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Temperature Measurement & control
Introduction:The purpose of this project is to measure the temperature, display it onLCD & also control the temperature through on or off any 220V devicelike AC or heater.This project is divided into two sections (a) Hardware and (b) Software.In hardware section I have made a microcontroller kit, which is interfacedwith Analog to Digital converter (ADC), LCD, three switches keypad andrelay through isolator circuit. In software section I have made a programcode for measuring Temperature and displaying it on LCD and thencomparing it with the preset value. The program code is written in highlevel language “embedded c” with the help of Keil compiler.
Block Diagram of the Project:
Various modules of the project are shown in the block diagram given below:
 
MICROCONTROLLER UNITLCDPOWER SUPPLY1TEMPERATURESENSOR ADCPOWER SUPPLY2ISOLATOR AMPLIFIER SOCKETRELAYSWITCH PANEL
 
Interfacing with switches (keypad):Interfacing with keypad makes instrument menu driven user friendly.This will help to the user to select the preset temperature and also tomove to the measurement stage.Interfacing with LCDLCD makes this instrument user friendly by displaying everything on thedisplay. It is an intelligent LCD module, as it has inbuilt controller whichconvert the alphabet and digit into its ASCII code and then display it byits own i.e. we do not required to specify which LCD combination mustglow for a particular alphabet or digit.Interfacing with Analog to Digital Converter The analog to digital converter takes the input from the sensor which is inanalog form. It takes 0V for 0 digital level and take 5V for 1 digital level.555 Timer is used to provide clock to ADC.Temperature Sensor:For continuous temperature monitoring applications, time response is lessconcern, sensors that remain in place for long periods can achieve arelatively steady state because actual temperature changes slowly.The sensor type most commonly used for medical applications is thethermistor. A thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor, whose resistancealters markedly with changes of its ambient temperature. Thermistors arecomposites of selected metal oxides characterized by large negativetemperature-coefficients and high sensitivity i.e. resistance decreases withincreasing temperature. In practice, a thermistor designed for use in a body temperature probe might consist of a small bead of semiconductor material sealed into the tip of a thin glass envelope for protection.Platinum leads are fused into the bead and led out of the envelope. The bead material could consist of a mixture of nickel, cobalt and manganeseoxides fused together in a furnace. A typical bead resistance might be
 
2000 ohms at 20 degrees Celsius which would fall to 1400 ohms at 40degree Celsius, the variation of the thermistor resistance with temperatureis inherently non linear. Thermistor sensors now in use clinically aretypically specified as accurate to within 0.2
o
C to 37
o
C.Thermistors are non-linear. In addition, the outputs of these sensors arenot linearly proportional to any temperature scale. Early monolithicsensor such as LM 3911, LM134 and LM135 over come these difficulties but their outputs are related to Kelvin temperature scale.In this circuit
LM35
precision centigrade temperature has been used astemperature sensor.Switching of 220V device:ON/OFF switching of a 220V device is controlled by the Microcontroller.Device is isolated from Microcontroller by optocoupler and is connectedthrough Relay. Switching of mains is done, by using relays. Temperatureis compared with the preset desired value. If temperature is greater thanthe required value then the relay corresponding to the ‘AC’ is made ON by the MCU and the relay corresponding to the ‘HEATER’ is made OFF by the MCU. If the temperature is less than the desired temperature thenreverse is done by the MCU.
Features of the Project:
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Powered by +5 volt, 12volt supply
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Current consumption 0.45mA for Microcontroller circuit, 0.75mA for switching circuit, 200mA for amplification circuit
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User interface using LCD and switches
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Maintenance of the temperature at the desired value through on/off anAC or Heater 
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