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THE
HORSE
THE
WHEEL
AND
LANGUAGE
0)
HOW
BRONZE-AGE RIDERS
FROM
TH
E
EURASIAN STEPPES
SH
APEDTHE
MODERNWORLD
DAVID
W.
ANTHONY
Princeton University PressPrinceton
and
Oxford
 
Univerzitna
kniin
i
ca
vBratislave
3J.
D
Copyright
©
2007
by
Princeton UniversityPre
ss
Published
by
Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton,
New
Jersey
08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press,3Market Place, Woodstock,
Oxfordshire
0X20
1
SY
All Rights Reserved
ISBN
·13o
978·0·691-05887-0
Library
of
Congress
Control
Number:
2007932082
British Library Cataloging-ill-Publication Data
is
available
1his
book has beencomposedin
Adobe
CaslooPrinted
on
acid-freepaper
00
press.princeton.eduPrintedin the
United
States
of
America
3 5 7 9
10
8 6 4 2
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knlJ,ntcn
BRATISLAVA
1"
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.,nno
CONTENTS
all
Acknowledgments
xi
PART ONE
Language and Archaeology
1
Chapter
One
The PromiseandPolitics
of
theMotherTongue 3
Ancestors3Linguists
and
Chauvinists 6
The
Lure
if
heMotherTongue
11
A
New
Solution
for
an
Old
Problem
15
LanguageExtinction
and
Thought
19
Chapter
Two
How
to
ReconstructaDead Language 21
LanguageChange
and
Time
22
Phonology:
How
to
Reconstructa
Dead
Sound 24
The
Lexicon:
How
to
Reconstruct
Dead
Meanings
32
Syntax
and
Morphology:
The
Shape
if
Dead
Language
36
Conclusion:RaisingaLanguage
rom
theDead
38
Chapter
ThreeLanguageandTime
1:
The Last Speakers
of
Proto-Indo-European
39
The
Size
if
he Chronological Window:
How Long Do
LanguagesLast?
39The
TerminalDate
or
Proto-Indo-European:
The
Mother Becomes Her Daughters
42
The
Oldest
and
StrangestDaughter
(or
Cousin?):Anatolian
43
The
Next
OldestInscriptions:Greek
and
OldIndic
48
Counting theRelatives:
HowMany
in
1500 BCE?
50
 
vi
Contents
Chapter Four
Language
and
Time
2:
Wool, Wheels, and Proto-Indo-European
59
The Wool
Vocabulary
59
The
WheelVocabulary
63
When
Wos
theWheel
In
vented
65The
Significance
of
heWheel72
Wogons
and
theAnatolian Homeland Hypothesis
75The
Birth
and
Death
of
Proto-Indo-European
81
Chapter
FiveLanguage
andPlace:The Location
of
the Proto-Indo-EuropeanHomeland83
Problems
with
the Concept
of
"the
Homeland"
83
Finding th
eHomeland: Ecology
and
Environment
89
Finding
theHomeland:
The
Economic
and
SocialSetting
91
Finding
theHomeland:Uratic
and
CaucasianConnections
93The
Location
of
heProto-Indo-European Homeland
98
Chapter
Six
The
Archaeology
of
Language
102
Persistent Fronti
ers
104
Migrati
onas
a Cause
of
Persistent Material-CultureFrontiers
108
EcologicalFrontiers:Different
Woys
of
Making
a
Li
ving
114Small-scale Migrations, EliteRecruitment,
and
LanguageShift117
PART
TWO
The Opening
of
the Eurasian Steppes
121
Chapter
Seven
How
to
ReconstructaDeadCulture
123
TheThree
Agesin the Pontic-CaspianSteppes
125
Dating
and
theRadiocarbon Revolution 126
What
Did
They
Eat?
128
Contents
vii
ArchaeologicalCultures
and
Living
Cultures 130
The
Big
Questions
Ahead
132
Chapter Eight
First
FarmersandHerders: The Pontic-CaspianNeolithic
134
Domesticated
Animals
and
Pontic-CaspianEcology
135
The
FirstFarmer-ForagerFrontierin the Pontic-Caspian Region
138
FarmerMeets Forager:
The
Bug-DniesterCulture
147
Beyondthe Frontier:Pontic-Caspian Forag
ers
before Cattle
Arriv
ed
154
The
Gods
Give Cattle158
ChapterNine
Cows,
Copper, and Chiefs
160
The
Early Copper
Age
inOldEurope162
The
Cucuteni-TripolyeCulture164
The
Dniep
er-Donets
II
Culture
174
The
Kh
valynskCulture on the
Volga
182
Nalchik
and
North Caucasian Cultures186
The
Lower
Donand
North Caspian Steppes
188
The
Forest Fronti
er:The
Samara Culture
189
Cows, SocialPower,
and
theEmergence
of
Tribes
190
Chapter Ten
The
Domestication
of
the
Hor
se
and the Origins
of
Riding:TheTale
of
theTeeth 193
Where
Wer
eHors
es
First Domesticated?
196
Why
Were
Horses Domesticated?200What IsaDomesticated Horse?201
Bit
Wear
and
Horseback
Riding
206
Ind
o-EuropeanMigrations
and
Bit
Wear
at
Dereivka213Botai
and
EneolithicHorseback
Riding
216
The
Origin
of
Horseback
Riding
221The
Economic
andMilitary
Effects
of
Horseback
Riding
222
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