd;vHk;udk
wif;jynfhusyfjynfh t&,lEdkifwmyg/ wjcm; b,fbHkrS 'Dukodkvf
awGudk wif;jynfhusyfjynfh t&r,lEdkifygbl;}}
 ]]'kwd, 0rf;omp&m? ukodkvf jzpfp&muawmh &yfjypf&Spf
yg;u vGwfNyD; jrefrmjynfrSm vlvmjzpf&wmygyJ/ ra&mufoifhwJh
t&yf&Spfyg;udk &yfjypf&Spfyg;vdkU ac:w,f/ rjzpfoifhwJhb0rsKd;rSm
jzpf&wmudv k nf; &yfjypf&pS yf g;xJrmS yJ xnfx
h m;ygw,f/ vuFmav;
p&Gwfjyr,f -
bk&m;yGifh&m? y,foHk;&GmESifh?
'DCm,kewf? a&mufvwfypöef?
rdpämÓPf&Sd? ÓPfr&Sdom;?
ÓPf&Sdjim;vnf;? bk&m;rjzpf?
usef;*efvSpfonf? &yfjypf&Spfyg; o½kyfwnf; - wJh/
t"dyÜg,fu ra&mufoifhwJh &yfjypf&Spfyg;qdkwm bk&m;
yGifhaomumv jzpfaomfvnf; -
(1) i&JbHk a&mufaeol
(2) wd&pämefbHk a&mufaeol
(3) NydwåmbHk a&mufaeol
(4) ½kyfom&Sdaom tonowfjA[®mhbHk a&mufaeol
emrfom&Sdaom t½lyjA[®mhbHk a&mufaeol
(5) &wemoHk;yg; r&Sdaom EdkifiHodkU a&mufaeol
(6) t,lrSm;aom rdpäm'd|db0odkU a&mufaeol
(7) ÓPfrygaom 'Gd[dwfyk*¾dKvf jzpfaeol
(8) ÓPf&Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;ryGifhaomtcgü vljzpfol
 'D&SpfrsKd;udk &yfjypf&Spfyg;vdkU ac:ygw,f/ bkef;BuD;u pmpHk
zwfw,f/ Edik if w H um0w¬K bmomjyefawGuv kd nf; trsm;Bu;D zwf
w,f/ tJ'v D kd zwfwt hJ cg bmoGm;awGUovJqakd wmh tar&duefwUkd ?
t*FvefwdkUvdk taemufEdkifiHawGrSm Nydwåmb0 a&mufoGm;olawG
[m vGwfvrf;uRwfvrf; r&Sdawmhwmudk oGm;awGU&wmyJ}}
]]bmaMumifv h q
J akd wmh olwUkd ud;k uG,w f hJ bmomu Nyw d må
b0 a&mufaeolukd uRwaf tmif vGwaf tmif vkyaf y;Edik pf rG ;f r&Sw d hJ
twGufyJ/ tck vufawGU jzpf&yfwpfckudk ajymjyygOD;r,f/ 2008
ckEpS ?f arvavmufu tar&duefEikd if ?H qefz&efppöuNkd rKd UrSm aewJh
jrefrmrdom;pk wpfpku bkef;BuD;qD pmwpfapmifeJU "mwfyHkwpfyHk
ydkUvdkufw,f}}
]]"mwfyHkuawmh olwdkU 0,fvdkufwJh ESpfxyfwdkufyHkygyJ/
pmxJrmS bma&;xm;vJqakd wmh olwUkd [m aps;oufomwJt h wGuf
tJ'w D ukd u f kd 0,fvu kd Mf uwmwJ/h wdu k 0f ,fNy;D aeMunfw h t
hJ cgusrS
'Dwdkuf[m bmaMumifh aps;oufomw,fqdkwm od&awmhw,f/
'Dwu kd uf kd pwifaqmufcw hJ hJ rdom;pko;kH a,muf[m aoNy;D ruRwf
rvGwf jzpfaeMuw,f}}
]]ESpfuvnf; awmfawmfBuD;udk MumaeNyD/ ykxkZOfawGqdk
wm ud, k af ewJah e&m? ud, k v f yk w
f t
hJ vkyu f kd odypf v JG rf;w,f/ 'Dvif
r,m;[m olwdkUudk,f olwdkU vlvdkUyJ xifaeMuw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
t&iftwdkif; tvkyfoGm;csdef oGm;Muw,f/ tvkyfjyefcsdef jyefvm
Muw,f/ olwdkU&JU q,fESpft&G,favmuf&SdwJh om;av;uvnf;
olwdkUvdkyJ/ ausmif;oGm;csdef oGm;w,f/ jyefvmcsdef jyefvmw,f/
ajcmufw,fvUkd awmh r[kwb f ;l / olwUkd aeUpOf vkyaf eustvkyu
f kd
vlUb0utwdkif; vkyfaeMuwmyJ}}
]]'Dwdkufudk 0,fvdkufwJh jrefrmrdom;pkrSmvnf; q,fESpf
t&G,f om;av;wpfa,muf &Sw d ,f/ 'Duav;u tar&duefrmS yJ
arG;wmqdak wmh t*Fvyd pf um;uawmh rGwaf ewmaygh/ uav;ESpf
a,muf awGUwJhtcg tjyifrSm vltcsif;csif;awGUovdk at;at;
aq;aq; ajymqkd EIwfqufaeMuwmyJwJh}}

om"krac:wwfaom Nydwåmrsm;
]]'Drdom;pk uRwfoGm;atmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ bk&m;vdkU
bke;f Bu;D udk ar;Muw,f/ bke;f Bu;D vnf; b,fvrkd S tBurH ay;wwf
bl;jzpfaew,f/ olwUkd [m Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawGq&kd ifvnf; olwUkd ud, k f
pm; ukov kd jf yKNy;D trQay;a0vdu k &f if om"k ac:vdu k w f meJU uRwf
oGm;rSmyg/ tckawmh bmomjcm;awG jzpfaeawmh trQay;vnf;
om"kac:&rSef; rodawmh uRwfvrf; vGwfvrf;[m r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfoGm;wmaygh}}
]]tck csKdrmvGif[m Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;wJh jrefrmjynfrSm
vmjzpf&awmh wpfpw kH pfcpk v
JG rf;Ny;D aovdUk Nywd må b0a&mufawmif
odyfylp&m r&Sdygbl;/ oufaysmufqGrf;? &ufvnfqGrf;? vygwf
qGr;f wpfcck rk mS trQay;wmudk om"kac:vdu k wf meJU Nywd må b0u
csufcsif;uRwfEdkifygw,f/ tJ'g jrefrmjynfrSm vljzpf&wJhtwGuf
pdwfcsrf;omp&m? ukodkvfjzpfp&m wpfuGufaygh}}
]]jrefrmjynfrSm vljzpfaomfvnf; bmomjcm;jzpfaeNyDqdk
&ifawmh uRwfvGwfzdkU cJ,Of;jyefwmyJ/ rtlyifNrdKUe,f? av;tdrfpk
&GmrSm Ak'¨bmoma&m? c&pf,mefa&m ESpfrsKd;vHk;&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh
wpf,l roefMubl;/ bmom rwlayr,fh tm;vH;k cspcf spcf ifcifae
MuwmyJ/ u&ifawGqdkawmh odyfcspfp&m aumif;w,f/ yGifhvnf;
yGifhvif;Muw,f}}
]]wpfcgawmh c&pf,mefbmom0if trsK;d om;wpfa,muf
qH;k oGm;w,f/ Ak'b ¨ momtvdq k &dk ifawmh tdrrf mS Nyw d må jyefjzpfae
wmaygh/ ruRwfrvGwf jzpfaewmudk udk,fwdkif jrifawGUae&wm
qdak wmh aumif;uifbrkH mS a&mufomG ;ygw,fvUkd b,fvrkd S jiif;vdUk
r&awmhb;l / 'ghaMumifh ½d;k om;yGiv hf if;wJh olwUkd &Gmom; "r®q&meJU
olwdkU bmomenf;twdkif; ukodkvfjyK trQa0ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
ruRwfbl;/}}
]]ruRwfwmudk olwdkU "r®q&mudk,fwdkif odw,f/ b,f
bmomenf;eJU vkyv f yk ?f olwUkd vl Nyw d må b0u uRwo f mG ;zdUk ta&;
BuD;w,fvdkU oHk;oyfNyD; Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;awG yifhNyD; ukodkvfjyK
trQa0Muw,f/ tJ'DawmhrS uRwfoGm;w,f/ 'Dtcg olwdkU"r®
q&mu &,f&,farmarmeJU bmajymovJqdkawmh apmomxl;
ruRww f mvnf; tqd;k rqdo k mbl;aygh? bmhaMumifv h q J akd wmh apm
omxl;eJU igeJUu twlt&ufaomufazmf aomufzufawGudk;wJh/
 tJ'Dvdk a&xJrdk;xJ tqifhrsKd; a&mufvmNyDqdk&if udk,fhAk'¨
bmomudk txifrao;atmif aocsm vkyaf y;&w,f/ wrvGeu f
yk*Kd¾ vf uRwvf w
G zf Ukd twGuf vSLr,fq&kd if bke;f Bu;D udak wmif a&G;yifh
&w,f/ udk,feJU b,favmuf cifcif? b,favmuf aqG;rsKd;awmf
awmf oDvr&SdwJh A½kwfokwfcaewJh bkef;BuD;qdk ryifh&bl;}}
]]oDvr&SdwJh bkef;BuD;rsKd;yifhNyD; vSL&if ruRwfbl; jzpfae
wwfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh wrvGeu f yk*Kd¾ vf uRwv f w
G zf Ukd twGuf vSL'gef;
enf;t*FgawGu -

uRwfvGwfatmiftrQay;enf;tpDtpOf
(1) tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vu
f oDv? orm"d? ynm odum© oH;k yg; jynfph kH
wJo h l jzpf&r,f/ vlxrJ mS vnf; ig;yg;oDv vHak tmifapmifo h ql &kd if
tvSLcHae&mrSm yg0ifEikd w f ,f/ bke;f Bu;D r&Sw
d ahJ e&mqd&k if toH;k jyK
Edik yf gw,f/ ]ayw0w¬Kyg|dawmf cv’#, d aywD0w¬K} rSm yifv,fxJ
ruRwrf vGwjf zpfaewJh Nyw d rå wpfa,muf t0wftpm;&zdUk twGuf
ig;yg;oDvvHw k hJ oabFmom;wpfa,mufukd t0wfawGvLS Ny;D trQ
ay;vdkufwm t0wftpm;awG &oGm;cJhw,f/
(2) tyfpyfwJh qGrf;wdkU? ouFef;wdkU? aq;wdkU jzpf&r,f/ 'Dvdk
tvSLyGrJ mS aiGawG rvSLoifb h ;l / tvSLcHr,fh &[ef;rSm uyÜ, d 'um
ygr,fqdk&ifawmh vSLaumif;ygw,f/
(3) b,faeU b,f&uf b,fEpS ef m&DrmS trQay;r,ft h aMumif;
aooludk wdwdususajymqdkNyD; zdwfMum;&r,f/
(4) jzpfEikd &f if tvSL&Siu f , kd w
f ikd f jzpfap? w&m;ay;r,fh q&m
awmfujzpfap? tdraf pmifeh wf? NrKd Uapmifeh wf? awmapmifeh wf? awmif
apmihfewfwdkUudk tckvdk arwåm&yfcHyefMum;&r,f/
]]tdrfapmifhewf? NrdKUapmihfewf? awmapmihfewf? awmif
apmifhewftaygif;wdkU aoqHk;ol armifeDwpfa,muf ay;a0aom
trQukd om"kac:Edik &f ef þNrKd UwGi;f ? þtdrw f iG ;f odUk vmcGijhf yKMuyg/
uREfkyfwdkU ay;a0aom trQudk armifeDwpfa,muf om"k ac:Edkif
atmif bk&m;*kP?f w&m;*kP?f oHCmh*P k uf kd OD;xdyx f m;Ny;D toif
wdUk ud, k wf ikd f zdwMf um;ay;Muyg/ toifwUkd ud, k w f ikd f today;çay;
Muyg/
]]'Dav;csufeJU nDatmif vkyfay;&if Nydwåmb0u uRwf
vGwo f mG ;rSm taotcsmyg/ csKrd mvGit f wGuf wwd,0rf;omp&m
tcsufuawmh Ak'¨bmom jzpfcGifh&wmygyJ/ Ak'¨bmom jzpf&wJh
twGuf vlcsr;f om? ewfcsr;f omudo k mru edAmÁ efcsr;f omtxd ,l
Edik w
f m[m awG;Munfv h u
kd w
f ikd ;f b,favmuf 0rf;omp&maumif;
ovJ}}
 bmomjcm;wdkU\ aemufqHk;yef;wdkif
]]csif;vlrsKd; bGJU&"r®q&mwpfa,muf[m Ak'¨bmomxJ
0if½Hkwif rubl;/ &[ef;yg 0wfvdkufw,f/ ola[mwJh w&m;acG
xJrSm bmygvJqdkawmh c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG&JU aemufqHk;yef;
wdik f aumif;uifbekH ef;qdw k m Ak'b¨ momt& ewfjynfygyJw/hJ tpö
vmrfbmomqdw k muvnf; c&pf,mefbmomudk r@dKix f m;Ny;D Zd½k kd
tufpwm;bmomxJu tcsut f vuftenf;i,feUJ a&mpyfxm;
wmqdak wmh tpövmrfbmom0ifawG&UJ aemufq;kH yef;wdik [ f mvnf;
ewfbHkygyJ}}
]][dEL´ bmom0ifawG&UJ aemufq;kH yef;wdik q f wkd m jA[®mb h kH
qdw k muawmh xif&mS ;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh tusO;f csKyaf jym&if Ak'b ¨ m
omrSwpfyg; useb f mom0ifawG&UJ aemufq;kH yef;wdik [ f m ewfjynf
eJU jA[®mhjynfygyJ? edAÁmef rygygbl;? 'ghaMumifh udavomukef&m
cE¨mcsKyfNidrf;&m edAÁmefcsrf;omtxd t&,lEdkifwJh Ak'¨bmom0if
jzpf&wm[m csKdrmvGiftwGuf wwd,ajrmuf 0rf;omp&maygh}}
]]pwkw0¬ rf;omp&muawmh &[ef;awmfcek pfyg;udk tckvkd
pHpk nkH n
D D zl;ajrmfMunfnKd ciG &hf wmyJ/ t*Fw
k Kdå &yf g|dawmfrmS a[mxm;
w,f/ oDv&SdwJh &[ef;awmfrsm; tdrfudk<uvm&if 'um? 'umr
awGrSm aumif;usKd;rsm;pGm &&Sdw,fwJh/ wpftcsufuawmh &[ef;
awmfawGujkd rif&&if MunfnKd whJ o'¨g"mwfawG ay:xGe;f vmw,f/
'Do'¨g"mwfaMumifh jzpf&mb0rSm ½ky&f nfacsmarmvSywJh tusK;d udk
&w,f}}
 ]]&[ef;awmfawG <uvm&if c&D;OD;BuKd w,f? ae&mxdik cf if;
cif;ay;w,f? &Sdcdk; OD;csw,f? 'gudk ]*g&0? ed0gw} vdkU ac:w,f/
]*g&0? ed0gw} qdkwm rmeudavomudk tvkyfeJU y,fowfwmyJ/
'Dtcsuaf Mumifh csKrd mvGiw f Ukd rdom;pk[m jzpf&mb0rSm trsK;d jrwf
jcif;qdw k thJ usK;d udk cHpm;&w,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm;<uvm&if wwfEikd f
orQ vSL'gef;MuwmyJ/ 'Dvv kd LS 'gef;wJt
h wGuf jzpf&mb0rSm ypön;f
Opömaygrsm;csrf;omjcif;qdkwJh tusKd;w&m;udk cHpm;&wmaygh}}
]]yÍör0rf;omp&mtcsuu f awmh "r®uxduq&mawmfukd
yifNh y;D w&m;tvSLudk vSLcGi&hf wmyJ/ nw&m;yGBJ u;D vkyEf ikd rf S w&m;
tvSLvdkUac:Edkifwm r[kwfygbl;/ tckvdk udk,fhtdrftwGif;rSm vl
tpdwo f ;kH q,feUJ w&m;yGv J yk w f m[mvnf; w&m;tvSLygyJ/ w&m;
tvSLqdkwm todynmtvSLygyJ/ todynmtvSL jzpfwJhtwGuf
jzpf&mb0rSm todÓPfynm Bu;D rm;wmaygh/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;udk
wpfBudrfwpfcg em½HkeJU &[EÅmjzpfoGm;olawG[m todÓPfynm
vSLcJholawGaygh/
w&m;pmtkyaf wGvLS wm? w&m;yGaJ wG usi;f ywm? ud, k wf ikd f
w&m;a[may;wmawG[m todynmtvSLawGygyJ/ 'DtcsufeJU
ywfoufNyD; bk&m;&Sif&JU a'oemwpfck&Sdw,f -
tEéa'g Ava'g a[mwd?
0PÖa'g a[mwd 0w¬a'g?
,mea'g okca'g a[mwd?
'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g/
 aomp oAÁ 'a'g a[mwd?
a,''gwd Oyó,H/
trwH'a'g p aoma[mwd?
a,m "r® tEkomowd/
em;vnfatmif ajym&&if -
xrif; tazsmfudk vSLwm cGeftm;udk vSL&ma&mufw,f/
t0wfudk vSLwmu tqif;vSjcif;udk vSL&ma&mufw,f/ pD;p&m
,mOfukd vSLwm[m csr;f omudk vSL&ma&mufw,f/ qDr;D udk vSLwm
[m rsuaf phukd vSL&ma&mufw,f/ ausmif;udk vSLwmuawmh tm;
vHk;udk vSL&ma&mufw,f/ tqHk;tr? todynm "r®udk vSLwmu
awmh rao&m edAÁmefudk vSL&ma&mufw,fwJh/
]oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd} - tvSLtm;vHk;xJrSm w&m;
tvSL[m tatmifEdkifqHk;? tjrwfqHk;vdkU bmaMumifh a[mMum;
&wmvJq&kd if 'Dw&m;udek m&rS 'gejyKjzpfwm? oDvaqmufwnfjzpf
wm? bm0emyGm;rsm;jzpfwm/ w&m;emMum;cGirhf &&if bmukov kd rf S
rjzpfawmhb;l / 'ghaMumifh tvSLtm;vH;k xJrmS w&m;tvSL[m tjrwf
qHk;vdkU a[mxm;wmyg}}
 rwpfvHk;aus&jcif;taMumif;
yk*aH cwf? yif;,acwf? tif;0acwf? uke;f abmifacwfqw kd hJ
jrefrmhordik ;f acwfav;acwfxrJ mS ]rum&avmy} - rçwpfv;kH aus
rodwmr&Sd qdkwJh ynm&Sif wpfOD;wnf;yJ &Sdw,f/ trnfuawmh
rum&avmytausmf cifBuD;aysmfwJh/ armifaysmfqdkwm vlemrnf
aygh/ a&S;acwfu bke;f Bu;D udk cifBu;D vdUk oH;k wwfMuw,f/ &[ef;bGUJ
uawmh ]t&SifÓP0&} vdkU ac:w,f}}
cifBuD;aysmfudk 1086 ckESpf? uqkefvjynfh? t*FgaeUrSm
arG;zGm;w,f/ Zmwdu awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKUe,f? ykwD;ukef;&Gmaygh/
zcifu Adokumq&mBuD; OD;ajy? rdcifu a':MumvdkU ac:w,f/
cifBu;D aysm&f UJ *kPo
f wif;awmfukd Mum;odMunfnKd awmfrw l t
hJ wGuf
aemifawmfBuD;rif;u a&TbdkudkyifhNyD; &wema&TbHkwkvGwfausmif;
awmfBuD;udk wifvSLudk;uG,fawmfrlw,f/
jrefrmouú&mZf 1122 ckEpS rf mS tavmif;rif;w&m;Bu;D &JU
t½du k tf &mudk aemifawmfBu;D rif;u qufc, H al wmfrw
l ,f/ aemif
awmfBuD;rif;[m ppfudkif;rif;qdkwJh trnfeJUvnf; xif&Sm;w,f/
olu;kd uG,w f hJ cifBu;D aysmq
f &mawmf[m rum&avmy - rçwpfv;kH
ausw,f/ rodwmr&Sdbl;qdkwm aemifawmfBuD;rif;u vufawGU
prf;oyfcsifw,f/
rif;BuD; ,lqxm;wmu rodwmr&Sd qdk&ifvnf; avm
ukw&å m pmayuse;f *efrsm;rSmqd&k if [kwcf sif [kwEf ikd wf ,f/ avmuD
udpaö wGrmS awmh rodwm? rwwfwmawG &SOd ;D rSmyJaygh/ 'geJUyJ q&m
awmf&JU ausmif;0dkif;xJrSm qdkif;oGm;wD;cdkif;w,f/ &[ef;jzpfwJh
twGuf twD;trIwef UJ ywfouf&ifawmh bmrSrodEikd b f ;l vdUk ,lq
xm;vdUk aygh/
q&mawmf[m qdkif;wD;wmudk wpfcP Munfh½HkeJU tukef
wwfuRrf;oGm;w,f/ qdkif;q&mawG vufpGrf;ukef wD;NyD;wJhtcg
q&mawmfu tem;vmNy;D 'DtvH;k eJU 'DtvH;k aygif;pyf? wD;wJv h uf
udk b,fvdkxm;? AHkrsm;udk tb,fuJhodkUn§d pojzifh jyifqifay;NyD;
wD;cdik ;f vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg tifrwef okwo d m,mwJh wD;uGuw f pfuu G uf kd
&oGm;Muw,f/ tJ'D wD;uGuf[m or®ma'0ewfcsif; wD;uGufvdkU
ac:owJ/h tHMh ovGe;f vdUk qdik ;f orm;awGa&m? pDpOfay;&wJh r[m'gef
0efyg yg;pyfta[mif;om;eJU jzpfaeMuw,f/
aemifawmfBuD;rif;vnf; tawmfudk tHhMooGm;owJh/ AHk
awG? ywfv;kH awG&UJ rsuEf mS ay:rSm toHomatmif vky&f wJh ywfpm
vkyef nf;awmif cifBu;D aysmaf y;cJw h mvdUk wpfqifph um;eJU rSwo f m;
&zl;w,f/ aemifawmfBuD;rif;u rauseyfao;bl;/ ÓPftvkyf?
twGut f csut f vkyjf zpfwhJ ppfw&k ifupm;enf;udak wmh q&mawmf
rodEdkifygbl;vdkUajymNyD; tawmfqHk; ppfwk&iform;wpfa,mufudk
q&mawmfxH vTwfvdkufw,f/
q&mawmfu ppfwk&ifudk tckrS jrifzl;wmyg/ xdkUaMumifh
yxryGJ pçupm;wJhtcgrSm q&mawmfu ½IH;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
aemuf qufupm;wJh yGJtm;vHk; q&mawmfucsnf;yJ Ekdifygw,f/
aemufq;kH awmh ppfw&k ifcseyf , D [ H m b,fvrkd S Edik af tmif rxd;k Edik f
awmhaMumif; 0efcNH y;D ppfw&k ifx;kd enf;udk ay;zdUk awmif;yefavQmuf
xm;ygw,f/ q&mawmfu ppfw&k if upm;w,fqw kd m twGuyf /J
twGufudk em;vnf oabmayguf&if Edkif&rnfomvdkU trdefU&SdNyD;
ppfwk&ifxdk;enf;vuFmudk a&;ay;awmfrlw,f/

uGefypfaomq&mawmf
wpfcgawmh q&mawmf[m avrdk;omwmeJU jrpfqdyfodkU
vrf;avQmuf <uawmfrw l ,f/ 'Dtcsed rf mS wHigwpfa,mufu ydu k f
uGefypfNyD; ig;zrf;vsuf&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh tcsdefawGom MumoGm;
w,f/ ig;u wpfaumifrS ygrvmbl;/ aemufqHk; wHigonf[m
pdwfysufNyD; tdrfjyefoGm;w,f/ q&mawmf[m wHigonf uGefypf
wmudk wpfcP &yfMunfhvdkufwmeJU tukef uRrf;usifoGm;w,f/
'gaMumifh tem;u 'umwpfa,muftm; ydkufuGefwpfck &Smcdkif;
vdkufw,f/
xd'k um jyefa&mufvmwJt h cg q&mawmfu uGeyf pfenf;
udk vufawGUoifay;w,f/ ydu k uf eG u
f kd 'Dvjkd zefU? 'Dvu
kd ikd ?f a&xJukd
'Dvdkypfcs ponfjzifhaygh/ 'um[m q&mawmf oifjywJhtwdkif;
ydkufuGefudk jrpfxJ ypfcsvdkufw,f/ jyefqGJwifwJhtcg ig;Muif;?
ig;odkif;pwJh ig;BuD;ig;aumif;awG ydkufuGefxJrSm trsm;BuD;ygvm
w,f/ q&mawmf[m avmuDynmudk rwwfwm r&Sdqdkwmudk
vufawGUjyojcif; jzpfygw,f/
 rdvmwJh ig;awGtm;vH;k jrpfxjJ yefvw T cf yhJ gw,f/ ppfuikd ;f
NrKd UrSm xif;onf vifr,m;ESpaf ,muf&MdS uw,f/ olwUkd ESpaf ,muf
[m ntdyfwJhtcg xif;yHkudk acgif;qdkufNyD; tdyfavh&SdMuw,f/
wpfn oef;acgiftcsdefrSm 0wfjzLpifMu,f0wf vlolawmfaumif;
wpfa,muf ay:vmNyD; ]tokc} qdkwJh pum;oHk;cGef;udk ajymum
aysmufoGm;w,f/ pum;oHk;vHk; t"dyÜg,fudk olwdkU vifr,m;ESpf
a,muf b,fvdkrS pOf;pm;vdkUr&bl; jzpfaeMuw,f/
eD;pyf&m ynm&SdawGudk ar;Munfhawmhvnf; auseyf
avmufwJhtajzudk ray;EdkifMubl;/ 'geJU aemufqHk; emrnfBuD;ae
wJh cifBu;D aysmqf uD kd a&mufvmw,f/ q&mawmfuawmh csucf si;f
t"dyÜg,fjyefay;vdkufw,f/
t - trÁrlav = o&ufyif&if;ü
ok - ok0PÖukrÁH = a&Ttdk;udk
cH - cPm[d = wl;,lavmh - wJh/
'ghaMumifh 'um&JU tdrf0dkif;xJu o&ufyif ajc&if;rSmwl;?
a&Ttdk; &vdrfhr,fvdkU ajymvdkufowJh/ 'umvnf; wpfcsufawmh
wGeUf oGm;w,f/ bmhaMumifv h q
J akd wmh olwUkd tdr0f ikd ;f xJrmS o&ufyif
r&Sdwm olodaevdkUaygh/ 'geJU 'Dwpfcgvnf; ta[mvGJjyefNyDxif
w,fvUkd pdwyf suo f mG ;w,f/ tdraf &mufawmh r&SmbJeUJ udk o&ufyif
wpfyifudk oGm;awGUw,f/
ol jyefa&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm ZeD;jzpfolu xif;yHkBuD;udk
a&mif;ypfvdkufwJhtwGuf ajymif&Sif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'D xif;yHkBuD;
atmufrmS a&mufaewJh o&ufaphu tyifao;ao;av; xGuaf e
wmudk awGUMu&wmyJ/ tJ'D o&ufyifav;atmufu ajrudw k ;l vdu
k f
wJth cg a&Tt;kd wpft;kd udk &oGm;w,f/ txJrmS a&To;kH ydómavmuf
ygw,f/ xif;onf vifr,m;vnf; olaX;jzpfoGm;wmaygh/
q&mawmf[m tckvdk rodwm r&Sdavmufatmif ÓPf
ynmBuD;rm;&jcif;[m twdwfb0wpfcku todynmvdkU ac:wJh
"r®tvSLudk vSLcJh&wJhtwGufaMumifhyJ/ q&mawmfu b0wpfck
wkef;u &[ef;wpfyg; jzpfcJhzl;owJh/ tJ'Db0wkef;u ausmif;om;
awG? ud&k ifawGukd oifyek ;f Bu;D wdUk ? y&dwBf u;D wdUk udk apwemtjynfeh UJ
oifay;cJhw,f/
tJ'D ukodkvfaMumifh 'Db0rSm rodwm r&Sdatmif ÓPf
aumif;wm/ csKdrmvGif[m q&mawmfudkyifhNyD; w&m;yGJvkyfwm
jzpfwJhtwGuf ÓPfynmtvSLudk vSLNyD;om;jzpfNyDvdkU awG;NyD;
0rf;omprf;yg/}}
(rSwfcsuf)
q&mawmfjyKpkcJhaom "mwfusrf; (17)usrf;
(1) avmuDusrf; (2) tm'duyÜusrf;
(3) 'Gg'&moDusrf; (4) "mwkaA'usrf;
(5) "mwk0dbm*usrf; (6) aerdwåuusrf;
(7) e&wefaqmifusrf; (8) e&rmvmusrf;
(9) vu©P oN*ØK[fusrf; (10) e&okcdusrf;
(11) a0ae,sokcusrf; (12) r[me&DuGefcsmusrf;
(13) y#dpöorkyÜg'f"mwfusrf; (14) "mwko*F[usrf;
(15) "mwk'DyeDusrf; (16) t&omusrf;
(17) t*F0dZÆmusrf;

aq;usrf; (15)usrf;
(1) ua0om&usrf; (2) vu©P'Dyusrf;
(3) qe0kwdusrf; (4) "gEG`ED´usrf;
(5) rPdaZmwd&ofusrf; (6) y&rDoGmusrf;
(7) plVaZmwd&ofusrf; (8) aboZÆusrf;
(9) ZrÁKusufoa&usrf; (10) omoemodkufusrf;
(11) oAÁom&e&usrf; (12) a,mreusrf;
(13) yO§myk'fusrf; (14) MoVm&du okckr"mwfusrf;
(15) oAÁrÍÆ&Daq;usrf;

yd#uwfqdkif&musrf;rsm;
(1) *PdyAÁ orÁE¨quú oH0PÖemusrf;
(2) yk'fppf? o'´gppf? oH0PÖemenf;av;q,fusrf;
(3) okwårmvm? 0kwådrmvmusrf;
(4) o'´gi,f upöm,e om&t&aumufusrf;
(5) Óofaumufusrf;
(6) aewåd[m&t&aumufusrf;
(7) 0Dxdvuf½dk;usrf;
 (8) tbd"r® *rÇD&w¬a'oemaumufusrf;
(9) o'´AsL[musrf;
(10) jrefrmo'¨ga[mrSwfpk (jrefrm0pö0gpu)

vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGufa&;aomusrf;rsm;
(1) uyÜgvuFm&usrf;
(2) okw0E´embk&m;&Sdcdk;
(3) uyÜ0PÖemusrf;
(4) vuf½dk;aA'if#Dum

ud&k ifÓP i,fpOfu tvGet f pm;Bu;D \/ &vmaomqGr;f

oydww f pfv;kH udk ukeaf tmifpm;onf [l\/ xdUk aMumifh yxrausmf
atmifpx H m;q&mawmfBu;D u ,ckvkd ac:,lí qH;k rawmfro l nf/
]]igh&Sif ...ÓP? igh&Sifonfum; ynmÓPft&mü
olwumxuf omvGefxl;uJvSay\/ tHhzG,f&SdvSay\/ odkUwap
igh&Sifum; ynm&Sd owdjzpfcJ[lonfESifhtnD qGrf;bkOf;ay;&mwGif
vGefusL;vSay\/ odkU rjzpfpaumif;acs/ odkUtwGufaMumifhyif igh
&Sifonf toufav;q,ft&G,ftxd ae&vdrhfrnf r[kwf/}}
q&mawmfBu;D rdeUf awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f yif t&SiÓ
f Ponf
1124 ckEpS ?f oufawmf (38)ESpt f 0ifwiG f avema&m*gjzifh ysvH eG f
awmfrcl o hJ nf/ bk&m;&Siu f "r®y'wGif tpm;Bu;D olrsm;onf a&m*g
rsm;onf? t&G,fusonf? toufwdkonf/ tpm;udk yHkrSefrQw
atmif rS0D o
J rl sm;onf a&m*genf;onf? t&G,w
f ifonf? touf
&Snfonf[k a[mMum;awmfrlxm;onf/
(a&Trif;0efOD;bkef;jrihfa&; - awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmfcifBuD;aysmf
avmuDavmukwå&m tar;tajzusrf;rS)

taumif;qHk;qGrf;ESifh ta[mif;qHk;ouFef;
]]q|rajrmuf 0rf;omp&m tcsufuawmh - oHCmckepf
yg;udk ouFef;ESifhqGrf; vSL'gef;cGifh&wmyJ/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh 'um?
'umrtrsm;pk[m qGrf;udkawmh taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif pDrHvSL
'gef;wwfMuayr,fh ouFe;f udak wmh jzpfovdk av;ig;ajcmufaxmif
wefouFe;f udk 0,fvLS Muwmu rsm;ygw,f/ av;ig;ajcmufaxmif
wef ouFef;qdkwm ta[mif;awGyJ rsm;ygw,f}}
]]csKdrmvGifuawmh qGrf;a&m? ouFef;a&m taumif;qHk;
awGudk 0,fvSLcJhw,f/ ouFef;qdk&if wpfpHkudk oHk;aomif;avmuf
ay;&wmqdkawmh taumif;qHk;ygyJ/ qGrf;vSL&if b0tqufquf
touf&Snfjcif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csrf;omBuD;jcif;? cGeftm;AvBuD;
rm;jcif;? ÓPfynmBu;D rm;jcif;qdw k hJ aumif;usK;d awGukd qkrawmif;
bJeJU &w,f/ Ak'¨vufxufu OyÜv0Pfax&D &[EÅmrBuD;[m
ouFef;vSLcJhwJh ukodkvfaMumifh a,mufsm;awG ½l;avmufatmif
vSywJh Or®m'EÅDqdkwJh trsKd;orD;b0udk a&mufcJh&w,f}}
 ]]'ghtjyif 'Db&k m;omoemusawmhvnf; &[EÅmrBu;D vm
jzpfygw,f/ owårajrmuf 0rf;omp&mtcsufuawmh o&P*HkeJU
oDvaqmufwnf&if; Ak'¨gEkówd bm0emudk yGm;rsm;NyD;om;jzpf
oGm;wmyJ/
earmwóç[m taumif;qHk;? twdkqHk;? tESpfom&
tjynfph q kH ;kH bk&m;&Scd ;kd yJ/ trnfo;kH rsK;d &wJh bk&m;&Scd ;kd vdUk ac:w,f/
odMum;rif;udk,fwdkif bk&m;xHvmwdkif; 'DearmwóeJU &Sdcdk;avh&Sd
wJhtwGuf ]odMum;rif;&JUbk&m;&Sdcdk;} vdkU ac:w,f/
aemufwpfzef t&d,mjzpfoGm;MuwJh olawmfaumif;BuD;
awG[m bk&m;&Siu f kd owd&wdik ;f bk&m;&S&d m vuftyk cf sND y;D 'Dearm
wóeJUyJ &Sdcdk;avh&SdwJhtwGuf ]t&d,mbk&m;&Sdcdk;} vdkUvnf; ac:
w,f/ aemufwpfzef 'Dearmwóbk&m;&Scd ;kd xJrmS b*0g*kPaf wmf?
t&[H*P k af wmf? or®morÁK'*¨ P k af wmf&,fvUkd *kPaf wmfo;kH yg;ygwJh
twGufaMumifh ]*kPfawmfoHk;yg;bk&m;&Sdcdk;} vdkUvnf; ac:w,f/}}
]]Ak'¨vufxufu okblwdvdkUac:wJh &[EÅmwpfyg; ay:
xGef;cJhw,f/ ol[m wpfckaom b0wkef;u *kPfawmfyGm;cJhw,f/
tJ'DukodkvfaMumifh ewfjynfrSm ewfom;b0eJU tBudrfoHk;aomif;
ewfpnf;pdrf cHpm;&w,f/ odMum;rif;b0 tBudrf&Spfq,fjzpfcJh&
w,f/ pMumrif;b0 tBudrfaygif;wpfaxmif jzpfcJh&w,f/ ½dk;½dk;
{u&mZfbk&ifb0 tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfcJh&w,f/ urÇmeJUcsDNyD;
tyg,fwHcg;ydwfcJhw,f/ jzpf&mb0 pnf;pdrfawG[m wdk;wufvm
w,f? ravsmhbl;/}}
 ]]tck aemufqHk;b0rSmvnf; bk&m;&SifNyD;&if tbdÓOf
0ifpm;wJhae&mrSm tjypfuif;pGm aewJhae&mrSm tawmfqHk;qdkwJh
bGJUxl;BuD;&NyD; y&dedAÁmef0ifpHcJh&wJh aumif;usKd;awG[m b0wpfck
u *kPaf wmfymG ;cJw h hJ ukovkd af Mumifyh gyJ/ tck oDvaqmufwnfNy;D
oGm;wmeJU 'D*P k af wmfo;kH yg;udk csKrd mvGiu f oH;k Burd af wmif&w
G q
f kd
yGm;rsm;Ny;D oGm;ygNy/D ckxuf rsm;rsm;yGm;&if aumif;usK;d awG rsm;rsm;
&rSmaygh}}
]]oDv,lwJh tcsdefwdkav;twGif;rSm *kPfawmfyGm;wJhuk
odkvfyg wpfcgwnf; &oGm;apcsifwJhtwGuf a&S;q&mawmfBuD;
rsm;u oDvay;wJh tpDtpOfxrJ mS 'Dearmwóbk&m;&Scd ;kd udk wrif
xnfhay;xm;wmyg/ 'um? 'umrawGtay:rSm arwåmxm;NyD;
tjrifus,fvSwJh q&mawmfBuD;awGudk aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;vS
ygw,f/ puúefU? rdepf? em&D? aeU? &uf? v? ESpf 'Dtcsdefwdkav;awG
aygif;pkxm;wmudk toufvdkU ac:wmyg/ 'ghaMumifh tcsdefqdkwm
touf? toufqdkwm tcsdefygyJ}}
]]vlom; trsm;pk wefzdk;txm;qHk; t&m[m toufyg/
touf raozdUk twGuq f &kd if &So
d rQ pnf;pdrOf pömawGvnf; tukef
cHEikd yf gw,f/ ajcvuft*FgawGjzwfurk S touf&iS rf ,fq&kd ifvnf;
jzwfypf&Jygw,f/ bmhaMumifhvJqdk&if pnf;pdrfOpöm? ajcvuft*Fg
xuf toufudk ydkNyD; wefzdk;xm;wJhtwGufaMumifhygyJ}}
 rdrdtoufudk jzKef;wD;aeolrsm;
]]tHMh op&maumif;wmu toufukd odyw f efz;kd xm;wJh vl
om;[m tcsed u f sawmh wefz;kd xm;&aumif;rSe;f rodb?J tvum;
jzKe;f wD;ypfaewJh tcsuyf gyJ? rdrt d oufukd wefz;kd xm;&if tcsed u f kd
wefz;kd xm;&ygr,f/ tcsed u f kd wefz;kd xm;w,fq&kd if tcsed rf eS o
f rQ
xJu ukodkvfaomfvnf;aumif;? Opömaomfvnf;aumif;? ynm
aomfvnf;aumif; wpfrsK;d rsK;d udk tNrw J rf;&atmif ,lwwf&ygr,f/
tcsdefwdkif; rdrdudk,fudk ar;yg/ tcktcsdefrSm ig bm&ae
ovJ/ ukov kd v f m;? Opömvm;? ynmvm;aygh/ 'Do;kH ck wpfcrk S &rae
bl;qdk&if tJ'g tcsdefudkjzKef;wmyJ/ tcsdefudk jzKef;w,fqdkwm rdrd
vlUb0ae&r,fh toufawGudk jzKef;ypf&ma&mufw,f qdkwmudk
vlom;wdkif; owdxm;oifhw,f/}}
]]bk&m;*kPfawmfyGm;w,fqdkwm pdyfykwD;BuD;ygrS? bk&m;
½kyyf mG ;a&SUrSm xdik Ef idk rf S yGm;&r,fvUkd rqdv
k ykd gbl;/ tcsed &f &ifvnf;
tJ'DvdkyGm;aygh/ tJ'Dvdk tcsdef&w,fqdkwmu wpfaxmifrSm wpf
a,mufavmufyJ &SdrSmyg/ tJ'Dvdk tcsdefr&wJholawGu oGm;&if;?
vm&if;? pm;&if;? aomuf&if;? csuf&if;? jyKwf&if;? a&mif;&if;? 0,f
&if;eJU pdwfxJuae earmwóav; &Gwfaer,fqdk&if 'g tcsdef
xJu ukodkvfawG xkwf,laewmygyJ}}
]]'Dvdk pdwfxJu &GwfwJhtcg earmwó&JU jrefrmjyef
av;udk odxm;&if aumif;usKd;awG ydk&Edkifw,f/ 'ghaMumifh earm
wó&JU jrefrmjyefav; vdkufqdkyg}}
vl ewf jA[®m owå0gtm;vHk;wdkU\ ylaZmftxl;udk cH,l
awmfrx l u kd af om? tvH;k pHak omw&m;wdUk udk ud, k w
f ikd rf eS pf mG odjrif
awmfrlaom bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifudk &Sdcdk;yg\/
t|rajrmuf 0rf;omp&mtcsuu f o&P*Ho k ;kH yg;udk &Gwf
qdk aqmufwnfvdkuf&wmyJ/ ]0drme0w¬K t|uxm} rSm bmom
jcm; vli,fwpfa,muf[m aocgeD;uyfNyD;awmh aqmufwnfwJh
o&P*HkaMumifh tyg,fwHcg;ydwfNyD; ewfjynfa&mufoGm;zl;w,f/
ol[m tdE, d´ Edik if ?H aowAsNrKd UuyJ/ jA[®Pbmom0ifaygh/ &wem
oH;k yg;udk rud;k uG,b f ;l / ckacwfvkd ajym&&ifawmh [dEL´ bmom0if
vdkU ajym&rSmaygh/ olUemrnfudk ]armifqwå} vdkU ac:w,f/
wpf&uf ol[m q&muefawmh&atmif aiGwpfaxmif,l
Ny;D awmvrf;wpfcu k vmcJw h ,f/ oljzwfomG ;r,fh awmtkyx f rJ mS
ck;d om;"m;jyig;&mu tqdyv f ;l jrm;awGeUJ toifjh yifNy;D apmifah eMu
w,f/ oluawmh rod&mS bl;/ b,fou l odovJqakd wmh bk&m;&Sif
u odw,f/ b,favmufxd odvq J akd wmh armifqwå[m twdwf
b0u olwpfyg;udk owfjzwfcJhwJh uH&Sdw,f/
'ghaMumifh 'Db0rSm olwpfyg;owfvUkd ao&r,f/ b,forl S
u,fvUkd r&Edik b f ;l / aemufwpfcg olUrSmtm;ud;k &r,fh bk&m;? w&m;?
oHCmvnf;r&Sb d ;l / ao&iftyg,fusvrd rhf ,f/ 'gudv k nf;odw,f/
aemufqufow d mu armifqwå[m tckavmavmq,f bmom
jcm; jzpfaeaomfvnf; yg&rD tenf;i,f &Sdw,f/ igbk&m;xHrSm
o&P*HkoHk;yg; aqmufwnfNyD;rS? Ak'¨bmomjzpfNyD;rS ao&ifawmh
ewfjynfudk a&mufvdrfhr,f/ 'Dtxd Ak'¨u odjrifawmfrlw,f/ 'gh
aMumifh awmtkyfra&mufcif cyfvSrf;vSrf; wpfae&muae armif
qwåukd apmifBh uKd Ny;D o&P*Hw k nfwhJ aumif;usK;d awG a[mjyvdu k f
awmh armifqwå[m &wemoHk;yg;udk MunfndKoGm;NyD; Ak'¨bmom
tjzpf cH,lvdkufw,f/ Ak'¨bmomtjzpf cH,lvdkufw,f qdkwm
o&P*HkoHk;yg; aqmufwnfvdkufwmygyJ/ o&P*Hk aqmufwnf
ay;NyD;wmeJU Ak'¨vnf; jyef<uoGm;w,f/ armifqwåvnf; ckd;om;
awG&Sd&m awmtkyfxJodkU 0ifoGm;w,f/
awmtkyfxJa&mufawmh ckd;om;awGypfwJhjrm;xdNyD; uG,f
vGe&f mS ygw,f/ 'gayr,fv h Ukd aocgeD;aqmufwnfcw hJ hJ wpfcPwm
o&P*HkukodkvfaMumifh vloufeJUqdk&if oHk;uka#eJU tESpfajcmuf
oef; touf&n S wf hJ wm0wðomewfjynfukd a&mufcw hJ ,f/ 'g[m
wpfcPwmwnfwJh o&P*Hk&JU aumif;usKd;yg/
wpfcPwm o&P*Hkwnfwmawmif 'Davmuf aumif;
usKd;awG&&if wpfb0wmwnfwJh o&P*Hkqdk&if aumif;usKd;awG
b,favmufxd &Edkifw,fqdkwm csKdrmvGifwdkU pOf;pm;Munfhaygh/
tyg'gefyg|dawmfrmS wpfb0wm o&P*Hw k nfwthJ wGuf aumif;
usKd;rsm;pGm&NyD; ckepfESpfom;eJU &[EÅmjzpfoGm;wJh &[EÅmwpfyg;&Sd
cJhw,f/ ol[m vGefcJhwJh (91)urÇmu yGifhawmfrlwJh taemr'óD
jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxuftcgwkef;u pE´0wDaejynfawmfrSm rsuf
rjrif rdbESpyf g;udk vkyaf uR;cJw h hJ om;vdrm® wpfa,muf jzpfcw hJ ,f/
 wpfb0wm o&P*Hk\ aumif;usKd;
tJ'b D 0wke;f u wpfb0vH;k o&P*Hw k nfcw
hJ ,f/ bk&m;?
w&m;? oHCmrSwpfyg; bmudkrS rudk;uG,fbl;/ tJ'D wpfb0wm
o&P*Hw k nfwhJ ukov kd af Mumifh (91)urÇm tyg,fwcH g;ydww f ,f/
tBudrf (80) odMumrif;jzpfw,f/ (75) Budrf pMumrif;jzpfw,f/
½dk;½dk;{u&mZfbk&ifb0 tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGmjzpfw,f/
'Dbk&m;omoemusawmh tdE´d,EdkifiHrSm olaX;om; vm
jzpfw,f/ ol ckepfEpS o f m;t&G,rf mS &[ef;wpfyg; aqmufwnfay;
wJh o&P*Hu k kd vduk q
f &kd if; 0dyóemÓPfawG tqifq h ifw
h ufNy;D
&[EÅmjzpfoGm;w,f/ olUbGJUudk o&P*HktqHk;rSm &[EÅmjzpfcJhvdkU
]wdo&P*red,rax&f} vdkU ac:w,f/}}
]]'gu tusKd;&if;aygh/ o&P*Hkwnfol[m tusKd;quf
taeeJU b,fbb kH 0a&mufa&muf wpfjcm;olrsm;xuf aumif;usK;d
&SpfrsKd;udk &w,f/ tJ'D aumif;usKd;awGuawmh tylaZmfcH&w,f?
ÓPfaumif;w,f? rdrdtvdkodkU trsm;u vdkuf&w,f? tm;vHk;u
ESpfoufw,f? tm;vHk;u cspfcifw,f? a&Ttqif;vdk vSyw,f?
ausmaf Zm xif&mS ;w,f? pD;yGm;Opöm aygrsm;csr;f omw,f/ 'DaeU[m
'Daumif;usK;d awG&atmif qnf;yl;wJah eUrdUk vdUk csKrd mvGiu f 0rf;om
p&m taumif;qHk;aeUvdkU rSwf&r,f/}}
]]e0rajrmuf pdwcf sr;f omp&m tcsuu f awmh ig;yg;oDv
aqmufwnfciG &hf wmyJ/ aomwmyefawG tyg,fwcH g;ydww f m[m
ig;yg;oDv vHv k Ukd yJ/ 0dyóempum;eJUajym&if ur®0#fcsKyv f Ukd 0dygu
0#fcsKyf&wJh oabmyg/ ykxkZOf jzpfaomfvnf; ig;yg;oDv vHk&if
tyg,fwcH g; ydww f mygyJ/ 'DaeU[m ig;yg;oDvukov kd Bf u;D udvk nf;
t&,lwahJ eUyg/ 'ghaMumifh ukov kd jf zpfp&m? pdwcf sr;f omp&m ud;k ck
xJu wpfckckudkawG;NyD; ukodkvfawGt&,lyg/}}
]]tukodkvf jzpfp&m? pdwfqif;&Jp&m wpfckav;udkcsnf;
awG;Ny;D tukov kd jf zpfraeygeJU? pdwq f if;&JraeygeJU/ bk&m;avmif;
ok0PÖomrç[m rsupf u d ,
G of mG ;wJh tazeJUtarudk MunfNh y;D 0rf;
omtm;& &,fzl;w,f/ rdbrsufpduG,fwm 0rf;omp&mvm;vdkU
ar;vm&if 0rf;omp&mudk &SmawGUvdkU &,fwmvdkUyJ ajz&rSmyg/
ok0PÖomrçu rdbESpyf g;udk vkyaf uR;csiw f ,f/ rdbESpyf g;u vuf
rcHb;l / igwdUk i,fao;w,f? igwdUk Bu;D rS rif;uvkyaf uR;/ tcktcsed f
rSm rdbjzpfwJh wdkUu rif;udk vkyfudkif&SmazGauR;OD;r,fwJh/}}

rdbrsufpduG,fwm 0rf;omp&m
]]rdbESpfyg; rsufpduG,foGm;NyDqdkawmh om;jzpfwJh ok0PÖ
omru wpfoufv;kH jyKpv k yk af uR;cGi&hf oGm;Ny/D tJ't D csuu f kd jrif
atmif MunfEh ikd cf v
hJ Ukd 0rf;omwmyg/ 'ghaMumifh Munfw h wfr,fq&kd if
rdb rsupf ud ,
G w f mawmif ud, k t
hf wGuf ukov kd jf zpfp&m? 0rf;om
p&m jzpf&ygw,f/ uJ ... a&pufcs trQa0MuygpdkU/}}
 'óeygaom yHkjyifav;wpfyk'f zwfzl;onf/ ig;zrf;NyD;
toufarG;&aom wHigonf rdwfaqGESpfa,muf&Sdonf/ wpf
a,mufu vkyfief; tqifajyonf/ usefwpfa,mufu tqif
rajy/ wpfckaom OykofaeUwGif tqifajyaom wHigonfçonf
Oykoof mG ;apmifoh nf/ tqifrajyaom wHigonfçonfum; ig;udk
om qufzrf;ae&onf/
odkUaomf Oykofapmifhaom wHigonfçonf cE¨mudk,fu
om bkef;BuD;ausmif; a&mufaeonf/ olU pdwfum; ig;zrf;aom
tvkyfqD jyefa&mufaeonf/ ig Oykofvmapmifhwm rSm;NyD? 'DaeU
twGuf&wJh ig;awG igr&awmhbl;/ [dkaumif wpfa,mufwnf;
&awmhrSm ponfjzifh awG;NyD; tukodkvfpdwfawGom 0ifaeonf/
usefcJhaom wHigonfçonfum; 0rf;a&; rjynhfpHkíom
ig;zrf;ae&onf/ pdwfu bkef;BuD;ausmif; a&mufaeonf/ ckcsdef
qdk&if ighrdwfaqG oDv,laeavmufNyD/ ckcsdefqdk&if ighrdwfaqG
w&m;emaeavmufNyD ponfjzifh awG;um bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm
taMumif;awG;NyD; ig;zrf;&if; ukodkvfawGom jzpfaeonf/
 a0rmvGif ig;zrf;aeonf
xdkaeUrSmyif olwdkUESpfa,muf qHk;yg;Mu&m Oykofapmihf
aom wHigonfçonf tyg,foUkd us&Ny;D ig;zrf;aeaom wHigonf
onf ewfjynfodkU a&mufcJh&onf[k qdkonf/ xdkyHkjyifav;ESifh
[wfMunfhvdkufvQif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? e,l;a,mufNrdKUrS
toufEpS q f ,fausmf rde;f ri,fav;wpfO;D jzpfaom a0rmvGio f nf
0rf;a&;tcuftcJaMumifh Oykorf apmifEh ikd b f J ig;zrf;ae&onfh wHig
onfESifh wlonf/
jrefrmjynfu Ak'b ¨ mom0iftrsm;pkum; Oykoo f mG ;apmifh
aom wHigonfEiS hf wlonf/ jrefrmjynfwiG f nw&m;yGrJ sm; aeUpOf
&So
d nf/ w&m;pcef;rsm; tcsed w f ikd ;f &So
d nf/ w&m;acGrsm; tcsed rf a&G;
emEdik o
f nf/ odUk aomf w&m;yGrJ sm;tv,fwiG f a&mufaeaom jrefrm
trsm;pkum; w&m;emzdkU tcsdefr&Muay/ taysmftyg;? tarmf
t<um;twGuf tcsdefravmufEdkifatmif jzpfaeMuonf/
aiGukd a&vdo k ;kH aeaom t&m&Sw d pfO;D \ orD;wpfa,muf
onf xm;0,f? armif;ruefurf;ajcodkU tyef;ajzc&D; a&mufvm
cJoh nf/ tvSjyifqikd f 0ifcsiw f ,f[k wpfcsuaf jymvdu k &f m &efuek rf S
tvSjyifqdkifwpfqdkifudk csufcsif; av,mOfjzifh wif,lvmNyD; ol
wpfOD;wnf;twGuf tvSjyifqdkif zGifhay;&onf/ xdktvSjyifqdkif
ta&;ay: o,f,lp&dwf odef; (150)cefU ukefuscJhonf/ e,fcH
atmufvufi,fom;rsm;u xdkukefusp&dwfudk wm0ef,l&onf/
xdkaiGonf rlvwef;ausmif;aqmif wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyfEdkif
ayonf/
xdkuJhodkU jrefrmjynfrS olaX;wdkU\ om;orD;rsm;? t&m&Sd
wdkU\ om;orD; trsm;pku w&m;yGJrsm;odkU pdwfra&mufbJ tm½Hk
ig;yg;ü ,pfrl;aysmfyg;aecsdefwGif Ak'¨bmomw&m;yGJ vHk;0r&Sdaom
e,l;a,mufNrdKUrS rdef;rysKdav; a0rmvGifum; ausmif;ynmvnf;
oifaeonf/ wpfygwfvQiif g;&uf uGeyf sLwmXmewGif tvkyv f nf;
0ifvkyfaeonf/
xduk o
hJ Ukd tvkyvf yk af e&if;yif pma&;ol\ w&m;acGrsm;udk
trfyzD ;kd jzifh emMum;aeonf/ pma&;ola[maom tyk'af ygif; wpf
&mausmf emBuD;NyD;NyD[k od&onf/ tar&duefEdkifiHonf tm½Hk
ig;yg;ESifhywfoufí taygrsm;qHk;EdkifiH jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkUaom
EdkifiHrSm a&mufaeaom jrefrmrav;onf tm½Hkig;yg;aemufodkU
rvdu k bf ?J "r®aemufoUkd vdu k af eonfrmS tHMh op&maumif;vSonf/
w&m;rodoltwGuf wpfa,mufwnf; ae&aomfvnf;
vlwpfaxmifESifh ae&ouJhodkU tukodkvfrsm;vSyg\/ w&m;odol
twGufum; vlwpfaxmifESifh ae&aomfvnf; wpfa,mufwnf;
ae&ouJhodkU ukodkvfawGom jzpfaeyg\/ ewfMoZmonf 0rf;rD;
raumif;aom omrmef yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;twGuf toufaoapEkid o f nfh
tqdyf jzpfaomfvnf;? 0rf;rD; aumif;aom bk&m;&SiftwGufum;
tvGefaumif;aom tm[m&omjzpf\/
 od&rnfht&mESifh y,fowf&rnfht&m
xdUk twl w&m;"mwfcH raumif;aomolrsm;twGuf tqif;
toH paom tm½Hrk sm;onf avmb a'gopaom udavomrsm;udk
jzpfay:apum tyg,fav;yg;odUk qGcJ saomfvnf; w&m;"mwfc&H o dS l
rsm;twGufum; jzpfysuf½IzdkU ukefMurf;rsm;jzpfum r*fzdkvf edAÁmef
odUk ydUk ay;wwfyg\/ w&m;rodoo l nf tm½Hu k kd twif;y,fae\/
udavomudk ry,f/ w&m;odou l m; tm½Hu k kd ry,f? udavomudk
y,f\/ udavom rjzpfatmifae\/
tm½Hkonf ½kyfw&m;jzpfaomaMumifh 'ku©opöm jzpf\/
'ku©opömrSefvQif rNrJ[k? qif;&J[k? tpdk;r&[k od½Hk (½I½Hk)od&rnfh
w&m;jzpf\/ y,fowf&rnfh w&m;r[kwf/ y,fowfívnf; r&
ay/ y,fowf&rnfw h &m;um; xdt k m½Hu
k kd taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:
vmrnfh avmb? a'gopaom udavomrsm;omwnf;/ xl;jcm;
aom Oyrmwpfckudk jytHh/ jrefrmjynfrS tcsKdUaomolaX;BuD;rsm;?
tcsKUd aomt&m&SBd u;D rsm;ESihf olwUkd \om;orD;rsm;onf Am&mPoD
jynfrS *E¨olaX;BuD;ESifh wl\/
olwUkd onf vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf suu
f kd rodaom
aMumifh &vmaom vlUb0cE¨mudk umr*kPcf pH m;zdUk twGuf toH;k
csNyD; tyg,fav;yg;odkU oGm;&rnfholrsm; jzpf\/ e,l;a,mufrSm
aeaom a0rmvGio f nfum; ckepfEpS o f m;ESihf &[EÅmjzpfaom okc
omraPtavmif; pm&if;iSg; bwåbwduESifh wl\/ a0rmvGif
onf vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufudk odaomaMumifh &vm
aom vlUb0cE¨mudk ukov kd t
f m;vH;k &zdUk twGuf toH;k csNy;D edAmÁ efoUkd
oGm;rnfhol jzpf\/
"r®y'wGif xrif;wpfeyf pm;zdUk twGuf oH;k ESpw f w d d uRecf H
&aom trsKd;om;wpfOD;taMumif;udk zwf&\/ olpm;csifaom
xrif;wpfeyfrmS vnf; ½d;k ½d;k xrif; r[kw/f xdak cwfuyif wpfoed ;f
wefaom xrif;rsK;d jzpf\/ a&S;vGeaf vNy;D aomtcgu Am&mPoD
jynfü olaX;Bu;D wpfO;D wGif om;wpf,muf&\ dS / *E¨[ak c:\/ olU
zcif uG,fvGefaomtcg b@mpdk;u ol\ aqGpOfrsKd;quf Opöm
b@mrsm;udk pm&if;Z,m;ESihfwuG tyfESH\/
ol ydkifqdkifaom b@mwdkufrS a&TaiG&wemypönf; tyHk
vdkufBuD;udk Munfhí *E¨olaX;onf ,ckvdk awG;\/ ig\ rdb
bdk;bGm;rsm;um; ÓPfynm enf;yg;Mu\/ rdrd &Smxm;aom Opöm
ypön;f rsm;udk onftwdik ;f xm;cJMh u\/ ig;um; igydik af om ypön;f
rsm;udk wpdk;wpdrQrxm;bJ tukef,liifíoGm;tHh/ olonf xdkodkU
BuHpnfNyD; vjynfhaeUwdkif; rnfolrQ rpm;Edkifonfh wpfodef;wef
xrif;udk pm;avh&Sd\/
olxrif;pm;yGJ usi;f yaepOf vma&mufMunf½h EI ikd &f ef wpf
NrKd UvH;k udk pnfw;D Ny;D vSnvhf nfaMunmap\/ xrif;pm;cgeD; a&csK;d
&ef wpfodef;wef zefa&csKd;tdrfudk aqmuf\/ wpfodef;wef zef
tif;ysOf0,fxdkifNyD; eHUoma& (16)vHk;wdkUjzifh a&csKd;onf/ NyD;vQif
wpfodef;wef xrif;pm;aqmifay:odkU wufí wpfodef;wef zef
yv’ifü xdkifonf/ NyD;vQif wpfodef;wef yef;uefcGufa,mufrsm;
xJodkU wpfodef;wef xrif;[if;wdkUudk xnfhNyD; pm;aomufavh
&Sdonf/

Opöm,lenf;ESpfrsKd;
rolawmfonf aomufpm;oH;k jzKe;f jcif;jzifh Opömpnf;pdru
f kd
rdrdtwGuf t&,lonf/ olawmfaumif;onf 'gejyKjcif;jzifh Opöm
pnf;pdrfudk rdrdtwGuf t&,lonf/ þ'óeenf;jzifh MunfhvQif
*E¨oal X;onf olyikd pf nf;pdrOf pömrsm;udk rolawmfenf;jzifh t&,l
aejcif;om jzpfonf/ Ak'o ¨ nf tavmif;awmfb0uwnf;u rdrd
ydkifOpömpnf;pdrfudk oHo&mtxd tyg,lenf;udk oifjyay;cJhonf/
tavmif;awmf olar"molaX;b0jzpfpOfu rdbbd;k bGm;
rsm;xm;cJhaom Opömpnf;pdrfrsm;udk oHo&mtxd tukef,laqmif
awmhtHh[kawG;NyD; b@mwdkufwHcg;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfvdkufonf/ NyD;
vQif NrKd UxJoUkd pnfw;D aponf/ okar"molaX;ydik af om Opöma&TaiG
rsm;udk rnforl qdk tvd&k o dS avmuf vma&muf,El ikd o f nf/ þum;
olawmfaumif;rsm;\ Opömpnf;pdru f kd rdrt
d wGuf ,laqmifenf;yif
jzpf\/
wpfcak om vjynfah eUü *E¨oal X;\ wpfoed ;f wef xrif;
pm;yGJBuD; usif;y&mwGif vmMunfhol y&dowfrsm;jzifh jynfhnyfae
onf/ xdky&dowfxJwGif ,aeUrS NrdKUodkUwufvmNyD; xif;a&mif;
aom qif;&JEckH smvSonfh awmom;wpfa,mufvnf;yg\/ xdak wm
om;onf xrif;[if;wdUk \ teHUud&k aomtcg rpm;&raeEdik f jzpf
vm\/ xdkUaMumifh olUudk vdkufydkUaom NrdKUrSrdwfaqGudk tultnD
awmif;\/
]]oli,fcsi;f ? igawmh 'Dxrif; wpfvw k wf pfqyk u f rkd S rpm;
&&if ao&awmhr,f/ olaX;Bu;D xH xrif;wpfvw k w f pfqyk f awmif;
ay;yg}}
wHawG;wrsKrd sKd yg;pyfwjyifjyifjzifh jzpfaeaom awmom;
rdwfaqGudkMunfhí NrdKUom;rdwfaqGonf tawmfoem;oGm;&Sm\/
xdUk aMumifh t&JpeG Uf Ny;D olaX;Bu;D Mum;avmufatmif vSr;f atmfav
awmhonf/
]]olaX;BuD; cifAsm? uRefawmfh rdwfaqGu olaX;BuD; ,ck
pm;aewJh xrif;[if;udk wpfvyk w f pfqyk rf S rpm;&&if toufao
awmhravmuf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh uReaf wmfh rdwaf qGtouf
udk u,faomtm;jzifh xrif;wpfvw k w
f pfqyk u f kd pGeUf BuyJ gcifAsm;}}
qif;&Jom;\ u½kPmoHjzifh awmif;cHru I kd olaX;Bu;D um;
tojymoHjzifh wHkUjyefvdkufonf/
 xrif;wpfeyftwGuf oHk;ESpfuRefcHol
]]þ xrif; [if; tm;vH;k onf wpfoed ;f wefaomaMumifh
wpfvyk w f pfqyk qf vkd Qiyf if ig;&mvnf;[kwo f nf/ wpfaxmifvnf;
[kwo f nf/ xdUk aMumifh awmif;vmolwikd ;f udk tvum; rauR;Edik /f
þ xrif;[if;rsKd; wpfeyfpm;csifvQif ig\xHwGif oHk;ESpfuRefcH&
rnf/ trIupd rö sm;udk oH;k ESpw f w d d rcdrk uyfvyk Ef ikd v
f Qif oH;k ESpjf ynfh
aomaeUwGif ,ckvdk xrif;wpfeyfudk auR;rnf/}}
awmom;um; xdx k rif;wpfeyftwGuf toufyif tao
cHzUkd 0efrav;&m oH;k ESpu f Recf zH Ukd twGuf tvG,w f ulyif oabmwl
vduk af vonf/ OpömtwGuf uRecf jH cif; r[kwb f J xrif;wpfvw k ?f
wpfeyftwGuf uRefcHoljzpfaomaMumifh olUudk ]bwåbwdu} [k
ac:Muonf/
(bwåbwdu = xrif;wpfeyftwGuf uRefcHol/)

*E¨olaX;u awmom;udk xrif;wpfqkyfyif rauR;csif

onfrmS ESajrmaomtcsuf ygovdk awmom;u tnMwyk*Kd¾ vw f pf
a,mufjzpfaejcif;vnf;yg\/ awmom;ae&mwGif psmeftbdÓOf&
yk*Kd¾ vx
f ;l wpfa,mufom jzpfaernfqv kd Qif olpm;aeaomxrif;rS
wpf0ufcefUudkyif ay;vSLjzpfvdrfhrnf xifonf/ xdktcsdefrS pí
,ck tcsed x f ad tmif 'gejyKol trsm;pkonf yk*Kd¾ vx
f ;l udo
k m OD;pm;
ay;Mu\/ tnMwrsm;udk OD;pm;ray;Muay/
 trSefum; yk*¾dKvfxl;udkomru tnMw qif;&Jom;rsm;
udvk nf; vSLoifo h nfomjzpf\/ rdrd oHo&musiv f nf&onft h cg
yk*¾dKvfxl;tjzpfxuf tnMwb0jzifh usifvnf&onfu rsm;rnf
om jzpf\/ rdrd vSLcJhpOfu yk*¾dKvfxl;udkom t"duxm;cJh&m rdrd
yk*¾dKvfxl;tjzpf usifvnfaomtcgwGifom xdkukodkvfu tusKd;
ay;rnfjzpf\/ rdrd tnMwb0jzifh usifvnfaomtcgwGifum;
vSLrnfo h l &Srd nf r[kwaf wmhay/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf rdrv
d LS 'gef;
pOfu tnMwrsm; ryg0ifcJhaomaMumifhyif jzpf\/
bwåbwduonf oH;k ESpjf ynfo h nftxd *E¨oal X;xHwiG f
uRefcH\/ oHk;ESpf jynfhaomtcg *E¨olaX;uJhodkUyif wpfodef;wef
xrif;yGBJ u;D udpk m;&ef jyifqifay;xm;\/ eHUoma&rsm;csK;d Ny;D xrif;
pm;&ef wpfoed ;f wefyv’iaf y: xdik vf u kd pf OfrmS yif *E¨rm'eawmifrS
yapöuAk'¨gwpfyg;onf bwåbwdua&SUvmNyD; qGrf;&yfav\/
bwåbwduwGif o'¨gvnf;&So d nf? apwemvnf;&So d nf/
ighukd vSLonft h wGuf aumif;usK;d teEÅ&rnf[k odjrifawmfral om
aMumifh ,ckvkd <uvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ bwåbwduum; Opömqif;&J
aomfvnf; tawG;tac:um; csrf;omoljzpf\/
]]igonf twdwfb0u 'geukodkvf r&SdcJhaomaMumifh
wpfeyfpm xrif;twGuf oH;k ESpu f Recf &H jcif; jzpfonf/ þxrif;udk
,ck pm;aomufvQif ighukd wpf&ufom csr;f omatmif apmihaf &Smuf
rnf/ tu,fí rpm;bJ rax&fjrwfuv kd LS cJv
h Qiu
f m; xd'k geukov kd f
onf ightm; urÇmaygif;rsm;pGm csr;f omatmif apmifah &Smufayvdrfh
rnf}}þodUk awG;Ny;D oH;k ESpu
f Recf rH &S aom wpfeyfpmxrif;udk rax&f
jrwftm; tuket f pif avmif;vSLvdu k af vonf/ xdUk aemuf OD;csí
,ckvdk qkawmif;\/
]]t&Sifbk&m;? þukodkvfaMumifh jzpf&mb0wGif pnf;pdrf
Opömrsm; aygrsm;csr;f om&ygvd\ k / t&Sib f &k m;wdUk odjriftyfaom
w&m;xl;? w&m;jrwfudkvnf; odjrif&ygvdk\}}
oifawmif;aomqkonf vQijf refpmG jynfygapownf;[k
rax&fjrwfu qkay;Ny;D vQif *E¨rm'eawmifoUkd jyef<uav\/ þ
vltaygif;onf *E¨rm'eawmifodkU a&mufonfhwdkifatmif ighudk
Munfh½Ivsuf wnfygapownf;[k t"d|mefvdkufojzifh tvSL&Sif
bwåbwduESihf y&dowfrsm;onf rax&fjrwf jyef<uonft h wdik ;f
trSwfonmjzifh jrifaeMu&\/
*E¨rm'eawmifoUkd a&mufaomtcg &SEd iS ahf om yapöuAk'g¨
rsm;ESifhtwl tyg;ig;&mwdkUonf wpfodef;wefqGrf;udk tnDtrQ
bke;f ay;Mu&ay\/ bwåbwdu\ jyKEikd cf aJ omtrIukd jrif&aom
y&dowfrsm;\ csD;rGrf;oHonf yJhwifxyfrQ jrnf[D;oGm;\/ *E¨ol
aX;Bu;D onf xdt k aMumif;udk Mum;aomtcg bwåbwduudak c:í
,ckvdk ajym\/
 atmifjrifjcif;\ aomhcsufwpfck
]]bwåbwdu? igonf pnfpdrfOpömrsm;pGm &Sdaomfvnf;
wpfpHkwpfckudkrS rvSLzl;acs/ oif\ cufcJaom'gersKd;um; tHhzG,f
&SdygaypG/ tojymwpfaxmif,lí xdkukodkvftzdkUudk ightm; trQ
ay;yg}}
bwåbwduçuvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESihf trQay;\/
*E¨oal X;Bu;D onf ESajrmap;eJojl zpfaomfvnf; rdrx d ufomolukd
cs;D rGr;f Edik \
f / rdrx
d uf wu,fomolukd awGUjrif&ygvsuf rcs;D rGr;f
Edkifjcif;onf 0PÖrpä&d,aMumifh jzpfonf/
0PÖrpä&, d [lonf olwpfyg;\ aumif;owif;udk 0efwkd
jcif;yif jzpf\/ xdk0PÖrpä&d,&Sdolrsm;onf jzpf&mb0ü t½kyfqdk;
tusn;f wefjzpfwwf\/ vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&; t&mXme
tm;vH;k ü atmifjrifrI r&olrsm;onf uJ&h UJ jypfwifzUkd om owd&Ny;D
csD;rGrf;xmremjyKzdkU arhavsmholrsm;om jzpfonf/
udk,fhxuf omoltay: 0rf;omvQif rk'dwm[laom uk
odkvfjzpfonf/ udk,fatmuf edrfholtay: oem;vQif u½kPm[l
aom ukodkvfjzpfonf/ ukokdvfcsif; wlaomfvnf; jrefrmtrsm;pk
onf u½kPmukodkvfudk ,lwwfMuaomfvnf; rk'dwmukodkvfudk
r,lwwfMuay/ rk'dwm ukodkvfudk r,lwwfjcif;onf awG;ac:
ajrmfjrifrIynm enf;yg;jcif;yif jzpf\/
 aocsm pOf;pm;MunfhvQif u½kPmukodkvf jzpfzdkUtwGuf
rdrdtdwfxJrS tenf;ESifhtrsm; ukef&wwfao;\/ rk'dwmukodkvf
twGufum; bmrQ ukefp&mrvdkay/ Opömypönf; ukef&rS &onfh
ukov kd u f o kd m ,lwwfNy;D ? Opömypön;f ruke&f bJ &onfh ukov kd u f kd
r,lwwfjcif;onf awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIynm csKdUwJhjcif;aMumifhyif
jzpf\/
*E¨oal X;onf av;pm;MunfnKd veG ;f aomaMumifh bwåb
wduçtm; pnf;pdrfcsrf;om wpf0ufudk cGJíay;avonf/ rif;BuD;
onfvnf; xdo k wif;udk Mum;aomtcg tojymwpfaxmifay;í
ukov kd u f kd om"kac:Ny;D vQif Bu;D us,af om pnf;pdrcf sr;f omudk cs;D
jr§ifhí olaX;BuD;t&mudk ay;avonf/
xdo k al X;b0rS pkawaomtcg ewfjynfü umv&SnMf um
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrsm;udk cHpm;NyD;vQif ,ck bk&m;omoemü t&Sif
om&dyw k &å mtrsK;d olaX;uawmf0rf;wGif y#doaE¨aeonf/ arG;zGm;
Ny;D ckepfEpS t f &G,rf mS yif &Sijf yKum xdt
k &G,rf mS yif &[EÅmjzpfcahJ v
onf/ bGJUtrnfrSm ]okcomraP} jzpfonf/
("r®y'? okcomraP 0w¬K)
e,l;a,mufNrdKUrS a0rmvGifonf þ0w¬Küygaom bwå
bwduESifh wlvSonf/ bwåbmwduonf xrif;wpfeyftwGuf
oH;k ESpu f Recf NH y;D &vmaomqGr;f udk rpm;bJ yapöuAk'g¨ tm; vSL'gef;
cJhonf/ a0rmvGifonf arG;&yfajr jrefrmjynfudk cGJcGmum tar&d
uefjynfodkU cufcJyifyef;pGm a&mufatmifoGm;cJh&onf/
 w½kwfwdkU\ xHk;pHtwdkif; om;udk OD;pm;ay;aomfvnf;
orD;udk OD;pm;ray;aomaMumihf a0rmvGio f nf ausmifp&dw&f &ef
uGefysLwmESifh ywfoufaom tvkyfudk tcsdefydkif; 0ifvkyf&onf/
xdkodkU tvkyfvkyfNyD; ausmif;aeEdkif&eftwGuf rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh
wpfNrdKUpDcGJNyD;ae&onf/
ausmif;wpfzufEiS hf vky&f aom tvkyrf S &onfah iGrsm;udk
rukefoifhwm rukefatmif NcdK;NcHacRwm oHk;NyD; wpfESpfjynfhwdkif;
jrefrmjynfodkUjyefNyD; tvSLvkyfwwfol jzpfonf/ odkUaomf t&if
olvLS cJah om tvSLrsm;u ÓPfr,SOaf om tvSLrsm;om jzpfc\ hJ /
avmutwGuf? omoemtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;rnfhae&mrsKd;ü a&G;
cs,f vSL'gef;&aumif;rSef; rodcJhacs/

&SdvdkUrvSL odvdkUvSLol
pma&;ol\ w&m;rsm;udk em&aomtcgwGirf S aus;Zl;rsm;
rnfah e&mrsm;wGif vSL&aumif;rSe;f odvmonf/ wpf&ufwiG f pma&;
olxH pma&;qufo, G vf monf/ ol\vkyt f m;c acR;enf;pm ode;f
(150) udk wu,f vdktyfonfh ae&mwGif vSLcsifygonf/ q&m
awmfu ñTefMum;ay;yg[k qdkvmonf/ a0rmvGifu &SdvdkUvSLjcif;
r[kwf? odvdkU vSLjcif;om jzpf\/
xdkpmudk zwfNyD;onfESifh arSmfbDNrdKUwGif pma&;ol wnf
aqmufaeaom oH;k xyfausmif; "r®m½HBk u;D udk jrifa,mifvmonf/
aqmufaeonfrmS ESpEf pS af usmMf umNyjD zpfaomfvnf; ausmif;Bu;D rSm
tkwjf rpftqifrh mS yJ &Sad o;onf/ &efuek ?f rEÅav;? {&m0wD? rauG;?
&Srf;jynfe,fpaom a'opHkrS a,m*Drsm; pkaygif;w&m;em? w&m;
xdkif&eftwGuf þ"r®m½HkBuD;udk aqmufaejcif;jzpfonf/
NrdwfESifh aumhaomif;wGif w&m;pcef;rsm; zGifhvSpfEdkifNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; &efukefü zGifhvSpfEdkifjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ pma&;ol\
pmtkyu f kd zwf&olrsm;? w&m;acGukd em&olrsm;u &efuek w f iG f w&m;
pcef; rzGiahf o;bl;vm;[lí zke;f w*Gr*f rG jf zifh qufar;aeonfrmS
ESpftawmfMumNyDjzpfonf/
a&TjynfomNrdKUrS ausmif;rSm ay (40_120) om &Sdojzifh
w&m;pcef;zGi&hf ef rnfoUkd rQ rjzpfEikd af y/ xdUk aMumifh arSmb f ND rKd Ue,f?
zefcg;ukef;&GmxJwGif yg0ifaom awmusus ae&mwpfckwGif ok'¨
0dyóem&dyfomausmif;udk vma&mufwnfaxmifae&jcif; jzpf
onf/ y&[dwtvSLrsm;udk acwå&yfxm;NyD; &orQ"r®ylZmrsm;jzifh
w&Murf; aqmufvdkufvQif ESpfESpftwGif; NyD;ygonf/
odkUaomf pma&;olvSLaeaom y&[dw'gersm;rSm veJUcsD
&yfzdkU tomxm;í wpf&ufrQyif &yfí r&yg/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom
rsufpda0'em&Sifrsm;tm; cGJpdwfukoay;onfh tvkyfudk wpf&uf
&yfvu kd of nfEiS hf xdwk pf&uftwGuf tenf;qH;k vlig;a,muf rsuf
rjrifb0odUk a&mufomG ;ayvdrrfh nf/ ,ckqv kd Qif EGr;f yg;aom rsuf
apha0'em&Sifaygif; (485)a,mufwdkUtm; usyfodef;aygif; (229)
ode;f ausmf tuket f uscuH m cGpJ w
d u
f o
k ay;Ny;D jzpfonf/ xdu k o k v
kd f
rsm;udk pm½Iorl sm;tm; trQ trQ trQ ay;a0yg\/ {&m0wDwikd ;f rS
em*pf'u k o
© nfwUkd tm; vSL'gef;cJah om usyo f ed ;f ig;&mausmrf mS vnf;
"r®ylZmxJrS tvSLaiGrsm;yif jzpfonf/
xdk odef;ig;&mausmfudk em*pf'ku©onfrsm;tm; rvSLbJ?
ud, k ahf usmif;udk aqmufvu kd v
f Qif oH;k xyfv;kH rNy;D aomfvnf; wpf
xyfawmh aumif;aumif;Ny;D ygonf/ aep&mr&S?d pm;p&mr&Sjd zpfae
aom 'kuo © nfrsm;udk ypfxm;Ny;D wduk o f pfBu;D ay:wGif Zdrcf í H rae
Edik yf g/ pma&;ol\ESv;kH om;onf xdrk Q twåqefír&yg/ xdUk aMumifh
'ku©onfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;í vSL'gef;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/
,ck udk,fhw&m;udkem&í MunfndKaeaom y&dowfwpf
OD;u ode;f (150) vSLcsiyf gonf/ vdak eaomae&mudk ñTejf yay;yg[k
qdkvmaomtcg tkwfjrpfrS rwufEdkifaom oHk;xyfausmif;BuD;udk
ñTefjycsifpdwf aygufvmygonf/ xdkpdwfonf 0dyóemtjrifjzifh
Munfv h Qif avmbpdwyf ifjzpfonf/ udavompdwaf y:vQif aemuf
pdwfu ay:rSef;odNyD; y,fowfypf&onf/ pma&;ol xdkenf;jzifh
odef; (150) tm; tvSLcHcsifpdwfudk y,fowfvdkufonf/ NyD;vQif
atmufyg pmwpfapmifudk a0rmvGifxH jyefa&;vdkufygonf/

odkU
a0rmvGif
a0rmvGif a&;vdu
k w
f phJ mudk zwf&ygw,f/ vdt
k yfwahJ e&m
vSLr,fqdk&ifawmh tcktcsdefrSm wu,f vdktyfaewJh ae&m[m
em*pf'ku©'Pfudk cHvdkuf&wJh {&m0wDwdkif;yJjzpfygw,f/ {&m0wD
wdkif;? vyGwåmNrdKUe,f? ab;ayguf&Gmav;rSm q&mawmf&JU w&m;
pcef; wpfEpS rf mS wpfBurd zf iG w
hf ,f/ oGyrf ;kd ysOu
f mudk t"duxm;Ny;D
aqmufxm;wJh &dyfomaygh/ 'Dem*pfaMumifh q&mawmf&JU &dyfom
taqmuftODtm;vHk; NydKusoGm;w,f/
tJ'D&Gmu &GmOD;ausmif;vnf; NydKusoGm;w,f/ rlvwef;
ausmif;vnf; NyKd usomG ;w,f/ 'Do;kH ae&mvH;k [m wu,fvt kd yfwhJ
ae&mawGaygh/ 'DoHk;ae&mrSm tvdktyfqHk;udk ñTefjyygqdk&if rlv
wef;ausmif;udkyJ ñTefjy&r,f/ Ak'¨bmomawG[m ausmif;uef
bk&m;udk vSL'gef;&rSe;f odayr,fh vlraI &;ESihf oufqikd w f hJ rlvwef;
ausmif;? tv,fwef;ausmif;? txufwef;ausmif;awGudkawmh
vSL'gef;&aumif;rSef; odyfNyD;rodMuao;bl;/
em*pfrek wf ikd ;f aMumihf {&m0wDwikd ;f twGi;f rSm NyKd usysupf ;D
oGm;wJh rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;ausmif;aygif;[m av;
axmifausmf &Sdygw,f/ 'Dausmif;tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&wpfOD;wnf;eJU
b,fvdkvkyf NyD;EdkifrSmvJ/ jynfolrsm;uvnf; wpfzufwpfvrf;u
0dkif;0ef;vSLMurS jzpfrSmyg/
vyGwmå NrKd Ue,f tv,fa&ausm&f mG u tv,fwef;ausmif;
aqmifawGvnf; NyKd usysupf ;D oGm;vdUk tckq&kd if ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;awG[m wmvywfawGrdk;NyD; jzpfovdk pmoifaeMu&w,f?
ab;ayguf&mG av;uawmh e*dw k unf;u qif;&Jawmh ydq k ;kd wmaygh/
'ghaMumihf ab;ayguf&mG u rlvwef;ausmif;udyk J jyifaqmufzUkd q&m
awmf tBuHjyKygw,f/
pma&;ol\ ñTeMf um;csut f wdik ;f rlvwef;ausmif;aqmif
um; aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;oGm;ayNyD/ tkwfa&uefESifh pm;yGJ? ukvm;
xdik rf sm;vky&f ef (15)ode;f usyuf vkd nf; qufvufvLS 'gef;oGm;onf/
ol ,ckvdk vSL'gef;jcif;onf &SdvdkUvSLjcif; r[kwf? odvdkU
vSLjcif;omjzpfaMumif; pmwpfapmifukd (25.1.2009) &ufaeUu
pma&;olxH a&;ydUk cJo h nf/ ol\pmudk zwfMunfyh gu a&SUwGif pma&;
ola&;om;cJah om bwåbwduESiw hf vl aS Mumif; pmzwfol aumif;
aumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;? orD;rsm;tay:wGif tBuD;? ti,f?
a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; cGJjcm;rIrjyKbJ tnDtrQcspfoifhonf/
tnDtrQ tcGit hf a&;ay;oifo h nf/ ukov kd u
f aH Mumifh vljzpf&wm
csif;twlwl rdef;uav;udkESdrfNyD; a,mufsm;av;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;
onf obm0 rusay/ xdkodkU rdbrsm;\ tcspf rnDrQrIaMumifh
wcsKdUaomuav;rsm; pdwåZa0'emyif pGJuyfoGm;onf/
a0rmvGi\ f pmwGif þcHpm;csuaf v;rsm;vnf; ygonf/
vlwikd ;f twGuf tusK;d rsm;Edik of jzifh a0rmvGi\ f pmukd rl&if;twdik ;f
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
odkU
q&mawmft&SifZ0e
wynfhawmf a0rmvGif ½dkaopGmjzifh pma&;vdkufygw,f/
ausmif;a&pufcs tvSLyGrJ mS q&mawmf ud, k w
f ikd f <ua&mufcs;D jri§ hf
wJhtwGuf q&mawmfudk aus;Zl; t&rf;wifygw,f/ q&mawmf&JU
w&m;udv k nf; tNreJ m;axmifygw,f/ em;axmifwikd ;f vnf; rSwrf d
atmif? usifhBuHEdkifatmif aoaocsmcsm em,lygw,f/
wynfah wmf ausmif;aqmufvLS 'gef;wJt h aMumif; rdbrsm;
tm; todray;&jcif;taMumif;udk &Sif;jyvdkygw,f/ wynfhawmf
rdbawG[m q&mawmf&UJ w&m;acGxu J twdik ;f rd½;kd zvm Ak'b
¨ m
omawGyg/ wynfah wmfu, kd w
f ikd v
f nf; q&mawmfw&m;awG rem
cifu 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ bk&m;/
wynfah wmfrcd ifu w½kwt f &rf;qefw,f bk&m;/ wynfh
awmf i,fi,fuqdk jrefrmoli,fcsi;f awmif ay;raygif;bl; bk&m;/
wynfhawmf rdbawGudk ausmif;tvSLtaMumif;ajymzdkU olwdkU&JU
pdwfudk wD;acgufMunfhwJhtcg taru - ]vSLw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm
ydrk S vSL&rSm} wJ/h Ny;D awmh wynfah wmfrb d awGu a':vmav;ode;f
weftrd u f kd ESpof ;kH q,fqyfpepfeUJ 2008 ckEpS uf ta<u;0,fvu kd f
ygw,f/
'DrmS (tar&duef)awmh vlwikd ;f ta<u;pepfeUJ tdraf wG0,f
Muwmcsn;f ygyJ/ tdr0f ,fNy;D wJt h cgrSmvnf; vpOf ta<u;qyfEikd f
atmif rdbawG pdk;&drfaomua&mufygw,f/ rdbawG&JU t"du
tdr0f ,fw&hJ nf&, G cf suuf wynfah wmf armifav;twGuyf gbk&m;/
wynfah wmfuawmh rdbawGukd tJ'v D kd ylyifaomu ra&mufapcsif
bl;/
rdbawG tdr0f ,fr,fqw kd ek ;f u wynfah wmftaeeJU bmrS
0ifajymcGifh r&cJhygbl;/ w½kwfvlrsKd;awG&JU xHk;pHtwdkif; om;udkyJ
tav;ay;cJyh gw,f/ armifav;&JUpdww f ikd ;f ustwdik ;f 'Dtrd u
f 0kd ,f
jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ orD;rdef;uav;eJU om;a,musfm;av;udk wef;wl
tcGit hf a&;ray;wm wynfah wmfrb d awG&UJ pdwx f rJ mS tckxufxd
&Sdaewkef;ygyJ q&mawmf/
q&mawmfeJU wjcm; q&mawmfawG&JU w&m;awGudk em;
raxmifrdcif tcsdefuawmh 'DtaMumif;awG awG;rdwdkif; rdbawG
tay: pdwfemrdw,f/ wynfhawmf tckawmh wu,fudk aewwf
oGm;NyD/ q&mawmf&JU rdbaus;Zl;qyfzl;NyDvm;? q&mawmfOD;aZm
wdu&JU rdbarwåmw&m;awG em;axmifNy;D wJt h cg rdbawGukd pdwf
rqdk;? pdwfremawmhygbl;/
wynfhawmfrdbawGtaeeJU armifav;udk ydkcspf? ydktcGifh
ta&;ay;cJhygw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmh wynfhawmfu arG;NyD;u
wnf;u ckepfEpS ?f &SpEf pS t
f &G,tf xd tbGm;eJU ta': vufay:rSm
Bu;D jyif;cJw
h myg/ wynfah wmfrb d awG &efuek af jymif;vmawmhvnf;
wynfhawmf[m tbGm;awGeJUyJ twlwlaevmcJh&w,f/
aemufawmh tareJU tbGm;u tqifrajyawmh rdb
awGu tdrcf aJG evdu k Mf uw,f/ wynfah wmfuv kd nf; ESpaf wmfawmf
Mum tbGm;tdru f kd oGm;cGirhf ay;cJb h ;l / wynfah wmf tJ'u D wnf;u
tarhtay: tjrifrMunfcb hJ ;l q&mawmf/ wynfah wmfi,fi,fu
wnf;u twlaevmcJw h hJ tbGm;awG ta':awGeUJ awGUcsiw f ,f/
idkNyD; tarhudk awmif;yefawmhvnf; taru ay;roGm;
cJb
h ;l / taru taMumif;jywmuawmh tbGm;u jrefrm? taz&JU
tart&if; r[kwfvdkUwJh/ tbGm;u tazh&JU arG;pm;tarav/
wynfhawmf tazuvnf; tarhqE´twdkif; wynfhawmfudk ay;
roGm;cJb h ;l / tJ'aD wmh wynfah wmf ck;d vnfwwfwt hJ usihf jzpfvm
w,f/ rdbawGrodatmif usL&Sio f mG ;&if;? ausmif;oGm;&if; tbGm;
wdkUqD cdk;oGm;cJhw,f/
wynfhawmf rdbawGudk wynfhawmf i,fi,fuwnf;u
tckxufxd t&rf;aMumufcJhw,f/ wynfhawmf aeraumif;&if
rdbawGudk rajymbJ tbGm;ta':awGudkyJ ajymcJhw,f/ i,fi,f
uqdk wynfhawmf aeraumif;jzpf&if t&rf;aysmfw,f/
bmvdkUvJqdkawmh wynfhawmf tbGm;u wynfhawmfudk
tbGm;tdrf ac:oGm;w,fav/ tJ't D csed q
f &kd ifawmh wynfah wmf
rdbawGu cGifhjyKw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmh tazeJUtaru tvkyf
oGm;awmh wynfhawmfudk jyKpkr,fhol r&Sdbl;av/ i,fi,fuqdk
wynfhawmf aeraumif;ygapeJUvdkU cPcP qkawmif;rdw,f/
armifav;aeraumif;&ifawmh taruqdik rf oGm;bJ jyKpk
w,fav/ tJ'D taMumif;awG wynfah wmf rpOf;pm;wm MumygNy/D
rdbawGukd rlvwef;ausmif; aqmufvLS wJt h aMumif; bmvdUk rajym
wmvJqdkwmudk q&mawmf aocsmodapcsifvdkU tckvdk avQmufjy
wmyg/ 'Dvkd aocsmrod&if wynfah wmftay: wpfrsK;d xifrmS pd;k vdUk
yg/
wynfah wmfwUkd rdom;pk U.S.A a&mufaomfvnf; tazu
(15)&ufyJaeNyD; jyefoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; tareJU wynfh
awmfu tvkyfvkyfNyD; armifav;u ausmif;wufw,f/ &orQ
vc&JU (756)udk tarhuakd y;Ny;D (256)udk wynfah wmf,v l Ukd tazu
ajymcJyh gw,f/ taz U.S.A udk jyefvm&if wynfah wmfukd ausmif;
ay;wufr,fvUkd uwday;cJyh gw,f/ wynfah wmfvnf; tazajymwJh
twdkif; ay;cJhygw,f/
'gayr,fh taz U.S.A jyefvm (9 v MumNyD;aemuf)wJh
tcg wynfhawmfudk ay;xm;wJh uwdtwdkif; vkyfray;cJhygbl;/
wynfhawmfvnf; tvkyfvkyf&if; wpfESpfausmf apmifhcJhygw,f/
taz tvkyftwnfwus&wJhtxd apmifhcJhygw,f/ wynfhawmf
tareJU tqifrajycJb h ;l / bmvdUk vJqakd wmh taru wynfah wmf
udk jrefrmvlrsKd;awGeJU oli,fcsif; ay;rvkyfbl;/ b,frSvnf; ay;
roGm;bl;/ wynfhawmfeJU tareJUu tvkyftwlwlyJav/ tvkyf
xJu jrefrmoli,fcsi;f rawGeUJ aygif;wmvnf; rBuKd ub f ;l / tbGm;
wdUk qD zke;f qufwmvnf; rBuKd ub f ;l / wynfah wmf aocsiaf vmuf
atmif pdwfqif;&JcJhygw,f/
aemufawmh wynfhawmf oli,fcsif;&JU nDr &efukefrS
U.S.A udk a&mufvmwmudk taMumif;jyNy;D tJ'o D il ,fcsi;f tareJU
twlwl jrefrmrdom;pk tdrfwpftdrf&JUtcef;rSm aecJhygw,f/ tJ'D
tcsdefupNyD; wynfhawmf tvkyfvkyf? aiGpk? nbuf College
ausmif;wuf&if; BudK;pm;cJhygw,f/
tckawmh wynfhawmf rdom;pkawGtay: pdwfemwm
wu,f r&Sdawmhygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh wynfhawmf tckvdk
aiG&mS jzpfatmif? vSLjzpfatmif vkyaf y;xm;wm[m rdbawGjzpfae
vdkUygyJ/ rdbawG wynfhawmfudk t&G,fa&mufatmif rjyKpkcJhbl;?
U.S.A udk rydkUay;cJhbl;qdk&if wynfhawmf tckvdk vSLEdkifrSm r[kwf
ygbl;/ tJ'Dvdk aumif;uGufudk jrifatmifMunfhNyD; rdbaus;Zl;em;
vnfvmwmvnf; q&mawmfrsm;&JU w&m;awGaMumifhyg/
ausmif;aqmufvSLwm rajymoifhwJh t"dutcsufu
wynfhawmf rdbawGudk ajym&rSm aMumufw,f/ rdbawG qlrSm
aMumufw,f/ rdbawGu igwdUk tdru f ta<u;awmh rqyfb;l qdNk y;D
pdwq f ;kd rSm aMumufw,f/ wynfah wmf rdbawGukd tdr0f ,fwek ;f u
vnf; wynfah wmf wwfEikd o f avmuf a':vmig;axmif xnfch yhJ g
w,f/ rdbawG tdr0f ,fwmu ausmif;aqmufwmxuf apmw,f
av/
tdrf0,fwkef;u rdbawGu wynfhawmfqDu aiGacs;
w,f/ wynfhawmfvnf; a':vmig;axmif acs;vdkufw,f/ q&m
awmf&UJ w&m;awG em;axmifNy;D rdbawGukd aus;Zl;qyfcsiv f mw,f/
'ghaMumifh acs;xm;wJh a':vmig;axmifudk jyefr,lawmhbJ tNyD;
ay;vdkufygw,f/
 wjcm; csrf;omwJholawGtwGufawmh a':vmig;axmif
[m bmrS rajymyavmufayr,fh wynfah wmftwGuaf wmh ajymy
avmufatmif rsm;ygw,f/ ausmif;wuf&if; wpfygwfrS ESp&f ufyJ
tvkyfvkyf&wmrdkU wynfhawmf&JU0ifaiG[m tifrwef enf;yg;çyg
w,f/
pm;csifwdkif; rpm;? 0wfcsifwdkif; r0wf? vnfcsifwdkif;
rvnfbJ jcpfjcpfukwfukwfpkNyD; vSLcJhwmyg/ wynfhawmfrdbawG
wynfhawmfqDu aiGacs;wkef;u wynfhawmf a':vmig;axmifyJ
&Sdw,fvdkU ajymcJhw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmh wynfhawmfu ESpfpOf
vSLzdUk qdNk y;D a':vmwpfaomif;udk [dt k &ifuwnf;u aocsmz,f
xm;wm/
b,fvdk aoa&; &Sifa&; taMumif;yJay:ay: vSLzdkUcsef
xm;wJh a':vmwpfaomif;udkawmh vHk;0rxdbl;vdkU t"d|mefxm;
wmrdUk tdr0f ,fwt hJ xJrmS a':vmig;axmifyJ xnfch w hJ myg/ wynfh
awmf tJ'aD iGawG tm;vH;k ay;vdu k v f nf; tdruf ta<u;u ausrmS rS
r[kww f m/ 'ghaMumifv h nf; tdr0f ,fwt hJ xJrmS a':vmig;axmifyJ
xnfhcJhwmyg/
rdbawGtrd 0f ,fNy;D ESpvf avmufMumrS q&mawmfeUJ quf
oG,rf Nd y;D ausmif;vSLjzpfwm/ 'DtaMumif;awGaMumifh ausmif;vSLwJh
taMumif; rdbawGukd rajymcsiw f myg/ tJ'D ausmif;aqmufjzpfwhJ
aiG[m wynfhawmf&JU wu,foefU&Sif;wJh vkyftm;eJU &wJhaiGyg/
q&mawmf wynfhawmfudk wpfrsKd;xifrSmpdk;vdkUyg/
 aumif;wmvkyw f mjzpf&ufeUJ rdbawGukd todray;bl;qdk
awmh cdk;,lvmwm? odkUr[kwf rrSefwJh enf;vrf;eJU &SmvmwmvdkU
xifrSmpdk;vdkUyg/ q&mawmfudk xyfNyD;aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ wynfh
awmf tvSLtwGuf tppt&m&m tqifajyatmif pDpOfay;wJh
twGuf t&rf;aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ aemufNy;D q&mawmfukd 0rf;om
p&m avQmuf&OD;r,f/
q&mawmf&UJ ]]t½I;H r&Sad om'óe}} (t*Fvyd b
f momjyef)
pmtkyfudk c&pf,mefbmom0if zdvpfydkif trsKd;trD;BuD;wpfOD;udk
vufaqmifay;vdkufawmh tJ'DtefwDBuD;u "r®? w&m;xdkifwmeJU
ywfoufNy;D t&rf;pdw0f ifpm;w,fw/hJ wynfah wmfukd w&m;xdik w
f hJ
enf;vrf;awG ar;w,f/ tJ'D tefwD&JU om;u uifqma&m*g&Sd
w,fwJh/
(rSwfcsuf) xdpk mtkyx
f w
J iG f w&m;em&if;? w&m;xdik &f if; uifqm
a&m*g aysmufoGm;Muaom jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifh *syeftrsKd;
om;wpfOD;wdkUtaMumif; yg&Sdonf/
wynfah wmfvnf; OD;aZmwdu? oDw*lq&mawmfwUkd t*F
vdyfvdka[mwJh w&m;acGawGudk ay;vdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh q&m
awmf&JU ]arwåmjzifhpD;yGm;&Smjcif;} pmtkyfudkvnf; wynfhawmf&JU
oli,fcsif;awGu t&rf;BudKufw,f/ wynfhawmf q&mawmf&JU
tqH;k trawGukd tNrv J ukd ef musiBhf uyH ghr,f/ aemufwpfcak vQmuf
csiw
f mu q&mawmf&UJ arSmb f &D yd o
f mrSm wynhaf wmftwGuf ur®
|mef;ausmif;aqmufzUkd ajrae&mcsex
f m;ay;ygvdUk ½dak opGmavQmuf
xm;tyfygw,f/
wynfh - a0rmvGif
þpmtkyf ed*Hk;ydkif;wGif avmuudk rdrdtwGuf toHk;csol
wpfOD;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk avmutwGuf toHk;csol wpfOD;wdkU
taMumif;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/ 'kw, d vl taMumif;udk a&SUydik ;f
wGif tawmfjynfph akH tmifazmfjyNy;D jzpfí þaemufq;kH cef;wGiu
f m;
oljyKcJhaom vlrIa&;u@tao;pdwfudk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk odolrsm;onf rdrd
udk,fudk avmutwGuf toHk;csMuonf/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du
&nf&, G cf suuf kd rodorl sm;onf avmuudk rdrt d wGuf toH;k csMu
onf/ EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIw&m;cH *VKefOD;apmum; vljzpf&jcif;\
t"du &nf&, G cf suu
f kd rodoo
l mjzpfonf/ ol eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk
&atmif ,lcJhjcif;onf EdkifiHhaumif;usKd;udk aqmif&GufzdkU r[kwf/
olUaumif;usKd;udk aqmif&Guf&eftwGufom jzpfonf/

q&mESpfrsKd;
rdrd ywf0ef;usifwGif vlaumif;vnf; &Sd\/ vlqdk;vnf;
&Sd\/ Munfhwwf jrifwwfvQif vlaumif;vnf; rdrdq&mjzpfovdk
vlq;kd vnf; rdrq d &mjzpfEikd \
f / tusiahf umif;aom vlwpfa,muf
udak wGUvQif rdrv
d nf; xdtk usiahf umif;udk vdu
k uf si&hf \/ xdt
k usihf
aumif;aomolonf rdrdudk tusifhaumif; usifhjzpfatmif oifjy
ay;aomq&m jzpfoGm;\/
tusifh raumif;aom vlwpfa,mufudk awGUvQif xdk
tusifhrsKd; rdrdoEÅmefwGif rjzpfatmif a&SmifMuOf&\/ xdktcg
tusihf raumif;aomolonf rdru d kd tusiq
hf ;kd rS a&SmifMuOfatmif
oifjyay;aomq&m jzpfoGm;\/
azmfjyyg 'óetwdkif; usifhapvdkí twåorm;wpfOD;
taMumif;udk &SmazGwifjy&ef BuKd ;pm;jcif;jzpf\/ t&Siaf '0'wfEiS hf
tEIid ;f cH&avmufatmif pdw"f mwfnzhH si;f aom Edik if aH &;orm;wpfO;D
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f xGuaf y:cJo h nf/ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f udk td;k rnf;
okwfol[kyif qdk&ygrnf/
xdok ul m; *VKeOf ;D apmaywnf;/ "r®"|d meft& ajym&vQif
*VKeOf ;D apmonf t"duw&m;cH r[kw/f olUoEÅmefwiG f jzpfay:ae
aom avmb? a'go[laom udaoomonfvQif t"duw&m;cH
jzpfonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;u tusKd;w&m;om jzpf\/ aemuf
vdkufrsm;om jzpf\/ tñGefU? tcuftvufrsm;om jzpf\/
jypfrIusL;vGefatmif wdkufwGef;ay;aom avmb? a'go
pom udavomrsm;onfomvQif taMumif;w&m; jzpf\/ acgif;
aqmif *dkPf;csKyfjzpf\/ a&aomufjrpf jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh tcuf
tvufomjzpfaomw&m;cHrsm;udk tjypfay;½HEk iS hf avmuü 'kp½du k f
rIrsm; yaysmufat;csrf;oGm;rnf r[kwfacs/
 a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom olwdkU oEÅmefü jzpfay:aeonfh
avmb? a'go paom udavomrsm;udk y,fowfay;rSomvQif
avmuü 'kp½dkufrIrsm; aysmufysuf at;csrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/
,ckvnf; *VKeOf ;D apmoEÅmefwiG f tmPmudk rw&m;ojzifh vdck sif
aom 0doravb? Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;tay: &efNiKd§ ;zGUJ aom a'go?
igomvQif tawmfq;kH [laom rmew&m;wdUk \ wdu k w f eG ;f rIaMumifh
EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD;udk usL;vGefcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

wpfNydKifeuf om;ESpfa,mufqHk;&ol\ &ifwGif;pum;

]usKyo f m;jzpfwhJ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;[m 'Dvo kd wåad Mumif
wJt
h rIrsK;d udk i,fi,f&, G &f ,
G uf av;uyif ½Iwcf scw hJ v
hJ jl zpfygw,f/
vGecf whJ EhJ pS u
f rsK;d cspaf cgif;aqmifBu;D OD;apmudk rormolwUkd acsmif;
ajrmif;Ny;D aoewfeUJ ypfpOfu Adv k cf sKyu
f , kd wf ikd f trsm;Bu;D uJ&h UJ ½Iwf
cswhJ pum;awGukd ajymcJyh gw,f/ [dw k ek ;f u Adv k cf sKy[ f m e,fvn S hf
&if; usKyfxH0ifNyD; uefawmhoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u usKyfu pdk;&drf
vGe;f vdUk om;&,f? vlqw kd m txufa&mufae&if olwpfyg;u rem
vdkvdkU raumif;BuHpnfwmrsKd; cH&wwfw,f/ tppt&m&m owd
xm;yg om;&,fvUkd ajymrdygw,f/ 'Dawmh usKyo f m;uAsm 'guawmh
bk&m;awmifrS twdkuftcH &Sdao;wmyJ/ udk,fuom vrf;rSefu
aeNy;D rSew f t hJ vkyu f kd vufuikd x f m;&if bmrSaMumufp&m rvdyk gbl;
tar&,f? rpd;k &dryf geJU/ ppfwu kd af ewke;f uawmif raocJah o;wm?
,ck wdik ;f jynfeUJ vlx[ k m t&ifvkd r[kwaf wmhygbl;/ taumif;
tqd;k a0zefwwfygNyv D Ukd tm;&yg;& &,f&,farmarmeJU ajymoGm;
cJhygw,f/
,ckawmh usKyfom; udkatmifqef;[m oltvGefrkef;wD;
&GH&SmwJh vkyfBuHenf;aMumifh uG,fvGefoGm;&&SmNyD/ usKyf rSmcsifwm
uawmh olUudk av;pm;Muovdk acgif;aqmifrsm;&JU ñTeMf um;csuu f kd
jynfov l x l uk ,H, k MkH unfMunf av;av;pm;pm;eJU vdu k ef mNy;D rdrd
wdkU vdkvm;wJh c&D;udk a&mufatmif aqmif&GufMuzdkUygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk
aqmif&GufvdkU &nf&G,fcsufudk a&mufMuNyDqdk&if ta':hrSm cHpm;
&wJh om;ESpfa,mufqHk;&wJh tylrD;[m Nidrf;wefoavmuf Nidrf;yg
vdrfhr,f/}
þpum;um; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? tpfudkjzpfol 0efBuD;
OD;b0if;ESifh tjcm;0efBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHowfjzwfcH&pOfu om;ESpf
a,muf wpfNyKd ief ufq;kH cJ&h aom tarpk\ pum;rsm;yifjzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfwdkU usqHk;onf[k Mum;&onfESifh tdE´d,acgif;aqmifBuD;
r[wår*E¨Duvnf; ,ckvdk oHk;oyfajymMum;cJhonf/
]jrefrmhvwG vf yfa&;udk wdu k Nf y;D vQi-f jrefrmhvwG vf yfa&;udk
tdrw f ikd ,
f ma&mufyUkd ay;cJah om tmZmenfy*k Kd¾ vrf sm;udk ,ckuo hJ Ukd
aoG;at;at;ESihf vkyBf uo H wfjzwfjcif;qdo k nfrmS ,HMk unfp&myif
r&Sdacs/ uREkfyfonf vGefavNyD;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;\ aqGrsKd;
Ówdrsm;udv k nf;aumif;? jrefrmEdik if t
H pd;k &udv k nf;aumif; u½kPm
oufyg\/ ,ckjzpf&onfrSm omrnvlowfrI r[kwfygacs/ þ
trI\aemufwGif EdkifiHa&; avmbaZm &Sdaevdrfhrnf/
,cktcg urÇmt&yf&yfü EdkifiHa&; NydKifqdkifrIwdkUwGif þ
avmbaZm x<uaeaom tcsufrsKd;udk awGUjrifae&onf/ þ
tcsufonf rEkóvlom;wdkU\ aemifa&;twGuf twdwfedrdwf
aumif; r[kwaf cs/ xdUk aMumifh þ0rf;enf;zG,&f m tjzpftysuu f kd
rlwnfí tdE´d,EdkifiHonf oifcef;pm ,l&rnf/ þ tjzpfonf
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufomvQif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJzG,f&m r[kwf/ tm&S
twGuv f nf; 0rf;enf;aMuuGpJ &mjzpfonf/ urÇmwpfcv k ;kH twGuf
vnf; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJp&mjzpfonf/}
(r[wår*E´D)
(oef;0if;vIdifjyKpkaom
*VKefOD;apm\aemufqHk;aeUrsm; pmtkyf? ESm^24-26)

*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU
1948 ck? arv (8)&ufaeU? eHeuf (5)em&D? (30)rdepfwiG f
OD;apm? armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ESihf rIBH u;D wdUk udk tif;pde?f A[dt
k usO;f axmif
twGi;f &SBd uKd ;pifü BuKd ;ay;vdu k af vonf/ pdeBf u;D ESihf &efBu;D atmif
wdUk udk &efuek f A[kt d usO;f axmiftwGi;f ü wpfcsed w f nf; BuKd ;ay;cJh
onf/ BuKd ;ay;rnfah eUu OD;apmonf olUtm; aomuf&efay;xm;
aom eHeufpm vufzuf&nfudk teD;ü qGrf;uyfcJhonf/
 za,mif;wdik f oH;k wdik f xGe;f n§í d vnf; ylaZmfco hJ nf/ Ny;D rS
tjyifwiG af pmifah eMuaom tusO;f Xmerif;Bu;D OD;barmif? OD;oef;
EGJU (aemif tusOf;Xmerif;BuD;)? q&m0ef? w&m;olBuD; polwdkUudk
NyKH ;&Tipf mG EIwq f ufonf/ OD;apmonf &Sr;f abmif;bD rD;cd;k a&mifukd
oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfqifxm;onf/
BuKd ;pif&&dS modUk xGucf mG vmMu&m bk&m;½kyyf mG ;awmfwpfql
wnfxm;udk;uG,f&mudk vGefvmojzifh jyefvSnfhí 'l;wkwf0yfcs
onf/ BudK;pifbufodkU qufvuf xGufcGmMu&mwGif jrif&mvludk
vSr;f í EIwq f ufonf/ rjrif&molukd ar;í EIwq f ufvu kd af Mumif;
rSmMum;oGm;onf/
txl;cHk½Hk; em,u OD;ausmfjrifhESifhwuG olUtay:wm0ef
t& aqmif&u G &f rnfoh rl sm;udk trke;f xm;rIr&Syd g[k ajymMum;oGm;
cJhonf/ xdkUaemuf wnfwnfNidrfNidrfyif BudK;pifay:odkU wufoGm;
avonf/ BudK;pifay:wGif OD;apmonf ol\vnfyif;udk oludk,f
wdkif BudK;uGif;pGyfvdkaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhonf/
odUk &mwGif BuKd ;pifrw S m0ef&o dS w l Ukd u cGirhf jyKcahJ y/ xdpk Ofu
BudK;pifteD;wGif jrefrmhtvif; t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;oef;wifh ("l0H)?
(1908-1989) vnf; &So d nf/ q&mOD;oef;wifo h nf xdpk Ofu jyef
Mum;a&;0efBuD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd tpdk;& ½kyf&SifESifh jyZmwfXme
ñTeMf um;a&;0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae\/ OD;apmtm; BuKd ;ay;
onfo h wif;udk ½ky&f iS ½f u kd uf ;l &ef OD;rsK;d jrihf (aemifAv kd rf LS ;rsK;d jrih)f ESihf
twl tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; a&muf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/
 &efukefaxmifBuD;twGif;ü BudK;ay;cJhMuonfh pdefBuD;ESifh
&efBu;D atmifwUkd udv k nf; tvm;wl ½ky&f iS ½f u
kd u
f ;l ,lonf/ xd½k yk &f iS f
½du
k uf ;l onfth zGUJ xJwiG f q&mOD;oef;wifoh nf ryg0ifví kd tif;pdef
axmifodkU oGm;a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ taMumif;um; pdefBuD;ESifh
&efBu;D atmifwUkd ESpOf ;D pvH;k onf q&mOD;oef;wif\ h vufay:wGif
BuD;jyif;vmcJhMuolrsm; jzpfaeaomaMumifhyif/

*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;pmwpfaqmif
*VKeOf ;D apmtm; BuKd ;'PftwnfjyKNy;D aemuf OD;apm\ZeD;
a':oef;cifu 1948 ck? {Nyv D (27)&ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &
tzGUJ ESihf 0efBu;D rsm;xHoUkd OD;apmtm; BuKd ;'Pfay;Ny;D aemuf ¤if;½kyf
uvmyfukd aetdro f Ukd ,lvykd gojzifh cGijhf yKyg&ef avQmufxm;cJo h nf/
odUk aomf tpd;k &u OD;apm\ ½kyu f vmyfukd axmifocsKiØ ;f rS
vGJí tjcm; rnfonfh ocsKØif;twGif;rS jr§KyfESHcGifhr&Sd[k qdkonf/
o&P*Hw k ifciG u hf ukd m; tpd;k &u cGijhf yKco hJ nf/ BuKd ;wdu
k x
f aJ &muf
aeaom OD;apmuvnf; ZeD;a':oef;ciftm; y&da'0rD; rawmuf
avmifap&ef atmufygtwdik ;f pmwpfapmifukd 1948 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D
(30)&ufaeUu ay;ydkUvdkufonf/ pmyg taMumif;t&mrSm -
rmrDcif
uReaf wmfh tavmif;udk tdro f Ukd r,lygESi/hf b,furkd v S nf;
r,lygESi/hf aoNy;D aom tykyaf umifBu;D [lí w&m;ESiahf jzyg/ owd
oHa0*jzpfyg/ tedpw ö &m;ESihf tewåw&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;yg/ aoNy;D
jzpfí rxl;yg/ xdUk aMumifh rmrD(a':oef;cif)wdUk 'kur© &SmygESiahf wmh/
aoolukd &nf&, G í f yÍöi;f cHjcif;? &Sijf yKjcif;? qGr;f auR;jcif; paom
ukodkvf aumif;rIrsm;udk jyKygu rmrDwdkUrSm ukodkvf&Edkifygonf/
þodkUaom ukodkvfa&;rsm;udkom *½kpdkufyg/
(yHk) armifapm - [lí jzpfonf/
om,m0wD OD;oef;jrihu f (15-7-1971)aeUxkwf td;k a0
*sme,fwGif ]] *VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU }} acgif;pOfjzifh ,ckvdk
a&;om;cJo h nf/
xdkaeUum; 1948 ck? arv (8)&ufaeU t½kPfOD;yif jzpf
onf/ eHeufcif;\ ylaEG;aom t½kPOf ;D \ a&mifjcnfonf cyfqikd ;f
qdkif; cyfrIdif;rIdif;jzifh&SdpOf tif;pdefaxmifBuD;\ Al;0wGif w&m;a&;
&mXme twGi;f 0ef OD;pHñeG Uf ? tusO;f Xmerif;Bu;D OD;barmif? &JcsKy?f
&Jrif;Bu;D rsm;? w&m;olBu;D rsm;? q&m0efrsm;ESifh cGijhf yKcsujf zifh a&muf
&Sv
d mMuaom ppfbuf? e,fbufrS t&m&Srd sm;onf pka0;a&muf&dS
aeMuavNyD/
tif;pdefaxmifrS axmifydkifBuD; OD;wifarmifonf a&muf
&SdvmMuaom Xmeqdkif&mrsm;tm; c&D;OD;BudKjyKvsuf axmifBuD;
twGi;f odUk ¤if;uyif a&SUaqmif ac:,lomG ;Ny;D ,aeU eHeuf? aer
xGurf D tNy;D aqmif&u G &f rnfjzpfaom vkyif ef;wpfct k wGuf trSm;
t,Gi;f twdr;f tapmif; r&Sad tmif ydy&d &d d aqmif&u G x
f m;Ny;D om;
udpörsm;udk xyfavmif;ppfaq;Edkif&ef wifjyaeonf/
,if;udpöum; tjcm;r[kwf/ vkyfBuHrIw&m;cH OD;apmwdkU
tm; tcsed rf BD uKd ;rdeUf ay;&ef tpDtpOfyif jzpfayonf/ OD;apmonf
¤if;\ vGwaf jrmufa&;udk enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh BuKd ;pm;ao;onf/ t,lcH
rsm;? toem;cHpm;rsm; tqifhqifhjzihf wpfrsKd;? ¤if;\ tm;udk;&m
Edik if jH cm; oH½;kH wpf½;kH odUk vQKUd 0Suf tultnDawmif;cHonfu wpfz?kH
aemufqHk; OD;apmonf olUudk,fol vkyfBuH&efyif BuHpnfcJhonf/
odUk aomf ol\BuKd ;pm;rIrsm;rSm t&mrxifc?hJ txrajrmuf
cJhay/ arQmfvifhcsuf ukefqHk;onfESifh OD;apmonf olvdkcsifaom
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wef;pDawmif;awmhonf/ ¤if;wdUk rSm olUtwGuf
ao'PftwnfjzpfvQif vufxyd rf cwfbJ BuKd ;pifoUkd wif&ef? ¤if;
\ b0ul;aumif;&ef olUtm; bmrQrajymMuawmhbJ qdwfNidrfpGm
aecGijhf yK&efEiS hf v,fwq D &mawmfBu;D a&;om;jyKpx k m;aom w&m;
pmtkyrf sm;? 'DyeDrsm;udk 0,fay;&ef arwåm&yfcH awmif;qdck o hJ nf/
wpfaeU - OD;apmESifh ¤if;twGuf txl;wm0efcsxm;ol
axmift&m&Sdi,f ('k-axmifrSL;) wpfOD;wdkU pum;pyfrdMuonf/
OD;apmu w&m;oHa0*oHygygESihf oG,0f u kd af jzmifch suaf y;ouJo h Ukd
ajymcJhonfrSm -
 *VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;oHa0*pum;
]]usKy[
f m wpfoufv;kH Ak'b ¨ momvdUk ajymcJwh myJ/ wu,f
awmh rnfumrwå Ak'¨bmomrQom jzpfcJhwmudk ckvdk w&m;pmay
avhvmrdrS ydkNyD;od&w,f/ usKyf[m avmurSm&SdwJh raumif;rI
rSeo
f rQ rvkycf zhJ ;l wmvnf; r&Sb d ;l / usKy[
f m avmu&JUcHpm;&r,fh
taumif;qH;k awGuv kd nf; rcHpm;zl;wm r&Sb d ;l / 'gayr,fh ckawGU&wJh
w&m;awmf&JU tqDtESpfawGudk usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUcJhzl;bl;}} - [k
zGifh[vQuf -
]]usKyfrSm tmPm&SdwJh tcsdefwkef;uvnf; bmoma&;udk
tav;teuf rjyKrdbl;/ bmoma&;[m usKyftwGuf [efjy
ta,mifaqmifwpfckavmufom &SdcJhw,f/ usKyfqE´rSm &Sdwmu
usKyt f mPm wnfNraJ &;? Bu;D yGm;a&;eJU wdik ;f jynfukd usKyBf uKd uw
f yhJ pkH H
oGi;f csiw
f myJ usKyrf mS t"dujzpfcw hJ ,f/ tJ'D tcsed u f om ckawGU
&wJh w&m;awmfawGudk awGU&vQif ckvdkvnf; jzpfr,frxifrdbl;}}
[k zGifhtHcJhonf/
þrQomru OD;apmwGif Bu;D rm;aom tpGt J vrf;Bu;D wpfck
aMumifh olUwGif pdwftxdcdkufqHk; jzpfcJh&ao;onf/
]]tJ'Dwkef;u usKyf[m eef;&if;0efBuD;b0eJU a&Tbdke,fudk
a&mufcJhw,f/ 'Dtcsdefu a&Tbdke,frSm tawmfxif&Sm;ausmfMum;
aewJh tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,s udk;uG,fcJhwJh ouFef;euf
bk&m; rwf&yfqif;wkawmf[m tawmfwefc;kd Bu;D w,f? qkawmif;
jynfwh ,f? vdw k &w,f? &efukd atmifEikd w f ,f qdw k hJ owif;aMumifh
'Dbk&m;udk r&t&? &wJhenf;eJU usKyf,lcJhrdw,f}}
(rSwfcsuf) rormaomenf;jzifh ,lcJhjcif;udk qdkvdk[efwlonf/
'gayr,fh ud;k uG,v f vkd Ukd MunfnKd wo hJ '¨geJUyifch w hJ m r[kwf
bl;/ usKyftusKd;twGuf MunfhNyD; ,lcJhwmyJ/ 'Dawmh omrefrQom
ud;k uG,rf tI qifwh iG f r[kwb f J usKy&f UJ taqmifoabmrsK;d yJ xm;cJh
rdw,f/ 'g[m usKy&f UJ r[mtrSm;Bu;D yJ/ aemufrS od&wmu tJ'D
qif;wkawmfBuD;[m wefcdk;BuD;oavmuf tvGefcdkufw,fqdkwm
od&awmh aemufusoGm;NyD/}}
]]'Dawmh usKy[ f m t*Fvyd t f usO;f orm;jzpfvu kd ?f aoewf
acsmif;ypfc&H vduk ef UJ aemufq;kH ckcsed x f d jzpfc&hJ wmyJ/ aemuf usKyf
'Da&mufrS tJ'q D if;wkawmfBu;D udk a&Tw*d akH pwDawmf paeaxmifrh mS
ausmif;aqmifwpfcek UJ vSL'gef;vdu k &f w,f}} [k 0rf;enf;pGm ajymcJh
onf/ ¤if;bk&m;tm; OD;apmudk oH&P*HkwifpOfrS a&pufcsoGm;cJh
onf/

bk&m;u rcdkufyg? r½dkufyg

(rSwfcsuf) þae&mü Ak'¨bmomtrsm;pk\ rSm;,Gif;aeaom
t,ltqwpfcu k kd ajz&Si;f ay;vdak yonf/ Ak'b
¨ momtrsm;pkonf
]bk&m;½kyfyGm;rsm;? apwDrsm;u cdkufonf} [k ,lqwwfMuonf/
trSeuf cduk [f ol nf raumif;usK;d rsm; usa&mufjcif;udk qdv
k adk y\/
xdrk aumif;usK;d rsm;udk ouf&x dS if&mS ;bk&m;&Siuf vnf; rvkyo f vd?k
oufrJh ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;uvnf; rvkyfay/
odUk qdv
k Qif rnfou l vkyaf voenf;/ xdb k &k m;&SiEf iS hf ½kyf
yGm;awmfwdkUtay: r½dkraojyKvkyfaom tukodkvfuH apwemu
jyKvyk af y;jcif; jzpfonf/ t&Siaf '0'wfukd ajrrsKad tmif bk&m;&Siu f
vkyfonf r[kwf/ bk&m;&Sifudk aoatmifowfzdkU tm;xkwfaom
ol\ apwemqdk;ac: tukodkvfu vkyfjcif;jzpfonf/
,ckjzpf&yfwiG v f nf; OD;apmudk 'kua© &mufatmifvyk o f nf
rSm ouFef;euf½kyfyGm; r[kwf/ xdk½kyfyGm;awmfudk avmuD tmPm
yg0gudpöwGif taqmiftjzpf r½dkraotoHk;cscJhaom apwemqdk;
tukov kd af Mumifo h m jzpfonf/ avmb? a'go uif;pifNy;D jzpfaom
bk&m;&Sio f nf rnfonfo h wå0g\qd;k usK;d udk arQmv f ifah vrnfenf;-
wpfqufwnf; odoifhonfrSm -
raumif;usK;d udk bk&m;&SiEf iS hf ½kyyf mG ;rsm;u ay;onfr[kwf
ovdk aumif;usKd;udkvnf;ay;onf r[kwfay/ rdrdudk aumif;usKd;
ay;onfrmS xdb k &k m;&SiEf iS hf ½kyyf mG ;rsm;? oHCmawmfrsm;tay:wGif
xm;aom apwemom jzpfonf/
r[mjrwfrkedudk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;ESifh rdrdtdrfrS oHk;vufr½kyf
yGm;av;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; ESpfrsKd;wGif rnfonfh ylaZmfrIu aumif;
usKd;udk ydk&oenf;[k ar;cJhjim;tHh/ tajzum; ½kyfyGm;udk MunfhNyD;
qH;k jzwfír&/ apwemudMk unfNh y;D qH;k jzwf&rnf[k jzpf\/ rnfuo hJ Ukd
qHk;jzwfrnfenf; -
 &Sdcdk;ylaZmfcsdefwGif apwem wpfusyfom;cefUom ygvQif
aumif;usKd; wpfusyfom;cefUom &onf/ apwem wpfydómcefU
ygvQif aumif;usK;d wpfyó d mcefU &onf/ þoH;k oyfcsuu f Mkd unfí h
rnfonfh ½kyfyGm;apwDudk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfonfjzpfap o'¨g? apwem
tjynfhjzifh &Sdcdk;ylaZmfoihf\/
emrnfBu;D ½kyyf mG ;awGaemufvu kd &f if; tvdrtf nmcH&ol
rsm;udk awGU&aomaMumifh ,ckvkd &Si;f vif;a&;om;&jcif; jzpfonf/
axmifudk aMumufp&mrvdk? 'kp½dkufrIrsm;udkom aMumuf
&rnf/ tyg,fav;yg;udk aMumufp&mrvd?k tukov kd u
f rH sm;udo k m
aMumuf&rnf/ ½kyyf mG ;apwDrsm;udk aMumufp&mrvd?k xd½k yk yf mG ;apwD
rsm;udk r½dkrao jyKvkyfaom apwemqdk;udkom aMumuf&rnf/
½kyyf mG ;apwDu cdu k jf cif; r[kw?f pdwq
f ;kd apwemqd;k uom cdu k jf cif;
jzpfonf/
(pma&;ol)

OD;apmtaMumif;udk jyefquftHh/
,aeUonf OD;apmtwGuf aemufq;kH aeU&uf? aemufq;kH
tcsed o
f Ukd a&mufcNhJ y/D tpDtpOfrsm;t& uReaf wmfwUkd tm;vH;k onf
toifhjzpfaeMuNyD/ w&m;a&;Xme twGif;0efESifh tusOf;Xmerif;
Bu;D wdUk a&SUaqmifvQuf uReaf wmfwUkd onf OD;apmxm;&m BuKd ;wduk f
odUk qdwNf ird pf mG avQmufvmMuonf/ OD;apm\ BuKd ;wdu k af v;onf
"mwfrD;a&mif? qDrD;a&mifrsm;aMumifh vif;oa,mif&Sdaeonf/
 BudK;'Pfay;yHk jrifuGif;us,f
BudK;wdkufa&SUodkU uRefawmfwdkU ta&mufwGif OD;apmonf
tNyKH ;jzifh qD;BuKd Ew
I q f ufonf/ BuKd ;wdu k wf iG ;f &Sd OD;apm\ qif;wk
uav;wGif qDr;D ywfvnf? aumfzq D rG ;f ? rkeUf qGr;f rsm;jzifh yef;a&csr;f
rsm;yg a0a0qmqm uyfvSLxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
OD;apm\ tpm;taomuf wm0efu, kd &l aom tusO;f om;
uav; armifpifumylrSm ¤if;\ q&mtwGuf eHeufpmudk eHeuf
oH;k em&Duyif toifph pD Ofay;aomfvnf; OD;apmum; pm;roGm;awmh
ay/ OD;apmonf ¤if;\ud, k w
f iG f ol\ZeD; a':oef;cif (rmrDBu;D )
tBudKuf [k ajymaom t0ga&mif ydk;&Srf;abmif;bD? tjymEka&mif
yd;k &Syv
f ufw?kd a&n§ad &mif armfvNrKd if a&SUxd;k zdeyfrsm;jzifh oyf&yfpmG
0wfqifvsuf toifh&Sdaeonf/
usecf ahJ om olyikd yf pön;f av;rsm;udk olay;vdak omolrsm;\
trnfjzif, h OS v
f suf olUckwifay:wGif wef;pDwifcNhJ y;D ¤if;ESit hf wl
&Sad eaom t&m&Sid ,fwpfO;D tm; vTt J yfcahJ o;onf/ axmifrLS ;Bu;D
OD;pHwifonf BuKd ;usw&m;cHrsm; 0wfpm;&NrjJ zpfonfh tusjÐ zL ta&SU
ausmuGJ (0wf½jkH zL) udk vufwpfzufay: wifvsuf usev f ufwpf
zufrS OD;apm\ BudK;wdkuf oHwHcg;aomhudk zGifhrnfjyKpOf -
]]'D[mBu;D udk [dak y:a&mufrS 0wfay;&if rjzpfb;l vm;}}[k
OD;apmu ajymvdu k &f m axmifr;I Bu;D \ wHcg;zGiahf eaom vufonf
wefUoGm;Ny;D oufqikd &f mt&m&Srd sm;\ rsuEf mS udk qifu h q
J ifuh J Munfh
vduk o f nf/ Ny;D rS trdeUf &onftvm; BuKd ;wdu k f oHwcH g;udk zGiv
hf u
kd f
onfEiS hf axmifyikd Bf u;D ESihf axmifrLS ;Bu;D wdUk onf OD;apmtm; 0J,m
n§yfvsuf wGJNyD;jzpfaeawmhonf/
OD;apmum; vufxyd rf yg/ 0wf½jkH zLAvmjzifh ¤if;\ aemuf
qHk;c&D;jzpfaom BudK;pif&Sd&modkU nifomwdwfqdwfpGmjzifh vdkufyg
vmcJo h nf/ uReaf wmfwUkd onf qdwNf ird af v;vHaom ajcvSr;f rsm;jzifh
OD;apm\aemufrS uyfvsuyf gvmMuaomfvnf; cHpm;csuu f jyif;
xefonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
touf&dS use;f rm0NzKd ;vsu&f adS omolwpfO;D tm; tokb
tjzpf vdu k yf gydUk aqmifouJo h Ukd &Sad eonfrmS uReaf wmfwUkd twGuf
roufomvSyg/ BuKd ;piftm; jrifae&avNy/D BuKd ;pifa&SU a&mufvk
eD;eD; OD;apmrSm ajcvSrf; av;vmonf/ ajc'&GwfqGJvmonf/ odkU
aomf owdu rvGwfay/
ol\ oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif;rsm;udk tNyHK;jzifh EIwfquf
vsu&f jdS yefonf/ BuKd ;pifajc&if;odUk ta&muf axmifrLS ;Bu;D \ owd
ay;rIjzifh toif&h adS eaom qif;wkawmfuav;tm; OD;ñGw0f wfjyK
vsuf OD;apmrSm zdeyfrygawmhbJ axmifrLS ;Bu;D OD;pHwif\ wGaJ c:&m
BudK;pifodkUom wef;wef;rwfrwf wufoGm;awmhonf/
BudK;pifrSm ESpfa,muf wpfNydKifeuf ay;Edkifaom ESpfckwGJ
jzpfaomfvnf; tcGit hf a&;awmif;wwfaom OD;apm\ awmif;yef
csuft& olUtm; aemufqHk;tcGifhta&;jzihf olwpfOD;wnf;udkom
yxr BudK;rdefUjypf'Pfudk cH,lapcJhonf/
(rSwfcsuf) tqifrh &So d El iS hf twlraovd[ k al om oabmrSm rme
udavom\ ½kdufcwfrIwpfrsKd;yif jzpf\/ w&m;jzifh wnfNidrfpGm
aovdak omaMumifh wpfa,mufwnf;oD;oefU BuKd ;rdeUf udk cH,jl cif;
vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
t½kPfOD;\ aea&mifjcnfonf OD;apmESifhNydKifwl BudK;pif
ay:odUk a&mufcMhJ uNy/D OD;apmonf ¤if;tvdrk &Sad om ausmuGt J usÐ
tjzL&SnfBuD;udk 0wf&ef vufvQKday;pOf BudK;pifywf0ef;usifwGif
&SMd uaom trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;tm; vlaph rwfwyfMunfv h suf
aemufq;kH aomtNyKH ;jzifh EIwq f ufjyefonf/ rMumygav/ OD;apm\
ajcpHk vufpHkwdkUwGif BudK;wkyfay;vsuf&Sd&m OD;apmonf rsufpdudk
rSdwfvdkufonf/
xdkpOf axmifrSL;BuD;u OD;apmtm; acgif;pGyftdyf tjzLudk
pGyaf y;vsuf BuKd ;uGi;f wifvu kd pf Of OD;apm&yfvsu&f adS om atmufcH
oHjym;Bu;D ESpcf syrf mS wpfcPtwGi;f *sKid ;f ceJ jrnf[;D vsuf yGix hf uG f
oGm;oHEiS thf wl olvnf; vkyBf urH BI u;D \acgif;aqmif w&m;cHtjzpfrS
b0opfodkU ul;ajymif;í Nidrfoufvsuf&SdayNyD/
OD;apmudpt ö Ny;D axmifrLS ;? axmifMuyfwUkd Nc&H v H suf rIBH u;D
tm; wGJxkwfvmMujyefonf/ olvnf; 0wf½HkjzLausmuGJBuD; 0wf
vsuf ',D;',dkif vufxdyfryg BudK;pifay:odkU a&muf&Sdvmonf/
olESifh ,SOfvsuf&Sdaom wpfzufcef;rS BudK;rdefUcsNyD;oludk iHkUMunfh
onf/ Ny;D rS 'g OD;apmvm;[k rIBH u;D uar;&m OD;pHwifu acgif;ndwf
tajzay;&if; rIHBuD;tm; acgif;pGyftdyfjzLudk pGyfay;vdkufonf/
 rIHBuD;um; acgif;pGyfrcHbJ acgif;a&Smif&if; uRefawmfajym
p&m&Sad o;w,f[k pum;pvm&m axmifrLS ;Bu;D u ajymomajymyg/
tcsed af wG useaf o;ygw,f[k ESpo f rd &hf if;? acgif;pGyx f u J ajymEdik f
ygw,f[k acgif;pGyfudk pGyfvdkufonf/ rIHBuD;onf acgif;pGyfxJrSyif
ol\ rjywfao;aom vufusefpum;udk usefvufwpfzufudk
ajrm§ ufum (OD;apmtdrf 0dik ;f pOf ckcí H &&Sad om'Pf&maMumifh vuf
wpfzuf jzwfxm;onf) uReaf wmfwUkd acgif;aqmifBu;D [m[k tpcsD
aepOf oleif;xm;aom oHjym;Bu;D rSm yGix hf u
G of mG ;Ny;D olUq&m acgif;
aqmifBuD;ESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfvsuf ¤if;\b0udk ed*Hk;csKyf&&Sm
onf/
xdUk aemuf BuKd ;rdeUf jypf'Pf cH,Nl y;D aom OD;apmESihf rIBH u;D wdUk
tm; em&D0uftMumwGif axmifq&m0efrsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwm
atmifoed ;f ESihf a'gufwmxGe;f 0if;wdUk rS vma&mufppfaq;vsuf ¤if;
wdUk wGif toufr&Sad wmhaMumif; rSwcf suaf y;Muonf/ Ny;D rS OD;apm
ESihf rIBH u;D wdUk \ tavmif;rsm;udk BuKd ;pifrS toif&h adS eaom tacgif;
rsm;xJodkU pepfwus ae&mcsay;cJhMuonf/
wwd,tokwf armifp;kd ESihf oufEiS ;f wdUk a&muf&v dS mjyef
onf/ olwUkd um; yxrtokwu f o
hJ Ukd wnfNird rf rI &S/d wkev f yI af csmuf
csm;vsuf&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkUtm; BudK;wdkufrS tjyifodkUa&muf&ef
cJ,Of;pGm xkwcf &hJ onf/ tcsKUd BuKd ;w&m;cHrsm; ,ckuo hJ Ukd ¤if;wdUk \
aemufq;kH tcsed u f av;wGif aMumufuefuefvsuf tpGr;f ukef ckcH
wwfMuaomaMumifh BuKd ;wdu k w
f &m;cHrsm;tm; xkw, f &l mwGif owd
BuD;pGmxm;&onf/ vdr®myg;eyf&efvnf; vdkonf/
,ckwiG f trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;\ yg;eyfvrd m® pGm aqmif
&Gurf jI zifh armifp;kd ESio
hf ufEiS ;f wdUk rSm BuKd ;pifwef;rsm;ay:wGif a&muf
&Sad eMujyefavNy/D tpOf wkev f yI af csmufcsm;vGe;f aom ESpaf ,muf
rSm BudK;pifoHjym;rsm;ay: eif;NyD;onfESifh rwkefrvIyf ausmuf½kyf
yrm oHjym;rsm; yGifhxGufoGm;csdeftxd NidrfoufpGmjzifhyif olwdkU\
q&m acgif;aqmifBuD;ESifhtwl b0ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;Muayonf/
(OD;oef;jrihf? om,m0wD *VKefOD;apm\aemufqHk;aeU?
tdk;a0*sme,f (15-7-1971) pm 23-35)

xdpk Ofu pdeBf u;D onf touf (21)ESp&f NdS y;D BuKd Uyifaumuf
NrKd Uom; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf rif;wdik yf iftrwfa[mif;ESihf jrLeDpy,f
pDt;D tdk (trIaqmift&m&S)d vlBu;D vkycf o hJ l OD;armifBu;D \ om;jzpf
onf/ BuKd Uyifaumuf t*Fvyd f - jrefrm pmoifausmif;rS ckepfwef;
atmifcNhJ y;D 1942 ck? *syefacwfwiG f bDtikd af twyfwiG f Adv k u
f av;
tqifhjzifh ppfrIxrf;cJhol jzpfonf/
rdcifjzpfol a':ESi;f ESihf OD;apmonf e*du k yif cifrif&if;ES;D
aeojzihf BudKUyifaumufodkU OD;apm w&m;yGJvma&mufusif;yNyD;
tjyef OD;apmESit hf wl vku d yf gaecJoh l jzpfonf/ &efBu;D atmifac:
armifvSxGef;onf BudK;ay;cH&pOfu touf (19)ESpfom &Sdao;
onf/ olonf tkwzf kd NrKd U? ta&SUtv,fuek ;f &Gmae OD;armifxeG ;f \
om;jzpfonf/
 i,fpOfu - tkwfzdkNrdKU? OD;pHvS jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif
oH;k wef;txd ynmoifMum;cJo h l jzpfonf/ OD;apmESihf wl0&D;awmfNy;D
¤if;\zcif OD;armifxeG ;f ESihf OD;apmonf nDtpfukd 0rf;uGaJ wmfonf/
OD;apmtm; BudK;ay;vdkufaomtcg BudK;rSm wpfcsufwnf;ESifh Nidrf
oufoGm;onf[k qdkonf/
pdeBf u;D ESihf &efBu;D atmifwUkd \ BuKd ;rSmrlum; tcsed t
f wef
Mumatmif vl;vGefUíaecJhonf/ BudK;vl;vGefUjcif;rSm ao&rnfudk
pdk;&drfxdwfvefUNyD; ½kef;uefonfhoabmyif jzpfonf/ OD;apmrSmrl
ao&rnfudk aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefU wkefvIyfjcif;r&SdbJ pdwfydkif;jzwf
xm;[ef&í dS BuKd ;rSm rvl;vGeUf ? rvIy&f mS ;awmhyJ a'gufjzKwcf svu kd f
NyD;onfhaemuf wpfcsufwnf;ESifh NidrfoufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdk
onf/
vkyfBuHrIjzifh tzrf;cHcJh&onfh 1947 ck? Zlvdkif (19)&uf
aeUu OD;apm\ udk,ftav;csdefrSm (148)aygif &SdcJhNyD; BudK;ay;
towfc&H rnfh wpf&uftvdk 1948ck? arv (7)&ufaeUwGif ud, k f
tav;csdef (126)aygifom &Sdawmhonf/
OD;apmonf ol\orD; aroef;apmac: abbDapm (¤if;
onf OD;apm\ orD;t&if; r[kwfay? a':oef;cif\ yxrtdrf
axmifro S rD;jzpfonf)xHoUkd aemufq;kH ay;pm rSmwrf;wpfapmifukd
BudK;ay;cH&awmhrnfhqJqJ &ufydkif;twGif;wGif a&;om;oGm;cJhav
onf/ xdkpmudk oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifwdkUu aroef;apmxHodkU
ydkUay;cJhonf/
 zcif OD;apmu orD;xH axmifwGif;rS a&;om;ay;cJhaom
rSmwrf;pmxJwGif -

BudK;orm;\ oHa0*pmwrf;
a'goESihf tmCmwçw&m;rsm;onf aumif;usK;d udrk ay;bJ
qd;k usK;d udo k may;onf/ olonf a'gorD;udk &if0,fyu kd Nf y;D tmCm
wçw&m; BuD;rm;vGef;cJhojzifh ol\b0udk wdkwdkESifhydkif;um Zmwf
odr;f qd;k cJ&h onf/ tu,fí a'gorD;udk &if0,frydu k b f J Nird ;f owf
Edik cf NhJ y;D tmCmwçw&m;udv k nf; azsmufzsuyf pfEikd cf rhJ nf qdyk gvQif
,ckvkd touf i,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS hf b0udk wdw
k ykd ikd ;f &rnf r[kwf
acs/ oljrwfEdk;aom ZeD;? olcspfaom orD;wdkUESifhvnf; tdkatmif
rif;atmif aexdik &f Ny;D wdik ;f jynftusK;d udk o,fy;kd xrf;aqmifomG ;
Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ ,ckrlum; vGefcJhavNyD/ NyD;cJhavNyD/ odkUwap
vnf; zcifjzpfo\ l trSm;rsK;d ? aemifwrsK;d ? oHa0*rsK;d udk orD;jzpfol
rBuHKawGU&avatmif zcif\ b0oifcef;pmudk ,lí a'gorD;udk
&if0,f rydkufaxG;bJ Nidrf;owfypfyg/ rnfolUtay:rQ &efNidK;zGJU?
&efNidK; rxm;bJ tmCmwçw&m;udk azsmufzsuf arhaysmufypfyg
av cspforD;/
azaz *VKefOD;apm
 arSmfq&mhpufuGif;
i,f&G,fEk&G? ysKdrspfvSí? rme,pfrl;? ½l;aeol
ynmxGef;awmuf? yg&*lajrmufí? armufrm rme? <uaeol
Opöm"e? ayg<u,f0í? twårme? BuD;aeol
rsm;acR&H&Sd? tmPmjynfhí? twdrme a&mufaeol
tm;tifjynfhrm;? rsm;xufomí? rmewHcGef xlaeol
trsm;ESifhqefUusif? t[kwfxifí? arSmf0ifrme yl;aeol
t&m&mus½IH;? cspfolrkef;í? EkH;csnfhrme pGJaeol
zdk;zvHtjzpf? rD;0,fepfodkU? rkef; cspf pGef;wGuf? rmewufbd
vuf&Sdtajc? atmifjrifaevnf;? a&yGufyrm? cPom
uHa[mif;ulaz;? tusKd;ay;aMumifh? vla&;cGif0,f?
vlwGifus,fvkyf? rmefpG,fxkwfjy?
o½kyfvSvnf;? vif;&vQyfpD;? wpfjyufom
aMomf ... vlawG vlawG? tylawGMum;? t,lrSm;vsuf
w&m;qdwfokOf;? tcsdefjzKef;aomf? vHk;&mrSjym;? jym;&mrStuf
tuf&mrSuGJ? uGJ&rSaMu? aMu&mrSrG? rG&mrSvGifh? vGifh&rSaysmuf
ed*Hk;a&mufaomf? awmufavmifrpJ? rD;usif;xJrS
vl;vJrxom? emBuD;emonf? rme'Pfu? pkef;arSmftoGif
romwrQ? eHpGESvHk;an§mf0if? xm0&? [efrus? NyHK;aysmfr&Tif/
(atmifyef;a0 - a&Tbdk)
 OD;apmb0udk atmufus aemufus jzpfapaom t"du
w&m;cHxJwGif rmevnf; wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfonf/ xdkrme\
tjypfudk xifomjrifom&Sdap&ef txufyguAsmudk xnfhoGif;
azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfayonf/
OD;apmonf bmoma&;todynmrJch ahJ omaMumifh vlUb0
udk umr*kPfcHpm;zdkUtwGuf toHk;cscJhonf/ avmuudk rdrdudk,f
usKd;twGuf toHk;cscJhonf/ xdkUaMumifh ypöu©? oHo&m ESpfjzmvHk;
epfemcJh&ayonf/ ,ckazmfjyrnfh OD;pdk;Edkifonfum; bmoma&;
todynm&Scd ahJ omaMumifh vlUb0udk ukov kd &f zdUk twGuf toH;k cschJ
onf/ rdrdudk,fudk avmutusKd;twGuf toHk;cscJhonf/
xdUk aMumifh ,ck ypöub
© 0rSmyif pma&;olwUkd uJo h Ukd &[ef;
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;\ MunfnKd av;pm;jzif;udyk if cHc&hJ onf/ aemifoo H &m
wGiv f nf; txufwef;usus usiv f nfNy;D edAmÁ efoUkd a&mufO;D rnf
jzpfonf/

acwfopf temxydPf
tdE, d´ Edik if ?H om0w¬jd ynfwiG f aZw0efausmif;awmfBu;D udk
(54)uka# tukeftuscH wnfaqmufvSL'gef;aom temxydPf
olaX;Bu;D qdv
k Qif Ak'b ¨ momwdik ;f eD;yg; odMuonf/ xdUk aMumifh tvSL
twrf; &ufa&molrsm;udk acwfopftemxydPo f al X;[k ac:wwf
Muonf/ odUk aomf bk&m;wnf? ausmif;aqmuf? bmoma&; wpfck
wnf;wGif vSL½Hkjzifh temxydPfbGJUudk cH,lí r&ay/
&Sif;jytHh -
]temxydP}f [lonf ol\ trnft&if; r[kw/f olUtm;
trsm;u ay;xm;aom *kPyf 'k w f pfco k m jzpfonf/ temxydP\ f
t"dygÜ ,frmS ud;k uG,t f m;xm;&mr&Sad om 'kuo © nfrsm;tm; xrif;
auR;wwfol[k jzpfonf/ ol\ trnft&if;rSm ok'wåjzpfonf/
temxydPfonf rdbrJhuav;rsm;upí 'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;udk
tNrJaxmufyHh ulnDauR;arG;avh&Sdonf/
OD;pd;k Edik o
f nfum; acwfopf temxydPb f UJG udk cH,x
l u
kd f
ol jzpfonf/ olonf bmoma&;wGifomru vlrIa&;wGifyg xd
a&mufatmif vSL'gef;aeol jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ ppfudkif;wdkif;
twGif; bmoma&;? vlrIa&; ESpf&yfaygif; odef;udk;axmifausmf
vSL'gef;Ny;D jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ pm½Iorl sm; 0rf;ajrmufEak rmfom"k
ac:Edkif&ef OD;pdk;Edkif\ tvSLtcsKdUudk &SmazGwifjyvdkufygonf/

ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? rtlyifaus;&GmwGif vSLcJhaom'gersm;

(u)iwwfjym; wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ om apwDawmftm; usyf
odef; (600) tukeftuscHí jyKjyifrGrf;rHjcif;/
(c) tpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;? ESpfxyfaqmifwpfaqmif
aqmufvkyf&mwGif usyfodef; (20) yg0ifvSL'gef;jcif;/
(*) aomufoHk;a&twGuf a&wGif;wpfwGif; wl;ay;jcif;/
(C)tvsm;ay(1000)? teH (25)ay&Sad om &Gmv,fvrf;rBu;D
 tm; usyfodef; (40) tukeftuscHí ausmufacsmvrf;
cif;ay;jcif;/

ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? anmifwkef;&GmwGifjyKvkyfcJhaom tvSL'gersm;

(u)tpd;k & tv,fwef;ausmif; ESpx f yfaqmif wpfaqmifukd
usyfodef; (30) tukeftuscHí vSL'gef;jcif;/
(c) ppfukdif;NrdKUe,f? aus;&Gmrsm;\ta&SUbufjcrf;? taemuf
bufjcrf;? jzwfoef; oGm;vmrI vG,ful acsmarGUapa&;
twGuf aus;&Gm tv,f&Sd acsmif;tm; usyfodef; (250)
ausmfwef uGefu&pfwHwm;BuD; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;jcif;/
(*) txuftydk'f (u) yg tpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;\ a&SU
buf uyfvsu&f adS om acsmif;ul;wHwm;twGuf oHaygif
rsm; usyfodef; (20)zdk; vSL'gef;jcif;/

ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? ojAL;aus;&GmwGifjyKvkyfcJhaom tvSL'gersm;

(u)aus;&Gm taemufbuf&Sd acsmif;tm; jzwfí teH(8)ay?
tvsm;ay(50)&Sad om uGeu f &pfwikd ?f opfom;cif; wHwm;
wpfpif;udk usyfodef; (55) tukeftuscHí aqmufvkyf
vSL'gef;jcif;/
(c) xdk aus;&Gmae vli,fwpfOD;wGif pGJuyfaeaom a&zsOf;
a&m*gudk usyf (15) odef; tukeftuscHí aysmufuif;
atmif ukoay;jcif;/
 ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? <u,fvl;aus;&GmwGifjyKcJhaom 'gersm;
(u)tvsm; ay(500)? teH (10)ay&Sd &Gmv,f vrf;rBu;D tm;
usyo f ed ;f (50) tuket
f uscí
H ausmufacsmvrf; cif;ay;
jcif;/
(c) &Gmtaemufbuf&dS tvsm;ay(30)? teH(6)ay? tjrifah y
(20)&Sd acsmif;ul;wHwm;tm; usyo f ed ;f (30) tuket
f us
cHí vSL'gef;jcif;/

ppfuikd ;f NrKd Ue,f? rd;k BuKd ;aus;&Gm &GmOD;ausmif;q&mawmfBu;D

cHpm;ae&aom aoG;uifqma&m*g aysmufuif;&ef aeUpOfvLS 'gef;
aeonfrSm ,cktcsdefxd usyfodef; (50) ausmf &SdaeNyD jzpfonf/
qufvuf vSL'gef;vsuf&Sdonf/
ppfuikd ;f NrKd U? av;uRe;f rmefatmifb&k m;Bu;D tm; a&TouFe;f
uyfvSLjcif;? qdk'D,rf qvdkufrD;awmf vSL'gef;jcif;? "r®m½HktwGuf
rwnfaiG vSL'gef;jcif;? ESpfpOf bk&m;yGJ usif;y&mwGif oHCmawmf
rsm;ESifh oDv&Sifrsm;tm; tvSL0w¬KESifh e0ur®aiGrsm; uyfvSLjcif;
wdkUtwGuf pkpkaygif; usyfodef; (80)ausmfcefU &Sdonf/
ppfuikd ;f NrKd U? qifrsm;&Sib f &k m;teD;&Sd a'gufwmarcsKcd sKad t;
rsupf t
d xl;ukaq;cef;wGif aiGaMu;rwwfEikd o f nfh qif;&Jom;vlem
rsm;tm; rsufpdcGJpdwfuko&eftwGuf yxrtBudrf tvSLawmfaiG
usyfodef; (20) vSL'gef;cJhonf/
 ppfuikd ;f NrKd U? *rGe;f aus;&GmwGif a&Bu;D í epfjrKyyf supf ;D oGm;
aom wGJzuftajccHynm txufwef;ausmif; jyKjyifaqmufvkyf
&eftwGuf usyf(15)odef; xnfh0ifvSL'gef;onf/
rHk&GmNrdKU? aAm"dwpfaxmif &yfawmfrlbk&m;BuD; wnf&ef
twGuf tvSLawmfaiG usyo f ed ;f (500)udk xnf0h if vSL'gef;cJo h nf/
rH&k mG NrKd U? {ok0wD oDv&Sipf moifwu kd Bf u;D tm; 2005 ckEpS f
rSpí ,cktcsed x f d qefEiS hf vpOftvSLaiG wpfvvQif usyf 30000d
wdUk tm; vSL'gef;vsu&f &dS m pkpak ygif;tvSLaiG umvwefz;kd usyo f ed ;f
(30) cefU &So d nf/ ¤if;tjyif txufygausmif;wdu k rf S jrpfBu;D em;odUk
cGx
J u G o f mG ;aom oDv&Siaf usmif;twGuf tvSLaiG usyo f ed ;f (50)
vSL'gef;cJhonf/
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ? tif;awmfNrKd Ue,f *sK;H *sK;H usaus;&Gm bke;f awmf
Bu;D ausmif; aqmufvyk &f ef tvSLaiGusyf (21)ode;f yg0ifvLS 'gef;cJh
onf/ OD;pd;k Edik u f ,fwifc&hJ aom aemufMunfu h Re;f aus;&Gm ordik ;f udk
OD;pdk;Edkifa&;om;xm;onfhtwdkif; ul;,lwifjyvdkufayonf/

'kp½dkuf&Gmjzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;
ppfudkif;wdkif;? ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f aemufMunfhuRef; aus;&Gm
onf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (80)cefUrS pí 'kp½dkufrIrsm;jzifh ausmf
Mum;aom &GmBu;D wpf&mG jzpfcohJ nf/ aus;&Gm\ bk&m;apwDEiS hf bke;f
awmfBuD;ausmif;onf cefUrSef;ajc (1970) ckESpfcefUwGif jrpfa&
wdu k pf m;rIaMumifh a&xJoUkd arsmygqH;k ½I;H aysmufu, G of mG ;cJ&h onf/
odkUjzpfí aemufMunfhuRef; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf bk&m;
apwD? bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm; r&So d nft
h wGuf ,Ofaus;vdrm® rI
r&Sjd cif;? pmayynm rwwfajrmufjcif;? todw&m;r&Sjd cif; ponf
wdUk aMumihf ud, k uf siw
hf &m;rsm; ysupf ;D vmMuonf/ xdUk aMumifh ¤if;
wdUk \ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;rS arsmcsvmonfh
tpd;k &ESihf yk*v¾ ud opfazmif? 0g;azmifrsm;tm; cd;k ,ljcif;rS tpjyKí
tqifhqifh BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/
2000 ckESpf ta&mufwGif ppfudkif;wdkif;? rEÅav;? tr&
yl&? wHwm;OD;NrdKUe,f toD;oD;&Sd vlaetdrfrsm;rS pufbD;rsm;? armf
awmfqikd u f ,frsm; cd;k ,ljcif;? tjcm;awGU&mypön;f udk cd;k ,ljcif;rsm;
jyKvyk v f mMuonf/ ¤if;tjyif trSw(f 33)? ajcjrefwyfr XmecsKy\ f
arG;jrLa&;MuufNcrH S Muufrsm;cd;k ,ljcif;? aemufMunfu h Re;f &GmteD;&Sd
ywf0ef;usiaf us;&Gmrsm;rS pdu k yf sK;d xm;aom v,f,mpdu k cf if;? toD;
tESHrsm;tm; cdk;,lvmonftxd qdk;&Gm;vmMuonf/
¤if;tjyif aus;&Gm jynfolvlxkESifh trSwf (2) &Jpcef;?
jynfoUl &J wyfzUJG 0ifrsm; yl;aygif;vsuf aemufMunfu h Re;f aus;&GmrS
vlqdk;? olcdk;rsm;tm; 0dkif;0ef;zrf;qD;vsuf&Sd&m ,cktcsdefxd OD;a&
(30)ausmftm; zrf;qD;&&SdcJhNyD; jypf'Pfrsm; toD;oD; pD&ifcsrSwf
cJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ¤if;tjyif ,ck jypf'PfcH&olrsm;\
a&SUwGifvnf; ckd;rIjzifh jypf'PfcscH&olaygif; OD;a& (30)ausmf&Sd
aMumif; od&onf/
 ½d;k om;BuKd ;pm;pGm tvkyv f yk &f ef tm;ay;jcif;? ywf0ef;usif
aus;&Gm&Sd &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ESit hf wl tm;ay;pum;ajymjcif;? vlraI &;
vkyfief;rsm; ulnDvkyfudkifay;jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkU\ udk,fusifhw&m;?
pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;csif; jyKjyifajymif;vJay;cJh
onf/
txufyg taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk uRefawmf od&jcif;rSm
uRefawmfonf ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? a'gif;raus;&Gm&Sd rdbrsm; aexdkif
&modUk wpfvvQiw f pfacguf oGm;a&muf uefawmhavh&o dS nf/ ppf
udik ;f NrKd UrS a'gif;raus;&GmodUk armfawmfum;jzifjh zwfomG ;pOf vHNk cKH a&;
uif;wJrsm;jzifh npOf &Gmom;rsm; uif;apmifhaeaMumif; awGU&í
ar;Munfh&m aemufMunfhuRef;&GmrS vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef
jzpfaMumif; ajzMum;&mrSwqifh od&jcif;jzpfonf/
uReaf wmfonf (1.1.2007)aeUrS pí aemufMunfu h Re;f
aus;&Gm\ aemufcHordkif;jzpfpOftm; avhvmMunfh&m atmufyg
tcsufrsm;udk oHk;oyfqifjcifrdygonf/
(1) Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rItajccHaumif;rsm; jzpfxGef;ap&ef
twGuf rlvtajccHbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;ESihf bk&m;ykx;kd ?
apwDrsm; r&Sjd cif;wdUk aMumifh bmom? omoem? ,Ofaus;
rIrsm; emMum;oif,lrI r&Sdjcif;/
(2) pmayynm roifMum;&onfhtwGuf tajccHtodynm
rsm; r&Sdjcif;/
(3) pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf&ef v,f,majr
 r&Sdjcif;/
(4) a&S;vlBuD;rsm;vufxufrSpí ¤if;wdkU\ raumif;rIp½dkuf
qd;k rsm;aMumifh teD;ywf0if;usi&f mG rsm;u 0dik ;f y,fxm;&m
txD;usefpGm aexdkifMu&onf/
xdktaMumif;aMumifh aemufMunfhuRef; &Gmom;rsm;onf
,ckuJhodkU vlqdk;? olcdk;rsm; jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh uRefawmf i,fpOftcgu Mum;odcJh&aom
¤if;&GmrS OD;oHacsmif;qdo k o
l nf pmayrwwfajrmufjcif;rS tpjyKí
¤if;\ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vduwdkU\ opf? 0g;
azmifrsm;tm;ckd;,lNyD; toufarG;0rf;aMumif;jyKcJh&onf/ ¤if;ao
qH;k oGm;aomtcg ol\om;jzpfol OD;pd;k rif;oef;rSmvnf; zciftvkyf
udkyif qufvkyfcJhonf/ OD;pdk;rif;oef;rSm jypfrIBuD;ojzifh ,cktcg
axmif'Pf (32)ESpf uscH&vsuf&Sdonf/
OD;pd;k rif;oef;rS tpjyKí ¤if;ESihf yl;aygif;BupH nfol vlq;kd
olc;kd rsm;vufxufwiG f ppfuikd ;f ? rEÅav;? tr&yl&? wHwm;OD;paom
NrKd Ue,ftoD;oD;rS qdik u f ,f? pufb;D ponfwUkd tjyif awGU&mypön;f
rsm;udk cdk;,lí toufarG;cJhMuonf/
xdkuJhodkU ppfudkif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;ESifh rdrd\rdbrsm; aexdkif
onfh a'gif;raus;&Gm teD;w0du k w
f iG f qd;k &Gm;onfh tusiphf ½du
k rf sm;
&Sdaeonfh aemufMunfhuRef; aus;&GmrS &Gmom;rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;
vdrm® onfh vlUabmiftzGUJ tpnf;odUk jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd &f ef atmuf
ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
 jypf'Pf uscHqJESifh jypf'Pf uscHcJh&aomolrsm;\ om;
orD; (47)a,muftm; rdbrsm;\cGijhf yKcsu?f aus;&GmOuúX\ cGijhf yK
csufjzifh (13.6.2007) aeUwGif &efukefwdkif;? r*Fvm'HkNrdKUe,f?
trSwf(26) rlvwef;ausmif;wGif tajccHrlvwef;ynmrsm; oif
Mum;ay;vsu&f ydS gonf/ ¤if; (47)OD;twGuf pm;0wfaea&;ESihf ynm
a&;rsm;twGuf tppt&m&m vdak vao; r&Sad tmif axmufyahH y;
vsuf&Sdonf/
uRefawmfonf aemufMunfhuRef; aus;&GmtwGif;&Sd cdk;,l
pm;aomufaexdik Mf uaom rdom;pkwUkd \ b0rsm;tm; avhvmawGU
&Sd&aomtcg vGefpGm pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygonf/ ¤if;wdkU\ b0
rsm;rSm aus;&Gmwnf&&dS m {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;wpfavQmuf opfyif?
csKHykwfrsm;ab;wGif 0g;wJav;rsm; wnfaqmufí aexdkifNyD;? aeU
ydkif;wGif a&vkyfief;? wHigvkyfief;rsm;vkyfí nydkif;wGif tpdk;&ESifh
yk*¾vduydkif ypönf;rsm;udk cdk;,lpm;aomufMuonf/
odUk jzpfí ¤if;wdUk \ tajccH pm;0wfaea&;twGuf (4.3.
2007)rS pwifí vpOf tdrfaxmifpk wpfpktwGuf qef (6)jynf?
aiGusyf (5000) axmufyahH y;jcif;? ¤if;wdUk \ om;orD;rsm;jzpfonfh
(14)ESpf t&G,f (15)a,muftm; uRefawmfh\ ukrÜPDrsm;wGif
tvkycf efUxm;í vpmaiGrsm; axmufyahH y;jcif;? t0wftxnfrsm;
axmufyahH y;jcif;? vlUtoH;k taqmifypön;f rsm; vSL'gef;ay;jcif;wdUk
udk vpOf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
 pkpkaygif; vpOf qef (15)tdwfESifh aiGom; (3)odef;usyf
vSL'gef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;tjyif arG;jrLa&;jzihf toufarG;0rf;
aMumif;jyKEdkif&ef tdrfaxmifpk wpfpkwGif EdkUpm;EGm;r wpfaumif
umvwefzdk; usyfoHk;odef;cGJ yHhydk;vsuf&Sd&m? ,cktcsdeftxd tdrf
axmifpkoHk;pktwGuf EdkUpm;EGm;roHk;aumif yHhydk;ay;cJhonf/
aemufMunfu h Re;f aus;&Gmü ]av;uRe;f csr;f om}bGUJ trnfcH
apwDwpfql wnfxm;ay;cJyh gonf/ xD;awmfwifyt JG m; (16.12.
2007)aeUwGif qif,ifusif;ycJhonf/ bk&m;wnfjcif;ESifh tae
uZmwifjcif;wdkUtwGuf vSL'gef;aiGrSm aiGusyf odef; (480)ausmf
jzpfonf/ xdkUtjyif rEÅav;NrdKU? rpdk;&drfwdkuf em,ucsKyf q&m
awmf OD;&mZ"r®mbd0o H ESihf jrausmufq&mawmfBu;D rsm; OD;aqmifí
oHCmawmf (47)yg; udk yifah qmifNy;D vQif &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f
ouFef; (43)pHkudk uyfvSLapcJhonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'
w&m;rsm;udkvnf; em,lapcJhonf/
aemufMunfhuRef; &GmOD;bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; ESpfxyf
aqmif aqmufvyk &f efvnf; ajrae&m0,f,x l m;Ny;D jzpfonf/ ESpf
xyfwu kd af usmif;twGuf usyo f ed ;f (300)cefU vSL&ef pDrxH m;Ny;D jzpf
onf/ aemufMunfu h Re;f aus;&Gmonf ywf0ef;usif aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf
ul;vl;qufqH oGm;vmEdik &f ef ,ciftcsed t f cgu vSn;f vrf;? ,mOf
oGm;vrf;rsm; r&Sdyg/ rdrdrS tvsm; (700)ay? tus,fay (50)&Sd
ajruGut f m; 0,f,í l ,mOfomG ;vrf;? vSn;f oGm;vrf;rsm; azmuf
vkyfay;cJhonf/
 uRefawmfonf aemufMunfhuRef;aus;&GmodkU wpfvvQif
av;Burd cf efU oGm;a&mufí bmoma&;? ynma&;? vlraI &;vkyif ef;
rsm;udk udk,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefpGm BudK;pm;vkyfaqmifMu&ef
tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;jcif;? ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gm&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;
rsm;ESifh awGUqHkay;um tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;jcif;? vlrIa&;vkyf
ief;rsm; aqmif&u G af y;jcif;wdUk jzifh ¤if;wdUk \ ud, k u f siw
hf &m;? pdwaf e
oabmxm;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf; jyKjyifajymif;vJay;cJhygonf/
xdu
k ohJ Ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJvmrIaMumifh ywf0ef;usiaf us;&Gm
rsm;onf ,cifuuJo h Ukd ntcsed f uif;apmifjh cif;wm0efrsm; rjyKvyk f
&awmhbJ pdwaf t;csr;f ompGmjzifh aexdik v f su&f MdS uonf/ ¤if;tjyif
aemufMunfu h Re;f aus;&GmrS jypf'Pfuscí H jyefvw G v f monfh &Gmom;
(38)OD;tm; 'kvb ’ &[ef;cHNy;D w&m;tm;xkwaf pEdik &f ef pDpOfxm;Ny;D
jzpfonf/
OD;pdk;Edkif + a':at;at;cdkif?
at;at;cdik af usmufprd ;f ukrP Ü D

ajrjyifay:u i&Jjynf
&mZN*dK[fjynfwGif uka#rsm;pGm csrf;omaom olaX;BuD;
wpfOD;&Sd\/ ]r[m"eolaX;} [k trnfwGif\/ xdkolaX;BuD;wGif
wpfO;D wnf;aom om;wpfa,muf&\ dS / olaX;Bu;D onf ol\om;udk
rnfonft h wwfynmrS oifray;acs/ ol\tawG;rSm ighom;onf
tvGeq f ;kH wpfaeUwpfaxmif oH;k onfw
h ikd af tmif tESpw f pf&moH;k
aomfvnf; igpkxm;aomaiGrsm; rukeEf ikd /f xdUk aMumifh toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;ynm bmrS oifp&mrvdk[k qHk;jzwfavonf/
aiGrwS pfyg; wjcm;bmrSr&Sad omolukd olaX;[kac:onf
[k zGifhqdkcsufonf xdkolaX;BuD;rsKd;udkyif &nfñTef;[ef &Sdonf/
om;jzpfol t&G,fa&mufaomtcg tqif; &Sdaomfvnf; tcsif;
(t&nftcsi;f ) r&Sad om trsK;d orD;Bu;D wpfO;D ESihf vufqufay;av
onf/ olaX;Bu;D uG,v f eG af omtcg olUom;onf vdt k yfwmxuf
ydkí taysmftyg;? taomuftpm;ESifhom tcsdefukefcJhonf/
txGufom&SdNyD; t0if r&Sdavaomtcg ESpftenf;i,f
twGi;f rSmyif qif;&JErG ;f yg;jcif;odUk a&mufc&hJ onf/ toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;ynm wpfckrS rwwfaomtcg acs;iSm;pm;NyD; toufarG;
&\/ acs;aiGrsm; jyefrqyfEdkifaomtcg ydkifqdkiforQ wdkufwmNcH
rsm;udk ay;vdkuf&NyD; cGufvufpGJum awmif;pm;&awmhonf/
ZeD;onfuvnf; arQmv f ifch surf &Sad om olUudk pGeUf cGmoGm;
cJo
h nf/ xdok al X;om;onf yxrt&G,w f iG f pD;yGm;Opömudk tm;BuKd ;
rmefwuf &SmazGcv hJ Qif txufwef;pm; olaX;Bu;D jzpfEidk af yonf/
avmuDOpöm r&SmbJ avmukw&å mOpöm &Smrnfqv kd Qif &[EÅmjzpfEikd f
ayonf/ 'kw, d t&G,w f iG f pD;yGm;Opömudk &SmazGu tvwfwef;pm;
olaX; jzpfEdkifayonf/ avmukwå&m Opöm&SmazGu tem*grfaomf
vnf;aumif;? ou'g*grfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEkdifayonf/
 wwd,t&G,fwGif pD;yGm;Opöm&SmazGu olaX;ti,fpm;
wpfa,mufjzpfEikd af yonf/ avmukw&å mOpöm&SmazGu aomwmyef
wnfEikd af yonf/ olonf t&G,o f ;kH ygvH;k tcsed jf zKe;f cJah omaMumifh
OpömESpfrsKd;vHk; r&awmhay/ vlom;onf Opömpnf;pdrfxufvnf;
aumif;? ajcvuft*Fgxufvnf;aumif; toufukd ydí k wefz;kd xm;
wwfonf/ odUk aomf toufukd wefz;kd xm;aom vlom;onf tcsed f
udkum; wefzdk;rxm;wwfMu/
trSeu f m; puúeUf ? rdepf? em&D paom xdt k csed w f akd v;rsm;
aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;udk touf[k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumihf
tcsdefESifh toufonf twlwlomjzpf\/ toufudk wefzdk;xm;
aomolonf tcsed u f kd wefz;kd xm;&rnfomjzpf\/ tcsed u f kd wefz;kd
xm;aomolonf tcsed rf eS o f rQxrJ S ukov kd ?f ynm? Opöm þoH;k rsK;d
wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk tNrJwrf;&atmif ,lae&rnf jzpfonf/
azmfjyyg olaX;om;um; rdrdtoufudk wefzdk;rxm;ol
wpfa,mufyif jzpf\/ r[m"e olaX;BuD;onf rdrdom;udk Opöm
tarGay;&efom owd&NyD;? "r®tarGay;&ef arhavsmhcJh\/ olwdkU
aexdkif&m &mZN*dK[fNrdKU? a0VK0efausmif;wGif bk&m;&Sifonf npOf
w&m;a[mMum;vsuf&Sd\/ odkUaomf olUom;udk wpfBudrfrQ w&m;
em&ef rwdkufwGef;cJhay/
Opömonf x0&Opöm? Z*FrOpöm? t*FoOpöm? tEk*grdu
Opöm[k av;rsKd;&Sd\/ wdkufwmNcHajrpaom a&TUajymif;í r&aom
Opömonf xm0&Opömyif jzpf\/ qif? jrif;? uRJ? EGm; paom a&TU
ajymif;í&aom Opömonf Z*FrOpömyif jzpf\/ toufarG;0rf;
ausmif; twwfynm wpfckckonf t*ForOpömyif jzpf\/ 'ge?
oDv? bm0em paom ukodkvfrsm;um; tEk*grduOpömyif jzpf\/
þb0? þcE¨m? þom;r,m;rsm; &So d nft
h wGuf a&SUOpöm
oHk;rsKd;udkvnf; &Sm&rnfom jzpf\/ odkUaomf xdkrQESifh rNyD;ao;/
&[EÅm rjzpfao;orQ? b0oHo&mrsm;pGm usiv f nf&rnfjzpfaom
aMumifh ukov kd Of pömudv
k nf; &SmazGqnf;yl;&rnfomjzpf\/ ao&Gm
odkU a&mufaomtcg a&SUOpömoHk;rsKd;onf ESrf;wpfaphpmrQ ygrvm
Edik o
f nfukd txl;owdjyKoif\ h ? rdrjd yKxm;aom ukovkd Of pömonf
om oHo&modkU ygvmrnfjzpf\/

wd&pämefESifhwlaomvlrsm;
vljzpfaomfvnf; vlEiS rhf wlbJ wd&pämefEiS whf al om vlom;
rsm;&Sd\/ 0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyfjcif;? pm;jcif;? umr*kPfcHpm;jcif; þ
av;csuo f nf vlrmS vnf;&S\
d / wd&pämefrmS vnf; &S\ d / þav;csuf
jynfhpHk½HkrQESifhawmh vl[lí rac:&/ wd&pämef[kom ac:&aMumif;
0drme0w¬K? t|uxmwGif zGifhjycsuf&Sd\/
vlu wd&pämefxuf omoGm;aom tcsufrSm y&[dw
tvkyfudk vkyfjcif;yif jzpf\/ trsm;tusKd;aqmifaom tvkyfudk
vluom vkyw f wf\/ wd&pämefu rvkyw f wf/ trsm;tusK;d aqmif
jcif;[lonf 0dyóempum;ESifh ajym&vQif twåESifh avmbudk
owfjcif;yif jzpf\/ xdUk aMumifh tedrq hf ;kH jzpfaom'geudk jyKvQiyf if
igaumif;pm;zdUk [laompdwEf iS hf rjyKbJ avmuaumif;pm;zdUk [laom
pdwjf zifjh yKvQif xd'k geonf ig[laom 'd|u d ad vomESihf aumif;pm;zdUk
[laom avmbudavomudk y,fowfNyD;om;jzpf\/
'Gdyd#uq&mawmf OD;Zm*&onf v,fwD0dyóemw&m;
rsm;udk a[mMum;jyo&if; rdbrJh wdik ;f &if;om;uav;i,frsm;pGmudk
apmifha&Smuf jyKpkxm;onf/ vIdifNrdKUe,frS arwåm0g'D q&mawmf
BuD;ESifh vIdifr[mpnf q&mawmfBuD;wkdUonfvnf; rdbrJhuav;
rsm;pGmudk y&d,wf? y#dywf tvkyfESifhtwl auR;arG;apmifha&Smuf
vsuf&SdMuonfrSm av;pm;MunfndKp&maumif;vSonf/
bkef;BuD;rsm; qif;&JonfrSm vltcsKdU csrf;omoavmuf
tqifhrSm &Sdygonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]wpfa,muftm;ESifh ,laomf r&?
wpfaomif;tm;ESifh ,laomf &\} [laom pum;twdkif; bkef;BuD;
ausmif; wpfausmif;vQif rdbrJhuav; oHk;a,mufavmuf apmifh
a&Smufay;rnfqv kd Qif jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; uav;rsm; bmomjcm;
wdUk vufxo J Ukd a&mufawmhrnf r[kwaf cs/ xdUk twl wwfEikd af om
Ak'¨bmom rdom;pkrsm;onf rdbrJhuav; wpftdrfwpfa,muf
avmuf wm0ef,lrnfqdkvQifyif rdbrJhuav;rsm;twGuf ylp&m
rvdkawmhay/
Ak'¨bmomrsm;onf awmifwpfawmif awGUvQif apwD
wpfql r&ç&atmif wnfMu\/ jrefrmjynfwiG u f m; awmifrsm;wGif
apwDr&Sdaomawmif r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;\/ apwDwnfjcif;um;
aumif;yg\/ odkUaomf awmifajcrS iwfjywf qif;&Jaeaom Ak'¨
bmom rdom;pkrsm;udk ay;urf;axmufyHhzdkU arhavsmhaejcif;um;
raumif;ay/

awmifay:rSmbk&m;? awmifatmufrSmbmomjcm;
xdktcsdefwGif bmomjcm; omoemjyKrsm;u awmifajcrS
qif;&Jom; Ak'¨bmomrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;udpörsm;udk tm;
wufoa&m axmufyMhH uonf/ awmifay:wGif vuf0g;uyfwikd Bf u;D
odef;wpfaxmif tukeftuscH pdkufxljcif;xuf awmifatmufu
qif;&Jom;rsm;udk axmufyHhjcif;onf olwdkU bmomtwGuf ydkí
aus;Zl;rsm;aMumif; bmomjcm; omoemjyKrsm;u odMuonf/
Ak'b¨ mom trsm;pkonf ajrjyifrmS bk&m;wnfzUkd om BuKd ;
pm;\/ bmomjcm;rsm;u vlwUkd \ ESv;kH om;wGif tMuifemarwåm
bk&m;rsm;wnfzdkU BudK;pm;\/ A[d'¨xuf tZÑwåçu ydkrdkxda&muf
onfrSm obm0yif jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; urÇmESifhcsDvdkufvQif
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifu tenf;qH;k tqifo h Ukd a&mufaejcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨
bmomrsm;u awmifxyd w f iG f xD;awmfwifatmifyBJG u;D Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf J
usi;f yaecsed wf iG f awmifatmufrS Ak'b ¨ mom av;ig;&GmrSm bmom
jcm;odkU ajymif;oGm;MuavNyD/ awmifay:rSm apwDqpfql wnfNyD;
wdkif; awmifatmufrS vlwpfaomif;cefUonf bmomjcm;b0odkU
a&mufoGm;MuavNyD/
 awmifay:u Ak'b ¨ mombk&m;? awmifatmufrmS bmom
jcm; rjzpf&avatmif qif;&Jom;rsm; axmufyahH &;udk yxrxm;Ny;D
apwDwnfa&;udk 'kwd,xm;vQif omoemjyK&mü ydkrdkxda&muf
atmifjrifayvdrhfrnf/
'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f u awmifwiG ;f Bu;D wGif or®musr;f
pmudk wpfceG ;f rSra[mbJ Ak'b ¨ mom v,form;? ,morm;rsm;pGm
udk c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfoGm;atmif omoemjyKEdkifaom "r®
q&mwpfOD; &SdcJhzl;onf/
olajymaom pum;wpfcGef;rSm Ak'¨bmom omoemjyK
&[ef;&Siv f rl sm;tm; xda&mufaom omoemjyKenf;udk ñTejf youJh
odkUjzpf\/ xdkpum;rSm -
]] xrif;qmaewJholudk bk&m;&Sdcdk;cdkif;vdkU r&bl;}} [l\/
rSef\/ xrif; eyfrSefatmif rpm;EdkifolwpfOD;tm; bk&m;
&Scd ;kd zdUk ? w&m;emzdUk rnfrQavmuf a[ma[m &vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y/
olUemrnfudk jrefrmrsm;u jrefrmtoHxGufjzifh AdkvfudwfBuD;[k
ac:Muonf/ olonf qif;&JErG ;f yg;aeaom Ak'b ¨ momv,form;?
,morm;rsm; tqifajyatmif tppt&m&m ulnD\/
pyg; txGuf wdk;atmif? yJ? 0g ponf txGufwdk;atmif
enf;vrf;rsm; &Smay;\/ yJrsK;d aumif;rsm;udk &Smay;\/ rsK;d opf jzpf
atmifvnf; wDxiG af y;\/ t&ifu jrefrmMuufrsm;onf tom;
odyfrygMu/ t½dk;ESifh ta&om&Sdonf/ xdkjrefrmMuufrsm; tom;
rsm;vmatmif Adv k u
f w
d Bf u;D u Edik if jH cm;rS MuufrsK;d aumif;rsm; &Sm
azGNy;D rsK;d pyfay;\/ olU aus;Zl;aMumifh jrefrmMuufrsm; tom;wd;k
vmjcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmrsm;twGuf tm[m&"gwf jynfh0aom yJwpfrsKd;udk
ol wDxGifay;cJhonf/ xdkyJtwGuf emrnfay;&ef pOf;pm;Muaom
tcg olUapwemudk *kPjf yKaomtm;jzifh Adv k u f wd [
f yk if ay;vdu
k f
Muonf/ AdkvfudwfyJ &SdaeorQ olUudk tNrJowd&aeMurnfom
jzpfonf/ olonf Ak'¨bmom awmifolv,form;wdkU\ qmae
aomAdu k u f kd tpmjznfah y;vdu k af omtcg or®musr;f pmudk wpfceG ;f rS
ra[m&bJ awmifwGif;BuD;e,fü c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG trsm;
BuD;jzpfoGm;onf/
ysm;udk &Smaomolonf rdrdvdktyfaom ysm;udk&vQif -
Muufqlyifçyif jzpfaomfvnf;? awmwGif tjrwf rSwf&m
onf/
ynm&Sdudk &Smaomolonf ynmudk&vQif -
okb&mZmyif jzpfaomfvnf; vlwiG t f jrwf rSw&f monf/
qdak om vH;k awmfq&mawmf\ tqH;k trtwdik ;f aumif;
jrwfaom omoemjyKenf;rSefvQif bmomjcm;qDuyif jzpfaomf
vnf; aus;Zl;wifpmG jzifh vufc&H ,l&rnfomjzpf\/ NrKd UwpfNrKd UwGif
vlx\ k r&Srd &hJ rdS ahJ iGjzifh apwDBu;D wpfql jcpfjcKyw f nf&m ode;f aygif;
ESpaf omif;ausmf ukeo f nf/ XmyemoGi;f aom &wemypön;f onfyif
ode;f aygif;ig;axmifcefU &Srd nfxifonf/ xdNk rKd UwGif tpOftqufu
wnfNyD;om; apwDa[mif;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sd\/
 ,ckacwfwiG f wnfxm;aom apwDopfaygif;rsm;pGmvnf;
&Sd\/ xdkUaMumifh apwDopf? bk&m;opfum; xyfí rvdkavmuf
atmif aygrsm;ae\/ xdNk rKd UwGif q,fwef;udk ig;bmom*kPx f ;l jzifh
atmifNyD; aq;wuúodkvf qufrwufEkdifojzifh tvkyfxGufvkyf
&aom ausmif;om; ausmif;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sad eonfukd awGU&
onf/ xdNk rKd U&Sd aq;½Ho
k Ukd oGm;Munfv
h Qif em;MuyfEiS hf yg;pyfom&S\ d /
aq;tomxm;í ywfwD;pudkyif tjyifrSm0,f&onf/
bk&m;wnfí ukerf nfh ode;f aygif;ESpaf omif;udk EGr;f yg;ol
rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuf aiGya'om
yifrsm;jyKvkyfí bPfrSmtyfNyD; vSL'gef;vdkufrnfqdkvQif avmu
twGuf tb,frQavmuf aus;Zl;rsm;vdu k af vrnfenf;/ aAm"dwpf
axmif? uHah umfwpfaxmif? tifMuif;wpfaxmif? o&ufwpfaxmif
paom wpfaxmif½kyfyGm;rsm;udk pma&;ol zl;ajrmfzl;ygonf/

bk&m;zl;&if; idk&onf
odUk aomf MunfE;l &onft h cgxuf pdwx f cd u
kd &f onft h cgu
ydkrsm;ygonf/ wpfckaom wpfaxmifbk&m;rsm;udk zl;ajrmfMunfh&m
bk&m;½kyyf mG ;[líyif rodEikd af wmh/ bm½kyaf wGygvdr[ hf k awG;awm
,l&onftxd yHak wGuysupf ;D aeonf/ trd;k tum rygojzifh rd;k &Gm
awmhpdk? aeylawmhajcmufESifh ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm rJajcmufNyD; ysufpD;ae
avNyD/
 bk&m;wnfzdkUtwGuf tvSL&Sif&Sm&ef vG,fulaomfvnf;
jyKpak pmifah &SmufzUkd ? oefU&Si;f a&;vkyzf Ukd tvSL&Si&f mS &efum; rvG,f
ulay/ xdkUaMumifh wpfaxmif½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd awmxJwGif 'Dtwdkif;
ypfxm;&m jrufyifrsm;? csKHykwfrsm;u ½kyfyGm;rsm;udk zHk;vTrf;aeay
onf/ wpfaxmif½yk yf mG ;rsm; cEÅyD g&rDukd jznfq h nf;&if; csKyH w
k af wG
atmufwiG f pHaeMu&&Smonf/ aemuf ig;ESpcf efUMumvQif xd½k yk yf mG ;
rsm;tm;vH;k ysupf ;D Ny;D ajrBu;D jzpf&ayawmhrnf/ &[ef;rdUk rsu&f nf
rusaomfvnf; ESvHk;om;xJrSmum; idkrdaeygNyD/
wpfqludk ig;odef;? tqlwpf&mqdkvQif odef;ig;&m? tql
wpfaxmifqv kd Qif ode;f ig;axmif Ak'b¨ momwdUk \acR;enf;pm ode;f
ig;axmifonf csKyH w k rf sm;? jrufyifrsm;atmufrmS yif ukeq f ;kH cJ&h Ny/D
a&TbNkd rKd UodUk w&m;a[m<upOfu rdbrJyh &[dwausmif; wpfausmif;
odUk oGm;a&muf vSL'gef;cJo h nf/ xdak usmif;udk wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS f
olrmS pma&;q&mBu;D OD;oef;xGe;f (a&Tb)kd yif jzpfonf/ q&mBu;D \
y&[dwausmif;BuD;rSm us,f0ef;aomfvnf; uav;i,f oHk;q,f
om &Sdonf/ oHk;&mcefU vufcHEdkifatmif us,f0ef;vsuf tb,fh
aMumifh oH;k q,fom vufc&H avoenf;[k ar;jref;Munf&h m q&m
BuD;u -
]]vufcHcsifwmaygh bk&m;? auR;p&m r&SdvdkU 'DavmufyJ
vufc&H wmyg/ q&mawmf odwt hJ wdik ;f yJ Ak'b ¨ mom trsm;pk[m
tckvdk vlrIa&; udpöawGrSm vSL'gef;&aumif;rSef; odyfNyD; rodMu
ao;bl; bk&m;/ awmifay:a'ou rdbrJw h ikd ;f &if;om;uav;awG
trsm;BuD; vmtyfMuw,f/ wynfhawmfwdkUausmif;u auR;p&m
r&Sdawmh vufrcHEdkifbl;}}
]]bmomjcm; y&[dwausmif;awGuawmh b,fEpS af ,muf
vmvm auR;Edik wf ,f/ 'Dawmh wynfah wmfwUkd Ak'b
¨ mom wdik ;f &if;
om;uav;awG[m bmomjcm;awGyJ jzpfuek af wmhwmaygh/ bmom
jcm; olaX;awGu olwdkU bmomtwGuf wu,f aus;Zl;rsm;r,fh
ae&mudk a&G;vSLwwfMuw,f bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkU Ak'¨bmom
olaX; trsm;pkuawmh aus;Zl;rsm;r,fh ae&mudk a&G;vSLwwfwJh
tavhtx odyfr&SdMuao;bl; bk&m;}}

csKHykwfxJ? jrufxJwGif tvum;jzpfoGm;rnfh odef;aygif;

ig;axmifxrJ S ode;f aygif;ig;&mavmufukd xdu k ohJ Ukd aom Ak'b¨ mom
y&[dwausmif;rsm;odUk vSL'gef;Murnfqv kd Qif wdik ;f &if;om;&ifaoG;
i,fav;rsm; bmomjcm;b0odkU a&mufvdrhfrnf r[kwfay/ 'ge?
oDv? bm0em oHk;yg;vHk;onf Ak'¨csrSwfcJhaom 0drkwådvrf;pOfrsm;
jzpfonf/ 0drw k då - vGwaf jrmufjcif;[lonf cE¨mrS vGwaf jrmufjcif;
yifjzpf\/
cE¨m[lonf tusK;d w&m; jzpf\/ avmb? a'go? arm[
paom taMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh þcE¨monf jzpfay:vm&jcif;
jzpf\/ tusK;d w&m;udk rvdck siv f Qif taMumif;w&m;udk t&ifowf
&\/ xdw k iG f 'geukov kd of nf avmbOD;pD;aom udavomrsm;udk
yg;atmif? enf;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sd\/
 oDv ukodkvfonf a'go OD;pD;aom udavomrsm;udk
yg;atmif? enf;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sd\/ bm0emonf arm[
OD;aqmifaom udavomrsm;udk yg;atmif? enf;atmif jyKvyk Ef ikd f
pGr;f &S\
d / xdu k ohJ Ukd aom todw&m;rsm;udk "r®rsm;u ay;Edik pf rG ;f &S\ d /
&mZN*Kd [rf S r[m"eolaX;Bu;D onf olUom;tm; xd"k r®tarGay;&ef
owdr&cJah y/ bk&m;&Six f w H iG f wpfBurd cf efU w&m;em½HEk iS hf xdt
k od
rsm;udk tjynft h 0&Edik \ f / olwUkd NrKd UwGif bk&m;&Siof nf npOfw&m;
a[mae\/ odkUaomf olUom;tm; wpfBudrfrQ w&m;em&ef rwdkuf
wGef;cJh/
xdUk aMumifv h nf; ,ckvkd Z&yfay:wGif olawmif;pm;b0ESihf
a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ om0w¬Nd rKd UrS temxydPo f al X;Bu;D um;
om;orD; tm;vH;k udo k mru umarokuu H kd vuf&ZJ uf&J usL;vGef
aeaom wlwpfa,mufudkyif "r®tarG &atmifay;NyD; edAÁmefodkU
ta&mufydkUcJhonf/
temxydPw f iG f om;orD; av;a,muf&\ dS / orD;tBu;D
ESpaf ,mufonf aomwmyef? ti,fq;kH orD;av; okreum; ou
'g*grf? om;qdk; om;rdkuf t&uform; armifumVudkyif aiGwpf
axmifay;NyD; bk&m;&Sif\w&m;udk em,lapjcif;jzifh aomwmyef
wnfapcJo h nf/ ,ckvnf; acrtrnf&dS ol\ wlwpfa,mufonf
olwpfyg;\ r,m;rsm;? orD;ysKdrsm;ESifh azmufjym;vsuf&Sdonf/
acr\ a&S;qkawmif;aMumifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf olUudkjrif&vQif
£a`'´ysufavmufatmif irf;irf;wufjzpfMu\/
 olwpfyg; r,m;ESihf ntcg oGm;a&muf aysmyf g;avh&\ dS /
rif;csi;f wdUk u zrf;rdaomtcg rif;Bu;D xHoUkd ydUk oMu\/ aumov
rif;Bu;D onf temxydPf olaX;Bu;D \ rsuEf mS udak xmufNy;D tjypf
ray;bJ jyefvw T v
f u kd \f / vTwNf y;D rMumrDrmS yif olwpfyg;r,m;ESihf
aysmfyg;jyef&m xyfrdojzifh bk&ifhxH xyfa&mufjyef\/ rif;BuD;u
vnf; temxydPu f kd tm;emojzifh jyefvw T af y;\/ aemufq;kH wGif
olaX;BuD;onf wljzpfoludk oludk,fwdkif bk&m;&SifxH ac:oGm;NyD;
w&m;emaponf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;onf az:jyygt"dygÜ ,f&adS om ESpf
*gxmudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

umarokuH\ qdk;usKd;rsm;
(309) rdkufrJ awGa0pGm olwpfyg;r,m;udk twifh&JpGm rSD0Javh&Sd
olonf tukov kd jf zpfjcif;? pd;k &draf omuaMumifh ESpNf cKd uf
pGm rtdyf&jcif;? tuJh&JU cH&jcif;? i&JodkUus&jcif; [laom
qdk;usKd;wdkUudk cHpm;&\/
(310) tukov kd f jzpf&jcif;? i&JoUkd us&jcif; [laom qd;k usK;d rsm;
tjyif rde;f ruvnf; txdww f vefU? ,mufsm;uvnf;
txdwfwvefU rSD0J&jcif;aMumifh arGUavsmfom,mjcif;rSm
tenf;i,fomwnf;/ y&'g&uHaMumifh rif;onf usL;vGef
olukd Bu;D av;aomjypf'Pfp&D if\/ xdUk aMumifh a,mufsm;
onf olwpfyg;r,m;udk rrSD0J&m/
("r®y'? ed&,0*f? olaX;om;acr0w¬K)
 w&m;tqH;k wGif acronf aomwmyefwnfNy;D ig;yg;oDv
vHNk cKH omG ;onf/ r[m"eolaX;om;udu k m; w&m;yGoJ Ukd ydUk rnfh aqGrsK;d
wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdjcif;um; olUtwGuf uHtqdk;qHk;yifjzpf\/ wpf
&ufwiG f Z&yfay:qmqmESihf tdyaf eaomolUudk cd;k olrsm;u olwUkd
ESifhtwl cdk;0Suf&ef ac:iifav&m todÓPf r&Sdaom xdkolonf
cdk;olwdkUESifh ygoGm;avonf/
cd;k olwUkd u olUtm; wif;ykwv f ufeufwpfcu k kd ay;Ny;D vQif
NcwH cH g;0ü xm;cJMh u\/ tem;a&mufvmol rSeo f rQukd þwif;ykwf
ESihf aoatmif xkowf&rnf[k rSmxm;cJMh u\/ ck;d olwUkd ypön;f rsm;
,lNy;D csed rf mS yif tdr&f iS rf sm;Ed;k vmí atmf[pf tultnDawmif;&m
cdk;olwdkUonf OpömxkyfudkqGJí ab;vGwf&modkU ajy;Muonf/
xdv k zl si;f um; b,frx S u
G rf ajy;bJ wif;ykwBf u;D udik v f suf
&yfae&m 0dkif;vmolrsm;\ zrf;qD;jcif;udkcH&\/ rif;BuD;u xdkvl
zsif;udk okomefxkwfí acgif;jzwfowf&ef trdefUay;vdkuf\/ xdk
acwfuxH;k pHtwdik ;f olUacgif;wGif tkwrf eI Uf rsm;vdr;f usv H suf acgif
&rf;yef;udyk efapNy;D BuKd ;wkyu f m½du k Ef u
S v f suf vrf;ukeaf tmif pnf
wD;í vSnfhvnfaponf/
toufcH&rnhf cdk;oludk xGufMunfholwdkUwGif &mZN*dK[frS
tacsmtvSwGif emrnfBuD; okvomtrnf&Sd jynfhwefqmr wpf
a,mufvnf; ygonf/ okvomonf a&S;b0wpfcku xdkol\
r,m;jzpfcJhzl;aomaMumifh oem;Muifempdwf jyif;pGm jzpfay:vm
onf/ xdUk aMumifh uwGwrf ek Uf ESihf aomufa&udk tmPmom;wdUk tm;
ay;vdkufNyD; rowfrD tcsdefav;wGif xdkolaX;om;udk auR;&ef rSm
vdkufonf/

okómefxJrS rkefUqGrf;tvSL
okóefxJa&mufí rowfrDtcsdefuav;wGif tmPm
om;wdkUu okvom ay;vdkufaom uwGwfrkefUav;ckESifh aomuf
a&udk xdo k tl m; ay;Muonf/ xdv k zl si;f onf rkeUf wdUk udpk m;&ef jyif
qifaepOfrSmyif t&Sifr[marm*¾vmefonf olUa&SUodkU <uvmí
qGr;f &yfavonf/ xdo k o
l nf þtwdik ;f aooGm;vQif i&JoUkd usrnf
jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdkrkefUudk olrpm;bJ rax&fjrwfudk vSLNyD;rS
aovQif ewfjynfodkUa&mufrnfjzpfonf/
t&Sifarm*¾vmef okómefxJxd qGrf;vm&yfjcif;onf
xdo k t
l wGuo f m jzpfonf/ t&Sijf rwftwGuf r[kw/f ynmrJw h Ukd \
tjriftm;jzifh ay;aomolonfuek \ f / ,laomolonf&\/ ynm&Sd
wdUk \tjriftm;jzifu h m; ay;aomolonf&\/ ,laomolonf r&/
ynmrJhwdkU\ tjriftm;jzifh tvSLcHolonf vSLoludk aus;Zl;wif
&onf/ ynm&Sw d Ukd \ tjriftm;jzifh vSLcGi&hf olu tvSLcHukd aus;Zl;
wif&onf/ ,ckjzpf&yfukd a&SUqufzwfvQif azmfjyyg'óeav;\
t"dyÜg,fudk aocsmodvmayvdrhfrnf/
]]owfrnfhqJqJ? ightwGuf þrkefUESifh a&udk pm;aomuf
jcif;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdtHhenf;/ rax&fjrwfudk vSLjcif;u oHo&m
twGuf ukov kd &f ud m© xkyf jzpfvrd rhf nf}} [k pOf;pm;Ny;D rax&fjrwf
tm; uyfvSLvdkufonf/ rax&fjrwfonf &mZ0wfom;\ o'¨g
w&m;rsm;udk wd;k yGm;apjcif;iSm xdo k l jrifavmufaom ae&mrSmyif
rkefUwdkUudk bkOf;ay;í a&udkaomufum <uoGm;awmfrlonf/
rax&fjrwf <uoGm;onfEiS hf tmPmom;wdUk onf xdo k \ l
acgif;udjk zwfum owfvu kd Mf uonf/ v,f,majraumif;jzpfaom
&[EÅmrax&fü jyKvyk t f yfaom 'geukov kd o
f nf xdo
k l tvd&k v dS Qif
vloufjzifh (921)uka# ajcmufoef; touf&Snfaom y&edrd®w
0ó0wDewfbx kH d a&mufEikd \ f / odUk aomf ra&mufc/hJ tESpu f ;kd oef;
touf&Snfaom pwkr[m&mZftEG,f0if anmifyifapmifh ½ku©pdk;
BuD;om jzpfcJh&onf/
igonf okvomaus;Zl;aMumifh þ'geudk jyKciG &hf wm[lí
olvomtay: pGv J rf;jcif;aMumifh jzpf\/ olonf ½kup© ;kd ewfb0
a&mufonftxd okvomudk rarh/ wpf&ufwiG f O,smOfoUkd okv
omonf wjcm;tazmfrsm;ESit hf wl aysmyf pJG m;a&mufvmonf/ &mZ
N*dK[f NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; vmaeus O,smOfBuD;yifjzpf\/
½kup© ;kd onf O,smOfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH udk tarSmifwu kd Bf u;D jzpf
atmif zefqif;Ny;D vQif okvomudk olUAdrmefoUkd aqmif,u l m aygif;
oif;aeavonf/ olonf Zmwdó&ÓPf &aomaMumifh ol\
aemufb0 taMumif;udkvnf; okvomtm; oem;pzG,f ajymjy
&Smonf/ ½ku©pdk;ESifh okvomwdkU aygif;azmfaeonfrSm ckepf&uf
wdkifcJhNyD jzpfonf/
 xdktcsdefwGif okvom\ rdcifonf orD;udk &SmrawGUí
idka<u; ylaqG;ae&m vltcsKdUu t&Sifr[marm*¾vmefxH oGm;ar;
vQif orD;&Sd&mudk odEdkifaMumif; tBuHay;Muojzifh rax&fjrwfxH
a&mufvmonf/ t&Sirf [marm*¾vmefu þaeUrS aemufcek pf&uf
ajrmufaomaeUwGif a0VK0efausmif;awmfü jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;
a[mawmfrlpOf y&dowftpGefü awGUjrif&vdrfhrnf[k rdefUqdkawmf
rlvdkufonf/
xdktcsdefrSmyif okvomonf rdcifBuD; ylaqG;aomu
a&mufaerSmjzpfonft h wGuf rdcifxjH yefyUkd &ef awmif;yef&m ½kup© ;kd
ewfonf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;yGJtpGefü okvomudk ydkUay;cJhonf/
(ayw0w¬KygVdawmf? O&*0*f? acwåLyrayw0w¬K)
þpmtkyo f nf OD;pd;k Edik \
f 'gerIrsm; azmfjytNy;D wGif Ny;D qH;k
aeNyD jzpfonf/ odUk ygvsuf þ½kup© ;kd ewfEiS hf vlred ;f rwdUk aygif;oif;
jcif;0w¬Kukd tb,fah Mumifh qufa&;&oenf;qdak omf a&SUwGif Nrw d f
NrKd U? wHig&GmrS ewforD;ESihf vltrsK;d om;wdUk aygif;azmfjcif;udk azmfjy
cJo
h nf/ pmaypdppfa&;tcsKUd ESihf acwfvil ,ftcsKUd u rjzpfEikd ?f pdwf
ul;,Of '@m&DrQom[k rSwx f ifrnfp;kd aomaMumifh Ak'v ¨ ufxuf
uvnf; þuJhodkU&SdcJhzl;onf[k odatmif qufvufa&;om;jcif;
jzpfonf/ rdbrJu h av;rsm;? qif;&JErG ;f yg;aom uav;rsm;udk auR;
arG;apmifha&Smufaom 'gersKd;udk umv'ge[kvnf;aumif;? yg&rD
xdu k af om'ge[kvnf;aumif;? ÓPf,OS af om'ge[kvnf;aumif;
ac:&onf/
 avmutwGu?f omoemtwGuf wu,faus;Zl;rsm;onfh
ae&mü vSL'gef;aom umv'ge tvSL&Sirf sm;onf jzpf&mb0wGif
csrf;omaomtcg yxrt&G,f i,fi,fav;uwnf;u csrf;om
onf/ yg&rDxu kd af om'gejzpfonft h wGuf vlewfcsr;f omudv k nf;
cHpm;&onf/ udavomukef&m edAÁmefudkvnf; a&mufonf/
ÓPf,SOfaom'gejzpfonfhtwGuf csrf;omonfhtjyif
ÓPfynm xufjrufjcif;[laom aumif;usKd;wpfckudk ydk&onf/
xdkÓPfBuD;&Sifrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;udk wpfBudrfem½HkESifh
&[EÅmb0odkU a&mufonf/ wjcm;bmom? wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;wGif
qif;&Jom;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;axmufyahH &; toif;tzGUJ rsm; &So d nf/
Ak'¨bmom jrefrmrsm;wGifum; r&Sday/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sfü
],leyfpf} trnf&Sd vkyfief;&SifBuD; wpfOD;onf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk
tenf;qH;k aom twd;k EIe;f jzifh aiGacs;ay;&m b*Fvm;a'h&rfS S qif;&J
om;aygif;rsm;pGm tqifajyoGm;Muonf/ ,cifu olaX;rsm;udo k m
ydu
k qf aH cs;Muonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk racs;ay/ xdUk aMumifh qif;&J
om;rsm;rSm 'ku©EGHrS rwufEkdifawmhay/
,leyfp\ f enf;onf qif;&Jom; trsm;pkukd trSew f u,f
pD;yGm;a&; tqifajyatmif jyKvyk af y;Edik af omaMumifh ,ckqv kd Qif
tar&dueftygt0if Edik if aH ygif; wpf&meD;yg;onf olUenf;twdik ;f
qif;&Jom;rsm;udk tenf;qHk;aom twdk;EIef;jzifh aiGacs;ay;aeNyD
jzpfonf/
 qif;&Jom;wdkU\zcif ,leyfpfudkvnf; urÇmu Edkb,fqk
BuD;udk csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU? awmifpvif;
wdkufopf? 0g;cif;ukef;q&mawmf OD;wdu©\ tpazmfay;rIaMumifh
ema&;ulnDrItoif;BuD; wpfjynfvHk;wGif ay:vm&m qif;&Jom;
rsm;rSm aoa&;twGuf pdwfat;Mu&NyD jzpfonf/
cGm&ef cufaom avmuD tpGJtvrf;awGudk cGmcsum
tokb,mOfukd ud, k w
f ikd af rmif;Ny;D ydUk ay;aom ½ky&f iS o
f ½kyaf qmif
ausmfol\ vkyfaqmifrIudkvnf; jrefrmjynfom;wdkUu b,faom
tcgrS arhvrd rhf nf r[kwaf y/ ,cktcg qif;&Jom;wdUk \ pD;yGm;a&;
twGuf oma&;ulnDrItoif; wpfckom vdkygawmhonf/
oma&;ulnDrItoif;BuD;udk pGrf;Edkifolwpfa,mufuom
pwifvu kd rf nfqv kd Qif wpfjynfv;kH aemufu vdu k v
f mrSm rvGaJ y/
jrefrmwdkUwGif arG;vmuwnf;u u½kPmESvHk;om; ygvmNyD;om;
jzpfonf/ qif;&Jom;wdUk tm; t&if;tES;D axmufy&hH ef oma&;ulnrD I
toif;Bu;D twGuf jrefrmjynfwiG f aemufvu kd af umif;rsm; trsm;
tjym;&Sdygonf/
pwifrnfh acgif;aqmifaumif;om vdyk gawmhonf/ ajym&J
ygonf/ xdo k ma&;ulnrD t I oif;Bu;D udk pwifo\ l emrnfukd jrefrm
vlrsK;d tqufqufonf b,faomtcgrS arhaysmufvrd rhf nf r[kwf
ay/ pm&Guaf y:wGif a&;xm;aom pmonfom obm0\ wdu k pf m;
rIaMumifh MumvmvQif aysmufcsif aysmufayvdrfhrnf/
 ESvHk;om;wGif a&;xm;aom emrnfonfum; aqGpOfrsKd;
quf o,faqmifomG ;rnfjzpfaomaMumihf b,faomtcgrS aysmuf
uG,foGm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufudk rodolonf vlU
avmuBuD;udk rdrdtwGuf toHk;csonf/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du
&nf&G,fcsufudk odolonf rdrdudk,fudk avmutwGuf toHk;cs
onf/
om0w¬Nd rKd UxJwiG f awmif;pm;ae&aom rdbrJch ek pfEpS o f m;
t&G,f avmouwdótrnf&dS oli,fav;udk &Sijf yKay;Ny;D &[EÅm
jzpfonftxd jyKpak pmifah &Smufco hJ rl mS bk&m;&Si\
f vuf,mawmf&H
t&Sifom&dykwå&mrax&f udk,fwdkif jzpfonf/
rdbwdUk pGeUf ypfc&H aom Z#dvolaX;tavmif; oli,fav;
udk olaX;BuD;b0a&mufonftxd jyKpkapmifha&SmufcJholrSm t&Sif
r[mupönf;rax&f udk,fwdkif jzpfonf/
pdwåZa0'em pGJuyfum udk,fvHk;wD;jzifh avQmufoGm;ae
aom tajctaerJh ry#mudk &[ef;rç0wfay;NyD; &[EÅmjzpfonf
txd jyKpkapmifha&SmufcJholrSm bk&m;&Sif udk,fwdkif jzpfonf/
þtcsuw f Ukd udak xmufí rdbrJu h av;wdUk udk apmifah &Smuf
jcif;? tajctaerJh qif;&Jom;wdUk udk ulnjD cif;wdUk onf ,ckacwfrS
ay:aom txl;tqef;vkyif ef; r[kw/f bk&m;&SiEf iS hf &[EÅmwdUk \
um,uH arwåmESihf um,uH u½kPmudk ñTejf y&m vkyif ef;a[mif;?
usifhpOfa[mif;om jzpfonf/
 vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf suu
f kd
rodaom ynmrJo h nf
vlb
U 0udk umr*kPcf pH m;zdt
Uk wGuf toH;k csí
tyg,af v;yg;odUk oGm;onf/

vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&, G cf suuf kd

odaom ynm&So d nf
vlb
U 0udk ukov kd &f zdt
Uk wGuf toH;k csí
edAmÁ efoUkd oGm;onf/

arwåm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)
(3.8.2008) aeUwGif pwifa&;om;í
(16.9.2009) aeU? rGefjynfe,f?
oxHkNrdKUe,f? usKdauúmf? odrfqdyf&Gm?
jynfhpHkxGef; aq;rsKd;pHka&mif;0,fa&;
rdom;pkwdkU\ aetdrfwGif
a&;om;Ny;D pD;onf/