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Email: ali_azawy2000@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Radar data HgT is one of the important sources used in many of geographical information
system GIS. Such data are more accurate and efficient than spatial data. In addition, various
geomorphologic, geologic and geographic data that could be dealt with in various geographical
information could be derived due to the availability of attached spatial and digital information illustrated
by tables showing geographical scene under study. Radar data are also characterized by the possibility of
exporting data with various modes including DEM, DXF, XYZ, Arc Ascii, Geo Tiff etc. DEM that could
be derived from radar data is the base for most of geomorphologic and geographical studies and
features, such as geomorphologic analysis of area, geomorphologic imitation like calculating slope,
terrains concavity and convexity, deriving information pertaining to hydrologic surface like atomic
development, water division line and form coefficient. DEM could also be used in vision determination,
roads planning and floods prediction.

This study aims at using digital elevation model(DEM) derived from radar data as part of Mosul
to derive information related to Mosul geomorphology. This include the calculation of inclination
coefficient, slope, direction and range of concavity and convexity.

Radar statements of the American shuttle N36Hgt are used as source for data to derive DEM
using Global Mapping and Arc GIS softwares with their 3D analysis in addition to WMS software
exported to Arc GIS to calculate inclination, slope and shadow analysis after transforming DEM from
vector to raster.

Final practical outputs are in GIS software and they explain the quantity of data and
information derived from DEM in the form of maps showing the geomorphologic features like contour,
inclination, slope and shadows analysis.

The study sums up with the following:

1. The accuracy of outputs derived by GIS to calculate inclination, slope, direction and shadow
maps.
2. The possibility of GIS to conduct mathematical operations on maps and analyze results in the
form of maps to calculate inclination coefficient and analyzing results with maps.
3. Results of map outputs show the position of inclination, slope and direction.
4. The possibility of maximum use of radar data given the shuttle in various scientific fields, like
geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geography, engineering and agriculture.

1
 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ)‪(hgt‬ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ)‪(GIS‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪،‬ﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺃﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻝﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺒﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒـﺼﻴﻎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤﻨـﻪ)‪Dem.Arc ASCII Grid.Dxf‬‬
‫‪ (idrisi.surferGrid.xyzGrid .GeoTiff.‬ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ)‪ (DEM‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻜﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻜﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭل ﻭﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻴﻀﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ‪ DEM‬ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ HGT‬ﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﺤﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺨﺼﻭﺹ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝـﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪ N36HGT‬ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻔـﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜـﻲ ‪NASA‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ‪ DEM‬ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ Global Mapper.8‬ﻭﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪ ARC GIS.9‬ﺒﺎﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻨﻲ ‪Spatial‬‬
‫‪ analysis‬ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ‪. 3D Analysis‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻨﻅـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻎ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝﺠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻼل‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻔـﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻴﻤﻭﺭﻓﻭﻝـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻜـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـ‬
‫ـﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺼـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪:‬‬
‫ ا ذج ا  
س ‪DEM‬وا " ! ﻡ اﻥت اادار أ‪%‬ى ا 'ﻥت‬
‫ا‪, --,‬ﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا(‪،‬وا‪4/‬ة ا    ‪  -2 3
4‬ج ا‪1‬اص ا 
‪/‬‬
‫ﺏ‪:9‬ا( ا ‪ /9‬وا‪/ -‬اء ا 
ﻡت ‪ 4‬ﺕر‪ ،36‬ﺕ? ه=<  
ﻡت ( ا ﻡ‬
‫ا *‪2‬ت ا
 وا ‪ ، /9‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ا =ﺝ ا* ر(* وارا‪-‬ت ا‪ B‬وا ‪A‬آة‬
‫ا‪3‬روﺝ وه‪ -‬ا‪9‬ق وا‪2‬ﺕ‪2D‬ت وإدارة ا ارد ا‪.9‬‬
‫(? ﻡ*ل ا* ر(*  ' ا‪  -‬ج و‪6%‬ب ا ‪A‬ت وا ‪ I‬واﺕ*< ا ‪/ I‬ط ا ذج‬
‫ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ‪ /M‬ا ‪ I
A‬ا‪
1‬ي ‪ Q
4‬ﻡ‪9‬ت ا ذج إﺽ( ا‪ Q‬ﺕ‪ I
A‬ا‪P+‬ل وﻡى اؤ‬
‫وﺕ‪ A‬ﻡ‪ !M‬ادم وا‪3‬م‪/ ،‬م ه=ا ا‪ VA‬ﻥ ﺉ‪
4 T‬ت اﺵ ‪/‬ق ا 
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ ذج‬
‫ا س ا  ﺏ‪ 42‬د ‪ Q
4‬ﻥ‪+‬م ا ‪ IA‬ﻡ ا‪+‬م ا‪ 91‬ا‪ Q‬ا‪+‬م ا‪
1‬ي او‬
‫ا ‪DA
(Vector to Raster)%6‬ل ‪ Q
4‬أ(‪ I‬ﺕ ‪ IX‬ﻡ ' 
‪+‬اه ا ر‪W* 6‬ء‬
‫ﻡ ﻡ‪ /9‬ا ﺹ‪ ، I‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام أ‪%‬ث ﺏﻡ*ت اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( وه ﺏﻥﻡ*‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(Global Mapper v.8.0 & Arc Gis v. 9.0‬‬
‫أه ا ‪:67‬‬
‫ﺕ *‪ 6‬أه  ا‪ ( VA‬ا‪ 4‬د أ‪
-‬ب ﺕ‪ /‬ﻡ ‪9‬ر ( ارا‪-‬ت ا* ر(*‬
‫ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﻡ ‪ Q
4‬أ‪
-‬ب ﻥ =ﺝ ا س ا  ﺏ‪1 -‬ام اﻥت‬
‫اادار ﻡ ا 'ك ا?ﺉ ا‪2‬ﻡ' ‪ ، NASA‬و ‪ IX‬ه=ا ا ذج ‪4‬ة ﻡ
ﻡﺕ ‪2‬ﺵ ‪/‬ق‬
‫اﻥت ﻡ ‪ 4‬ا‪D1‬ﺉ] ا* ر(* ﺕ ‪ 4‬اا^ ا‪ /9
 //A‬وإﺥاﺝ‪Q
4 3‬‬
‫ﺵ'‪ I‬ﺥاﺉ` ر  ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ﺏاﻡ‪ T‬اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 89‬ا ‪ 67‬وأها‪::‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻡ"'
 ا‪ ( VA‬أ‪
-‬ب ا‪ 4‬د ﺕ‪/‬ت اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ( ﺏء ‪4‬ة‬
‫ﻡ
ﻡﺕ د‪ 4 
 /‬ا‪D1‬ﺉ] ا* ر(* ‪ V% ،‬ان ا‪9‬ق ا ‪ 
/‬ا ‪1 6‬ﻡ (‬
‫‪
4‬ت ا ‪ I
A‬ا* ر(* ﺕ"ﺏ‪ 3‬ا'‪ X‬ﻡ ا‪,‬ﺥ‪9‬ء و‪4‬م ا ( ا ﺉ‪4 P( T‬‬
‫ا*‪ 3‬وا‪ b‬وا'
?‪ ،‬ان ا‪1 -‬ام ﺕ‪ /‬اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺕ ' ﻡ ﻡ* ه=<‬
‫ا "'
 وا‪DA‬ل ‪ Q
4‬ﻡ
ﻡت د‪1
 /‬ﺝت ا " ‪ /‬ﻡ ﻥ ذج ا س ا  ﻡ ‬
‫'‪ Q
4 c‬د ﺕ?‪ 6‬ا‪D1‬ﺉ] ا* ر(* إﺽ( ا‪ 4- Q‬ا‪DA‬ل ‪ Q
4‬ا ﺉ‪.T‬‬
‫و‪3‬ف ا‪ VA‬ا‪ Q‬ﻡﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺕﺽ‪?
 g‬ه[ وا‪ h-,‬ا ‪1 6‬ﻡ ( اﺵ ‪/‬ق اﻥت ﻡ ﻥ ذج ا س ا ‬
‫
 ‪ 4‬ا =ﺝ ا* ر(*‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬إﺏاز أه  ﻡ‪ T3‬ا ‪ ( I
A‬ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( وﺽورﺕ‪
9  3‬ت ا‪VA‬‬
‫ا* ر(*‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫>‪2‬م ذج ا;س ا‪DEMS,.‬‬
‫ ‪ kl‬ﻥ ذج ا س ا  ‪ DEM‬ﻡ ‪ 
6
-‬ﻡ ا‪/‬ط ا ﺝدة ‪g9- Q
4‬‬
‫ا‪,‬رض وا و( ا‪2‬رﺕ?ع ‪ V%‬ﺕﺕ` ‪ 4‬د ﻡ^ ﻡ‪ 6‬ى ‪ g9-‬ا‪ A‬او ﻡ^ أي ﻡ
ﻡ‬
‫ا‪ 2 -‬أﺥى ‪ Datum ،‬وﺕﺕ` أ(‪ /‬ﺏ"' ا و( ( أ‪--‬ت ا‪1‬اﺉ` ‪،‬و [ ﺕ"'‪I‬‬
‫ه=< ا‪/‬ط ﻡ ﺥ‪P‬ل ‪
4‬ت ا ‪ g6‬ا‪ 
/A‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ‪ GPS‬او ﻡ ﺥ‪P‬ل ﺕ‪/‬ت ا ‪ D‬ا*ي‬
‫وﺕ ‪ IX‬ه=< ا‪/‬ط ﻡ*  ا"'‪ I‬ا‪ g96 -3‬ا‪,‬رض‪.‬‬
‫و ‪ A‬ﻡ?‪3‬م ا ذج ﻥرد ﺏ‪ o‬ا ر‪.k‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺕ‪ k‬ﺏرخ)‪4 ( Burrough‬م ‪ 1989‬وا=ي اآ ‪ Q
4‬ان ﻥ ذج ا س ا ‬
‫‪ DEM‬ه ﺕ ‪ IX‬ر   )ات ا ر‪ c‬ا ‪ 6‬ة ‪ 4‬ا *ل)‪. (1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺕ‪ k‬ﻡ*)‪4 ( Maguir D.J0‬م ‪ 1991‬ا ذج ﺕ ‪ IX‬ر  *‪W‬ء ﻡ ‪g9-‬‬
‫ا‪,‬رض ﺏ"'‪ I‬ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد‪.(2) XYZ [/ 3D‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺕ‪4 ESRI k‬م ‪ 2001‬ا ذج ‪4‬رة ‪ 
4 4‬ﺕ ‪ IX‬ا ا‪+ VX‬هة ﻡ‪ 6‬ة‬
‫ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ‪ /M‬ﻡ )‪.(3‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺕ‪ k‬ا ه )‪4 (Ian Heywood‬م ‪ 1999‬وﺹ‪ k‬وﺕ‪ A‬اﻥت ا  ا ‬
‫ﺕ‪ ( I  6‬ﻥ ذج ا‪ g96‬ا‪9‬ﺏ‪:‬ا()‪.(4‬‬
‫ﻡ  ‪ '  !-‬ا‪/‬ل ان ‪ D4‬ا‪2‬رﺕ?ع ﺏ‪+ 6‬هات ا‪ Q
4 g96‬اﺥ ‪P‬ف أﻥا‪ 34‬ﺕ ‪IX‬‬
‫أه[ ﺥ‪D‬ﺉ‪l  ، 3D‬ﺙ ‪w‬هات ا‪,‬رض ﺏ‪ D‬ا‪2‬رﺕ?ع وﺕﺕ` ﺏ‪ x‬ﺏ‪P‬ت ﻡﺝ و‪. (5)-‬‬
‫و ا ذج ا  
س ا‪4/‬ة ا‪ --,‬ا  ﺕﺕ'‪ 3
4 W‬ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا(‬
‫وﺕ‪/9‬ﺕ‪ ( 3‬ﻡ*‪2‬ت ‪ 
4‬ﻡ‪ ،?
1‬و [ ا  ‪ 4‬ا ا‪ VX‬ﺏ‪ (xyz) [/‬ﻡ ﺥ‪P‬ل ﺏاﻡ‪T‬‬
‫ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ﻥ ذج ا س ا  ‪ ، DEM‬وا=ي ‪ Q
4 46‬إﺕ‪%‬‬
‫(ﺹ اؤ ا‪ g96 //A‬ا‪,‬رض آ  ه ‪ Q
4‬ا‪، 9‬ﺙ[ اﺵ ‪/‬ق ا ﻡ ا 
ﻡت‬
‫واﻥت وا‪/A‬ﺉ! ا
 ( ﻡ*ل ا ‪ I
A‬ا* ر(* آء ﺥ‪9‬ط ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و‬
‫وﺕ‪ kD‬ا ‪A‬رات وس اﺕ*هﺕ‪ 3‬ور‪ [-‬ا ‪ ^M/‬ا ر‪ 6‬وﺕ‪ A‬اؤ وﺽ‪P‬ل ا ‪P‬ل‬
‫وا‪96‬ح ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪D‬رة { ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ - 6‬ﺏ‪ h-,‬ا ‪ 
/‬وا  ﺕ( ‪2
%‬‬
‫( وا ‪D‬د د ﻡ ا ‪/9‬ت ا  ﺕ و‪ 3‬اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( (? ا *ل‬
‫ا* ر(* ﺕ‪6‬ه[ ( ‪ I%‬آ‪ X‬ﻡ ا "'‪P‬ت ا‪ B‬و ' ا‪? -2‬دة ﻡ ه=< ا 
ﻡت (‬
‫ﻡ*ل ه‪ -‬ا‪9‬ق وا"'ت وا‪2‬ﺕ‪2D‬ت وﻡ"آ‪ I‬ﺕ ا ﺏ وﺕ‪ [ D‬ا‪1‬ﻡت ا (‪3‬‬
‫وﺕ‪ I
A‬ا ‪6‬رات وا ‪6‬ه  ( ادارة ا ارد ا‪.B‬‬
‫@
در ا 

ت وا ا? ا‪:-‬‬
‫‪
@ -1‬در ا 

ت‬
‫ﺕ
‪ h‬ﻥ‪ 4‬اﻥت وا 
ﻡت ا 'ﻥ وﺥ‪D‬ﺉ‪ 3D‬دورا ﻡ‪ (  3‬ا‪1 -‬ام وﻥ*ح أي ﻥ‪+‬م‬
‫ﻡ
ﻡت ﺝ)ا( )‪ (6‬وﺏ  (ن ﻥ*ح وﺝدة ﺕ ‪ IX‬اا^ ﺏ ذج ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا(‬
‫  ‪ Q
4‬ﺝدة اﻥت ا 'ﻥ ا ‪1 6‬ﻡ ( ﺏء ه=ا ا ذج ‪ ،‬وﺏ‪ [:‬ﻡ ا ع ا'‬
‫( ﻥ‪ 4‬وﺥ‪D‬ﺉ] اﻥت ا 'ﻥ (‪ 3‬ﺕ‪ [6/‬ا‪. 6 Q‬‬
‫ا‪ -‬ﺏ

ت أ
‪ Primary Data:‬وه ﻡ ﻥع اﻥت ا   ' ا‪DA‬ل ‪ 3
4‬ﻡﺵة‬
‫ﻡ ﻡ‪D‬دره آﻥت ا?ﺉ ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﺏ

ت ‪ Secondary Data :
C‬وه اﻥت ا  ﺕ  ‪ Q
4‬اﻥت ا‪.--P‬‬
‫( ا‪ VA‬ا‪ A‬ﺕ[ ا‪ 42‬د ‪ Q
4‬ﻥ‪ 4‬اﻥت ا‪ --,‬وه ﺏﻥت ا 'ك ا?ﺉ‬
‫ا‪2‬ﻡ' ‪ NASA‬ﺏ‪ Hgt )D‬وﺏ‪ B3‬ر  وا  ﺕ ﻡ‪D‬را ﻡ‪}  3‬ﻥ ج ا ذج ا ‬
‫ا *‪  6‬وا  ﺕﺥ‪ I‬ا‪-A‬ب ﻡﺵة وﺽ  ﻡ^ ‪ N36EO43HGT‬ا‪1‬ﺹ ﺏ ‪/9‬‬
‫ا ﺹ‪ I‬وا"'
)‪ (2,1‬ﺽ‪A‬ن ﻡ^ ﻡ‪ /9‬ارا‪.-‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺥر‪ (1)M‬ﻡ‪ /9‬ارا‪-‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ (2)I‬ﻥ ذج ا س ا   ‪ /9‬ارا‪-‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ا ا? ا‪:-‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺏ
? ‪:Global Mapper v 8.0‬‬
‫ ‪ (7)Global Mapper v 8.0‬ﻡ ااﻡ‪ T‬ا ‪ /9‬ا ‪ ( DD1‬اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت‬
‫ا*)ا(‪ ،‬وﻡ ‪4 ( ]D1‬ض ا ذج ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد إﺽ( ا‪ Q‬ا ﻡ‪ I‬ﻡ^ اﻥت ا ‪%6‬‬
‫‪ Raster‬واﻥت ا‪، Factor91‬و ‪ W‬ﺏﻥﻡ‪ W  ، ( Global mapper ) T‬ﺏ‪/‬رة ا‬
‫‪ Q
4‬ﺏء ا ذج ا‪,‬رﺽ ا *‪ DEM, 6‬إﺥاج ا‪,‬ﺵ'ل ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد ر‪ [-‬ا ‪^M/‬‬
‫ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪ ( Profiles ) 4‬ا‪1 -‬اج ا‪91‬ط ا' ر ﻡ اـ ) ‪ ( DEMs‬و( إﻥ ج ‪4‬ة ﺏﻥت‬
‫ﻡ'ﻥ واﻥﻡ‪ W  T‬ﺏ ا(! ( ا‪2‬ﻡ ادات ) ‪ ( Extensions‬ﻡ^ ااﻡ‪ T‬ا  ﺕ‪1 6‬م (‬
‫ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( وإﻡ'ﻥ ﺕ‪ D‬اﻥت ا‪ 
1‬وا‪ 91‬وﺏ‪ D‬ﻡ‪ ?
1‬ا‪ Q‬ﻡ‪[+‬‬
‫ﺏاﻡ‪ T‬اﻥ‪  +‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺏ
? ‪: ARC GIS9.0‬‬
‫) ‪(8‬‬
‫ﻡ اﺵ‪ 3‬ﺏاﻡ‪ T‬ﺵآ أزري ‪ ESRI‬ا‪,‬ﻡ' ا ‪ ( DD1‬ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا(‬
‫ ﻡ‪ I‬ﻡ^ ﻥ ذﺝ اﻥت ا‪ 91‬وا‪ 
1‬ﺕ‪/9‬ت ه=ا اﻥﻡ‪ T‬ه‬
‫‪Arc Catalog‬‬
‫‪Arc Map‬‬
‫‪Arc Toolbox‬‬
‫ا ‪/9‬ت ا‪PX‬ث ﻡ‪ I 
  D‬ﻡ ‪,‬داء ﺝ ^ و‪w‬ﺉ‪ k‬ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( ﺏ"'‪ I‬ﻡ 'ﻡ‪I‬‬
‫‪ ^9 6 V%‬اﻥﻡ‪ T‬ا‪1 -‬ام ودﻡ‪ T‬ا ﺉت ا?ﺉ آ ‪D‬ر 
ﻥت ا ‪1 6‬ﻡ و( إﻥ ج‬
‫ا‪1‬اﺉ` وﺕ‪
4 I36‬ت ‪ ‚?%‬اﻥت ﻡ^ ا‪1‬اﺉ` وإﺝاء ‪
4‬ت ا‪ Q
4 VA‬اﻥت داﺥ‪I‬‬
‫ا*وال وا‪1‬اﺉ` وﺹ^ ا‪1‬اﺉ` ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد و ا}ﺝﺏ ‪ Q
4‬ا‪ ,
B-,‬و[ اﻥﻡ‪4 T‬د‬
‫آ ﻡ ا‪2‬ﻡ ادات ﻡ‪(3D Analysis Spatial Analysis Network Analysis IX‬‬
‫و‪:‬ه‪..‬‬
‫ان اه ه=ا اﻥﻡ‪ ( T‬ا‪ VA‬ا‪l A‬ﺕ ﻡ آﻥ‪ x‬ﻡ ااﻡ‪ T‬ا? وا‪/‬درة ‪Q
4‬‬
‫ا‪/ -‬اء ا 
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ ذج ا س ا  وإﻥ"ء ‪4‬ة ﺏﻥت ﻡ'ﻥ ‪  -2‬ج ا‪1‬اص‬
‫ا 
‪ /‬ﺏ‪:9‬ا( ا ‪ /9‬وا ة ‪ 4‬ا‪D1‬ﺉ] ا* ر(* ا'  ﺕ‪6‬ه[ ( د‪[4‬‬
‫ا‪/‬ارات ووﺽ^ ا‪ c-,‬ا‪1 -2  
6‬اﻡت ا‪,‬رض وﺕ‪ !/A‬ا‪  /‬ا‪D 2‬د ﻡ م‬
‫ا "ر^ ا   [ ﺕ?=ه ﺏا‪ 9-‬ﻥ‪ [+‬ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا(‪.‬‬
‫أ ب ا‪ $‬و‪ 9.
G‬ا‪:?F
G‬‬
‫ﺥ‪9‬ات أ‪
-‬ب ا ‪ ( I‬ا‪ VA‬ﺕ[ ﺏﺥ ر ﻥ ذج ان ا?ﺉ  ‪ /9‬ا ﺹ‪I‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ HGT )D‬وا ‪W1‬وﻥ ﺏ ^ ا?
' ‪ kM 4 N36EO43HGT‬ﺵ' ا‪2‬ﻥ ﻥ‪ b‬ﻡ‬
‫ا ^ ا‪ '2‬وﻥ "آ ‪National Aeronautioties and Space (9) NASA‬‬
‫‪ Administration‬ﻡƒ‪ 6-‬ا?ء وا‪9‬ان ا  ‪. www.nasa.gov‬‬
‫ﺕ[ ﺕ‪ IA‬ﻡ
‪ k‬ا ‪ /9‬ا‪ )D‬ﻥ ذج ا س ا  ‪ DEM‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ﺏﻥﻡ‪Global T‬‬
‫‪ ، Mapper v 8.0‬وﺕ‪ <D‬ا‪ Q‬ﺏﻥﻡ‪ ARC GIS 9.0 T‬و( ه=ا اﻥﻡ‪ T‬ﺕ[ ﺕ‪DEM IA‬‬
‫ا‪ Q‬ﺹ) ‪ !M 4 Raster Elevation‬ﺏﻥﻡ‪ Arc toolbox T‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام از‪.‬‬
‫‪ Conversion toos----to Raster---DEM to Raster‬و( ﺏﻥﻡ‪ ARC MAP T‬ﺕ[‬
‫اﺵ ‪/‬ق ا 
ﻡت ﻡ ﻥ ذج ا س ا  وا 
‪ /‬ﺏ‪D1‬ﺉ] ا* ر(*  ‪/9‬‬
‫ارا‪ -‬ﻡ ‪ 3D Analysis !M‬ﺏ‪ D‬ﺥاﺉ` ﻡ*‪  6‬ﺕ ‪ IX‬ا =ﺝ ا* ر(* 
‪/9‬‬
‫‪– 1‬اﺵ ‪/‬ق ﺥر‪Raster Elevation M‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﺵ ‪/‬ق ﺥر‪ M‬ﺥ‪9‬ط ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و ‪Contours map‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﺵ ‪/‬ق ﺥر‪TIN M‬‬
‫‪ -4‬اﺵ ‪/‬ق ﺥر‪ M‬ا‪ g96‬ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد ‪3D Surface‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪6%-5‬ب ا ‪A‬رات‪Slope‬‬
‫‪6% -6‬ب اﺕ*< ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار ‪Aspect‬‬
‫‪6%-7‬ب ا‪Hill shadeI+‬‬
‫‪6%-8‬ب ﻡى اؤ ‪View shade‬‬
‫‪6%-9‬ب ﻡ‪ ^M/‬ادم وا‪3‬م ‪Cut and full‬‬
‫وﺕ? ه=< ا 
ﻡت ( ‪4‬د آ ﻡ ا *‪2‬ت ا
 وا ‪ /9‬آ ‪ I
A‬ا* ر(*‬
‫وارا‪-‬ت ا‪ B‬وﻥ ذج ا ‪.‬‬
‫(? ا *ل ا* ر(*‬

‫‪-1‬ﺥ
ر‪Raster Elevation H‬‬
‫ﺕ ‪ IX‬ه=< ا‪1‬ر‪ M‬ﺥ‪9‬ط ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و ا " ‪ /‬ﻡ ‪ DEM‬ﺏ‪ /9‬ا‪
1‬‬
‫‪ V% Raster‬ﺕ (‪ 3‬ﻡ‪A‬ت ا ‪ 6‬اﻥ‪ P9‬ﻡ ﺥ‪ P‬ا"' ا  ‪ 34‬ﺏ ر*ت ﻥ‬
‫آ  ( ا"'‪ (3)I‬و [ اﺵ ‪/‬ق ﺝ ^ ا‪1‬اﺉ` وا‪6A‬ﺏت ﻡ‪ ،3‬وﻡ‪ 3‬ﺥر‪ M‬ﺥ‪9‬ط‬
‫ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و ا"'‪. (4)I‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪(3)I‬ﻡ‪ !M‬ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﺵ'‪(4)I‬ﺥ‪9‬ط ا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ا ‪6‬و‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺥ
ر‪ H‬ذج  ‪ 8‬ا‪
KK‬ت ‪ J‬ا‪TIN G‬‬
‫ ‪ IX‬ا"'‪ (5)I‬ﺵ' ا ‪X
X‬ت ‪ :‬ا  ‪ TIN  +‬و ' ﻡ ﺥ‪P‬ل ا ذج ا‪DA‬ل ‪Q
4‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ M ^M/‬و‪4‬ﺽ و(! ﻡ‪6‬ر ﻡ‪A‬دآ   ' ‪6%‬ب ا‪*A‬م ﻡ ﺥ‪ xP‬وه=ا ا ذج ?‬
‫( ﻡ*ل ا‪ -3‬ا ﻥ آرا‪ -‬ا‪9‬ق وﺕ‪ [ D‬ا‪W1‬اﻥت ا‪,‬رﺽ وا ‪9‬رات‪.‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ (5)I‬ﺵ' ا ‪X

X‬ت ‪ :‬ا  ‪TIN  +‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪-3‬ﺥ‪ L‬ذج ا‪ ,CMC NL-‬ا‪O‬ﺏ
د ‪3DSurface‬‬
‫ ‪ IX‬ﻥ ذج ا‪ g96‬ا‪PX‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد ا ‪ IX‬ا  
ﻥت ‪ V%‬ﺽ‪ g‬ا"'‪ I‬ﻡ‪W‬ة‬
‫ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ارات وا‪2‬رﺕ?‪4‬ت ﺏ‪ 42‬د ‪ Q
4‬ﺹ) ا رج ا
ﻥ ا"'‪.(6) I‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ (6)I‬ﻥ ذج ا‪ g96‬ﺙ‪P‬ﺙ ا‪,‬ﺏد‬

‫‪
-#-4‬ب ا‪7P‬ار ‪Slope‬‬
‫ﺕ[ ‪6%‬ب ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار ( آ‪ I‬ﻥ‪ 9/‬ﻡ ﻥ‪/‬ط ا ذج ﺏ ‪M !9‬ق ا ‪ I
A‬ا‪
1‬ي ‪Raster‬‬
‫‪ Q
4‬ﻡ‪9‬ت ا ذج ا"'‪(7)I‬وﺏ‪,‬ان ا ‪ V% ?
1‬ﺕ ‪ =1‬آ‪ I‬ﺵ‪ [ A‬ا ل‬
‫ا‪ Q +‬وا  ﺕ ‪ 4‬ﻡ‪/‬ار ا ) ا‪A‬ﺹ‪ I‬ﺏ‪2‬رﺕ?ع ﺏ آ‪ I‬ﺥ
 وا‪ 
1‬ا *ورة ‪، 3‬‬
‫وآ
 ازداد ا ‪ I‬ا آ
 زاد ا‪2‬رﺕ?ع ( ا ‪ /9‬وآ
 ﻥ‪ ]/‬ا ‪ I‬أﺹ‪ bA‬ا ‪ /9‬‬
‫)‪(10‬‬
‫ﻡ ا"'‪ I‬ا ‪ 6‬ي ‪ ' .‬أن ﺕُ ‪ [ IX‬ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار ( ﺏﻥﻡ‪ ( ArcGIS ) T‬ﺏ‪ /9‬‬
‫ه )ارﺝت ‪) ( Degree‬ا‪ 6‬ا ‪. (Percentage B‬و ﺏ"'‪ ( 7 ) I‬ا  ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪6% (7)I‬ب ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار‬

‫ا ‪D‬ر‪Arc GIS ,Help of the program :‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫  ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار ﺏرﺝت = ‪Ө‬‬
‫‪tan Ө = rise \ run‬‬ ‫‪ = Ө Iw‬ا ‪/‬ﺏ‪ / I‬ا *ور‬

‫  ا ‪ I‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪ ) = B‬ا ‪/‬ﺏ‪ / ( rise I‬ا *ور ‪100 X ( ( run‬‬

‫(‰ذا آﻥ‪   b‬ا ‪ I‬ﺏرﺝت ﺕ‪6‬وي) ‪‰( ( 30‬ن   ا ‪ I‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪ B‬ﺕ'ن ‪. 58‬‬
‫وإذا آﻥ‪   b‬ا ‪ I‬ﺏرﺝت ﺕ‪6‬وي) ‪‰( ( 45‬ن   ا ‪ I‬ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪ B‬ﺕ'ن ‪. 100‬‬
‫‪ V%‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ﺏﻥﻡ‪ '  Arc map 9.0 T‬إﺥاج [ ا ‪ I‬إﻡ ﺏرﺝت أو ﺏ‪ 6‬ا ‪B‬‬
‫وا"'‪(8)I‬ﺽ‪ g‬ﺥر‪ M‬ا ‪.I‬‬

‫‪slope‬‬
‫‪43°0'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°10'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°20'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°30'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°40'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°50'0"E‬‬ ‫‪44°0'0"E‬‬

‫‪36°40 '0"N‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪36°40'0"N‬‬

‫‪36°30 '0"N‬‬
‫‪36°30'0"N‬‬

‫‪36°20 '0"N‬‬
‫‪36°20'0"N‬‬

‫‪36°10 '0"N‬‬
‫‪36°10'0"N‬‬

‫‪36°0'0"N‬‬
‫‪36°0'0"N‬‬

‫‪43°0'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°10'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°20'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°30'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°40'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°50'0"E‬‬ ‫‪44°0'0"E‬‬

‫‪0 - 0.977933660‬‬
‫‪0.977933660 - 2.235276937‬‬
‫‪2.235276938 - 3.772029832‬‬
‫‪0 2.5 5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪3.772029833 - 5.588192344‬‬
‫‪Kilometers‬‬ ‫‪5.588192345 - 7.823469281‬‬
‫‪7.823469282 - 10.89697507‬‬
‫‪10.89697508 - 15.22782414‬‬
‫‪15.22782415 - 20.81601648‬‬
‫‪20.81601649 - 35.764431‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪6%(8)I‬ب )ا ‪ (I‬ا‪2‬ﻥ‪A‬ار‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫‪
-#-5‬ب اﺕ
‪ R‬ا‪Aspect $‬‬
‫اﺕ*< ا ‪ I‬ه ا ‪ ، 3+‬و ﻡ ه اﺕ*< ا"'‪ I‬ﺏ‪P 6‬ﺕ*هت ا‪2‬رﺏ ‪ V% .‬أن‬
‫ا ‪ " Aspect 3+‬إ‪ Q‬ا ‪ !M‬ا‪,‬آ‪ X‬اﻥ‪A‬ارا ‪2‬ﺕ*< ا ‪ ( I‬ﻡﺽ^ او ﻡ'ن ﻡ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫إن اﺕ*< ا ‪  I‬وﺝ‪ x‬ا ‪ /9‬ا ﺕ? أو وﺝ‪ x‬ا*‪6% '  . ( Hill face ) I‬ب ا ‪3+‬‬
‫‪ I' Aspect‬ﻡ‪ b
X‬ﻡﺝد ( اـ ‪ ) TIN‬ﺵ' ا ‪X
X‬ت ا  ‪ (  +‬أو  ' ‪6%‬ﺏ‪ I' x‬ﺥ
‬
‫ﻡﺝدة ( ا‪ B3‬ا‪
1‬ي ‪ [  . Raster‬س ا ‪ 3+‬ﺏﺕ*< ‪/4‬ب ا‪( clockwise) 46‬‬
‫ﺏرﺝت أ ﻡ ا" ل ﺏرﺝ ) ﺹ? ( ﺙ[  ‪ 3‬ﻡة أﺥى ﺏ" ل ' ‪ I‬دورة آﻡ
 )‬
‫‪ 360‬درﺝ ( ‪ I' ،‬ﺥ
 ﻡﺝدة ( ا‪ B3‬ا‪  Raster 
1‬ذج ا س ا )‪(Dem‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ I‬ﻡ  ‪ x4 T‬ا ‪ ، 3+‬آ  ( ا"'‪ . (11)( 9 ) I‬وا"'‪ (10) I‬ﺽ‪ g‬آ? ﺕ ‪IX‬‬
‫ا ‪ ( Aspect ) 3+‬ﺏ‪1 -‬ام ا‪,‬ان وﺏ"'‪ I‬ا دون ﺕﺥ‪ I‬ا ‪1 6‬م ‪.‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ ( 9) I‬آ? س ا ‪Aspect 3+‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪)(10)I‬اﺕ*< ا ‪ (I‬ا ‪3+‬‬

‫وه=< ا‪6A‬ﺏت ﻡ‪ 3‬وﻡ?ة 
ف ‪ Q
4‬اﺕ*< ا ‪ I‬ا"  وا*ﺏ ا ‪ [3‬ﺽ ا ‪TW‬‬
‫وا ƒ وا‪ A‬ﻡ ا‪2‬ﻥ‪3‬رات ا*
 وﺕ‪ A‬ﻡ‪ !M‬إﻡ ا "ر^ وا ƒ ﺏ ‪ !M‬ا‪2‬ﻥ‪2W‬ت‬
‫ا ﺏ وا‪1D‬ر‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫‪ -6‬ﺥ
ر‪MU H‬ل ا‪M‬ل‪Hill shade‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ 9‬ه=< ا ‪W‬ة إﻥرة ا( اﺽ 
‪ ( Surface ) g96‬ﺏ ‪ [ A‬أو آ  ا}ﺽءة '‪I‬‬
‫ﺥ
 ﻡ ﺥ‪ P‬ا‪ B3‬ا‪ ، Raster 
1‬ﺕ [ ‪ 
4‬ﺕ‪ I
A‬ا‪P+‬ل ﻡ ﺥ‪P‬ل ﺕ‪ `
6‬ﺽء أو أي‬
‫ﻡ‪D‬ر إﻥرة ‪ Q
4‬آ‪ I‬ﺥ
 ﻡﺝدة ( ا‪ B3‬ا‪ 
1‬و‪6%‬ب ﺕ‪l‬ﺙ ﺕ
Š ا}ﻥرة ‪ Q
4‬ا‪P1‬‬
‫ا *ورة ‪ .‬ﺕ'ن ﺕرﺝن ا
ن اﻡدي ا( اﺽ ( ﺏﻥﻡ‪ ، ArcGIS 9.0 T‬إن ا ‪D/‬د‬
‫ﺏ}ﻥرة ه ﺽء ا" ‪ c‬وﺕ'ن زوا ا}ﻥرة ء ا" ‪ c‬ﺕأ ﻡ ) ﺹ? – ‪ 180‬درﺝ (‬
‫‪ Q %‬ﺕ‪ 9‬أ(‪ I‬ﻥ ﺉ‪' ، T‬ن ا‪/‬س ﺏﺕ*< ‪/4‬ب ا‪ (12)( clockwise ) 46‬وا) ﻡ‬
‫ا‪1 -‬ام ه=ا ا"'‪ (11)I‬ه‪:‬‬

‫‪HillShade‬‬
‫‪43°10'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°20'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°30'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°40'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°50'0"E‬‬ ‫‪44°0'0"E‬‬

‫‪36°40'0"N‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪36°40'0" N‬‬

‫‪36°30'0"N‬‬
‫‪36°30'0" N‬‬

‫‪36°20'0"N‬‬
‫‪36°20'0" N‬‬

‫‪36°10'0"N‬‬
‫‪36°10'0" N‬‬

‫‪36°0'0"N‬‬
‫‪36°0'0"N‬‬

‫‪43°10'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°20'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°30'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°40'0"E‬‬ ‫‪43°50'0"E‬‬ ‫‪44°0'0"E‬‬

‫‪0 2.5 5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪hiishade‬‬

‫‪Kilometers‬‬ ‫‪Value‬‬
‫‪63 - 153‬‬
‫‪153.0000001 - 170‬‬
‫‪170.0000001 - 178‬‬
‫‪178.0000001 - 185‬‬
‫‪185.0000001 - 245‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ Iw (11)I‬ا ‪P‬ل‬

‫‪6%‬ب ا‪ I' I+‬ﺥ

 ( ا‪ B3‬اا ‪ V% ، %6‬أن آ‪ I‬ﺥ
 ﺕ ‪ IX‬ﻡ^ ﻡ ( ﻡ‪/9‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ارا‪. -‬‬
‫ ' أن ﻥ‪A‬د ا‪ P1‬اا ﺕ‪ bA‬ﺕ‪l‬ﺙ ‪ Iw‬ﺥ‪ P‬أﺥى ( ﻥ?‪ c‬ا‪ b‬ﻡ ام ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ PX‬ﻡ^ ﻡ ﻡ‪ /9‬ارا‪' -‬ن وا^ ﺕ‪ bA‬ﺕ‪l‬ﺙ ا" ‪ ( c‬ﻥ?‪ c‬ا‪ b‬ﻡ^ اﺥ‬
‫ﻡ ﻡ‪ /9‬ارا‪' -‬ن وا^ ﺕ‪ bA‬ﺕ‪l‬ﺙ ‪ Iw‬ا" ‪ c‬أ ( ﻥ?‪ c‬ا‪ b‬ﻡ ام ‪.‬‬
‫ ' اﺥ ر ﻡا^ }ﻥ"ء ‪:‬ﺏت اﺹ‪ 2 49‬ﺕ‪ A‬ج إ‪ Q‬أﺵ ا" ‪ ( 
M c‬ة‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺵوق ا" ‪ V% ، c‬ﺕ‪ A‬ج إ‪ Q‬ﺽء ا" ‪ ? c‬ة ﻡ‪A‬دة ﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ ' اﺥ ر ﻡ‪} !M‬ﻡ ﻡ"ر^ ﺕ(‪3‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫‪ -7‬ﺥ
ر‪ H‬ى اؤ ‪View shed‬‬
‫ﺕ ا"'‪ 4 (12)I‬ﻡى اؤ ﻡ ﻥ‪ 9/‬ﻡ و ‪ (6‬ﻡ وه ﺕ‪ k
1‬ﻡ ﻡ‪/9‬‬
‫‪,‬ﺥى ‪ h6%‬درﺝ ﺕ‪ /‬ا ر‪ c‬ا ƒﺙة ‪ Q
4‬ﻡى اؤ ﺏ‪w h6‬هة ‪ h*%‬اؤ‬
‫وا‪1‬ر‪ M‬ﺕ‪ 3+‬ا ‪ !M‬ا ﺉ وا
ﻥ ا   ' ﻡ"هﺕ‪ 3‬ﻡ ﻥ‪ 9/‬ﻡ و ' ا‪? -2‬دة‬
‫ﻡ ه=< ا‪1‬ر‪ ( M‬ﺕ‪ A‬ﻡ‪ !M‬ا ‪ A‬ت ا‪ 9‬وﺥﻡت ا‪3‬ﺕ‪ k‬ا‪/‬ل وإﻥ"ء ا‪9‬ق‬
‫وﻡ‪ !M‬ا‪A‬اﺉ! ( ا)ﺏت و‪:‬ه‪.‬‬

‫ﺵ'‪ (12)I‬ﻡى اؤ‬

‫ذج ا‪2‬م وادم ‪Cut and Full‬‬

‫ﺽ‪ g‬ا"'‪ (13)I‬ا ‪ !M‬ا  ﺕ‪ A‬ج ا‪ Q‬هم وا ‪ !M‬ا  ﺕ‪ A‬ج ا‪ Q‬ردم ‪ h6%‬درﺝ‬
‫ﺕ‪ /‬ا ر‪ c‬وﻥع ا "وع‪،‬و ﺕ ه=< ا‪1‬ﺹ ﻡ ا‪D1‬ﺉ] ا ‪W‬ة ﻥﻡ‪( Global T‬‬
‫) ‪ V% Mapper‬ﺕ‪1 6‬م ه=< ا‪1‬ﺹ ﺏ"'‪ I‬رﺉ‪ ( 6‬أ‪ 4‬ل ا‪ -3‬ا ﻥ ‪( Civil‬‬
‫) ‪ Engineering‬وﺥ‪D‬ﺹً ( أ‪ 4‬ل ﺵ! ا‪9‬ق ا ‪-‬اء آﻥ‪- b‬رات أو ‪% Š'-‬‬
‫وأ‪ 4‬ل ﺵ'ت ا'‪3‬ﺏء‪ .‬إن ه=< ا‪1‬ﺹ ﺕ‪1 6
 9‬م [ ر  ﺕ ‪ 4‬آ  ا‪ ^9/‬أو‬
‫ا‪3‬م ( ‪ /M‬ا‪1D‬ر ﻡ‪ -/‬ﺏ‪%‬ات ا ‪ %6‬ا ' وأ آ  ا دة ا‪ 1D‬ا‪W‬اﺉة‬
‫ﺏ) إﻥ ج ﺥ` ‪ !M‬ﺏي ‪ I A‬ﻥ?‪ c‬ا‪2‬رﺕ?ع ‪ 4‬ﻡ‪ 6‬ى ا‪,‬رض ( آ‪ I‬ا‪/‬ط ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﺵ'‪(13)I‬ا‪3‬م وادم‬

‫ا‪
G P‬ﺝ
ت ا‪
%‬ت‪:‬‬
‫ﺥ
] ا‪ VA‬ا‪ Q‬ﺝ
 ﻡ ا‪  -2‬ﺝت وا ﺹت وه‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺽورة ا‪ 4‬د ارا‪-‬ت ا* ر(* ‪ Q
4‬اﻥت ا‪ --,‬وﺕ‪l‬ﺕ ﺕ" ‪ I‬اﻥت‬
‫ا?ﺉ   ﺕ ز ﺏ‪ x‬ﻡ ﺏﻥت ﻡ'ﻥ ووﺹ? و ذات د ‪ ( 4‬ا ﺥ‪P‬ت‬
‫وا ‪1‬ﺝت ﺏ?‪ I‬ا‪2‬ﻡ'ﻥت ا  ﺕ ‪ 3A‬ﺏﻡ*ت ‪ ( GIS‬ا ﻡ‪ I‬ﻡ^ ه=< ا‪,‬ﻥاع‬
‫ﻡ اﻥت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺕ ‪ g‬ﺏﻡ*ت ‪ GIS‬إﻡ'ﻥ ا}‪3w‬ر ا د )اﻡ'( 
 ذج ‪ Q
4 46‬اآ "ف‬
‫ا ‪ /9‬ا  =ﺝ ﺕ?‪ 4 P( ، 
D‬إﻡ'ﻥ ا}ﺥاج ا‪ 6‬ﺕ' ا=ي ‪Q
4 46‬‬
‫إ‪D‬ل ا ﺉ‪ T‬ا‪ Q‬ا ‪ D 1‬ﺏ"'‪ I‬ا ‪
/‬ي ‪ Q
4‬ﺵ'‪ I‬ﺥاﺉ`‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬إﻡ'ﻥ ﺕ‪ kw‬وﺕ‪ !9‬ا ﺉ‪ T‬ا " ‪ /‬ﻡ ﻥ ذج ا س ا  وا=ي ‪ [4‬ﺏ"'‪I‬‬
‫ﻡﺵ ‪
4‬ت ﺹ^ ا‪/‬ار ( ﻡ‪ k
1‬ا *‪2‬ت ا
 آ‪ -3‬ا ﻥ وإدارة‬
‫ا ارد ا‪ B‬وا‪2  -‬ت ا‪,‬رض ‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 :‫در‬D ‫ا‬
1-Burrough.P.A.(1989) Principles of Geographical Information Systems
for Land Resources Assessment Oxford Sciences Publication Oxford
2-Magaire,D,J. andothers,IN: Geographical Information Systems,Vol.1
Longman Sientific and technical, new york,1991.
3-ESRI.(2001).Getting to know Arc GIS. Redland,California:ESRI Inc.
4-Ian, Heywood,and other(1999), An Introduction to Geographical
Information Systems New York.
(‫ ( رؤ ﺝ)ا‬3‫ﺕ‬/9‫[ ا 
ﻡت ا*)ا( وﺕ‬+‫ت ﻥ‬--‫ أ‬، ‫دة‬4 ‫ د‬A‫  ﻡ‬%‫ ا‬g - -5
0 2005 ،‫ردن‬,‫ ن ا‬4 ،1‫ ط‬، "‫ وا‬49
 ‫ة‬6 ‫ دار ا‬،
6-Hewood, I. and Others. An Introduction to Geographical Information
Systems . new york ,1999.
7-Global Mapper .v 8.0 2002 .www. global mapper.com.
8-ESRI (2004) Arc GIS 9.0 Redland California ESRI.Inc.
9-www.nasa.gov.
10-Arc GIS .Help of the Program.
11-Environmental System Research Institution (ESRI) .Arc map 9.0
Helpof Program.
12-Op.cit.

15