‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪٢٠٠٦‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ .١٩٩٥ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
، ٪٤٩ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،٪١٠ − ‫א‬ – ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬
. ‫א‬
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the effects resulting from applying the General
Agreement of Trade in Service (GATS) – activated since 1995 – on the Egyptian
tourism sector. The study presents the importance of the tourism sector amongst the
service sector in Egypt, as well as identifies the Egyptian and International schedules of
commitments displayed in the GATS; also the study discusses the challenges faced by
the tourism sector and how to get over it.
The study concludes that the GATS is an effective framework to increase the
competitiveness of the Egyptian tourism sector; it gives the opportunity to attract more
FDI to tourism sector due as it puts no limitations on the foreign share in investment
except in North Sinai and South Sinai Governorates – should not exceed 49% - as for
foreign labor it should not exceed 10% at any tourism organizations including its
branches, also it poses no limitations on tourism conferences activities, tourism training
organizations, tourism management services and tourism transportation except for river
transportations and food catering in the airport. However it should be taken into
consideration that there are various restrictions to increase the competitiveness of
Egypt's Tourism sector in the short run, these are, for instance, the sensitivity of the
sector to different external factors, problems concerning the quality and efficiency of
tourism infrastructure and workers' skills in this sector.
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪٤ ...........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٦ .....................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٦ ............................ .................................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١ .١‬‬
‫‪٩ ........................... ............................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢ .١‬‬
‫‪١٤ ................................ ..........................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .١‬‬

‫( ‪١٧..........................................‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١٧ ................................ ...........................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٢‬א‬
‫‪١٩ ........................... .......................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٢‬א‬
‫‪٢١ ......................... ...............................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .٢‬‬
‫‪٢١ ........................... ................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٤ .٢‬א א‬
‫‪٢٣ ......................... ..............:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٢‬א‬

‫‪٢٦ .......................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٦ ......................... ...................... :‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٣‬א‬
‫‪٢٨ ........................ .............................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٣‬א א‬
‫"‪٣٢ ......................... ...................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .٣‬‬

‫‪٣٤.................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣٤ .......................... ......................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١ .٤‬‬
‫‪٣٦ .......................... .................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢ .٤‬‬
‫‪٣٨ .......................... ...................................:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ٣ .٤‬א‬

‫‪٤٢.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٤٦.......................................................................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٤٨......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫)‪.(٢٠٠٣ – ٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٠٣ – ٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠٠ – ١٩٩٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(٤‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫)‪.(٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ − ٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ − ٢٠٠٢ /٢٠٠١‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ −٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥ − ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥ − ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥ − ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٧٥‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٢٠ ،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٣٣,٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪General Agreement of Trade in Service (GATS‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪GATS‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١ .١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،(٢٠٠١‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ " ،(٢٠٠٤‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٨,٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠٣ −٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫)‪.(١‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫)‪(٢٠٠٣ – ٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٫١‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٫٨‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫‪Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2005, CD-ROM.‬‬

‫א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(٢٠٠٣/ ٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٣ ٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٨ ٪٥٥,٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪.(٢‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(٢)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(٢٠٠٣ – ٢٠٠٠) ‫א‬

٪
٦٠
٥٨ ٥٥٫٩ ٥٦٫٧ ٥٥٫٢
٤٥

٣٠

١٥

٠
٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠١ ٢٠٠٢ ٢٠٠٣

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2005, CD-ROM.

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٩٩٧ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٠٠٠ ٪٤٩,١ ١٩٩٧ ٪٤٦,٢ ‫א‬ ،٢٠٠٠
.(٣)
(٣)
(٢٠٠٠ – ١٩٩٧) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٪
٦٠
٤٧٫٩ ٤٨٫٧ ٤٩٫١
٤٦٫٢
٤٥

٣٠

١٥

٠
١٩٩٧ ١٩٩٨ ١٩٩٩ ٢٠٠٠

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2005, CD-ROM.

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢ .١‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٣,٤‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،(٢٠٠٠‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪. ٥ −٢‬‬ ‫)‪،(٤٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫) ‪(٤‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫) ‪(٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ − ٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪‬‬
‫‪٤٫٠‬‬

‫‪٣٫٤‬‬
‫‪٣٫٠‬‬
‫‪٢٫٩‬‬
‫‪٢٫٠‬‬
‫‪٢٫١‬‬
‫‪١٫٨‬‬
‫‪١٫٠‬‬

‫‪٠٫٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣/٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤/٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Labor Induced‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١,٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א א ‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪.(٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫) ‪(٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫) ‪(٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ − ٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪‬‬
‫‪٢٫٠‬‬

‫‪١٫٥‬‬
‫‪١٫٢‬‬ ‫‪١٫٥‬‬
‫‪١٫٣‬‬ ‫‪١٫٤‬‬
‫‪١٫٠‬‬

‫‪٠٫٥‬‬

‫‪٠٫٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣/٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٤/٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬

‫‪.http://www.mop.gov.eg/work.htm‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٢/١٩٩١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥,٧‬‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٩‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،Tourism Satellite Account (TSA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪Organization for Economic Co- (OECD‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪operation and Development‬‬

‫‪.٢٠٠٤/٢٠٠٣ −٢٠٠٣ /٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٦٦٥,٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪٩٤٥,٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪٢٨٠,٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א ‪١٤,١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪٣٦‬‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥ /٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٪٤٢,٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠١/٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٪٥,٩‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪٪٥,٢‬‬ ‫‪−،٪٢٨,٣‬‬ ‫‪٪٢٣,١‬‬
‫)‪.(٦‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫‪ ،"٢٠٠٤‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ " ،(٢٠٠٤‬א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.٢٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠١/٢٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺤﺼﻼت‬ ‫اﻹﻳﺮادات‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺼﻼت‬ ‫اﻹﻳﺮادات‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺼﻼت‬ ‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٪ ٢٣‬‬ ‫‪٪ ٣٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺼﻼت‬
‫‪٪ ٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٪ ٤٣‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫‪٪٢‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫‪٪‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫دﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫دﺧﻞ‬
‫‪٪٦‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫‪٪‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٪ ٢٣‬‬

‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪− ١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫*‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪.(٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪٢٣,٥ ٪٢٠,٥‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬

‫א אא א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٢٠,٧ ٪١٧,٤‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א אא א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪( ٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤ − ٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫‪٢٣٫٤‬‬
‫‪٢٢٫٣‬‬
‫‪٢٠٫٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٫٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٫٧‬‬
‫‪١٩٫٤‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪١٧٫٤‬‬ ‫‪١٧٫٦‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬

‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠١/٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٣/٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪*٢٠٠٤/٢٠٠٥‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﺎدرات )اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻹﻳﺮادات اﻟﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪− ١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫*‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٥/٢٠٠٤‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .١‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٢ −٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪،(٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٦‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٨٠‬‬
‫‪Partners‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،Owners‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٢‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،٪٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥‬‬ ‫‪،٪٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٪٥٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،crowding‬‬ ‫‪out‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‪،(GATS‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(GATS‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪−‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ١٩٩٣ ١٩٨٦‬א‬ ‫א –‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−١٩٤٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ GATS‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫>‪< http:// www.ahlan.com/atr/wto/tourism.doc/‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،(٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪.٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫‪:(MFN) ١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫• א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫• א א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٢‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsfacts1004_e.pdf‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣ .٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

:
‫א‬ : M1: Cross Border Supply ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.(Call centers) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ : M2: Consupmtion Abroad: ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : M3: Commercial Presence ‫א‬ ‫• א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ :M4: Presence of Natural Persons ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
.١ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ٤ .٢

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
:

١
www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/guide1_e.htm ، ٢٠٠٦ ١٤ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‪: Market Access (MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:National Treatment (NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:None −‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:Unbound −‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:Unbound* −‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:Limitations −‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪Economic Needs‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪، Test‬‬ ‫)‪(ENT‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٥ .٢‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬

‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪Tourism‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪and Travel Related Services‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪World Trade Organization (1998), "Tourism Services", WTO Council for Trade in Services, P.2‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫)‪(OECD‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(TSA‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪– NT‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(٢) (١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ١ .٣‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢١٩٩٥/٦/٣٠‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.١٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪،(٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.٤٣ −٤٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،(٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٩٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ )،‬א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢ .٣‬א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫( א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :M1‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،٪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،٪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫‪:M3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫• א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣ .٣‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥ – ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١ .٤‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥ – ١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١٣٢١‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١١٩١‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٧٩١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫) ‪(٨‬‬

‫‪٢٠٠٥ –١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫‪١٥٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٣٢١‬‬
‫‪١٢٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٠١٠‬‬
‫‪١١٩١‬‬
‫‪٩٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٩١‬‬
‫‪٧٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٩٩٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٥٢‬‬
‫‪٦٣٢‬‬
‫‪٣٠٠‬‬

‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪١٩٩٠ ١٩٩١ ١٩٩٢ ١٩٩٣ ١٩٩٤ ١٩٩٥ ١٩٩٦ ١٩٩٧ ١٩٩٨ ١٩٩٩ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠١ ٢٠٠٢ ٢٠٠٣ ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق واﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א ‪١٢١‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א ‪١٧١‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬
‫)‪.(٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٤١‬‬

‫) ‪(٩‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٥ –١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫أﻟﻒ وﺣﺪة‬
‫‪٣٥٠‬‬
‫‪٣٤١‬‬
‫‪٣٠٠‬‬
‫‪٢٢٧٫٢‬‬
‫‪٢٥٠‬‬

‫‪٢٠٠‬‬
‫‪١٢٠٫٩‬‬ ‫‪١٧٠٫٨‬‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠١٫٤‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫‪١١٣٫٦‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٥١٫٢‬‬ ‫‪٦٥٫٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪١٩٩٠ ١٩٩١ ١٩٩٢ ١٩٩٣ ١٩٩٤ ١٩٩٥ ١٩٩٦ ١٩٩٧ ١٩٩٨ ١٩٩٩ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠١ ٢٠٠٢ ٢٠٠٣ ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻐﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﺳﺮة‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٨,٦‬‬ ‫‪،١٩٩٥‬‬ ‫‪٣,١‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬
‫‪٢٠,٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א ‪٨٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٥‬‬

‫)‪(١٠‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٥ –١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن وﺣﺪة‬ ‫‪٨٥٫٢‬‬

‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٫٨‬‬
‫‪٢٠٫٥‬‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٩٫٩‬‬ ‫‪٨٫٦‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٫٥‬‬
‫‪٢٫٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٫١‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪١٩٩٠ ١٩٩١ ١٩٩٢ ١٩٩٣ ١٩٩٤ ١٩٩٥ ١٩٩٦ ١٩٩٧ ١٩٩٨ ١٩٩٩ ٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠١ ٢٠٠٢ ٢٠٠٣ ٢٠٠٤ ٢٠٠٥‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻠﻴﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢ .٤‬‬

‫א א א א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.١٩٨١‬‬ ‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٠‬‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Hala Mohamed Sakr (2004), GATS Potential Impact on Tourism (Egypt: A Case Study), PhD Thesis,‬‬
‫‪Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, p. 30.‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ −،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ٣ .٤‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ibid, pp. 39 - 42.‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫•א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٪٨٨‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٪١٢‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٪٨١ ٪٧٠ ٪٧٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٪١٩ ،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٣٣‬‬
‫‪٪٣ ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٪١٦ ،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪" ،(٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٨‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،(٢٠٠٢‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٩‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪" ،(٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫– א‬ ‫– א א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א‬ ‫) א א‬ ‫א ‪١٧‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪...‬א (‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪ −‬א א א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪" ،(٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٣١‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.١٣٣‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬א‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫– א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪.٢٧‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،(٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫א )‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫"‪ − "Fitur Fair‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫"‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ − ١٩٨١‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫•‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(Charter Flights‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(Open Skies‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.١٩٧٥‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(Packages‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
٤٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬:

،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ،(٢٠٠٢) ، ‫א‬ •

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬،(٢٠٠٠ )، ، ‫א‬ •
.(٤٠) ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،" ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ " א‬،(٢٠٠٤) ، ‫א‬ •
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،"
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬،(٢٠٠٢ )، ‫א‬ •
، ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫ א‬،" ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ،(٢٠٠٥) ، ‫א‬ •
. ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫ א‬،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " ،(٢٠٠٢ )، ‫א‬ •
. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬،(٢٠٠١ )، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
، ‫ א‬،"٢٠٠٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ " א‬،(٢٠٠٤) ، ‫א א‬ •
. ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬:

• Sakr, Hala Mohamed, (2004), GATS Potential Impact on Tourism (Egypt: A Case
Study), PhD Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University.
• World Trade Organization, (1998), "Tourism Services", WTO Council for Trade in
Services.
٤٧ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ :
GATS ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א‬ •
.٢٠٠٦ ١٨،" ‫א‬ ‫א‬
< http:// www.ahlan.com/atr/wto/tourism.doc/>

" ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،( ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

<http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsfacts1004_e.pdf>

، ٢٠٠٦ ١٤ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •

<http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gats_factfiction_e.htm>

‫א‬ ‫א‬: ‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫ א א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ، ‫א‬ •
.٢٠٠٦ ١٤ ،
‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪ ١٩٨١‬א‬ ‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٪١٠‬‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،(M3 & M4‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫& ‪(M1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪M2‬‬
 ‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.٪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪− ٪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫‪ ٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٩٦٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫*‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٪٤٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬
‫)‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫*‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬
‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫*‬
‫א‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫)‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢٠٢٠‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א א ‪ ،‬א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.٢٠٢٠‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫אא‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬
‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
 ‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪:(MA‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
 ‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫)‪:(MA‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(MA‬‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪،‬‬
 ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪M4‬‬ ‫‪M3‬‬ ‫‪M2‬‬ ‫‪M1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א )‪:(MA‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪:(MA‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫)‪:(MA‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪:(NT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬