Circuit Diagram

CE Amplifier with Fixed Bias

Pin Diagram

Bottom view of BC107

B
E
C

~1~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 1. COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH FIXED BIAS
Date:
Aim
To design and construct BJT Common Emitter Amplifier using fixed bias .
To measure the gain and to plot the frequency response and to determine the Gain
Bandwidth product (GBW).

Apparatus Required

S.No Equipments / Components Range / Details Qty

1. Power Supply (0 – 30) V 1

2. Resistor 5.1 KΩ, 3MΩ 1

3. Capacitor 1 µF 1

4. Transistor BC 107 1

5. AFO (0 – 1) MHz 1

6. CRO (0 – 20) MHz 1

Fixed Bias with Emitter Resistor

The fixed bias circuit is modified by attaching an external resistor to the emitter. This
resistor introduces negative feedback that stabilizes the Q-point. From Kirchhoff's voltage law,
the voltage across the base resistor is

VRb = VCC - IeRe - Vbe

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Tabulation

Frequency (Hz) Vo (V) Gain = Vo / Vs Gain = 20log(Vo/Vs)dB

Model Graph

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From Ohm's law, the base current is

Ib = VRb / Rb.

The way feedback controls the bias point is as follows. If Vbe is held constant and
temperature increases, emitter current increases. However, a larger Ie increases the emitter
voltage Ve = IeRe, which in turn reduces the voltage VRb across the base resistor. A lower base-
resistor voltage drop reduces the base current, which results in less collector current because Ic =
ß IB. Collector current and emitter current are related by Ic = α Ie with α ≈ 1, so increase in emitter
current with temperature is opposed, and operating point is kept stable.

Similarly, if the transistor is replaced by another, there may be a change in IC

(corresponding to change in β-value, for example). By similar process as above, the change is
negated and operating point kept stable.

For the given circuit,

IB = (VCC - Vbe)/(RB + (β+1)RE).

Merits:

The circuit has the tendency to stabilize operating point against changes in temperature and β-
value.

Demerits:

In this circuit, to keep IC independent of β the following condition must be met:

which is approximately the case if ( β + 1 )RE >> RB.

• As β-value is fixed for a given transistor, this relation can be satisfied either by keeping
RE very large, or making RB very low.
• If RE is of large value, high VCC is necessary. This increases cost as well as precautions
necessary while handling.
• If RB is low, a separate low voltage supply should be used in the base circuit. Using two
supplies of different voltages is impractical.
• In addition to the above, RE causes ac feedback which reduces the voltage gain of the
amplifier.

Usage: The feedback also increases the input impedance of the amplifier when seen from the
base, which can be advantageous. Due to the above disadvantages, this type of biasing circuit is
used only with careful consideration of the trade-offs involved.

~4~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Design

Choose β = 250, VCC = 12V, IC = 1 mA

By applying KVL to output side,
VCC – ICRC – VCE = 0
VCC = ICRC – VCE
Assume equal drops across RC and VCE
VRC = VCE = 6V, ICRC = 6V
RC = 6V/10-3 = 6KΩ
Choosing a standard value for RC as 5.1Ω
By applying KVL to the input side,
VCC – IBRB – VBE = 0
IB = IC/ β = 1mA/250 = 4µA
RB = (VCC – VBE) / IB
= (12 – 0.7)/4x10-6
= 2.825M Ω
≈ 3M Ω

Design of input capacitor

F = 1/2πhieC
Take F = 100Hz and hie = 1.6 KΩ
C1 = 1/ (2π X 1.6 KΩ X 100) = 0.9µF ≈ 1µF

Calculation
Bandwidth = fH - fL

~5~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Procedure
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2) Set Vin = 50mV in the signal generator. Keeping input voltage constant, vary the
frequency from 1Hz to 1MHzin regular steps.
3) Note down the corresponding output voltage.
4) Plot the graph: Gain in dB Vs Frequency in Hz.
5) Calculate the Bandwidth from the Frequency response graph

To plot the Frequency Response

1) The frequency response curve is plotted on a semi-log scale.
2) The mid frequency voltage gain is divided by √2 and these points are marked in the
frequency response curve.
3) The high frequency point is called the upper 3dB point.
4) The lower frequency point is called the lower 3dB point.
5) The difference between the upper 3dB point and the lower 3dB point in the frequency
scale gives the bandwidth of the amplifier.
6) From the plotted graph the bandwidth is obtained. (i.e) Bandwidth = fH - fL

Result

Thus a BJT Common Emitter Amplifier with fixed bias is designed and implemented and
the frequency response curve is plotted.

The bandwidth is found to be __________________

~6~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Circuit Diagram

CE Amplifier with Self Bias

Ex. no: 2. COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER WITH SELF BIAS

~7~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
Date:

Frequency (Hz) Vo (V) Gain = Vo / Vs Gain = 20log(Vo/Vs)dB

Aim

To design and construct BJT Common Emitter Amplifier using voltage bias (self bias)
with and without bypassed emitter resistor.
To measure the gain and to plot the frequency response and to determine the Gain
Bandwidth product (GBW).

Apparatus Required

S.No Equipments / Components Range / Details Qty

1. Power Supply (0 – 30) V 1

2. Resistor 1KΩ, 61KΩ, 10KΩ, 4.7KΩ 1

3. Capacitor 1 µF 1

4. Transistor BC 107 1

5. AFO (0 – 1) MHz 1

6. CRO (0 – 20) MHz 1

Theory

Voltage divider bias (Self bias)

A combination of fixed and self-bias can be used to improve stability and at the same
time overcome some of the disadvantages of the other two biasing methods. One of the most
widely used combination-bias systems is the voltage-divider type. The voltage divider is formed
using external resistors R1 and R2. The voltage across R2 forward biases the emitter junction. By
proper selection of resistors R1 and R2, the operating point of the transistor can be made
independent of β. In this circuit, the voltage divider holds the base voltage fixed independent of
base current provided the divider current is large compared to the base current. However, even
with a fixed base voltage, collector current varies with temperature (for example) so an emitter
resistor is added to stabilize the Q-point. However, to provide long-term or dc thermal stability,
and at the same time, allow minimal ac signal degeneration, the bypass capacitor (Cbp) is placed
across R3. If Cbp is large enough, rapid signal variations will not change its charge materially and
no degeneration of the signal will occur.

Merits

• Unlike above circuits, only one dc supply is necessary.

• Operating point is almost independent of β variation.
• Operating point stabilized against shift in temperature.
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Tabulation

Model Graph

Design

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Drop across RE (VRE) is assumed to be 1V.

Drop across VCE with the supply of 12V is given by 12V – 1V = 11V

Assume equal drops across ICRC and VCE

So ICRC = VRC = 11/2 = 5.5V

Assume IC = 1 mA,

Then RC = VRC / IC = 5.5V / 1mA = 5.5 KΩ

Instead of using 5.5 KΩ, we can use a standard value of 4.7 KΩ

VRE = 1V, IE ≈ IC = 1mA

RE = VRE/IE = 1V/1mA = 1KΩ

Design of R1 and R2

Drop across VBE = 0.7V

Drop across R2 (VR2) = VBE + VRE = 1.7V

Assume R2 = 10 KΩ

VR2 = VCC.R2/ (R1+R2)

R1 = (12 X 10) / (1.7 – 10) = 60.5 KΩ

R1 is assumed to be 61 KΩ

Design of input capacitor

F = 1/2πhieC

Take F = 100Hz and hie = 1.6 KΩ

C1 = 1/ (2π X 1.6 KΩ X 100) = 0.9µF ≈ 1µF

Calculation

~ 10 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Bandwidth = fH - fL

Procedure
To plot the Frequency Response
~ 11 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
 1) The frequency response curve is plotted on a semi-log scale.
2) The mid frequency voltage gain is divided by √2 and these points are marked in the
frequency response curve.
3) The high frequency point is called the upper 3dB point.
4) The lower frequency point is called the lower 3dB point.
5) The difference between the upper 3dB point and the lower 3dB point in the frequency
scale gives the bandwidth of the amplifier.
6) From the plotted graph the bandwidth is obtained. (i.e) Bandwidth = fH - fL

Result

Thus a BJT Common Emitter Amplifier is designed and implemented and the frequency
response curve is plotted.

Bandwidth =

Circuit diagram:

~ 12 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

 VCC = 12 V

R1
8 KΩ

- +
BC 107
47 µF + -

AFO R2 RE 47 µF
5 mV a 10 KΩ 6 KΩ VO (CRO)

~ 13 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 3. COMMON COLLECTOR TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
Date:

Aim:

1.
To design and construct BJT Common Collector Amplifier using voltage divider bias
(self-bias).
2. To measure the gain and to plot the frequency response & to determination of Gain
Bandwidth Product
Apparatus required:

1. Transistors - BC107
2. Regulated Power Supply
3. Audio Frequency Oscillator
4. Resistors - 6KΩ, 8KΩ, 10KΩ (all are ¼ W)
5. Capacitors - 47µF
6. CRO

Design:
Since voltage amplification is done in the transistor amplifier circuit, we assume equal
drops across VCE and Emitter Resistance RE. VRE = 6V. The quiescent current of 1mA is
assumed. We assume a standard supply of Vcc = 12V.

Drop across RE is assumed to be VRE =6V

Drop across VCE is VCC –VRE =6V
We know that ICQ =IE,
Now RE = VRE = 6V = 6KΩ
IE 1X 10-3
Design of R1 & R2
Drop across RE is 6V
Drop across VBE is 0.6V
Drop across the resistance R2 is VR2 = VBE + VRE =6.6V
Assume R2 =10KΩ

VCC R2
= 6.6 V
R1 + R2

12 X 10 X 103
= 6.6V
R1 + 10 X 103

120 X 103
= R1 + 10 X 103
6.6

18.18 X 103 = R1 + 10 X 103

R1 = 8 KΩ (3.3 K + 4.7 K)

~ 14 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Tabular column

Vs =

Frequency VO Gain = VO / VS Gain = 20 log (VO/VS)

(Hz) (Volts) (dB)

Model graph (frequency response)

Gain
dB

A/max
3dB Line

fL fH frequency (Hz)

~ 15 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set VS = 5 mV using AFO.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph gain Vs frequency.
5. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

Result

Thus a BJT Common Collector Amplifier is designed and implemented and the frequency
response curve is plotted.

Bandwidth =

Specifications:
1. Transistor - BC107, 50V – 1A, 3W, 300 MHz
2. Regulated Power Supply (0- 30), 1A

~ 16 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Circuit diagram:

VCC = 12 V

R1 RC
47 KΩ 4.7 KΩ

+ -
47 µF
- +
BC 107 BC 107
47 µF VO (CRO)

AFO R2 RE1 RE + CE
5 mV a 10 KΩ 4.7 KΩ 1 KΩ - 100 µF

~ 17 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 4. DARLINGTON COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER
Date:
Aim:

1. To design a Darlington amplifier using BJT and to measure the gain and input resistance.
2. To plot the frequency response and to calculate the Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW).

Apparatus required:

1. Transistors - BC 107
2. Resistors - 1KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 47KΩ, 10KΩ (all are ¼ W)
3. Capacitors - 47µF, 100µF
4. CRO
5. AFO
6. RPS
7. Connecting wires & Breadboard

Design:

Such a DC the ICBO of the 1st stage is multiplied by (β+1) times and this will be input Base
current for the 2nd stage. Hence the 2nd stage IE current will be IE = (β+1)2ICO
For silicon transistor ICBO is the order of 10nA at room temperature β = 100.
Now,
IE = (101)2 X 10 nA
IE ≅ 105 nA ≅ 0.1mA

This current will get double with every 100 rise in temperature. So to reduce the effect of
ICBO the 1st stage ICBO flowing through the emitter of the 1st stage is not allowing to enter the 2nd
stage by paralleling a resistor between B & E of the 2nd stage T2. So the ICBO(β+1) will flow
through this resistance and a part of this current might flow through hie + βdcRE. This shunting
resistance will be the range of 1 to 4.7 KΩ.

Biasing Design:

Assume R2 = 10KΩ and Ic = 1mA.

Since voltage amplification is done in the Darlington transistor amplifier circuit, we
assume equal drops across VCE and load resistance RC. The ICQ = 1mA is assumed. We assume
standard supply of 12V.

Drop across Re is assumed to be 1V. The drop across VCE with a supply of 1.2 V is given
by 12 – 1 = 1V.
It is equal to VRC & VCE = 5.5V
RC = VRC = 5.5 KΩ (4.7 KΩ)
IC
Design of R1 & R2:
Drop across RE is 1V.
Drop across VBE1 & VBE2 is 0.6V.
Drop across the resistance R2 is VRE + VBE1 + VBE2

Tabular column:
~ 18 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
Vs =
Frequency VO Gain = VO / VS Gain = 20 log (VO/VS)
(Hz) (Volts) (dB)

Model graph (frequency response):

Gain
dB

A/max
3dB Line

fL fH frequency (Hz)

~ 19 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

 = 1 + 0.6 + 0.6
VR2 = 2.2V
R2 is assumed to be 10 KΩ

VCC R2
= 2.2V
R1 + R2

1.2 X 10 X 103
= 2.2
3
R1 + 10 X 10

120 X 103 = R1 + 10 X 103

2.2

54.5 X 103 = R1+ 10 X 103

R1 = 54.5 X 103 – 10 X 103
R1 = 44.5 X 103Ω

R1 is rounded to be 47 KΩ

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set VS = 5 mV using AFO.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 Hz to 1 MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph gain Vs frequency.
5. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

Result:

1. The frequency response curve is plotted on a log scale.

2. From the graph the bandwidth is obtained

Bandwidth = fH - fL =

Specifications:
1. Transistor - BC107, 50V – 1A, 3W, 300 MHz
2. Regulated Power Supply (0- 30), 1A

Circuit diagram:
~ 20 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
Pin Details

Ex. no: 5. COMMON DRAIN AMPLIFIER

~ 21 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Date:
Aim:

To design a common drain amplifier and to measure the gain, input resistance and output
resistance with and without Bootstrapping.

Apparatus required:

1. Transistor - BC-107
2. Regulated Power supply
3. Audio Frequency Oscillator
4. Resistors - 4.7KΩ, 2.7KΩ, 1MΩ
5. Capacitor - 1µ F
6. CRO
7. Bread board and connecting wires

Bias design:

VDD = 12 V, IDSS = 9.5mA, ID = 1mA, VP = -4V, Ci = 1µF

VGS = ID RS ,ID = IDSS{1-(VGS/VP)}2
RS = 2.7KΩ , Voltage drop across R S = 2.7V
VRD + VDS = VDD-VRS
= 12-2.7=9.3V.
Assume equal drops across VRD & VDS
VRD = VDS = 4.65V
RD = VRD/ID = 4.65KΩ
Instead of 4.65KΩ, we can select standard value = 4.7KΩ
FET input is always reverse bias. So choose the value of resistance RG very large with in
The range of 1MΩ to 10MΩ

Theory:

Here input is applied between gate and source & output between source and Drain. Here
Vs = VG + VGS. When a signal is applied to JFET gate via Cin,VG varies with the signal. As VGS
is fairly constant and Vs varies with Vi. Here output voltage follows the change in the signal
voltage applied to the gate, the circuit is also called as Source follower

Tabulation
~ 22 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
 Frequency (Hz) Vo (V) Gain = Vo / Vs Gain = 20log(Vo/Vs)dB

Model Graph

Procedure:

~ 23 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Set Vs= 50 mv in AFO
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 Hz to1MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph: gain Vs Frequency
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the Graph

Result:
Thus a common drain amplifier is designed and the gain, input resistance and output
resistance are calculated using the measured parameters.

Circuit Diagram – Differential Amplifier

~ 24 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
 Common mode Configuration

Differential mode Configuration

Ex. no: 6. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

~ 25 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Date:
Aim
To construct the Differential Amplifier in
a) Common mode and
b) Differential mode, and to find the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

Apparatus required

1. Power Supply
2. CRO
3. Function Generator
4. Transistors - BC107 -1 no
5. Resistors - 1KΩ - 2 nos.
470Ω -1 no.

Formula

C.M.R.R = Ad/Ac

C.M.R.R in dB = 20 log Ad/Ac

Ad = Differential mode gain

Ac = Common mode gain

Theory
The Differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltage signals.
Hence it is called differential amplifier.V1 and V2 are input voltages, Vo is proportional to
difference between two input signals.
If we apply two input voltages equal in all respects then in ideal case output should be
zero. But output voltage depends on the average common level of the inputs. Such an average
level of two input signals is called common mode signal

Higher the value of C.M.R.R, better the performance of the differential amplifier. To
improve C.M.R.R we have to increase differential mode gain and decrease common mode
gain

~ 26 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Model Calculation
For common mode signal
Gain Ac = Vo / Vi
Ac =

For differential mode signal

Gain Ad = Vo / Vi
Ad =

CMRR = 20 log (Ad / Ac)

=

~ 27 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Procedure

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Set Vi=5mV and note down Vo in both differential mode & common mode
3. Calculate the gain for both the modes
4. Calculate C.M.R.R

Formulae

For common mode signal: Gain Ac = Vo / Vi

For differential mode signal: Gain Ad = Vo / Vi
Common Mode Rejection Ratio: CMRR = 20 log (Ad / Ac)

Result
Thus a differential amplifier is constructed in both common mode and differential mode
and the corresponding gains are obtained and the CMRR is calculated.
CMRR =

~ 28 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Circuit diagram:

Vcc=12V

Rc = 4.7KΩ
R1 = 61KΩ

1µF
- +

CRO
Vi= R2= 10KΩ +
10mv ` RE 100µF
1KΩ -

Pin Diagram

Bottom view of BC 107

B
E
C

3-d view

~ 29 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 7. CLASS - A AMPLIFIER

Date:
Aim
To design and construct a Class – A power amplifier. To observe the output waveform
and to measure the maximum power output and to determine the efficiency

Apparatus required:

1. Transistor - BC107 - 1
2. Resistors - 1KΩ,4.7KΩ,61KΩ,10KΩ(all are ¼ watts)
3. Capacitors - 1µf,100µf(all are electrolytic)
4. CRO - (0-20MHz)
5. AFO - (0-1MHz)
6. Regulated Power Supply
7. Breadboard & Connecting Wires

Bias design:
Since voltage amplification is done in the transistor amplifier circuit, We as equal drops
across VCE & load resistance RE. The quiescent current of 1mA is assumed, we assume a
standard supply of 12V.
Drop across RE is assumed to be 1V,the drop across VCE with a supply of 12V is given by 12V-
1V=11V
It is equal to 11/2=5.5V
Now the voltage across the resistance RE is 5.5V
VCE = 5.5V
VC = 5.5V
IC = 1mA
RC = 5.5V/1mA = 5.5KΩ
Instead of using 5.5KΩ , We can use a standard value of 4.7KΩ.
It is assumed that RBB / (βdc+1) = RE / 10
Hence RBB / (βdc+1) is neglected when compared RE.
Hence VBB = IERE+VBE
Hence VBE is neglected when compared to IERE
Hence IE = VBB / RE.

DESIGN OF R1 & R2:

Voltage drop across RE = VRE = 1V
Drop across VBE = 0.7V
Drop across the resistance R2 = VBE +VRE = VR2
VR2=1.7V ; R2 is assumed to be 10KΩ
VCCR2 / (R1 + R2 ) = VR2
10*12KΩ/(R1+10KΩ)=1.7V
R1=60.5V≅61KΩ

Model graph:
~ 30 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
gain (dB)

A
0.707 A

fL fh f (Hz)

Tabular column:

VI =

Frequency V0 Gain = V0 / Vi Gain (dB) = 20 log V0 / Vi dB

(KHz) (mV)

~ 31 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Theory:
The Power amplifier is said to be class-A amplifier if the Q-point & the input signal are
selected such that the output signal is obtained for a full input cycle. For this, position of the Q-
point is approximately at the midpoint of the load line.
For all the values of input signal, the transistor remains in the active region &never enters into
cut-off or saturation region. When an a.c input signal is applied, the collector voltage varies
sinusoidally hence the collector current also varies sinusoidally. The collector current flows for
360°(full cycle)of the input signal. In other words, the angle of the collector current flow is 360°
i.e. one full cycle.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VS=10mV using AFO.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from few Hz to 1MHz in regular steps
& note down the correspondingly output voltage.
4. Plot the graph: gain Vs frequency.
5. Calculate bandwidth from the graph.

Result:
The class-A amplifier is designed, constructed and the output waveform is observed. The
maximum power output and the efficiency are determined.

~ 32 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Circuit diagram

Pin Diagram

Bottom view of BC 107 / BC 178

B
E
C

3-d view

Ex. no: 8. CLASS – B POWER AMPLIFIER

~ 33 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB
Date:

Aim:
To design and construct a Class – B (complementary symmetry) power amplifier.To
observe the output waveform with crossover Distortion and to measure the maximum power
output and to determine the efficiency.

Apparatus required:

1. Power Supply - (0 – 30) V

2. CRO - (0 – 20) MHz
3. Function Generator - (0 – 1) MHz
4. Resistor - 47 KΩ - 1No
1 KΩ - 1No
5. Transistors - BC 107 - 1No
BC 178 - 1No

Theory:
The figure illustrates a Class – B Power Amplifier, which employs one PNP, and one
NPN transistor and require no transformed. This type of amplifier uses complementary
symmetry. i.e., the two transistor have identical characteristics but one is PNP and the other
NPN.
Its operation can be explained by referring to the figure. When the signal voltage is
positive, T1 (the NPN transistor) conducts, while T2 (the PNP transistor) is cut off. When the
signal voltage is negative, T2 conducts while T1 is cut off. The load current is

iL = ic1 – ic2

some advantages of the circuit are that the transformer less operation saves on weight and
cost and balanced push – pull input signals are not required. The disadvantage is obtaining pause
of transistor matched closely enough to achieve low distortion.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

2. Set VS = 50mV(say) using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz. In regular
steps. Note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph i.e., gain (dB) Vs frequency (on a semi – log graph)

~ 34 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Model graph:

Tabular column:

VI = 50 mV I = 1 mA

Frequency V0 Gain = V0 / Vi Gain (dB) = 20 log V0 / Vi dB

(KHz) (mV)

~ 35 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Formulae

Π  V min 
Efficiency,η = 1−
4  Vcc 

1 Vcc 2 
Powergain =  
Π 2  RL2 

Result

Thus a Class – B (complementary symmetry) power amplifier is constructed and the

output waveforms are observed and the maximum power output and efficiency is calculated.

Circuit diagram:

~ 36 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Half Wave Rectifier without filter

12
1N 4007 + +
500Ω -100 µF /25V
a
230 V 0 R Vdc
- a Vac
12

Half Wave Rectifier with filter

12
1N 4007 +
500Ω 100 µF CRO
230 V 0 R - 25 V
Vac

12

~ 37 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 9. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:
Aim
1. To design a Half wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.
2. To measure the DC voltage under load and ripple factor and to compare with calculated
values.
Apparatus Required
1. CRO - (0-20 MHz)
2. Multimeter
3. Diode - 1N4007
4. Transformer - 230V / 12 – 0- 12v, 200 mA
5. Resistor - 500Ω-1/4W(carbon film resistors)
6. Capacitor - 100µF /25V
7. Connecting Wires and Bread Board

Procedure
Half wave rectifier
(i) Without Capacitor
1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer and
observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of the
transformer.
2. Connect the half wave rectifier as shown in figure.
3. Measure the Vdc & Vac using DC and AC Voltmeters.
4. Calculate the Ripple factor r = Vac
Vdc
Note: The rectifier output consists of both AC & DC components. To block DC component
100µf (Electrolytic) Condenser is used.

5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.

~ 38 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Model Graph

VI(v)

T(m sec)

Input Wave Form

Vo (V) With filter

Without filter

T(m sec)

Half Wave Rectifier Output

~ 39 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

(ii) With capacitor

1. Connect the half wave rectifier with filter circuit as shown in fig.
2. Assume r= 10% of ripple peak-to-peak voltage for R= 500Ω. Calculate C using the
formula r = 1/2√3fRC
3. Connect CRO across load.
4. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and observe the horizontal line and adjust it to the
X-axis.
5. Switch the CRO into DC mode and observe the waveform.

Result

Thus the Full wave rectifier is designed with and without capacitor filter and the
corresponding dc output voltages and the ripple factors are measured and verified with the
theoretical values.

Ripple Factor

Theoretical Practical

Specifications:

1. Diode 1N4007 (700V- PIV, Idc = 1A)

2. RPS (0-30),1A

~ 40 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Circuit diagram:
Full Wave Rectifier without filter

12V

D1 D2
230 V 1N 4007
+
D3 D4 R + 100 µF
500Ω a Vdc - 25 V
-
a
Vac

Full Wave Rectifier with filter

12V

D1 D2
230 V 1N 4007

D3 D4 + 100 µF CRO
R - 25 V

~ 41 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Ex. no: 10. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:
Aim
1. To design a Full wave rectifier with and without simple capacitor filter.
2. To measure the DC voltage under load and ripple factor and to compare with calculated
values.
Apparatus Required
1. CRO - (0-20 MHz)
2. Multimeter -
3. Diode - 1N4007
4. Transformer - 230V / 12 – 0- 12v, 200 mA
5. Resistor - 500Ω-1/4W(carbon film resistors)
6. Capacitor - 100µF /25V
7. Connecting Wires and Bread Board
Procedure
Full wave rectifier
(i) Without Capacitor

1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer
and observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of
the transformer.
2. Connect the full wave rectifier as shown in figure.
3. Measure the Vdc & Vac using DC and AC Voltmeters.
4. Calculate the Ripple factor r = Vac
Vdc
Note: The rectifier output consists of both AC&DC components. To block DC component
100µf (Electrolytic) Condenser is used.
5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.

~ 42 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

Model graph:

VI(v)

t (m sec)

Input Wave Form

VO (V)
With filter

Without filter

t (m sec)

Full Wave Rectifier Output

~ 43 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB

(ii) With capacitor:

1. To plot ripple peak-to-peak voltage Vs. Idc to choose C a ripple factor of 0.15 is assumed.
2. To get a variable load resistance a number of 500Ω, 5W of resistance are to be connected
in parallel. Hence Idc = Vdc /( N X 500). Where N is number of 500Ω resistances
connected in parallel.
3. Plot the graph Idc Vs ripple peak to peak.
4. The above steps are repeated for the various values of capacitance.

Result

Thus the Full wave rectifier is designed with and without capacitor filter and the
corresponding dc output voltages and the ripple factors are measured and verified with the
theoretical values.

Ripple Factor

Theoretical Practical

Specifications:

1. Diode 1N4007 (700V- PIV, Idc = 1A)

2. RPS (0-30), 1A

~ 44 ~ EC2208 - Electronic Circuits – I LAB