Thermal efficiency

16,920,000,000
169,200,000
1,692,000,000
1,700,000,000

Energy density http://xtronics.com/reference/energy_density.htm

Energy Density sorted by Wh/l Volumetric
Wh/l relative to GasolineBTU/l
(=1) kJoules/l
Material Volumetric (Wh/l) 1055.6 3.6
Fission of U-235 ### ### 4452444107.62 ###
Boron 38278 3.95 36.26 137800.8
JP10 (dicyclopentadiene) 10,975 1.13 10.4 39510
Diesel 10,942 1.13 10.37 39391.2
Gasoline 9,700 1 9.19 34920
Black Coal solid =>CO2 9444 0.97 8.95 33998.4
LNG 7,216 0.74 6.84 25977.6
Propane (liquid) 7050 0.73 6.68 25380
Black Coal Bulk =>CO2 6278 0.65 5.95 22600.8
Ethanol 6,100 0.63 5.78 21960
hydrazine (Mono-propellant) 5,426 0.56 5.14 19533.6
Thermite Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) -> Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s) (mono
5,114 fuel) 0.53 4.84 18410.4
Methanol 4,600 0.47 4.36 16560
Sodium Borohydride - Theoretical Hydrogen battery 2925.6
- real is about0.3
40% efficient 2.77 10532.16
Liquid H2 2,600 0.27 2.46 9360
Hydrogen Peroxide 100% (mono-propellant rocket 1,187fuel - Often used0.12at 30% or 90%1.12
and correspondingly
4273.2 less dense)
Wood Varies with type of wood and moisture content700 0.07 0.66 2520
150 Bar H2 (without container - big problem!) 405 0.04 0.38 1458
Secondary Lithium - ion Polymer 300 0.03 0.28 1080
Secondary Lithium-Ion 300 0.03 0.28 1080
Primary Zinc-Air 240 0.02 0.23 864
Dry ice sublimation 248 0.03 0.23 892.8
Primary Lithium Sulfur Dioxide 190 0.02 0.18 684
Nickel Metal Hydride (not discounted for high discharge100rates) 0.01 0.09 360
Wood pellets (pelletizing energy subtracted?) 100 0.01 0.09 360
Flywheel 210 0.02 0.2 756
Liquid N2 65 0.01 0.06 234
Lead Acid Battery 40 0 0.04 144
Propane (Gas - 1 bar) 28.1 0 0.03 101.16
Compressed Air 17 0 0.02 61.2
Ice to water 9.3 0 0.01 33.48
STP H2 (no container) 2.7 0 0 9.72
Boost cap 1.72 0 0 6.19
* = without container Some numbers from Don Lancaster
** - seems low?
*** Types of coal vary widely - coal => CO2 4816 - 8722 Wh/kg

Some Fuels that won't work

Bio Fuel Very limited supply of used cooking oil - Moving from food crops to fuel will cause starvation and produce a lot

Solar Cells As of today, it takes about 20 years of constant use to get the energy used in manufacturer back out - if the lif

Hydrogen Embrittles its container (explodes pores in metals - forms brittle hydrates) is one of the most dangerous gases

Batteries No one talks about battery wear out - energy density goes down as the batteries wear out. Manufacturing exotic

uranium as a fuel. approximately 45,000,000 Wh/l and 2,000,000 Wh/kg ????? Need a verified number??

Carbon => CO2 9111Wh/kg

Carbon => CO 6306Wh/kg

coal 1.346 g/cc

Anhydrous ammonia has a hydrogen density of 0.12 gm/cm^3

http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/Tatya
naNektalova.shtml
The energy density or energy content is
also a very important factor. Energy
density is the amount of energy stored in a
given system or region of space per unit
volume (MJ/L) or mass (MJ/kg). The
greater the energy density the more energy
may be stored or transported for the same
amount of mass or volume. Appropriate
units must be used for the proper situation.
For example, when comparing the energy
content of hydrogen fuel to diesel fuel,
hydrogen has a higher density per unit
mass than diesel, but a lower energy
density per unit volume. The energy
density for diesel fuel ranges from 32 to 40
megajoules per liter (MJ/L).

1 Therm = 100,000 Btu

1 Btu = 1055.6 Joules (J)
1 MJ = 106 J
1 GJ = 10 9 J
1 TJ = 1012 J
1 PJ = 1015 J
29.0 PJ = 1 million tonnes of coal equivalent
41.868 PJ = 1 million tonnes of oil equivalent
3.60 MJ = 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)
1 barrel condensate = 0.935 barrels of oil equivalent
1 PJ of Natural Gas = 172,000 barrels of oil equivalent
1 tonne LPG = 8.46 barrels of oil equivalent
1 cubic meter (m3) = 35.315 cubic feet
 1 tonne = 1000 Kg
1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels

Emission indices (Kg CO 2/GJ)

LPG 60
Natural Gas 58
Crude Oil 76
Coal (electricity) 290

http://astro.berkeley.edu/~wright/fuel_energy.html Fuel Energy Density

NB: Actual calorific values vary depending on fuel composition.

Solid Fuel GJ/tonne

Black Coal Export coking 29
coal
Export 27
steaming coal
Local coal 24
(electricity)

Brown Coal 9.5

Coke 27
Wood Dry 16.2
Bagasse 9.6
Plant Biomass Cotton trash 18

Gaseous Fuel MJ/m3

Natural Gas 39
Ethane 66
LPG Propane 93.3
LPG butane 124
Town Gas reformed gas 20
Gas coke oven 18.1
Gas blast furnace 4

Liquid Fuel MJ/litre Litre/Tonne

LPG propane 25.3 1960
LPG butane 27.7 1750
LPG mixture 25.7 1928
Gasoline aviation 33 1412
Gasoline automotive 34.2 1360
Kerosene power 37.5 1230
Kerosene turbine fuel 36.8 1261
Kerosene lighting 36.6 1270
Heating Oil 37.3 1238
Diesel Oil automotive 38.6 1182
Diesel Oil industrial 39.6 1135
Fuel Oil low sulphur 39.7 1110
Fuel Oil high sulphur 40.8 1050
Refinery Fuel 40.9 1050
Naphtha 31.4 1534
Lubricants 38.8 1120
 Bitumen 44 981
Solvents 34.4 1229
Waxes 38.8 1180
Crude Oil 38.7 1160
Ethanol 23.4 1266
LNG -160C & 25 2174
300kPa

Uranium GJ/tonne
Uranium metal (U) 560,000
Uranium oxide (U 3O8) 470,000

1 m/s = 3.6 kph

1 Wh = 3600 J
1 mile = 1.61 km
1 gallon = 3.79 L
Petrol energy content
3.22E+07
= J/L
Petrol density = 0.75 kg/L
 Emission indices (Kg CO 2/GJ)

LPG 60
Natural Gas 58
Crude Oil 76
Coal
(electricity) 290
90,000,000

energy_density.htm equiv GJ/tonne

MJ/l kWh/l GJ/l Wh/kg BTU/kg kJoules/kg MJ/kg kWh/kg GJ/kg
1000 3.6 1000 Gravimetric (Wh/kg)
1055.6 3.6 1000 3.6 1000
### ### 16920000 25000000000 ### ### 90000000 25000000 90000
137.8 38.28 0.14 16361 15.5 58899.6 58.9 16.36 0.06
39.51 10.98 0.04 11,694 11.08 42098.4 42.1 11.69 0.04
39.39 10.94 0.04 13,762 13.04 49543.2 49.54 13.76 0.05
34.92 9.7 0.03 12,200 11.56 43920 43.92 12.2 0.04
34 9.44 0.03 6667 6.32 24001.2 24 6.67 0.02
25.98 7.22 0.03 12,100 11.46 43560 43.56 12.1 0.04
25.38 7.05 0.03 13,900 13.17 50040 50.04 13.9 0.05
22.6 6.28 0.02 6667 6.32 24001.2 24 6.67 0.02
21.96 6.1 0.02 7,850 7.44 28260 28.26 7.85 0.03
19.53 5.43 0.02 5,373 5.09 19342.8 19.34 5.37 0.02
18.41 5.11 0.02 1,111 1.05 3999.6 4 1.11 0
16.56 4.6 0.02 6,400 6.06 23040 23.04 6.4 0.02
10.53 2.93 0.01 2840 2.69 10224 10.22 2.84 0.01
9.36 2.6 0.01 39,000 36.95 140400 140.4 39 0.14
4.27 1.19 0 813 0.77 2926.8 2.93 0.81 0
2.52 0.7 0 3154.5 2.99 11356.2 11.36 3.15 0.01
1.46 0.41 0 39,000 36.95 140400 140.4 39 0.14
1.08 0.3 0 665 0.63 2394 2.39 0.67 0
1.08 0.3 0 110 0.1 396 0.4 0.11 0
0.86 0.24 0 300 0.28 1080 1.08 0.3 0
0.89 0.25 0 159 0.15 572.4 0.57 0.16 0
0.68 0.19 0 170 0.16 612 0.61 0.17 0
0.36 0.1 0 60 0.06 216 0.22 0.06 0
0.36 0.1 0 4,700 4.45 16920 16.92 4.7 0.02
0.76 0.21 0 120 0.11 432 0.43 0.12 0
0.23 0.07 0 55 0.05 198 0.2 0.06 0
0.14 0.04 0 25 0.02 90 0.09 0.03 0
0.1 0.03 0 13,900 13.17 50040 50.04 13.9 0.05
0.06 0.02 0 34 0.03 122.4 0.12 0.03 0
0.03 0.01 0 9.3 0.01 33.48 0.03 0.01 0
0.01 0 0 39,000 36.95 140400 140.4 39 0.14
0.01 0 0 2.98 0 10.73 0.01 0 0
cause starvation and produce a lot of pollution.

d in manufacturer back out - if the life span of solar cells that long. Perhaps lower energy manufacturing methods will one day be figured ou

is one of the most dangerous gases to handle - explosive from 4 - 96% concentration. You would have to store vehicles outside - no tunne

eries wear out. Manufacturing exotic batteries causes more pollution than they could possibly prevent. Energy density is still 2 magnitudes

a verified number??
GJ/tonne
49.6
49.1
49.6
49.6
46.4
46.1
46.4
46.5
46.2
45.6
44.9
44.1
42.9
42.9
481
43.4
42.7
44
45.8
44.9
29.6
54.4
Hydrogen density

0.23 gm/cm3

0.068 gm/cm3
thods will one day be figured out - they would have to be a magnitude or two improved to make these practical.

tore vehicles outside - no tunnel use etc. Besides the most economical way to produce hydrogen is from oil - Best way to store hydrogen is

y density is still 2 magnitudes from practical.

st way to store hydrogen is as gasoline - as there is more hydrogen in a gallon of Gasoline than in a gallon of liquid hydrogen. In any article
uid hydrogen. In any article you read about hydrogen, it is a good idea to replace the words"hydroge n economy" with "boondoggle" to get a
with "boondoggle" to get a clearer meaning.