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ON(CORRUPTION IN INDIA & IT’S COMPARISON WITH OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES)Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the Degree of masters of business administrationSUBMITTED BY:- GUIDEDBY:-Name : FARAZ ALAM MISS
INTROUCTION
:
CORRUPTION
C
ORRUPTION
IS
A
TYPE
OF
STRATEGIC
ACTION
IN
WHICH
TWO
OR
MORE
ACTORS
UNDERTAKE
AN
EXCHANGE
RELATION
BY
WAY
OF
A
SUCCESSFUL
TRANSFER
OF
MONEY
(
MATERIAL
)
OR
POWER
(
POLITICAL
OR
STATUS
)
OR
PROMOTING
OF
GENE
(
GENETIC
),
WHICH
SIDESTEPS
LEGALITY
OR
MORALITY
OR
CIVILITY
TO
REGULATE
THE
RELATION
. I
T
IS
A
STRATEGIC
INTERACTION
OR
AN
ART
OF
NONVIOLENT
NEGOTIATION
. A
S
MENTIONED
BEFORE
,
SOCIAL
ACTION
IS
STRATEGIC
WHEN
IT
IS
AIMED
AT
THE
SUCCESSFUL
REALIZATION
OF
PERSONALLY
DEFINED
GOALS
.C
ORRUPTION
THREATENS
PEOPLE
AND
THEIR
GOVERNMENTS
. I
T
MAKES
SOCIETIES
UNFAIR
. I
T
IS
ARGUED
THAT
BRIBERY
IS
A
NEGOTIATED
RENT
,
AS
THE
BEGINNING
OF
ALL
ILLEGALITIES
AND
TYRANNY
. T
HERE
IS
NO
MORE
POWERFUL
ENGINE
OF
INJUSTICE
AND
CRUELTY
,
FOR
BRIBERY
DESTROYS
BOTH
FAITH
AND
STATE
. T
HE
SERIOUS
CONSEQUENCE
OF
CORRUPTION
THUS
IS
NOT
ONLY
S
TATE
C
APTURE
BUT
ALSO
M
IND
C
APTURE
. C
ORRUPTION
IS
UNIVERSAL
. I
T
IS
PRESENT
IN
DEVELOPED
AND
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
,
IN
THE
BUREAUS
OF
PUBLIC
OR
PRIVATE
SECTORS
,
AND
IN
NONPROFIT
OR
CHARITABLE
ORGANIZATIONS
. S
HIFT
FROM
GOVERNANCE
TO
MANAGEMENT
ONLY
CHANGES
ITS
RESIDENCE
. C
ORRUPTION
IS
NOT
MERELY
IN
THE
MEDIA
OR
IN
THE
MINDS
OF
PEOPLE
AS
IT
IS
SOMETIMES
MADE
OUT
.B
UT
IT
IS
IN
THE
SYSTEM
ALL
ACROSS
THE
PUBLIC
SERVICES
,
IS
WHAT
THIS
STUDY
HIGHLIGHTS
. A
ND
THE
USERS
AND
PROVIDERS
OF
THOSE
PUBLIC
SERVICES
KNOW
WHAT
NEEDS
TO
BE
DONE
TO
ADDRESS
THE
PROBLEM
AS
THIS
STUDY
HAS
BROUGHT
OUT
. C
ORRUPTION
PLAYS
A
CENTRAL
ROLE
IN
POLITICS
THUS
STATE
OBJECTIVES
. R
ENT
SEEKING
AND
RENT
GIVING
ARE
MAJOR
OBSTACLES
IN
THE
PROCESS
OF
PLANNED
CHANGE
OF
ECONOMIC
LAYERS
. A
PROMISE
OF
DEMOCRACY
REMAINS
UNDONE
. H
OWEVER
IT
DOES
ALLOW
SELECTIVE
CHANGE
IN
ECONOMIC
-
CYCLE
OF
AN
INDIVIDUAL
,
AN
INDIVIDUAL
HOUSEHOLD
AND
A
BUSINESS
. C
ORRUPTION
IS
USUALLY
A
KEPT
SECRET
AND
THEREFORE
THE
BEHAVIOR
OF
THE
CORRUPT
AGENT
NEAR
IMPOSSIBLE
TO
OBSERVE
IN
REAL
LIFE
. T
HE
CHARACTER
OF
RENT
-
SEEKING
HAS
ALL
THE
QUALITIES
ONE
CAN
ASK
FOR
SUCH
AS
CHARM
AND
ACTING
TALENT
TO
CREATE
A
MIRROR
IMAGE
OF
THE
TRUTH
I
.
E
.,
OF
AN
ACTOR
;
BOOK
KEEPING
I
.
E
.,
OF
AN
ACCOUNTANT
;
TO
UNDERSTAND
AND
MANIPULATE
RULES
AND
REGULATIONS
AND
ABILITY
TO
PROTECT
,
I
.
E
.
OF
A
CUSTODIAN
.C
AMPAIGNS
AGAINST
CORRUPTION
HAVE
NOT
MET
WITH
MUCH
SUCCESS
. I
T
IS
A
WORRISOME
DEVELOPMENT
.W
HEN
THE
MAJORITY
OF
PEOPLE
OPERATE
UNDER
SUCH
A
SYSTEM
,
INDIVIDUALS
HAVE
NO
INCENTIVE
TO
TRY
TO
CHANGE
IT
OR
TO
REFRAIN
FROM
TAKING
PART
IN
IT
.
O
verview
Taking a worldwide perspective, countries like New Zealand and the Scandinaviancountries are "models of integrity" for the world in terms of their corruption control.
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And almost all of the most corrupt countries are developing nations and many of them are in Asia. Among the Top 20 most corrupt states in the world, a half of themare in Asia; Myanmar (Burma), Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan,Indonesia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos and Pakistan are all on the list, according to the Worldwide Governance Indicators. And India and China are the two "most corrupt trade nations" among the world's Top 30 exporting countries. Corruption is away of life across Asia. While talking about high-level corruption in Asia's threelargest countries -- India, China and Indonesia -- there is a saying, "In India,corruption is under the table; in China, it is over the table; and in Indonesia,corruption includes the table." Whichever way one may wish to read the proverb,"what remains undeniable," says Chan Akya of Asia Times, "is that corruption ismore firmly rooted in Asian culture than is commonly acknowledged." Take a look at today's China. As John Lee of the Center for Independent Studies inSydney, writes, "While the Chinese state is rich and the Chinese Communist Party powerful, civil society is weak and the vast majority of people remain poor. According to studies by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, stealing from the public purse by officials amounts to about 2 percent of GDP each year, and it isrising." Another China corruption watcher, Hong Kong-based Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC), painted an even gloomier picture, "Graft is endemic inChina: according to the most conservative estimates, the magnitude of corruptionranges from 3 percent to 5 percent of annual GDP." A 5 percent of China GDP amounts to approximately $1.5 trillion Yuan ($225 billion in U.S. dollars) or one half of China's GDP annual growth . In today's China, it is no secret that those who have power enjoy countless "fringe benefits." A $500 per plate dinner is done in the nameof official business, a $5,000 overseas trip is made in the name of research or study and a $50,000 government car is purchased for private use only. If China'sauthoritarian one-party state has pushed corruption ahead, India's democratic multi- party system might be worse. As Chan Akya puts it, "Indians do not have a choicewhen it comes to corruption as most of their political parties (with the notableexception of the communists) offer simply varying levels of corruption. The choice istherefore to vote for the communists and risk economic stagnation, or vote for another party and hope that the benefits of growth exceed the cost of corruption." Sothere is some good news for the corrupted Chinese officials or something they could be proud of: On the PERC's Corruption Index, China is not the most corrupt country in the region. China scored 8.33 on a scale of 10 (10 represents the worst possiblescore), Indonesia topped the list with a score of 9.33, with India's 9.3 following closebehind. Even two of America's most important allies in East Asia, South Korea and Taiwan, are not exempt from corruption. Former South Korean president Roh Moohyun committed suicide in late May when he was caught up in corruptioninvestigations. Then in September, in what the media called a "trial of the century,"
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