Report 2009 Idp Bu

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !
Gef@aygif;toif;
Edk0ifbmv/ 2009 ckESpf
jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif
a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh
ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_
m;vmr
atmufazmfjyygtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u uGif;qif;okawoevkyfief;rsm;ESifh
aemufqHk;tajctae owif;rsm; ay;ydk@ulnDcJh=uygonf?
u&if jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&maumfrDwD
u&if u,fq,fa&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;&Hk;
u&ifeD vlr_zlvHka&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;Xme
rGef u,fq,fa&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD
&Srf; u,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;!Gef@aygif;toif;
12/5 Convent Road, Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
tbbcbkk@tbbc.org
www.tbbc.org
a&S@rsufESmzHk;"gwfyHk? touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaomfvnf; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&qJ'kuQonfrsm;

(oHawmifòr@e,f/ 2009) ckESpf? (CIDKP)
aemufausmzHk;"gwfyHk? jrpfudkjzwful;ae=upOf/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ 2009 ckESpf? (SRDC)
'DZdkif;? Wantanee Maneedang
yHkESdyfpuf ? Wanidapress Chiangmai Thailand
rmwdum
tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf 1
1? ed'gef; 7
1? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH. ,dk,Gif;òyuGJaeonfh tajctae 8
1? 2? a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeonfh a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_rsm; 13
1? 3? aqmif&GufyHkenf;vrf; 16
2? jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'o aemufqHk;tajctae 23
2? 1? &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; 24
2? 2? u&ifeDjynfe,f 26
2? 3? u&ifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'orsm; 29
2? 4? u&ifjynfe,f tv,fydkif;a'orsm; 32
2? 5? rGefa'orsm; 34
2? 6? weoFm&Dwdkif; 37
3? a&&Snf tdk;tdrftajcysufjcif;ESifh ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;? 41

3? 1? twd'kuQ jzpfapjcif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;? 42
3? 2? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;? 50
3? 3? jynfwGif; 'kuQonfrsm; twdkif;twmESifh a'otvdkuf ysH@ESH@wnf&SdyHk? 55
3? 4? &Sifoef&yfwnfa&; ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;? 60
3? 5? +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufrw
_ iG af wG@&aom twm;tqD;rsm;ESihf tcGithf vrf;rsm;? 65
aemufqufwGJrsm; 69
1? jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&aom 'kuQonfOD;a& cef@rSef;csuf (2009 ckESpf) 70
2? zsufqD;/ a&$@ajymif;/ pGef@ypfcH&onfhaus;&Gmrsm; (2008-2009) 71
3? a&$@ajymif;pkpnf;pcef;rsm; (2009) 73
4? jrefrmjynfta&S@ydkif; etz.ppfwyfXmecsKyfrsm; (2009) 75
5? 2009 ckESpf ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm; 77
6? twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;ESifh ae&mtrnfrsm; 81
ii jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_
ajryHkrsm;
&Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif; 25
u&ifeD jynfe,f 27
u&ifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'orsm; 31
u&ifjynfe,f tv,fydkif;a'orsm; 33
rGefa'orsm; 35
weoFm&Dwdkif; 39
jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'owGif; ppfwyfwdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_ 43
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zufydkif;twGif; zGH@jzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; 47
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;&Sd a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&aom aus;&Gmrsm; 55
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif jynfwGif;tajcysufa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_ 59
Z,m;csyfrsm;
tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ (erlem) (2009) ckESpf Z,m; 19
ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif ajzqdkolrsm;. vlOD;a& cGJjcm;jyZ,m; 22
ab;uif;/ vHkðcHa&;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jyZ,m; 45
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_jyZ,m; 49
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ta=umif;xifjrifcsufjyZ,m; 52
uav;rsm;udk ppfwyftwGif; oGyfoGif;pnf;&Hk;oGyfoGif;r_jyZ,m; 54
tcsdefrD }udKwifowday;ol &if;jrpfrsm;jy Z,m; 62
vlom;csif;pmemulnDr_rsm;a=umifh umuG,fay;r_tay: oufa&mufr_rsm; 64
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifr_a=umifh oufa&mufr_jyZ,m; 65
eD;pyf&mòr@rsm;odk@ qufoG,f&ef tcuftcJrsm;jyykH 66
eD;pyf&mòr@rsm;odk@ qufoG,fr_rsm;jyykH 67
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; iii

“,ckuJhodk@ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf +yD;cJhonfhESpfrsm;twGif; ta&twGuf
tajrmuftrsm;ESifh yHkrSefqdkovdk jzpfyGm;aecJh+yD;/ Ttcsufrsm;u azmfjyaeonfrSm ,cktr_
rsm;onf tv,ftvwfydkif;ESifh atmufajct&m&Sdrsm;u wOD;csif;trltusifh azmufjyefr_
t&usL;vGef=uonfh oD;jcm;udpPrsm;r[kwfbJ/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh Oya'a&;&mrsm; wm0ef,lxm;
=uaom tjrifhqHk;tqifhrS csrSwfonfhrl0g'rsm;. &vm'fa=umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfa=umif;
jyoaeonf?”
&mZlrm vmvm; (Rajsoomer Lallah)? 1998? “jrefrmEdik if H vl@tcGit

hf a&;tajc taeESiyhf wf
oufI =um;jzwftpD&ifcHpm” vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif txl;pHkprf; wifjyoloHt&m&Sdu
a&;om;wifjyonfhtpD&ifcHpm? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH/ (A/53/ 364) tydk'f 59?
“taxGaxGnDvmcHonf/ jrefrmtpdk;&xH wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif t&yfom; jynfol

rsm;tay: ypfrSwfxm;xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_rsm; csufcsif;&yfqdkif;apa&;twGuf ta&;ay:
vkyfaqmif&ef/ wqufwnf;jzpfay:aeonfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk0if vlxkrsm;tay: qef@
usifusL;vGefaeonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; ESifh vlom;csif;pmemr_Oya'rsm;udk
csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk&yfqdkif;ap&ef/ vlOD;a&tajrmuftrsm;udk pepfwusESifh twif;t"rRae&ma&$@
ajymif;&apr_/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ 'kuQonfrsm;xGufajy;r_ jzpfapaom tjcm;ta=umif;
t&if;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;&ef/ ESifh jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif; xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kuQonfrsm;udk
EdkifiHwumrdom;pkESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI umuG,fr_ay;&efESifh axmufyHhr_rsm; yHhydk;ay;&ef
jyif;xefpGmawmif;qdkygonf?”
ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH/ qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 61§232? jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;

tajctae/ rwfv 13 &uf/ 2007 ckESpf/ tydk'f 3 (c) ESifh (C)?
“jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ESifh pepfwus jzpfay:ae

ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;u azmfjyaeonfrSm ,cktr_rsm;onf tv,f tvwfydkif;ESifh atmuf
ajct&m&Srd sm;u wOD;csi;f azmufjyefusL;vGe=f uonfh oD;jcm;udpP rsm;r[kwb f /J vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;
csif;ESifhtkyfpkrsm;udk Oya'csKd;azmufcGifhðyxm;jcif;/ wm0efcH ta&;,lr_r&SdbJ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufcGifhðyxm;onfh pepfwck.&vm'fa=umifh jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf?”
aygifvdk qm*sD,dk yifnJ&dk;? 2008 ckESpf? “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI

txl;pHkprf;wifjyol oHt&m&Sd. tpD&ifcHpm”? (A/HRC/7/ 18) tydk'f 59?
iv jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

tpD&ifcHpm
tusOf;csKyf
Todk@wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;ae&ygonf? oHawmifjrdK@e,f/ 2009 ckeSpf (CIDKP)

tpDpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf
*sDeDAmEdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf ESpf(60)ajrmufjynfhonfhtcsdeftcgwGif/ ‚wGif yg0if
azmfjyxm;onfh EdkifiHwumvlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&mOya'rsm;udk jrefrmppftpdk;&u pdefac:
csKd;azmufaeqJjzpfygonf? ppfyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufonfhOya'orsm;udk todtrSwfðyvufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;aomfvnf;/ jrefrmppfwyfu t&yfom;rsm;udk rcGJrjcm;qufvufwdkufcdkufaeqJ
jzpf+yD;/ wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;r&SdbJ tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufajymif;a&$@ xGufajy;
ap&r_rsm;vnf; qufvufjzpfay:aeapygonf?
xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwav#muftultnDay;a&;!Ge@f aygi;f tzG@J (TBBC) taeESihf wdik ;f &if;om;

vlxt k ajcpdu
k t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f aqmif&u
G u
f m jrefrmEdik if t
H a&S@yikd ;f a'owGif jynfwiG ;f
Yajymif;a&$@xGufajy;ae=u&onfh'kuQonfrsm;udk 2002ckESpfrSpwifI rSwfwrf;ðypk vmcJh
ygonf? ,ckESpfaqmif&Gufonfhppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif òr@e,f (38) cktwGif; a&$@ajymif;
xGuaf jy;&r_rsm;yrm%ESihf ys@H uswJ nf&adS eyHak emufq;kH tajctaersm;udk &,lEikd cf yhJ gonf? (2005)
ckESpfrS (2009) ckESpftwGif; tdrfaxmifpkaygif; (3˜100) ausmfudk awG@qHkar;jref;cJh+yD;/
tajctaevm;&mudk tuJjzwfEdkifcJhygonf? TtuJjzwfr_wGif vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;
qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfha'orsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;tygt0if &yf&Gma'orsm;
ESifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;I yÉdyuQtuJjzwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;aqmif&GufcJhygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif vlom;vHkðcHr_tay:+cdrf;ajcmufaer_rsm;rSm ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@

vmr_ESifhoufqdkifaeygonf? (wDbDbDpD) tzGJ@. rdwfzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u owfrSwfazmfjycsuf
t& jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;aumifpD
(etz)ppftpd;k &. ppfwyfwyf&if;aygi;f (235)&if; vuf&u dS mvwGit f ajccsae=uonf? vufeuf
udkifwdkufyGJrsm; qufvuf&Sdaeao;aoma'orsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyf.wdkufuif;rsm; u t&yf
om;jynfolrsm;udkypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufI twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk csdeJ@ap&ef aqmif
&Gufae=uonf? jrefrmppfwyf. “rdrdbmomzlvHka&;” [kqdkonfhrl0g't& e,fajrcH rsm;xHrS
ajrrsm;udk vk,lodrf;ydkufjcif;ESifh aiGa=u;t"rRawmif;cHr_rsm;vnf; tus,ftjyef@ jzpfyGm;ae
aponf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm; udk e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@rsm; tjzpftoGif
ajymif;&ef jrefrmppftpd;k &u zdtm;wd;k ay;aejcif;a=umif/h jrefrmEdik if H ta&S@- ajrmufzsm;ud;k uef@
a'owGif vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;vnf; jyefvnfay:aygufvmonf? xdkr#ru tjcm;e,f
pyfa'orsm;odk@ jrefrmppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@csxm;rnfhta&;udkvnf; pdk;&drf vmae=u&onf?
2 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

(etz) ppftpdk;&. emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;aeonfh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;wckjzpfaom &wem
obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rSaeI ppftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGoef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &&Sdap+yD;/
TaiGrsm;udk EdkifiH.w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ xdefcsefxm;=u
onf? Tobm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;a'orsm;wav#mufwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk 2009 ckESpfwGif ydkufeHab;&Sdaus;&Gm
aygif; (40) &Gmae vlxkrsm;xHrS aumuf,lpkaqmif;EdkifcJhonf? yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeqJ a'orsm;
wGif jrefrmppftpdk;&ESifh w&kwf/ xdkif;EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u a&tm;v#yfppfxkwf,la&; pDrHudef;
rsm;udk jyifqifaqmif&Gufae=u+yD;/ oHvGifjrpfwav#mufwGif TpDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh xGufajy;
a&$@ajymif;&r_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeaponf? 'kuQonfrsm;ae&yf&if;jyefa&;ESifh jyefvnf
tajccsa&;twGufvnf; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEdkifbJ ydwfqdk@t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf?
tpdk;&uOD;aqmifaeonfh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;a=umifh jynfolrsm;.qif;&JrGJawr_ rusqif;
oGm;aponfhtjyif/ jynfolrsm;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rsm;udk ysufpD;ap+yD;/ tdrfaxmifpk
trsm;udkvnf; tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&SdbJ tdk;tdrfrsm;udk pGef@cGmxGufajy;=u&onfh
udef;qdkufaponf?
vHkðcHr_ESifhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufaer_ (2) ckvHk;rS jy!$ef;udef;rsm;udk

avhvmwGufcsuftuJjzwfI vm;&mudkavhvmonfhtcg 2005 ckESpfrSpI vl@tcGihfta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm; odompGmwdk;wufvmonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? ppfwyf. wdkufuif;rsm;ESifh
ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;onf odompGmESifhtv#iftjrefwdk;rsm;vmae+yD; t&yfom;jynfolrsm;. vHkðcHr_
ESifh umuG,fay;r_udk xdcdkufvmapygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ ESifh
c&D;oGm;vmcGirhf sm;uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf a_ =umifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;rsm;udvk nf; txl;
+cdrf;ajcmufr_jzpfay:aponf? TawG@&Sdcsufrsm;u jrefrmppfwyftaeESifh jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@
ydkif;a'orsm;wGif t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; rnfr#txd us,fjyef@pGm/
pepfwus usL;vGefaeonfudk azmfjyaeygonf?
a'ocHvlom;csif;pmemr_tultnDay;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;u pkaqmif;xm;

onfhrSwfwrf;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif 1996 ckESpfrSpI aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh
ykef;atmif;aexdkif&m &Gmykef; (3˜500) ausmfudk zsufqD;/ odk@r[kwf twif;tusyfa&$@ajymif;
xGufajy;apcJhygonf? T&yf&Gmrsm;wGif 2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrS 2009 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif;
jzpfyGm;cJhonfh aus;&Gmaygif; 120 vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmwGif uGif;qif;
tzG@J rsm;rS wufvmonft h pD&ifcpH mrsm;uwifjycJ=h uonfh a&$@ajymif;xGuaf jy;=uonfh aus;&Gm
rsm;. ò*vfwkajryHktopfrsm;vnf; erlemtjzpfazmfjyxm;ygonf? Todk@ a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 3

&onfhtwdkif;tqonf ql'efEdkifiH/ 'gazma'o&SdtajctaeESifh Ed_if;,SOfEdkifonfh taetxm;
&Sd+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: usL;vGefcsKd;azmufae
onfh &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tcdkifrmqHk;!$ef;udef; taxmuftxm;wckjzpfaeygonf?
,cktcg jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'owckwnf;wGifyif aus;vufa'orsm;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;

ae=u&onfh jynfwGif;'kuQonf tenf;qHk; (470˜000) OD; &Sdrnf[kcef@rSef;ygonf? TtuJ
jzwfcsufwGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJae=uonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;&Sd
,m,Dpcef;rsm;wGif tajccsaeol (231˜000) OD; vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? tjcm; (111˜000)
OD;rSm wdkufyGJrsm;trsm;qHk;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom a0;vHacgifoDonfha'orsm; wGif (etz)
ppfwyfrsm;&efrS ykef;atmif;wdrf;a&Smifae=u&olrsm; jzpfonf? cef@rSef;ajctm;jzifh (128˜000)
OD;rSm (etz)ppftpdk;&. a&$@ajymif;&eftrdef@udkemcHem;axmifcJh=u&+yD;/ owfrSwf xm;onfh
pkpnf;aus;&Gm/ pcef;rsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@cJh=uolrsm;jzpfygonf? a&$@ajymif;r_rsm; trsm;qHk;jzpf
ay:aeonfh òrd@e,f (38) ck. aus;vufa'orsm;wGifom ppfwrf;aumuf,lEdkifcJhjcif;
jzpfonfhtwGufa=umifh cef@rSef;vlOD;a&rSm rsm;pGmenf;aeEdkifygao;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@
zsm;a'owckv;kH &Sd jynfwiG ;f Ya&$@ajymif;xGuaf jy;ae=u&aom 'kuo
Q nfta&twGurf mS pkpak ygi;f
5-odef;ausmf &Sdaernf[k cef@rSef;Edkifygonf?
Tppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ucef@rSef;&mwGif 2008 ckESpf =o*kwfv rS 2009 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif;

tenf;qH;k vlaygi;f (750˜000) onf ‚if;wd@k .aetdrrf sm;rS a&$@ajymif;xGuaf jy;&ef t"rRcikd ;f ap
cHcJh=u&ygonf? r=umao;rDu jzpfyGm;cJhonfh E_ef;tjrifhrm;qHk;a&$@ajymif;xGuf&r_rsm;udk
u&ifjynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f a'orsm;ESihf &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f a'orsm;wGif awG@&&dS onf? u&if
aus;&Gmvlxk (60˜000) cef@rSm ausmuf}uD;/ oHawmifESifh zmyGefòr@e,ftwGif;&Sd awmawmif
rsm;wGif ykef;cdkae=u&onf? TjynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;teufrS oHk;yHkwpfyHkcef@rSm vGefcJhonfh
ESpftwGif; jrefrmppfwyf. vufeuf}uD;rsm;ypfcwfr_tEW&m,f/ odk@r[kwf jrefrmppfwyf
wdkufuif;rsm;. +cdrf;ajcmufr_a=umifh xGufajy;cJh=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &Srf;vlrsKd;
aus;&Gm 30 rS vlxk(20˜ 000)cef@rSmvnf; &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;) (SSA-South) udk
vJcsm;/ rdk;aumif;/ aus;oD;òrd@e,frsm;wGif vufpm;acsxdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh twif;
t"rRxGufajy;vmcJh=u&olrsm; jzpfygonf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeonfh u&ifjynfe,f&Sdvlxkrsm;uJhodk@yif rGefESifh 0 typftcwf

&yfpJa&;a'orsm;onfvnf; vmrnfh2010ckESpfwGifusif;yrnf[k vsmxm;onfha&G;aumufyGJ
tajctaersm;a=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHwGif;odk@a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;=u&rnfh tEW&m,fESifh &ifqdkifae=u
&ygonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;xdef;csKyfa'orsm;onf òyuGJoGm;&efta=umif;&Sdae+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiH
ESifhxdpyf&m&Srf;jynfe,fESifh rGefjynfe,fe,fpyfa'orsm;wGif vufeufudkifwdkufcdkufr_rsm;

jyefvnfjzpfyGm;vmzG,f&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm (etz)ppftpdk;&u 0jynfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
(UWSA)tzGJ@ ESifh rGefjynfopfygwD(NMSP)wyfzGJ@rsm;udk e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@rsm;tjzpf
toGifajymif;&ef zdtm;ay;óud;yrf;aeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? tvm;wlyif wdk;wufaom
Ak'b< mom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&H;k (DKBA)udk (etz) ppfwyfutrde@f ay;xde;f csKyEf ikd cf iG hf
&oGm;aoma=umifh 2009ckESpfrSpI u&ifjynfe,fe,fpyfwa=umwGif yÉdyuQydkrdkjyif;xefvm
cJhygonf? &Srf;jynfe,fe,fpyfwGif vm;[ljynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf
(awmifydkif;) ESifh (UWSA) 0wyfzGJ@rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef zdtm;wdk;jr‡ifhay;vmcJhonf?
a'ocHjynfolrsm;u ab;'kuQrsm;udk=uHh=uHhcHI &Sifoef&yfwnfae=uonfh enf;emAsL[mrsm;

rSmvnf; ydkI&Sm;yg;vmonfhtaetxm;udk jrifawG@ae&ygonf? vlr_a&;t& uGef&uf
qufoG,fr_rsm;rSmvnf; ydkIcufcJvm+yD;/ tuef@towfrsm;ydk}uD;vmygonf? Todk@tae
txm;a=umifh jrefrmppfwyfrsm;u wdkufcdkufvm=urnfhwdkufuif;rsm;/ ppfa=umif;rsm;udk
a&Smif&mS ;Edik rf nfh óuwifowday;pepfrsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufxcd u
kd v
f mapygonf? yÉdyuQ
jzpfyGm;aeonfha'orsm;twGif;odk@ vlom;csif;pmemr_tultnDrsm; ra&mufEdkifatmif
jrefrmppftpdk;&u qufvufIuef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;aoma=umifh xdkvlxkrsm;xHodk@ e,fpyf
jzwfausmfI wdkif;&if;om;vlxktajcðytzGJ@rsm;xHrSwqifh tultnDay;tyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;
rSmvnf; r&Sdrjzpfta&;}uD;tcsufwcktjzpf qufvufwnf&SdaeqJ jzpfygonf?
qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGuf twif;t"rRajymif;a&$@tajccsap

jcif;rsm;udk tjrifomqHk;oGifjyifvuQ%mwcktjzpf jrifae=u&ovdk/ jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@jcrf;
a'o&Sd 'kuQonfrsm;tdrfjyefEdkifa&;ESifh ae&yf&if;jyefvnftajccsEdkifa&;twGufqdkv#if ydkI
pepfuse+yD; bufpHkjynfhpHkr_&Sdonfh+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_/ óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; vdktyf
vdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsuft& jy\emtcuftcJrsm;&Sdae
aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHa&;t& yÉdyuQjzpfaeonfhtkyfpkrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;qufEG,faer_
rsm; ,ckwdkifodomxif&Sm;pGm&Sdaeonfudk jrifawG@&ygonf? Tt&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@rsm;ESifh
vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@rsm;. uGef&ufqufpyfr_/ vkyfaqmifEdkifr_taetxm;t& +idrf;csrf;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf taxmuftulðyEdkifajctaetxm;udk vspfvsLrðyoifhyg?
vlxktajcðyI yÉdyuQtuJjzwfqef;ppfr_wGif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeqJa'orsm;twGif; rvHkðcHr_rsm;

qufvufjzpfay:aejcif;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;wGif Oya'enf;ustkyfcsKyfjcif;ESifh
pepfwustkyfcsKyfa&;zGJ@pnf;r_ ysufjym;òyuGJaejcif;wdk@udkawG@&Sd&+yD;/ Ttcsufa=umifh jynfwGif;
'kuQonfrsm;twGuf txl;pdk;&drfzG,fyifrta=umif;t&if; jzpfay:apygonf? atmufajcvlxk
rsm;.tjrift& jrefrmppftpdk;&. “'Drdkua&pDvrf;jyajryHk” onf +idrf;csrf;a&;odk@OD;wnfvm
rnf[k,Hk=unfr_r&Sd=ua=umif; xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. tjrift& jrefrm

ppfwyfrsm;jyefvnf&kyfodrf;ay;jcif;ESifh jypfr_usL;vGefxm;olrsm;udk Oya'twdkif;w&m;r#wpGm
pD&ifjypf'%fay;EdkifrSom t=urf;zufr_oHo&mudk ed*Hk;csKyfapEdkifrnf[k tajccHtm;jzifh ,Hk=unf
ae=uygonf?
a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeaom jynfwGif;ppfrD;yÉdyuQESifh vltrsm;a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_ jy\em

rsm; ajyvnfapa&;twGuf jrefrmppftpd;k &xHwu kd wf eG ;f ajymqd&k ef ta&;ygonfh tcsurf sm;&Syd g
onf? jrefrmtpdk;&taeESifh t&yfom;rsm;vHkðcHa&;ESifh w&m;Oya'enf;ustkyfcsKyfjcif;wdk@udk
oHEMdXmefcsaqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyf+yD;/ +yD;cJhonfh ESpf (60) umvu EdkifiHwumrdom;pk0if
tm;vHk;u oabmwlnDuwdðyxm;=uonfhtcsufrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwum rdom;pk
u jrefrmppftpd;k &ESijhf yefvnfvufwq
JG ufqrH nfqykd gu tv#it f jrefajz&Si;f ay;&rnfh jy\em
rsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?

tcef; (1)
ed'gef;
jrdK@ESifhvSrf;ygaomfvnf; yËdyuQu vufwurf;rSmom? oHawmifjrdK@e,f/ 2009 ckESpf (CIDKP)

1? 1? jrefrmEdkifiH. ,dk,Gif;òyduGJaeonfh tajctae
“usrtazudk autJef,leJ@qufoG,fw,fqdk+yD; pGyfpGJ=uw,f? tJ'geJ@yJ olwdk@u
n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf=uw,f? olwdk@ajrusif;wckwl;+yD; usrudktJ'DtxJrSm tdyfcdkif;w,f?
rsufESmyJcsef+yD; wudk,fvHk;udkajrzdk@ypfw,f? touf&Slvdk@awmh&ao;w,f? tJovdk
csefxm;&pfcJhw,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;/ oHawmifòr@e,f? (KORD) tzGJ@ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;cef;/
ZGefv2009 ckESpf?)
ppftpdk;& tm%mqufvufwnfjrJapa&;twGuf &nf&G,fcsrSwfxm;onfh “'Drdkua&pD

vrf;jyajryHk” udka&S@qufwdk;aqmif&Gufaeovdk/ em*pfrkefwdkif;+yD;aemufydkif; pD;yGm;pDrHcef@cGJr_
nHhzsif;jcif;a=umifh qufvufjzpfay:aeonfhqdk;usKd;&v'ffrsm;a=umifh vwfwavmumv
jrefrmEdkifiH.a&S@tvm;tvmrSm ra&&m/ raocsmr_efr_dif;aeqJjzpfygonf?1 trSefqdk&v#if
jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwck.pkpnf;nD!GwfEdkifr_ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfwdkif;wmr_jy!$ef;udef;rsm;t&
EdkifiHwcktjzpfrS usqif;,kwfav#mhvmaeaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHudkcsKyfudkifxm;onfh EdkifiHawmf
at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;aumifpD(etz)ppftpdk;&url “jynfolrsm;.b0ESifh vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;wckvHk;udk vnfòrdn‡pftkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef oefpGrf;tm;aumif;qJ” &Sdygonf?2
EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmwGifrl pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf (Orwellian) .0wˆKqefqef rr#wonfh

w&m;cHk&Hk;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jypf'%fcsrSwfcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 2˜000 ausmfudk
vnf; qufvufxdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;qJ&Sdygonf? Ttcsufa=umifhyif vmrnfh 2010
ckEpS w
f iG f ppftpd;k &uusi;f yay;rnfah &G;aumufyt
JG ay:wGiv f nf; t,Ht k =unfysupf &m jzpfvm
aponf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif w&m;r#wr_r&SdEdkif/ vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;cGifhr&SdEdkif [k ,Hk=unf
ae=uonfhtajctaewGif tenf;i,fr#aomtm%mudk cGJa0ay;tyfjcif;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;
tcif;tusif;udk ajymif;vJaprnfavm/ ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;. xdef;csKyfr_av#mhyg;vmapa&;vrf;p
jzpfvmrnfavm[k ar#mfvifhcsuftcsKd@jzpfay:vmonfudkvnf; awG@ae&onf?3 odk@aomfvnf;/
udk;uef@typftcwf&yfa'owGif jrefrmppftpdk;&uxdk;ppfrsm; jyefvnfpwifvdkufaoma=umifh
ESpfaygif;(20)ausmfwnfjrJvmonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;vnf; jyefvnf
ysufjym;oGm;awmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfapa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/
1
tjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm International Monetary Fund, 7 January 2009,
“Myanmar: Staff Report for the 2008 Article IV Consultation”, unpublished report, p3
2
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m rl0g'ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf &efyHkaiGtzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm Foreign Policy and the Fund for
Peace, 2009, The Failed States Index, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/the_2009_
failed_states_index (accessed 15/10/09)
3
tjynfjynfqdkif&m yÉdyuQrsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm International Crisis Group, 20
August 2009, Myanmar: Towards the Elections, Asia Report No.174,

'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;jzpfay:apa&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlxkrsm;.epfemcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;
a&;qdkonfhudpPtwGufvnf; pdwfysufjym;zG,fjy,k*f jzpfapcJhawmhonf?4
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifhOya'enf;ustkyfcsKyfa&; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkif&ef

ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;onfvnf; xGufay:vmonfhzGJ@pnf;yHktajctaeOya'. tajccHusus tm;
enf;csKd@,Gif;aecsufrsm;ESifh twGif;w&m;udk,fyg 0da&m"dtjiif;yGm;zG,ftcsufrsm;a=umifh
pdwfysufzG,fjzpf&ap+yD;/ Ttcsufrsm;u vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJ+yD;umvwGif ouf0ifvmawmh
rnfjzpfonf? t&yfom;tpdk;&jzpfay:vmap&ef toGiful;ajymif;ay;onfhumvjzpfay:vm&
rnfhtpm;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& ppftpdk;&usL;vGefxm;onfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk vGwf+idrf;
csrf;omcGifhay;xm;+yD;/ jzpfay:vmrnfhtpdk;&tay:wGifvnf; ppfwyfutm%mv$rf;rdk;r_udk
ajymifajymifwif;wif; cGifhðyay;xm;ygonf?5 EdkifiH.tkyfcsKyfa&;u¾ESifh ppfwyfu w&m;
pD&ifa&;udpPrsm;tay:wGif pGufzuf=oZmoufa&mufcGifh&Sdaeonfhtcsufudk Oya'wGifjyXmef;I
w&m;0ifozG,fðyxm;onf? tm%moHk;&yfcGJa0tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkonfh udpPrsm;rSmvnf; uef@
owfr_c|if;csufrsm;ESifhom &Sdaeawmhonf? orRw.tm%mrsm;u w&m;pD&ifa&; vkyfief;
rsm;tay:wGif oufa&mufcGifh&Sdae+yD;/ vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@wyfrawmfudkvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdol[k
cef@tyfwm0efay;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf?6 EdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;onfh
t&nftcsif;qdkif&mowfrSwfcsufrsm;/ pHE_ef;uef@owfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;vGef;aeum
EdkifiHwck.w&m;Oya'pepf. wckvHk;udkðcHiHkv$rf;rdk;aom tcsKyfacgifOya'wcktjzpf qdk&efyif
jrefrmOya'jyXmef;csufpHE_ef;rsm;t&yif yÉdyuQjzpfaeaponf? EdkifiHwumOya'pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh
vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fay;a&;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifhwdkif;wmv#if csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;jym;+yD; r,SOfom
atmifjzpfaeapawmhonf?7
pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGrJ _u¾wGifvnf; ppftpdk;&.nHhzsif;tm;enf;csufrSm txl;ausmf=um;vSonf?

b¾ma&;&oHk;aiG&Sif;wrf;wGif ESpfumv=um&SnfvdkaiGjyaeonfrSm wdkif;jynfpkpkaygif;xkwfukef
4
trfpwm'rf tajcpdkuf tjynfjynfqdkif&ma&;&m tifpwDusL/ wGrfua&rm. aqmif;yg; Tom Kramer,
September 2009, “Burma’s ceasefires at risk”, Transnational Institute, Amsterdam, http://www.tni.org/
detail_page.phtml?&act_id=19883 (accessed 15/10/09)
5
toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&m w&m;r#wr_ tjynfjynfqdkif&m A[dktzGJ@ International Center for Transition-
al Justice, 2009, Impunity Prolonged: Burma and its 2008 Constitution, New York, http://www.ictj.org/
static/Asia/Burma/ICTJ_MMR_Impunity2008Constitution_pb2009.pd
6
tm&S Oya'a&;&m t&if;tjrpfrsm; A[dkXme. tpD&ifcHpm Asian Legal Resource Centre, 1 September
2009, “Burma/Myanmar: Institutionalized denial of fundamental rights and the 2008 Constitution of
Myanmar”, Written statement to the UN Human Rights Council, http://www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/
alrc_st2009/575 (accessed 15/10/09)
7
a[mifaumifwuUodkvfrS ygarmuQ ,mh&Sf *dkif;. 2008 ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'tay:
oHk;oyfcsuf Yash Ghai, December 2008, “The 2008 Myanmar Constitution: Analysis and assessment”,
Professor Emeritus, University of Hong Kong, www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/2008_Myanmar_constitu-
tion--analysis_and_assessment-Yash_Ghai.pdf (accessed 15/10/09)

wefzdk;(*sD'DyD). ysrf;r#(5)&mcdkifE_ef;cef@ tjrJwap&SdaecJh+yD;/ ppfoHk;,EW,m;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh
aejynfawmfòr@awmfopfwnfaqmufru _ o
hJ @kd aom tajccHtaqmuftODwnfaqmufa&; vkyif ef;
rsm;twGuf aiGa=u;tqrwefo;kH pGaJ ecJo h nf?8 TtoH;k p&dwrf sm;udjk znfq
h ;D Edik &f ef aiGa=u;&du
k f
xkwfoHk;pGJaoma=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_uvnf; ESpfpOf(30)&mcdkifE_ef; wdk;wufaecJhonf?
&vm'ftjzpf jrefrmaiGa=u;tay: vlxk,Hk=unfr_usqif;vmum/ a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefrm
EdkifiH.aiGa=u;pepfwckvHk;twGufvnf; ,Hk=unfr_ysufjym;vmaponf? obm0"mwfaiG@
a&mif;cs&mrS &&SdvmonfhEdkifiHjcm;t&HaiGa=u;rsm;udkvnf; rwefwqwefzdk;csxm;onfh
w&m;0ifaiGvJE_ef;jzifhom tpdk;&.w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;jyefonf?
odk@twGufa=umifh "mwfaiG@a&mif;&aiGrSm pkpkaygif;b¾m0ifaiG(bwf*suf). 1 &mcdkifE_ef;r#om
pm&if;aygufaeonf? tu,fI aps;uGufwGifaygufonfhaiGvJE_ef;ESifhom azmfjy&rnfqdkygu
EdkifiH.b¾m0ifaiG(bwf*suf). 57 &mcdkifE_ef;r# &Sd&vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?9 Todk@ taxGaxGrl0g'
jy\emrsm;a=umifhESifh em*pfrkefwdkif;ñuHawG@&pOfuysufpD;qHk;&r_/ urBm}uD;wckvHk;wGif pD;yGm;
a&;xdkif;rd_if;usqif;aeonfhtaetxm;rsm;a=umifh ,ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_r&SdbJ
tE_wfñuHawG@&r_ taetxm;&SdEdkifonf? 10
usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;u¾rsm;wGif tpdk;&.uscHoHk;pGJr_rsm;rSm a'owGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;teuf

tedrfhqHk;jzpfae+yD;/ EdkifiHpkpkaygif;xGufukefwefzdk;(*sD'DyD). 1²6 &mcdkifE_ef;r#om oHk;pGJonf?
EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@a&mif;csr_a=umifh jzpfay:vmrnfh pD;yGm;wdk;wufzGH@òz;r_tajctaerSmvnf;
“qif;&JrGJawr_av#mhusapa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rvHkavmufEdkif” [k azmfjycJh=uonf?11
r=umao;rDu xGufay:vmcJhonfhtpD&ifcHpmwcku cef@rSef;azmfjy&mwGif tu,fIom “ppf
tpdk;&u ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmufrnfha'o&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ulnD
axmufyHhay;&ef tpDtpOfrsm;/ odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufap&ef v_H@aqmfvkyfaqmifcJhr_rsm;
r&Sad oma=umif”h 12 ppfyrJG sm;jzpfymG ;aeaom jrefrmEdik if tH a&S@yikd ;f a'orsm;udk z,fcsex
f m;v#iyf if
jrefrmjynfwGif;aexdkifae=uoltenf;qHk; 5 oef;rSm tpm;tpm iwfrGwf qif;&Jr_pHowfrSwf
rsOf;atmufwGif aexdkif&Sifoefae&a=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?13 ydkI vufawG@useD;pyfonfh
tuJjzwfavhvmr_rsm;ðyEdkifygu wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;wGif 50 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf&Sdaeonfh
8
pD;yGm;a&; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&; ,lepf. jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m tpD&ifcHpm
Economic Intelligence Unit, April
2009, Myanmar (Burma): Country Report, pp12 & 15
9
tjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm International Monetary Fund, 7 January 2009, op cit,
pp6-9
10
Sean Turnell, 2009, “Burma’s Economy 2009: Disaster, Recovery… and Reform?”, Macquarie Univer-
sity, Sydney, pp4-5
11
tjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm International Monetary Fund, 7 January 2009, op cit, pp4
& 10
12
pD;yGm;a&; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&; ,lepf. tpD&ifcHpm Economic Intelligence Unit, April 2009, op cit p4
13
tpm;tpmESifh pdkufysKd;a&;tzGJ@/ urBmhpm;eyf&duQm tpDtpOf. jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oD;ESHESifh pm;eyf&duQm zlvHkr_
tpD&ifcHpm FAO/WFP, 22 January 2009, Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to Myanmar, p5

wEdkifiHvHk;wGifcef@rSef;vlOD;a& 15 oef;cef@rSm qif;&JrGJawr_pHowfrSwf rsOf;atmufwGif
aexdkifae&a=umif; awG@&Sd&vdrfhrnf jzpfonf?14
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zsm;aus;vufa'orsm;wGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGma&&Snfjzpf

yGm;aecJhygonf? ppftpdk;&. aomif;usef;olESdrfeif;a&;ppfr[mAsL[mrsm;a=umifh a'ocHvlxk
rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaetay: xdcdkufoufa&mufr_&Sdap+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'o
rsm;wGif ajymif;a&$@xGufajy;&r_rsm;vnf;jzpfay:apygonf? Ttcsuftvufrsm;udkus,fus,f
jyef@jyef@avhvmrSwfwrf;wifxm;=u+yD;vnf; jzpfygonf?15 vGefcJhonfh 15-ESpfwmumv
twGif; ukvor*~.Xme/ at*sifpDtoD;oD;.rSwfwrf;rsm;udkpkaygif;+yD; EdkifiHwum&Sd w&m;ol
}uD;rsm;u ðcHiHkoHk;oyfazmfjycJh=u+yD;/ ukvor*~vHkðcHa&;aumifpDodk@ wdkufwGef;wifjy cJh=u&mwGif
trSeq f &kd v#ijf refrmEdik if t
H ajctaeonf vlom;rsK;d EG,w
f &yfv;kH udk qef@usif csK;d azmufonfh
&mZ0wfr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfhae&m/ T&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf avhvmpHkprf; a&;aumfr&Sif
w&yfyif xlaxmifoifh+yD[k t=uHðycJh=uygonf?16 ukvor*~u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifht
a&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ EdkifiHwumvlom;csif;pmemr_Oya'tay:csKd;azmufaer_rsm; &yfqdkif;yg&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t}udrf}udrfcsrSwfaecJhaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&u tvm;wlcsKd;azmuf usL;vGefr_
rsm;udk &yfwef@&efpdwfqENr&Sdao;oI/ wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udktjypfay; ta&;,lr_rsm; vnf;r&SdbJ
jzpfaeqJjzpfygonf?17
vGefcJhonfhESpf(20)umvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;wGif vlom;csif;pmemonfh axmufyHhulnD

ay;onfhvkyfief;e,fy,frsm; wdk;csJ@vmEdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ tultnDay;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQjzpfyGm;ae&m jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zsm;a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufulnDEdkif&ef
uef@owfxm;r_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeqJ&Sdonf? wif;=uyfuef@owfr_rsm;&SdaeqJ jzpfyg
onf?18 Tod@k uef@owfcsKyfcs,x
f m;r_rsm;udo k &d adS eaoma=umifh tultnDay;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;
qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;twGuf wdkufwGef;ajymqdkae=uolrsm;uvnf; rnfonfhae&mrSrqdk vuf&Sd
14
ukvor*~ zGH@òz;r_ tpDtpOf. tpD&ifcHpm United Nations Development Programme, 2006, Impact of
the UNDP Human Development Initiative in Myanmar, 1994-2006, Yangon, UNDP
15
jynfwGif; 'kuQonfrsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&; A[dkXme. tpD&ifcHpm Internal Displacement Monitoring
Centre, 5 March 2009, Myanmar : Conflicts and human rights violations continue to cause displacement,
www.internal-displacement.org (accessed 15/10/09)
16
[m;AwfwuUodkvf/ Oya'ausmif; vl@tcGifhta&; Xme. tpD&ifcHpm International Human Rights Clinic,
May 2009, Crimes in Burma, Harvard Law School, http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/docu-
ments/Crimes-in-Burma.pdf (accessed 15/10/09)
17
ukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsuf UN General Assembly, 23 January 2009, Situation of Human
Rights in Myanmar, Resolution 63/245. AND ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@owif;xkwfjyefcsuf
ICRC, 29 June 2007, Press Release: Myanmar – ICRC denounces major and repeated violations of
international humanitarian law, Yangon / Geneva
18
Morten Pedersen, 8 May 2009, “Setting the scene: Lessons from 20 years of foreign aid”, Paper
prepared for a forum presented by National Bureau of Asian Research, US-ASEAN Business Council
and the Atlantic Council of the United States, Washington DC, http://www.nbr.org/Downloads/pdfs/
ETA/BMY_Conf09_Pedersen.pdf (accessed 7/10/09)

wnf&Sdae=uonfh vlom;csif;pmemr_tultnDay;Edkifonfhe,fy,frsm;csJ@xGifyg&ef wdkufwGef;
ae=uonf?19 vmrnfhtem*wfumvwGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfh
a'orsm;&Sdt&yfom;jynfolrsm;rSm tenf;qHk; TtultnDrsm;r&&SdbJ z,fcsefusef&pf&onfh
taetxm;rsKd;&SdEdkif+yD;/ EdkifiHe,fedrdwfudkjzwfausmfI v#Kd@0Sufwdwfwcdk; ydk@aqmifae=u&onfh
vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@toif;rsm;. tultnDay;r_rsm;udkomrSDcdkI qufvuf&Sifoefae=u&zG,f
&Sdygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHu a'oEWm&wGif;EdkifiHrsm;vHkðcHa&;twGuf +cdrf;ajcmufr_wcktaeESifh qufvuf

wnf&Sdaeygonf? umv=um&Snfwnf&SdaecJhonfh rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_/ tdyfcsftdkifADG§
attdkif'Dtufpf ponfuJhodk@aomul;pufa&m*gjy\emrsm;/ a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeonfh jynfwGif;
ppfESifh 'kuQonfrsm;xGufajy;vmr_/ ykHrSefr[kwfonfh vlxktrsm;a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_rsm;
&Sd ae&m pdk;&drfzG,f&myifjzpfygonf?20 xdkif;EdkifiH. trsKd;om;vHkðcHa&;aumifpDuyifv#if vmrnfh
2010 ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&G;aumufyGJrsm;rwdkifrDumvwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh e,fpyfwdkufyGJrsm;
a=umifh 'kuQonftrsm;tjym; xGufajy;vm=urnfhta&;udkóuwifpOf;pm;I jyifqifr_rsm;
aqmif&Gufae=u+yD jzpfygonf? 21 rnfodk@qdkap/ twnfrðyEdkifao;onfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&
(etz)ppftpdk;&u EsLuvD;,m;vufeufxkwfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufaeonf
[kqdkxm;&m vHkðcHa&;t& ydkIus,fus,fjyef@jyef@pdk;&drfzG,fta=umif;&Sdaeygonf?22 tu,fI
Towif;udkomtwnfðyEdkifrnfqdkygu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; tjref
jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif tiftm;pktm;vHk;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&; vkyfief;
wm0efonf ydkIta&;}uD;vmygonf? vHkðcHa&;Xmetrsm;u E_wfqdwfae=uqJjzpfaomfvnf;
(etz)ppftpdk;&ESifh EsLuvD;,m;pDrHcsufudpPwGif &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvufwGJaqmif&Gufae=uonfh
enf;wl/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHuvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHumuG,fa&;pepf/ tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;
zG@H òzd;wd;k wufvmapa&;twGuf orm;&du k svufeufrsm; a&mif;csun l aD y;ae=uonfrmS rsm;pGm
23
pdk;&drfzG,ftaetxm; jzpfygawmhonf?
19
Richard Horsey, 8 May 2009, “Strategies and priorities in addressing the humanitarian situation in
Burma”, Paper prepared for a forum presented by the National Bureau of Asian Research, US-ASEAN
Business Council and the Atlantic Council of the United States, Washington DC, http://www.nbr.org/
Downloads/pdfs/ETA/BMY_Conf09_Horsey.pdf (accessed 7/10/09)
20
tmqD,Ha’o&Sd v$wfawmftrwfrsm;. jrefrmEdkifiHta&; pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;. tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpm ASEAN
Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus, 2006, Asian Voices: Myanmar’s Threat to Regional Security,
http://www.aseanmp.org/docs/aipmc%20booklet.pdf (accessed 15/10/09)
21
The Nation, 7 October 2009, “Border Security Chief: We won’t force refugees back to Burma”, http://
www.nationmultimedia.com/option/print.php?newsid=30113935 (accessed 15/10/09)
22
Des Ball & Phil Thornton, 2 August 2009, “Burma’s nuclear bomb alive and ticking”, Bangkok Post
23
Andrew Selth, 24 August 2009, “Burma and North Korea: Smoke or fire?”, in Policy Analysis no.47,
Australian Strategic Policy Institute,

1? 2? a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeonfh a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_rsm;
“usaemfwdk@&Gmudk jrefrmppfom;awGu rD;&_d@vdkuf+yD;wJhtcgusawmh usaemfwdk@tifrwef

qif;&JoGm;w,f? pm;p&mvnf;tvHktavmufr&Sd=uawmhbl;? tckxdwdkif bkef;}uD;
ausmif;rSmtdyfae=u&w,f? wpHkwa,mufu usaemfwdk@udkulnDay;Edkif&ifawmh
aumif;wmaygh?”
(rd;k aumif;òr@e,frS &Sr;f trsK;d om;wOD;ESihf awG@qakH r;jref;cef;/ =o*kwv
f 2009 ckEpS )f
a&&Snjf zpfymG ;aeonfah jymif;a&$@xuG af jy;&r_rsm;qdo

k nfrmS olw@kd .td;k tdrrf sm;rS twif;t=uyf
ESifxkwfcH=u&onfhjynfolrsm;twGuf oifhav#mfonfhtajzrsm;&&Sdap&ef vkyfief;pOfrsm; quf
vufrvkyfaqmifEdkifbJ &yfwef@ae=u&onfhtajctae/ odk@r[kwf qufvufI'kuQñuH awG@
ae=u&+yD; epfemcHpm;ae=u&onfhtajctae/ ‚.tusKd;quftjzpf vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;tay: umuG,fay;r_rsm;vnf;rcHpm;&bJ epfemqHk;&_H;ae&onfhtajctaeudk
&nf!e$ ;f azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf?24 a&&Snjf zpfymG ;aeonfh ajymif;a&$@xu
G af jy;ae&r_rsm;udk urBmw0Sr;f
&SdEdkifiHaygif; (35) ckwdk@wGif qufvufñuHawG@ae&qJjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHvnf;wck tygt0if
jzpfygonf? a,bk,sta=umif;rSm Twnf&SdaeqJyÉdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef EdkifiHa&;
t&qENr&Sd=ujcif;ESifh usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_rsm;udk&yfqdkif;&ef EdkifiHa&;qENr&Sdjcif;a=umifh quf
vufjzpfay:ae&jcif; jzpfygonf?25
tu,fI a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&olrsm;u EdkifiHwume,fedrdwfudkjzwfausmfI wdkif;wyg;odk@

xGufajy;vm=uonfhtcgwGifvnf; “'kuQonfrsm;. a&$@ajymif;oGm;vmcGifhrsm;ESifh tvkyf
tudkiftcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;onfhtcg/ pcef;rsm;twGif;Yom ydwfavSmif
xm;onfhtcg” ‚'kuQonfrsm;onf umv=um&Snf'kuQonfrsm;b0tjzpfESifh tqHk;owf
=u&ygonf?26 aemufqufwGJtusKd;qufrsm;tjzpf “b0qHk;&_H;I tv[\jzpf&jcif;/ t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ðyef;wD;&jcif;ESifh vHkðcHa&;twGufwdk;I+cdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;” rsm;vnf; ñuHawG@&apyg
onf?27 vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufusL;vGerf r_ sm; qufvuf jzpfay:ae
onfhtajctaewGif usef;rma&;ESifhtouf&Sifoefa&;tay: oG,f0dkufI oufa&muf
24
jynfwGif; 'kuQonfrsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&; b&kufuif;pf-bmef; pDrHcsuf. u|rf;usifolrsm; q,frDem
tpD&ifcHpm Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, 2007, Expert Seminar on Protracted IDP
Situations, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2007/0621_displacement.aspx (accessed 15/10/09)
25
jynfwGif; 'kuQonfrsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&; A[dkXme. tpD&ifcHpm Internal Displacement Monitoring
Centre, April 2009, Internal Displacement: Global overview of trends and developments in 2008, p9,
www.internal-displacement.org (accessed 15/10/09)
26
Executive Commission of the High Commissioner’s Programme, 10 June 2004, “Protracted
Refugee Situations”, UNHCR, para 4, http://www.unhcr.org/excom/EXCOM/40c982172.pdf (accessed
15/10/09)
27
Ibid, para 8

aponfhqdk;usKd;rsm;a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhuav;i,frsm;tzdk@ txl;ojzifhtEW&m,fESifh
ñuHawG@&zG,fjzpfapygonf? 'kuQonfjzpf&jcif;tajctaetwGuf ra&&mvSonfhtajz/ tcGifh
tvrf;rSm ae&yf&if;EdkifiHodk@ rdrdoabmtavsmuftdrfjyefjcif;ESifh wwd,EdkifiHwckodk@ EdkifiHa&;
cdkv_Hol/ odk@r[kwf ajymif;a&$@tajccsjcif;enf;vrf;om&Sda=umif; vltrsm;utus,ftjyef@
,lqem;vnfxm;=uygonf?
jynfwGif;Ya&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;twGuf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom

tajzrSmrl jynfwGif;Yomajz&Sif;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rdrdrl&if;tajccsvmaoma'o/ vlr_todkif;
t0ef;xHodk@ qENtav#mufjyefaejcif;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiH.tjcm;a'owckodk@ ajymif;a&$@tajccs
jcif;om &Sdygonf?28 jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fp&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfap
&mY owif;rsm;tjynfhtpHkod&Sdoabmayguf+yD;rSqHk;jzwfapjcif;ESifh atmifjrifpGmtdrfjyefjcif;
ESifh a'owGif;jyefvnftajccsaygif;pnf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif tpDtpOfa&;qGJ&mY udk,fwdkif
udk,fusyg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh&&Sd&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? tvm;wlyif &kyfydkif;qdkif&mt&vHkðcHr_
ESifh umuG,fay;r_/ Oya'a=umif;t&umuG,fay;r_/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;
jyefvnfaygif; pnf;Edkifr_vnf;vdktyfovdk/ EdkifiHa&;t&tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnf&&Sdapa&;
onfvnf; r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonfh tajctaejzpfygonf?29
a&aomufjrpfyifrt&if;cHjy\emudkajz&Sif;&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;ae

=uonfh/ acgif;rmwif;cHae=uaom EdkifiHtqifhacgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif/ u¾tvdkufqufpyfr_
r&Sbd J aqmif&u G af e=uonfEh ikd if w
H umrl0g'wk@H jyefrr_ sm;a=umifv
h nf; ,cktajctae/ jy\em
rsm;udk ajyvnfatmifrajz&Si;f Edik jf zpfae=u&onf[al om a0zefajymqdrk r_ sm;vnf; &Syd gonf?
a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfhtajctaetwGuf bufpHktajzrsm;rSm Todk@ uGJjym;r_
rsm;udk ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;EdkifrS/ vlom;csif;pmemr_u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ zGH@òz;a&;ESifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;/ vHkðcHa&;udpPrsm;twGuf aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;yl;aygif;I csnf;uyf aqmif&GufrS
om jzpfzG,f&Sdygonf?30 trSefqdk&v#if a&S@qufaqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;onf “tcGifhtvrf;
tajcomyGifhvif;vmr_”udk apmifhqdkif;&SmazGae&Hkr#omr[kwfbJ/ wòyifeufwnf;wGif a&$@
ajymif; xGufajy;ae&pOfumvrsm;Y vHkðcHumuG,fay;r_&Sdap&efaqmif&Gufay;a&;ESifh a&$@ajymif;
xGufajy;ae&r_ed*Hk;csKyfap&ef tajzxkwfjcif;rsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf?31
28
Jeff Crisp, 2007, “Protracted Refugee and IDP Situations: Apparent Similarities and Differences” in
Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, 2007, opcit
29
ukvor*~ at*sifpDrsm;t=um; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; tjrJwrf;aumfrDwD UN Inter-Agency Standing
Committee, March 2007, “Benchmarks for Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons”
30
Gil Loescher & James Milner, September 2009, “Understanding the Challenge”, in Protracted
Displacement, Forced Migration Review, Number 33, Oxford, UK, p9, www.fmreview.org/protracted.
htm
31
Jean-Francois Durieux, September 2009, “A regime at a loss?”, in Protracted Displacement, Forced
Migration Review Number 33, Oxford, UK, p61, www.fmreview.org/protracted.htm (accessed 15/10/09)

Tae&mwGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&on'kuQonfrsm;tajctaeonf +idrf;csrf;a&;
wnfaqmufr_ESifhcGJjcm;r&Edkifatmif qufEG,fr_&Sdaeygonf? twif;t=uyfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;
apjcif;onf vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. tjrifomqHk;tusKd;quf&v'fjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
'kuoQ nfrsm;.qENtav#muf ae&yf&if;jyefa&;qdo k nfuh pd rP mS vnf; yÉdyuQajz&Si;f a&; vkyif ef;
pOftqifhtay: xif[yfaeovdk/ pD;yGm;a&;t&evHxlEdkifatmif yHhydk;v_H@aqmfay;r_ rsm;ESifhvnf;
qufpyfaeygonf?32 trSefqdk&v#if “tdrfjyef=uonfh yrm%twdkif;twmESifh jyefvnfaygif;
pnf;a&;vkyfief;atmifjrifr_rsm;rSm +idrf;csrf;r_wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;pOf atmifjrifr_twGuf
txl;jrifomonfh!$ef;udef;rsm;” vnf;jzpf=uygonf?33 wenf;qdk&v#if a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;
ae&r_.ta=umif;t&if;udkrajz&Sif;bJ/ odk@r[kwf a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae& ol'kuQonfrsm;
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;umvwGiv f tkd yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq
h ;D ajz&Si;f ay;jcif; rðyEdik yf gu aemufxyf
yÉdyuQtopfrsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_topfrsm;vnf; xyfrH jzpfay:vmapEdkifyg
ao;onf?34
+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_vkyfief;udk pdefac:aeonfhjy\emrsm;wGif a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_udk

jzpfay:aponfh t"dujy\emrsm;/ ydkIus,fjyef@pGmv$rf;ðcHqufpyfaeaom pdk;&drfylyefr_
ta=umif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifae=uygonf? a&$@ajymif;xGuaf jy;&r_ujkd zpfay:aponfh t"du jy\em
rsm;wGif ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk jyefvnftyfESif;ay;jcif;/ qHk;&_H;cJh&onfh wefzdk;rsm;
udkjyefvnf&&Sdapjcif; ponfhvdktyfcsufrsm;yg0ifouJhodk@/ us,fjyef@pGmqufpyfv$rf;ðcHaeonfh
jy\emrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;t&evHxlEdkifr_/ EdkifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;r_udpPrsm; yg0ifygonf?35
rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh'kuQonfrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay; ta&;ay:
udpPrsm;rSm olwdk@tay:oufa&muf'kuQjzpfaeaponfh udpPrsm;r#omr[kwfyg? vltpkta0;
w&yfonf a=umufvef@usKd;EGHaeatmif t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufxm;cH&onfhumvY a&$@
ajymif; xGufajy;ae=u&ol'kuQonfrsm;twGuf vwfwavmpdk;&drfylyefr_rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh
t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;&yfwef@ap&efvnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf?
a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeonfh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;ESifh a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfha&&Snf
tajctaeY +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufrv _ yk if ef;pOfrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif &kyyf ikd ;f
qdik &f mvHðk cHr&_ &Sad pa&;ESihf Oya'pd;k rd;k r_/ Oya'enf;ustyk cf sKyfr&_ &Sad p&ef aqmif&u G af y;&efvnf;
36
r&SdrjzpfvdktyfvSygonf?
32
Vincent Chetail, 2009, “Foreward” in Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 1, UNHCR,
Oxford University Press, p2
33
Antonio Guterres, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, to the United Nations Security
Council, 8 January 2009, http://www.unhcr.org/admin/ADMIN/496625484.html (accessed 15/10/09)
34
Erika Feller, 2009, “Giving peace a chance: Displacement and the rule of law during peacebuilding” in
Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 1, UNHCR, Oxford University Press, p94
35
Khalid Koser, 2009, “Integrating displacement in peace processes and peacebuilding” in Refugee
Survey Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 1, UNHCR, Oxford University Press, pp5-12
36
Erika Feller, 2009, opcit

1? 3? aqmif&GufyHkenf;vrf;
“usaemfwdk@u a'owGif;jzpfaewJhyÉdyuQ&J@ jzpfpOfeJ@tvm;tvmudk em;vnfzdk@
óu;pm;=unfw h ,f? xdcukd ef pfemae&wJh aus;&Gmvlxak wGe@J twl tajzxkw=f unfw
h ,f?”
(uGi;f qif; vkyo f m;wOD;/ rGeu f ,fq,fa&;ESihf zG@H òz;a&;aumfrw
D /D =o*kwv
f
2009 ckEpS ?f )
(wDbDbDpD)tzGJ@u wdkif;&if;om;vlr_todkif;t0ef; tajccHvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh jrefrm

EdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;&Sd a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctaeudk 2002 ckESpfrSpwifI rSwfwrf;
ðypkvmcJhygonf?37 jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'otrsm;pkonf EdkifiHwumrSavhvmolrsm; roGm;
a&mufrxdawG@EdkifbJ&SdaeqJjzpf+yD;/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;ae&ma'orsm;wGif owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;pkaqmif;&,l&mY tEW&m,frsm;vGef;vSygonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlxktajcjyK
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ pdwfydkif;jzwfvkyfaqmifr_ESifh owWdajymifajrmufpGm pGef@
pm;vkyfaqmifr_r&SdbJESifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmxGufay:vmzG,fr&Sdyg?
Tppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;tm;vHk;onf vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;'DZdkif;a&;qGJ

cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ ukvor*~. jynfwGif;Ya&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&olrsm;udpP vrf;!$efrlrsm;twdkif;
w&m;0ifudkufnDr_&SdonfhtajccHay:wGif ðypkcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?38 jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;
ae=u&onfh'kuQonfrsm;udk pm&if;ðypkazmfjy&mY Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if vGefcJhonfh
ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;u jynfhpHkuHkvHkaom prf;oyfppfaq;r_rsm;r&Sdao;aomfvnf;/ (wDbDbDpD)
tzG@J .tawG@tñuHrsm;t& urBmw0Sr;f &Sd vlom;csi;f pmemr_tultnDay;a&;vkyif ef;Y aqmif
&Gufae=uonfh at*sifpDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh aqmif&GufyHk
enf;vrf;rsm;qdkif&m t=uHðycsufrsm;udk yHhydk;ay;EdkifcJhygonf?39 ,ckESpfppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif
a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_rsm;.yrm%ESifh twdkif;tq/ ysH@ESH@wnf&SdaeyHkrsm;udk owif;topf/
jzpfay:r_topfrsm;jzifh xyfrHjznfhpGufcJhygonf? jzpfEdkifajctvm;tvm;rsm;udk jyefvnf
oHk;oyfEdkif+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;r_wnfaqmufa&;ESifh yÉdyuQajyvnfr_&apa&;twGuf tuJjzwfcsufrsm;
vnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf?
37
,cif ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESm www.tbbc.org/resources/resources.htm wGif
&,lEdkifygonf?
38
The UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 1998, UN doc. E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, recognises
internally displaced persons as “persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their
homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of
armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made
disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.”
39
UN OCHA and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, April 2008, Guidance on Profiling
Internally Displaced Persons, Geneva, www.internal-displacement.org

a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_twdkif;tqESifh ysH@ESH@wnf&Sdaer_tay: ta&twGuft& ppfwrf;
aumuf,lr_ESifh ppfwyfwdk;csJ@ae&mcsxm;jcif;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm; taumiftxnfazmf
r_. aemufqufwGJtusKd;qufrsm;udk òr@e,f(38)òr@e,f&Sd t"duowif;yHhydk;ay;olrsm;ESifh
2009 ckESpf ZGefvrS ZlvdkifvtwGif; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;um tajccHpkaqmif;EdkifcJh=uygonf?40
vlOD;a& cef@rSef;wGufcsufr_rsm;udk atmufazmfjyygvlxkrsm;twGuf pkaqmif;aumuf
,lEdkifcJhygonf?
• (etz). uif;vSnfhppfa=umif;rsm;&efa=umifh xGufajy;vm&olESifh ppfa&;t& wdkufyGJ
rsm;jyif;xefaeqJa'otwGif; ykef;atmif;ae=u&olrsm;
• ESifxkwfcH=u&olrsm;ESifh (etz) . pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ twif;t=uyfa&$@ajymif;
aexdkifapolrsm;
• vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ ppfyGJtusKd;qufrsm;a=umifhxGufajy;vm=u&olrsm;/
tpd;k &r[kwo f nft h zG@J tpnf;(vkyaf qmifrKS rsm;)a=umifh twif;tusyf a&$@ajymif;apcJh
&olrsm;/ xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd'kuQonfpcef;rsm;rS jyefvm=uolrsm; jzpf+yD;/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;
wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@rsm;xdef;csKyf&ma'otwGif; cdkv_Hae=u&olrsm;jzpf=uonf?
,cktpD&ifcHpmwGifazmfjyxm;onfhajryHkrsm;tm;vHk;udk ,ckawG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;aqmif&GufpOf
twGi;f &&Sv d monfah umif;uifajrwdik ;f owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk (wDbb D pD )D tzG@J . ygwem
tzGJ@tpnf;(5)cku 'pf*spfw,fazmifyHkpHoGif;=u+yD; xkwf,lðypkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? a'wmESifh
ajryHkrsm;udkyHkESdyfxkwfa0+yD; owif;&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh uGif;qif;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifhvnf; wdkufqdkif
ppfaq;cJhygonf? ajryHkygazmfjycsufrsm;udk taumif;qHk;cef@rSef;a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;/
tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;ESifha'orsm;rSm twdtusjzpfaumif;rS jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
,cifESpfrsm;uJhodk@yif tdrfrsm;rSa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&ef ta=umif;&SdaomvlOD;a&udk twdtus

cef@rSef;azmfjyEdkifcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; òr@jya'orsm;ESifh a&maxG;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'orsm;wGif
jynfwGif;Ya&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_rsm; qufvufjzpfay:wnf&SdaeonfrSm trSefyifjzpfyg
onf? ae&ma'ouGJjym;r_tay: wdwdususowfrSwfcGJjcm;&ef &_yfaxG;cufcJouJhodk@/ ae&m
a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;=u&onfh vlOD;a&/ aexdkifaeaomvlOD;a&udk cef@rSef;azmfjy&mwGifvnf;
tcuftcJ&Sdygonf? vlOD;a&ta&twGufrSm taumif;qHk;cef@rSef;azmfjyxm;csufom jzpfyg
onf?
xdcdkufepfemzG,f ta=umif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI vm;&mtajctaeudk 2005/ 2007ckESpfESifh

2009 ckESpfrsm;wGifw}udrf tdrfaxmifpktajccHppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;rSwqifh qef;ppf
aqmif&GufcJhygonf? (2009)ckESpfwckwnf;wGifyif tdrfaxmifpk (1˜000) ausmfudk awG@qHk
40
,ck ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ (5) yg vrf;!$efcsufrsm;rS jyefvnf
xkwf,lazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

ar;jref;EdkifcJhygonf? Ttdrfaxmifpkrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zsm;a'o&Sd erlemtjzpf owfrSwf
xm;onfhtdrfaxmifpk (3˜100) udk udk,fpm;ðyxm;=uolrsm; jzpfygonf?
tdrfaxmifpktvdkufppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;twGuf tqifhrsm;pGmtpkvdkuf erlemxkwf,l

jcif;enf; (multi-stage cluster sampling method) udk toHk;ðycJh+yD;/ erlemppfwrf;aumuf,l
ar;jref;cJholrsm;onf jynfe,fESifhwdkif;(6)ckrS aocsmudk,fpm;ðyI yg0ifjcif;jzpfap&ef aqmif&Guf
cJhonf? xdk@tjyif rwluGJjym;onfhtm%mydkifrsm;.atmufwGifaexdkif&onfh aus;&Gmrsm;rS
vlxkrsm;jzpfap&efvnf; aocsmaqmif&GufcJhygonf?
EdkifiHa&;tm%mydkifr_t& c&dkife,fedrdwfcGJjcm;r_rsm;onf wduspGmwajy;nDr&Sd=uonfh tajc

taewGif uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumuf,l=uolvkyfom;rsm;twGuf atmufazmfjyyg t"dy`g,f
zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t& rwluGJjym;onfhe,fajrrsm;wGif aqmif&GufEdkif&efvrf;!$efay;cJhygonf?
• ykef;atmif;aexdkif=u&onfhae&mrsm;[lonfrSm wdkufyGJrsm; trsm;qHk; qufvuf
jzpfyGm;ae=uaom xdef;csKyfr_òydifqdkifaeqJa'ojzpf+yD;/ vlxktrsm;rSm (etz) uif;
vSnfhppfa=umif;rsm; &SmazGawG@&Sdjcif;r&Sd&avatmif ykef;a&Smifae=u&aom ae&mrsm;
jzpfygonf?
• ajymif;a&$@tajccsxm;aompcef;rsm;qdkonfrSm pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;jzpf+yD;/ (etz)
ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;u twif;tusyfESifxkwf+yD;aemuf ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&ef trdef@
ay;xm;aom ae&mrsm;jzpfonf?
• typftcwf&yfpaJ &;a'orsm;qdo k nfrmS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pktm%mydik rf sm;u ud, k f
ydik t
f yk cf sKyfciG w
hf pHw
k &m&Sad om txl;a'orsm;jzpf+y;D / (etz) ppfwyfrsm;u rwdu k cf u
kd f
vmap&ef tmrcHcsufwpHkw&may;Edkifonfh a'orsm;jzpfygonf?
• a&maxG;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o[lonfrSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh (etz) ppfwyfrsm; xdef;csKyfr_
atmuf&Sd aus;vufa'orsm;jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vufeufudkif twdkuftcH
rsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_vnf;&Sdaeaom a'orsm;jzpfonf?

tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ (erlem) Z,m;
(2009) ckESpfwGif tdrfaxmifpk 1077 ck
80 ykef;atmif;ae&aom ae&mrsm; (250)
70 wdkif;&if;om;typf&yfa'o (254)
tdrfaxmifpk ta&twGuf
(etz) pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; (233)

60 a&maxG;tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o (340)
50
40
30
20
10
0
&Srf;jynfe,f u&ifeDjynfe,f yJcl;wdkif; u&ifjynfe,f rGefjynfe,f weoFm&Dwdkif;
(200) (200) (148) (204) (100) (225)
tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif ajzqdkolrsm;. vlOD;a&Z,m;rsm; jyqdkcsuf

t& erlemxm;&Sdaomvlxkrsm;wGif txl;rwluGJjym;onfh toHrsm;/ yx0Dt&a'orsm;ESifh
ae&mtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk avhvmawG@&Sd&ygonf? jynfe,fESifhwdkif; wdkif;wGif ysrf;r#tdrfaxmifpk
200 cef@/ ae&mtrsKd;tpm;wckwGif tdrfaxmifpk 250 cef@udk ESpfpOfawG@qHkar;jref;EdkifcJhygonf?
yJcl;wdkif;wGif typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;r&Sdaoma=umifh tdrfaxmifpktenf;i,fr#udkom
awG@qHkar;jref;EdkifcJh+yD;/ rGefjynfe,fwGifvnf; erlemppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh tdrfaxmifpk
yrm% yHkrSeftm;jzifhenf;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; &Sdraejcif;
ESifh &Gmom;rsm;ykef;atmif;aexdkif&m ae&mrsm;&Sdraejcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf?
tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ (erlem) Z,m;

(2005-2009) ckESpfwGif tdrfaxmifpk 3113 ck
250
200
150
100
50
(2005) ckESpf erlem (1044) tdrfaxmifpk (2009) ckESpf erlem (1077) tdrfaxmifpk
0 (2007) ckESpf erlem (992) tdrfaxmifpk
&Srf;jynfe,f u&ifeDjynfe,f yJcl;wdkif; u&ifjynfe,f rGefjynfe,f weoFm&Dwdkif;

2005 ckESpf/ 2007 ckESpfESifh 2009 ckESpf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif ajz=um;olrsm;udk vlOD;a&
tvdkuf trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;xm;yHkt"duZ,m;rsm;udk aemufydkif;pmrsufESmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;
ygonf? tm;vHk;ðcHIEd_if;,SOfv#if ajz=um;ol trsKd;orD;rsm;. ta&twGufenf;yg;ygonf?
ta=umif;rSm 2005 ckESpfumvu uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumuf,l=uoltrsm;Y vdifuGJjym;r_
tay:tav;xm;&ef todenf;ao;aoma=umifhjzpfygonf? touf 18-ESpfatmuf uav;
rsm;udk ppfwrf;ar;jref;jcif;rðyyg? ajzqdkolrsm;.touftydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf cGJjcm;azmfjyr_wGif
awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. udk;uG,fr_bmomt& wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;uGJjym;r_t&
xif[yfaeonfudk awG@&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;.toHu ydkIxif&Sm;pGm udk,fpm;ðyae
onfudk awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? ta=umif;rSm yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaom yJcl;wdkif;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/
u&ifjynfe,fwdk@wGif trsm;pkaexdkifae=uolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
vlOD;a&tvdkufppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ESifh rwluGJjym;pGmyif tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf xdcdkufepfemzG,f

tajctaeppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif jynfwGif;Y xGufajy;a&$@ajymif;ae=u&onfh 'kuQonfrsm;
ESifh ppfrD;yÉdyuQa=umifh tus,ftjyef@xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;t=um; cGJjcm;xm;r_r&Sda=umif;
awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif ajz=um;olrsm;. oHk;yHkESpfyHkcef@
rSm vGefcJhonfh 10-ESpfumvtwGif; olwdk@aexdkif&m aetdrfrsm;rS twif;tusyf a&$@
ajymif;aexdkifcJh=u&onfudk azmfjyygonf? Todk@ xGufajy;a&$@ajymif;cJh=u&olerlem rdom;pk
rsm;teufrS tdrfaxmifpk 3-ckv#if wpfckrSm rsm;r=umrDyifolwdk@.rlvaus;&Gmodk@ jyefEdkifonf/
odk@r[kwf tjcm;a'owGiftajccsEdkifonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ jyefvnf xlaxmifEdkifonf/
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh jyefvnfyl;aygif;Edkifonf[k azmfjy=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; ajz=um;
onfhtdk;tdrfrsm;rS xGufajy;ajymif;a&$@=u&olrsm;rSm vGefcJhonfh 10-ESpftwGif; jzpfcJhonfhtm;
av#mfpGm ,ckazmfjycsufonf tdk;tdrfrsm;rS xGufajy;ajymif;a&$@&olrsm; tcsKd;ESifhpmv#if
av#mhenf;aeovdk&SdEdkifygonf? ,ck topfjzpfay:onfh tdk;tdrfpGef@cGm xGufajy;&r_rsm;twGuf
xnfhoGif;wGufcsufEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? TawG@&Sdcsufonf aus;&Gm vlxkrsm;. vuf&Sdtdk;
tdrfajymif;a&$@xGufajy;ae&r_tajctaexufpmv#if/ xdkvlxkrsm;. wnfwHhaom jyefvnf
tajccsaexdkifEdkifr_twGufar#mfvifhcsufudk xif[yfazmfjyaeonfh toGifom &Sdaeygonf?
yÉdyuQtuJjzwfr_vkyfief;pOfudk +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhyÉdyuQrsm;avhvma&; pifwm (Centre for

Peace and Conflict Studies)41 . tultnDjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? Tvkyfief;pOfudk
3-&uf=um aqG;aEG;yGJoifwef;jzifhpwifcJh+yD;/ (wDbDbDpD) . ygwemtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSudk,fpm;
vS,frsm;/ wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; (3)ckrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJh=uygonf?
TaqG;aEG;yGJwGif yÉdyuQrsm;udktuJjzwfEdkif&ef enf;vrf;trsm;tjym;udkrdwfqufay;cJhyg
onf? xdk@aemuf vlxktajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vlxktrsm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_&Sdonfh
41
http://www.centrepeaceconflictstudies.org/

yÉdyuQtuJjzwfr_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'owGif aqG;aEG;yGJtrsm;tjym; qufvuf
aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif aus;&Gmaygif; 70 ausmf yg0ifcJh=u+yD;/ u&ifjynf
e,ftwGif;&Sd vufeufudkifppfyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&m zmyGefòr@e,ftwGif;/ rGef typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;ESifh weoFm&Dwdkif; a&jzLòr@e,frSa'orsm; yg0ifygonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;a=umifh yÉdyuQqufvufjzpfay:aeonfhjzpfpOftay: tajccHvlxkrsm;.tjrifudk wdkifyif
t=uH&,lEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;&&SdcJh+yD;/ jynfwGif;Y tajcrJhtdk;tdrfajymif;a&$@xGufajy;ae=u
&olrsm;tzdk@ olwdk@.toHudk=um;apEdkifonfh pifjrifh&apcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif +idrf;csrf;a&;
wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfEdkifajcenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; azmfxkwfEdkifcJhygonf?

ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wGif ajzqdkolrsm;. vlOD;a& cGJjcm;jyZ,m;
(2005/ 2007 ESifh 2009 ckESpf) (pkpkaygif; erlem twdkif;twm-3˜113 OD;)
vdifuGJjym;r_tvdkuf ajz=um;olrsm; touft&G,ftvdkuf ajz=um;olrsm;
touf touf
trsKd;orD; (30-45)
41 μ (45-59)
ESpf 47 μ ESpf 20 μ
touf
(60)
txuf 7 μ
trsKd;om; touf (18-29)
59 μ ESpf 26 μ
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tvdkufajz=um;olrsm; bmomudk;uG,fr_tvdkuf ajz=um;olrsm;

tjcm;
tjcm; 6 μ 1μ ewfudk;uG,fr_
c&pf,mef
rGefvlrsKd; 15 μ paumu 32 μ 15 μ
&ifvlrsKd;
36 μ
&Srf;vlrsKd;
19 μ
ydk;u&ifvlrsKd; Ak'<bmom
yul;vlrsKd; 52 μ
8μ u,m;(u&ifeD) 5 μ
vlrsKd; 11 μ
tdk;tdrfajymif;a&$@xGufajy;&r_ tajctaetvdkuf
ajz=um;olrsm;
+yD;cJhonfh ajymif;a&$@&+yD; tdrfjyefEdkifol/
10-ESpftwGif; odk@r[kwf
twif;tusyf jyefvnftajccsEdkifol
ajymif;a&$@rcH&ol 23 μ
35 μ
,ckwdkif tajcrJhaeqJ jzpfol

42 μ

tcef; (2)
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'o
aemufqHk;tajctae
a&$wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ a&$usifjrdK@e,f/ 2009 ckESpf (KORD)

2? 1? &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;
“Armppfwyfe@J ‘0’ wyfawGwu kd =f ur,fq&kd if usrwd@k &@J t;kd tdrOf pPmypPn;f awGukd usrwdk@
b,fvdkumuG,f&yghrvJ? usrwdk@ b,foGm;&yghrvJ? b,fvdkae&yghrvJ?”
(&Srf;trsKd;orD;wOD;/ rdkif;qwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;'kuQonfu,fq,fa&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;
aumfrDwD. awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ rdkif;qwfòr@e,f? Zlvdkifv/ 2009-ckESpf)
ESpfaygif; (30) ausmf=umr# &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd jynfolwdk@onf ta&;ay:Oya'atmufrSm

vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;udk =uHKawG@cJh=u&onf? vGefcJhaom
ESpftwGif;Y ppftpdk;&onf typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk ‚.vufatmufcH e,fjcm;
apmifh wyfrsm;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;&ef EdkifiHa&;zdtm;topfrsm; wdk;ay;vmcJhonf?
txl;ojzifh aus;oD;/ rdkif;udkifESifh vJcsm;òr@e,fwdk@Y &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;) ESifh

jrefrm ppfwyfwdk@ wdkufyGJrsm;r=umc%jzpfyGm;aejcif;a=umifh xdkòr@e,frsm;&Sd jynfolwdk@onf
T'kuQ rsm;udk qufvufcHpm;ae&v#uf&Sdonf? (2009) ckESpf. yxrESpf0uftwGif;wGif
vpOf tenf;qHk; wdkufyGJ(4)yGJr#jzpfyGm;aecJh&m/ (etz) ppfwyfu OpPmypPnf;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;/
tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;/ twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cdkif;jcif;tm;jzifh vufwkH@jyefcJhonf? (2009)
ckESpf/ Zlvdkifvukeftxd vJcsm;òr@e,fwòr@e,fwnf;rSmyifv#if tdrf (500) ausmf rD;&_d@cHcJh&+yD;
&Gmaygif; (30) ausmf twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cHcJh&onf? vGefcJhaomESpfu T(3)òr@e,ftwGif;Y
t&yfom; (19˜000)cef@ tdk;tdrftajcysufcJhonf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? tcsKd@u eD;&mòrd@rsm;odk@
ajymif;a&$@oGm;cJh=uonf? xdkif;EdkifiHodk@oGm;&m yifrvrf;r}uD;wav#muf&Sd ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;
rsm;url ajy;aygufudkydwfqdk@xm;onf?
(2008) ckESpfv,fY/ ytdk@trsKd;om;typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wzGJ@jzpfaom &Srf;jynfe,f

vlrsKd;aygif;pHkjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@(&vvz)onf armufr,f/ qDqdkifESifh rdk;eJòr@e,fwdk@
wGif tkyfpkESpfpkuGJxGufoGm;cJhonf? tkyfpkwpku (etz) ppftpdk;&qDrSm vufeufcs+yD;/
usefwpku vufeufudkifckcHa&;qufvkyfonf? TtwGuf ydkItjzpfrsm;vmaeaom
wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh jrefrm ppfwyf.wdkufuif;rsm;a=umifh &Gmom;rsm;onf =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;
vufwkH@jyefcH=u&+yD;/ olykef udkaxmufcHtm;ay;oltjzpf pGyfpGJcH&r_twGuf (2009) ckESpf
ZGefvtwGif;rSm ouf}uD;&G,f}uD; &Gmom; tenf;qHk; (9) OD; towfcHcJh&onf? twif;
t"rRESifxkwfjcif;/ rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ &rf;um;jcif;wdk@a=umifh a=umufvef@
xGufajy;=u&um Te,fajrrsm;Y vlaygif; (3˜000) ausmf tdk;tdrftajcysufb0odk@
a&mufcJh&onf?

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;
yef,ef;
aus;oD;
fjrpf
rdkif;&_;
o HvGi
rdkif;cwf
rdk;aumif; &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf-
ajrmufydkif;
yefjr
pf rdkif;yif;
vJcsm; uGef[def;òr@ usKdif;wHk
ytdk@trsKd;om;
tzGJ@csKyf
vdGKifvif &Srf;jynfe,f
erfhqrf
rdkif;ukwf
yGefjrpf
f
rdk;eJ e fjrp rdkif;qwf
w
vif;ac;
rkdkif;yef
rdkif;wkef
armufr,f
0jynfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
yt tzGJ@
qDqdkif
dk@t csKyf
a&;wyfrawmf
rsKd;o
m;
fjrpf
oHvGi
fiH
f;Edki
xdki
u&ifeD
Kilometers
jynfe,f
W 0 25 50
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;
a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm; EdkifiHwum e,fedrdwf
jzpfay:aeaom zGH@òzd;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;
Nam Pawn
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; jynfe,f-wdkif; e,fedrdw

pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf jrpfrsm;
owWKwGif;wl;azmfr_
vrf;rsm;
ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_ XmecsKyf
qnfwnfaqmufr_
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm; ykef;v#Kd;aexdkif=u&m ae&mrsm;
opfxkwfvkyfr_
Bawlake
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm; typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o
jynfwGif;'kuQonfpcef;rsm; vrf;azmufvkyfr_
(etz)ppftpdk;&u typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;tm; e,fjcm;apmifhwyfrsm;tjzpf jyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;&ef zdtm;ay;&mrSaeI (2009) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;Y udk;uef@a'oxJodk@ xdk;ppfqif
onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufcJh+yD;/ 'kuQonfaygif; (37˜000) cef@onf w&kwfEdkifiHxJodk@ ajy;0ifcJh=u
&onf? onfhaemufwGif w&kwfe,fpyfrSma&m/ xdkif;e,fpyfrSmyg ‘0’ jynfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf
a&;wyfrawmf (UWSA) .wyfrsm;udk vufeufudkifwyfrsm;jzifh zdtm;ay;+cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf?
rdkif;wHkESifh rdkif;qwfòr@e,fwdk@Y (etz) ppfwyfrsm;u (UWSA) . wyfpcef;rsm;udk &kyfodrf;ay;
&efawmif;qdkcJh&m/ qufqHa&;tvGefwif;wif;rmrm jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmppfwyfu
vm;[ljynfol@ppfwyffzGJ@rsm;tm; ppfom;opfrsm;tjzpf twif;t"rRqifhac:ap+yD; &Srf;jynf
wyfrawmf (awmifydkif;) ESifh (UWSA) udkwdkuf&ef jyifqifapcJhonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&onf
(2009) ckESpftwGif;Y rdkif;wHk&Sd vm;[ljynfol@ppfrsm;udk tajccHppfoifwef; (3) }udrfay;chJ
onf?
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;rSm Todk@rwnfr+idrfjzpfaeonfh=um;xJuyif/ tpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;

rsm;udk qufvuftaumiftxnfaz:cJhonf? oHvGifjrpfay:rSm wnfaqmufrnfh wmqef;
qnfonf r=umao;rDu xdkif;EdkifiH.trsKd;om; v#yfppf"mwftm;wdk;wufzGH@òz;apa&;
tpDtpOfwGif udpPwcktygt0iftjzpf xnfhoGif;cJhonf? tdk;tdrftajcysufcJhaom &Gmom;
aomif;*%ef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk@.ae&yfjyefa&;onf Tqnfa=umifh a&S@quftcufawG@ae&vdrfh
rnfjzpfonf? ajrmufydkif;csif;&dkife,fpyfrS uDvdkrDwm (70) cef@uGma0;aom rdkif;qwfòr@e,f/
rdkif;aumuf (Mong Kok) e,fajrYvnf; xdkif;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ausmufrD;aoG;ndKodkuf}uD;
wckudkwl;az:&efvnf; pDrHudef;a&;qGJv#uf&Sdonf? xdkif;e,fpyfrSaeI wl;az:rnfhae&modk@
vrf;rsm; azmufvkyf+yD;pD;oGm;v#if wl;az:a&;vkyfief;udk tjynfht0 taumiftxnfaz:
awmhrnfjzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wl;az:rnfhe,fajr&Sd aus;&Gmaygif; (8) &Gmudk twif;t"rR
ae&ma&$@ajymif;ypfvrd rhf nfjzpf+yD;/ teD;tem;ywf0ef;usi&f dS aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom; axmifaygi;f
rsm;pGmwdk@onf ppfwyfrsm;csxm;jcif;. '%fudkcH&zG,f&Sdonf[k cef@rSef;&onf?
2? 2? u&ifeDjynfe,f?
“usaemfw@kd rvdck sib f eJ @J / olw@kd utwif;yJtaºu;,lcikd ;f +y;D / twd;k }u;D eJ@jyefqyfcikd ;f w,f?
rESpfup+yD;/ tJ'DvdkrsKd;ESpf}udrf jzpfcJhygw,f?”
(u&ifetD rsK;d om;wOD;/ u&ifev D rl z_ v
l akH &;ESizhf @HG òz;a&;A[dXk me. awG@qakH r;jref;csurf /S
vGdKifaumfòr@e,f/ Zlvdkifv/ 2009-ckESpf)
u&ifejD ynfe,f&dS vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQonf vGecf ahJ omESpt f wGi;f &Sm;awmòr@e,fajrmufyikd ;f ESihf
vGdKifaumfòr@e,fajrmufydkif;wdk@Y tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfyGm;cJhonf? (2008) ckESpfwGif (&vvz)
tzGJ@rS ytdk@trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (PNLA) cGJxGuf+yD;/ vufeufudkifckcHa&;
u&ifeDjynfe,f
uvvw
z,fcHk
yGefjrpf
&Sr
&Srf; f jynf f;
e,f
fe, vdGKifaumf
u,ef;jynfopfygwD jyn
&Sm;awm
'Darmqdk; bDvl;acsmif;
oHvGifjrpf
z&l;qdk;
u&ifeD
yGefjrpf
uvvw jynfe,f
xdkif;EdkifiH
ydkifjrpf
u&ifeDjynfe,f
oHawmif xl;jrpf
oHvGifjrpf
Kilometers
0 12.5 25
abmvcJ zm;aqmif;
rJhpuf
uvvw
u&ifjynfe,f
EdkifiHwum e,fedrdwf
a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm;
jynfe,f-wdkif; e,fedrdw jzpfay:aeaom zGH@òz;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;
qnfwnfaqmufr_
jrpfrsm;
vrf;rsm; opfxkwfvkyfr_
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm;
ykef;v#Kd;aexdkif=u&m ae&mrsm; owWKwGif;wl;azmfr_
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;
'kuQonfpcef; vrf;azmufvkyfr_
a&wmwrHwnfaqmufr
qufvufqifE$JaomtcgY (etz)ppftpdk;&. cr& (261) onf u&ifeDjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynf
e,f.e,fpyfwGif wyfrsm;wdk;Icsxm;vdkufonf? jzpfyGm;vmcJhaom vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;
a=umifh aus;&Gmvl}uD;rsm;onf tpOftjrJyifpGyfpGJjcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;
cH=u&onf? vGdKifaumfòr@e,fajrmufydkif;/ yGefacsmif;jrpfurf;wav#muf&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;onf
jynfe,fESpfck. e,fpyf&Gmrsm;jzpfae=uonf? u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) ESifh
ytdk@trsKd;om;vGwfajrmuf a&;wyfrawmf (PNLA) wdk@.wyfrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;onf
[laompGyfpGJcsufjzifh tqdk;&Gm;qHk;xdcdkufcH&aom Tjrpfurf;ab;aus;&Gmwdk@onf jrpfudk
jzwful;+yD; tjcm;wzufurf;odk@xGufajy;cJh=uonf?
'Darmqdk;òr@e,fESifh z&l;qdk;òr@e,fwdk@wGif rdk;acgifjcif;ESifh wcsdefuv,fajr{u (20˜000) ausmf

twGuf a&ay;cJhaomaiGawmifqnfudk udkifwG,ftoHk;ðyyHkrrSefuefr_wdk@a=umifh &duQmvHkðcHr_rSm
xdcdkufcJh&onf? qnf}uD;onfcrf;ajcmufoGm;cJh+yD;/ v,form;rsm;onf rdk;a&ESifh awmifusa&
udkom tm;xm;ae=u&onf? odk@&mwGif ppfwyfu wyfv,fajrrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;+yD;
a&oGif;ay;&ef qnfajrmif;Xmeudk trdef@ay;xm;ojzifh (etz)ppftpdk;&. cv& (102) ESifh
cr& (427) wdk@ ,cifodrf;,lxm;cJhaomv,fajrrsm;url ,ciftwdkif;yif jzpfxGef;ae=uonf
[k od&onf?
armfcs;D òr@ywf0ef;usi&f dS awmifyikd ;f e,fajrrsm;Y jrefrmppfwyf. cv& (72) ESihf cr& (530)
wdk@u oGm;vma&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;wdk@udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; wdk;I ðyvkyfcJhonf?
e,fajrwyfrSL;xH yHkrSef owif;ydk@&ef aus;&Gmwdkif;tm; trdef@xkwfxm;onf? awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;ay:Y awmif,mwJrsm; raqmuf&[k uef@owf ydwfyifxm;cJhonf? ukefonfrsm;
tm;vnf; 0,folwOD;v#if qefwyHk;/ qm; (1²2) uDvdk/ ig;yd (1 ²2) uDvdk xufydkIra&mif;&[k
trdef@ xkwfxm;onf? (etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyf. wdkufuif;rsm;onf ypPnf;rsm;udk
vk,uf,liifjcif;/ u|JEGm; wd&p>mef rsm;udk pm;aomufypfjcif;tm;jzifh aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom;
rsm;udk qufvuf &rf;um; aESmifh,Sufaev#uf &Sdonf?
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@&ef (etz)ppftpdk;&. wdkufwGef;aer_a=umifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; tzGJ@

rsm; . EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mESifh ppfa&;qdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhonf raocsmra&&mjzpfaeum/
typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;&Sd aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;taeESifhvnf; vmrnfhESpfrSm
rnfodk@jzpfrnfqdkonfudk aocsmwyftyfrodEdkif jzpfae=u&onf? typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom
tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&xHrS&&Sdxm;aom opfvkyfief;ESifh owWKwl; az:a&;
vkyfief;vkyfudkifcGifhrsm;udk tm;xm;ae=u&ojzifh/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@a&;udpPESifhywfoufI
jiif;qef&ef cufayvdrfhrnf? u&ifeDjynfe,f vlrsKd;aygif;pHkjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;
(uvvw) tzGJ@. acgif;aqmifydkif;u (etz) ppftpdk;&.awmif;qdkcsufudk oabmwlxm;+yD;
jzpfonf? Todk@oabmwljcif;ESifhywfoufI atmufajcxkuuef@uGufcJhonf[k od&onf?
u&ifeDtrsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (Karenni National Solidarity Organisation) ESifh
vlenf;pk ua,m (Kayaw) trsKd;om;rsm;. u&ifeD+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(Karenni Peace and Development Party) wdk@onf tvGeftiftm;ao;i,fvSonfjzpf&m
(uvvw). axmufcHtm;ay;r_r&Sdv#if &yfwnfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs? pD;yGm;a&;t& csdeJ@r_
a=umifh ua,mtypftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@onf r=umao;rDu z&lqdkòr@e,ftaemufydkif;&Sd
[dk,me,fajrwGif bdef;cif;rsm;wdk;csJ@pdkufysdK;+yD;/ tdrfeD;csif;&Srf;jynfe,f&Sd bdef;ukeful;olrsm;ESifh
tquftoG,frsm;vkyfxm;onf? Te,fajr&Sdawmifolwdk@onf rdrdwdk@.pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf bdef;pdkufysdK;jcif;udk tm;xm;v#uf&Sdae=uav+yD?
2? 3? u&ifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;?
“usrwdk@awmxJ0if=uawmh/ trsKd;orD;wa,muf rdkifeif;rd+yD;/ ajcwzufjywfoGm;w,f?
ArmppfwyfuppfAv kd u
f 'DtrsK;d orD;[mroGm;&bl;qdw k ahJ e&mudo
k mG ;wmud;k vd@k qw
l ,f?
'DtrsKd;orD;a=umifh ol@wdk@rdkif;wvHk;qHk;&w,fqdk+yD;/ rdkif;wefzdk;tavsmfay;&r,fvdk@
ajymw,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;/ CIDKP .awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f/ arv/
2009-ckESpf)
(2008) ckESpftukef/ (2009) ckESpft0ifY jrefrmppfwyfonf u&ifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;ESifh yJcl;

wdkif;ta&S@jcrf;&Sd wyfpcef;aygif; (30) ausmfrSwyfrsm;udk &kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif (etz)
ppftpdk;&. ppfqifa&;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh oHawmifESifh ausmuf}uD;òr@e,fwdk@Y t&yfom;
rsm;udk qufvufIypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufaeqJyif&Sdonf? t&yfom;rsm; aexdkif&mae&mrsm;
ESifh awmif,mcif;rsm;qDodk@ vufeuf}uD;rsm;ESifhypfcwfr_rsm;udk awmifil/ armfcsD; vrf;w
av#mufwGif wdk;IðyvkyfaecJhonf? Te,fajrY vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;rSm wdkufuif;tzGJ@ 4/ 5
zGJ@u tpGeftzsm;tusqHk;aus;&Gmrsm;udk &rf;um;aESmifh,SufcJhonf? u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;
t&Hk; (autJef,l) . vufeufudkifwyfu (2009) ckESpf/ arvwGif ðcHcdkwdkufcdkuf&m/ (etz)
ppftpdk;&. tqifhjrifhAdkvfrSL;csKyfwOD; usqHk;oGm;apcJhonf?
jrefrmppfwyfonf &Gmom;rsm;udk qufom;/ opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;&Smay;ol/ taqmuf

tOD;aqmufay;ol/ a&cyfol ESifh tjcm;aomum,tvkyfvkyfay;olrsm;tjzpf vkyfay;&ef
wdk;Icdkif;apcJhonf? oHawmifòr@e,fY aus;&Gmwdkif;onf ppfwyftwGuftvkyfvkyfay;&ef ae@
pOf vl (5) OD;rS (10) OD;txd ydk@ay;&onf? twif;t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm; wdk;Ivkyfae
jcif;udk (etz)ppftpdk;&u ajr,mrsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;/ òr@opfwnfaeaom (armfcsD;/ awmifilvrf;
ay:&Sd) uv,fvm; (KlerLah) [kac:aom ae&mywf0ef;usifwGif txl;awG@&onf?
ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f ajrmufydkif;&Sd tenf;qHk;aus;&Gm (10) &Gmcef@onf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpf
jrefrmppfwyftwGuf rvkyfrae& tvkyfvkyfay;cJh&+yD;/ wcgqifhac:wdkif; vl (50) rS (100) cef@
onf rdrdwdk@.toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tvkyfudkypfxm;I oGm;vkyfay;cJh=u&onf?
tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;rSm ae&mtESH@jzpfyGm;aeonf? txl;

ojzifh ausmuf}uD;òrd@e,frSm jzpfonf? ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f&Sd tdrfaxmifpkwdkif;onf e,fajrcH
ppfwyftwGuf vpOfa=u;tenf;qHk; (1˜200) usyf ay;&+yD;/ ppfr_xrf;&ef qifhac:jcif;cH&olurl
ppfr_rxrf;&a&;twGufaiG usyf (500˜000) txday;&onf?
c&D;oGm;vmjcif;ESiyhf wfoufI uef@owfrr_ sm;onf awmifiòl r@e,f.awmifay:e,fajrY txl;

jyif;xefonf? xdke,fajrYvrf;opfrsm;onf ppfa&;twGufomv#if oGm;vmcGifh&Sdonf?
ukefonfrsm;onf awmifilESifh (armfcsD;/ awmifil vrf;ay:&Sd) uv,fvm; t=um;&Sd ppfaq;a&;
pcef;aygif; (13) ckudk toGm;tjyefc&D;twGufpkpkaygif; usyf(190˜000) vmbfxdk;=u&onf?
v,f,m odk@r[kwf aus;&Gmjyify&Sdaps;uGufrsm;odk@ oGm;vmcGifhydwfyifxm;jcif;r&Sdaom
e,fajr rsm;Yyifv#if/ wae@wmoGm;vmcGifhvufrSwftwGuf usyf (200) ay;&+yD;/ oDwif;ywf
(1) ywfpmvufrSwftwGuf usyf (1˜ 000) ay;&onf?
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;onf t&Snfojzifh wnfwHhatmif wnfxm;aom&Gmrsm; r[kwfonfu

wa=umif;/ (etz)ppftpdk;&ppfAdkvfrsm;u aiGrufonfuvnf;wa=umif;a=umifh/ xdkpkpnf;
aus;&Gmrsm;rS ajymif;a&$@oGm;r_rsm;vnf;&Sdaeonf? awmifile,f. awmifay:e,fajrY òr@opf
wpfòrd@wnf&efpDrHudef;a=umifh &Sm;ap;bdk / ,D;&Srf;/ ZD;jzLukef; ESifh awmukef;pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd
vlrsm;udk rdrdwdk@rlvaus;&Gmrsm;odk@ jyefaecGifhay;cJhonf? ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f/ xD;wl; (HteTu)
pkpnf;aus;&GmrS ajymif;a&$@oGm;vdkolrsm;tm; (etz) ppftm%mydkifrsm;u ajymif;a&$@&ef
cGifhðycsuftwGuf aiGusyf (1˜500˜000) awmif;cHcJhonf?
zmyGefòr@e,fY (etz) ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;ESifh tawG@rcH&JaomvlOD;a& (38˜000) cef@&Sdonf?

wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&v#if òr@e,f&SdvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;. xuf0ufeD;yg;cef@onf jrefrmppftpdk;&wyf
rsm;a&mufvmawmhrnfqdkv#if ykef;atmif;/ ajy;v$m;ae=u&onf? (etz) ppftpdk;&u vrf;
rsm;azmufvkyfjcif;/ ppfwyfrsm;ae&mtESH@csxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;.pdk;rdk;csKyfudkifr_udk wdk;csJ@ae
aomzmyGefòr@.ajrmufbufY T&Gmom;wdk@onf awmifay:odk@wufajy;=uonf? vlOD;a&u
rSefrSefwdk;vm+yD;/ pdkufysdK;Edkifaomajr,m&&SdEdkifr_uvnf; enf;yg;vm&m/ &duQmrvHkavmufr_
onf ydkIqdk;&Gm;vmaev#uf&Sdonf?

u&ifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;
a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm; jrpfrsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; vrf;rsm;
ykef;v#Kd;aexdkif=u&m
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf ae&mrsm;
typftcwf&yfpJa&;
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm; a'o
oHawmif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
jzpfay:aeaom zGH@òz;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;
jynfwGif;'kuQonfpcef;rsm;
qnfwnfaqmufr_
opfxkwfvkyfr_
awmifil
jynfe,f-wdkif; e,fedrdwf
owWKwGif;wl;azmfr_
xef;wyif
vrf;azmufvkyfr_
tkwfwGif;
oHvGifjrpf
,
Gef;p
v
if;jr rJhpuf
pf
u&ifjynfe,f uvvw
rkef;
xdkif;EdkifiH
Kilometers
0 12.5 25
ausmuf}uD;
bD;
v
if;jr
ausmufwHcg; pf
yJcl;wdkif; zmyGef
anmifav;yif
a&$usif
ppfawmi
f;jrpf
Daikoo
oHvGifjrpf
'Hkor
djrpf
2? 4? u&ifjynfe,ftv,fydkif;a'orsm;?
“('DaubDat) u wtdrw f a,muf olw@kd wyfxrJ mS ppfrx
_ rf;&r,fv@kd trde@f xw
k yf gw,f?
wyfxJr0if&if '%fa=u;usyf (500˜000) awmif;ygw,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;om;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/
=o*kwfv/ 2009-ckESpf)
typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk (etz)ppftpdk;&. e,fjcm;apmifhwyfrsm;tjzpfodk@ jyefvnfzGJ@

pnf;jcif;tm;jzifh wEdik if v
H ;kH &Sv
d ufeufuikd w
f yfrsm;udk trde@f ay;pepfwckwnf;atmufrmS pkpnf;
xm;a&;pDrHudef;.'%fcsufudk u&ifjynfe,ftv,fydkif;rSm yxrOD;qHk;pwifcHpm;cJh& onf?
TpDrHudef;udktaumiftxnfaz:aomtm;jzifh wdk;wufaomAk'<bmomu&if trsKd;om;
wyfrawmf ('DaubDat) onf xdik ;f e,fpyfwav#muf&/dS u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&H;k (autJe, f )l
. vufusefppfpcef;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufjcif;tm;jzifh e,fajrpdk;rdk;r_udk wdk;csJ@vmcJhonf?
jr0wDòr@e,fawmifydkif;&Sd autJef,lpcef;rsm;udk {+yDvtwGif;rSm odrf;ydkufcJh+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh wygwnf;yif/ vlaygif; (2˜000) ausmfudk aetdrfrsm;rS pGef@cGmxGufajy;ap
cJh&onf? ('DaubDat§etz) yl;wGJppfqifa&;a=umifh aemufxyf&Gmom; (4˜000) ausmfudk
tdk;tdrftajcysufxGufajy;apcJh&+yD;/ ZGefvqef;Y v_dif;bGJòr@e,ftwGif;&Sd aemufxyfppfpcef;
(2) ckudk odrf;ydkufcJhonf? (autJef,l) u ‚if;.pcef;rsm;udk pGef@v$wfcJh+yD;onfhwdkif/
('DaubDat) . wyfom;opfpkaqmif;jcif;/ &Gmom;rsm;udkay:wmqGJjcif;ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;
axmifjcif;wdk@ a=umifh &Gmom;rsm;xdwfvef@ae=u&qJjzpfonf?
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@pnf;&mY wyfzGJ@pnf;yHkjynfhrDatmif ('DaubDat) tzGJ@u wyfom;opfrsm;

udk twif;tusyfpkaqmif;odrf;oGif;cJhonf? wyfom;opfrsm; ray;onfhtwGuf jr0wDòr@e,frS
&Gmvl}uD;ESpfOD;udk ('DaubDat)tzGJ@u (2009) ckESpf/ arvwGif zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;cJhonf?
tvm;wlyif/ vd_if;bGJòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;Yvnf; trdef@remcHolwOD;v#if '%faiGusyf
(50˜000) rS (300˜000) - (cef@rSef;wefzdk; tar&duefa':vm 50 rS 300 txd) - '%faiG
&dkufonf? wyfxJ0if&aom&Gmom;rsm;onf a&Swef;ppfrsufESmodk@tydk@rcH&rDrSm/ (etz)
ppftpdk;&uay;aom tajccHppfoifwef;udk wufa&muf=u&onf?
aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom;rsm;tay: ('DaubDat) ESifh (etz) ppftpdk;& yl;wGJppfa=umif;rsm;.

&rf;um;aESmifh,Sufaer_rsm;onf jrefrmppfwyf. usifhoHk;aeus aomif;usef;ololykef ESdrfeif;
a&;r[mAsL[mESifh wax&mwnf;jzpfaeonf? &Gmom;rsm;udk ay:wmrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/
ppfa=umif;aemufjrD;rS vufeuf}uD;wyfzGJ@ab;uif;a&;twGuf ('DaubDat) ajcvsifppfom;
rsm;.a&S@rS rdkif;&Sif;u&d,mrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;tusyfcdkif;aponf? (autJef,l)
u&ifjynfe,ftv,fydkif;a'orsm;
zmyGef a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm; jrpfrsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; vrf;rsm;
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o
Bi
lin
ajcjrefwyfr jzpfay:aeaom zGH@òzd;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm;
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
qnfwnfaqmufr_
owWKwl;azmfr_
oHvGifjrpf
'kuQonfpcef;
opfxkwfvkyfr_
vrf;azmufvkyfr_
,Gef;p
obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;
&xm;vrf;
vif;jr
pf
'DaubDattzGJ@
vd_if;bGJ@ Kilometers
0 25 50
u&ifjynfe,f
oHvGifj
oxHk
rpf
zm;tH u&if+idrf;csrf;
a&;aumifpD 'DaubDattzGJ@
'Hko
vd_i
rdjrp
f;b
GJ@jrp
f
jr0wD
aygifòrd@
*sKdi
f;jrp
f xdkif;EdkifiH
aumhu&dwf
armfvòrdifòrd@ u&if+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@
'DaubDattzGJ@
acsmif;qHk usKdufra&m
a[mifoa&
rk'Hk
rGefjynfe,f
mjrpf
Zr
=umtif;qdyf}uD;
djrp
f
oHjzLZ&yf
rGefjynfopfygwD 'DaubDattzGJ@
tzGJ@udk axmufcHtm;ay;oltjzpf ,lqcH&ol&Gmom;rsm;twGufjypf'%ftjzpf tdk;tdrf/ OpPm
ypPnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;/ tEdkifusihfaiGawmif;jcif;/ rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh n‡Of;yef;
ESdyfpufjcif;wdk@udk qufvufusifhoHk;aeonf? Tyl;wGJppfqifa&;umvtwGif;rSm xGufajy;wdrf;
a&SmifcJhaom&Gmom;rsm;onf aemufxyftopfcsxm;aom ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh ('DaubDat)
odk@r[kwf (etz) ppfom;rsm;. aemufxyfrawmfrw&m;ðyr_rsm;udk a=umufae=u&aom
a=umifh vwfwavmumvtwGif;rSm tdrfjyef=urnfhyHkray:acs?
(etz) ppftpdk;&. pDrHudef;twdkif; ('DaubDat) tzGJ@acgif;aqmifydkif;u vdkufemaqmif&Guf

vdkaompdwf"mwfonf EdkifiHa&;tvdkqENESifhroufqdkifbJ/ pD;yGm;a&;tvdkqENESifhom oufqdkif
yHk&ygonf? (2007) ckESpfupI v_dif;bGJ@òr@e,f/ a'geawmifwef;. taemufbufwGif ajr,m
{u (1˜800) udk odrf;,lcJhonf? vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;Y ('DaubDat) wyf&if; (999) u
&mbmjcH (17) jcHpdkufysdK;ay;&ef rlvuajrydkifcJholrsm;ESifhaus;&Gmom;rsm;tm; twif;t"rR
apcdkif;cJhonf? vd_if;bGJòr@e,fY opfvkyfief;onf tjrwftpGef;rsm;aomvkyfief;wckjzpf+yD;/
jr0wDESifh aumhu&dwfòr@e,frsm;Yrl owWKwl;az:a&;vkyfief;ESifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;rS tcGef
aumufcGifhwdk@onf tc&musaomtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
2? 5? rGefa'orsm;
“rGejf ynfopfygwu D (etz) ppftpd;k &&J@tpDtpOfuqkd ef@usirf ,fv@kd usrwd@k owif;=um;
w,f? olykefawGudktm;ay;w,fvdk@ usrwdk@pGyfpGJcH&rSm pdk;&drfw,f? 'Dwcgvnf; ajy;&tHk;
rSmyJ?”
(rGeftrsKd;orD;wOD;/ rGef'kuQonfu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD. awG@
qHkar;jref;csuf rS/ a&;òr@e,f/ =o*kwfv/ 2009-ckESpf)
rGefjynfopfygwD.vufeufudkifwyfudk jynfol@ppf odk@r[kwf e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpfodk@

ajymif;vJ+yD;/ jrefrmppfwyf. trdef@emcHr_atmufwGifxm;&Sd&ef awmif;qdkcH&+yD;uwnf;yif/
rGefjynfopfygwDESifh (etz)ppftpdk;&wdk@. typftcwf&yfpJxm;r_tajctae rwnfr+idrf jzpf
aecJhonf? Typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;wGif vltrsm;tjym;onf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;rsm;udk tajcwusjyefvnfvkyfudkifEdkifcJhonfjzpf&m rGefjynfopfygwDtzdk@ tcufawG@
aeygonf? (2009) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvqef;wGif rGefjynfopfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u rdrdwdk@.
wyfudk jrefrmppfwyf.trdef@atmufrSmxm;&ef toGifajymif;rnfr[kwfa=umif; (etz)
ppftpdk;&. ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfwdkif;rSL;tm; w&m;0ifjyef=um;cJhonf? vlrsKd;pk typftcwf
&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh (etz)ppftpdk;&wdk@. yÉdyuQudkajz&Sif;a&;twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;aom
EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;r&Sdojzifh/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;jyefjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[laom pdk;&dfrfylyefr_rsm;
wdk;yGm;vmaev#uf&Sdonf?
rGefa'orsm;
oHjzLZ&yf
rGefjynfopfygwD 'DaubDattzGJ@
u&ifjynfe,f
Zr
djrp xdkif;EdkifiH
f
rGefjynfe,f
f
djrp
Zr
bk&m;oHk;qlawmif=um;
a&;
a&; a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;
tef'refyifv,f ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_ XmecsKyf
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm;
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
a&;
'kuQonfpcef;
rGefjynfopfygwD jynfe,f-wdkif; e,fedrdwf
jrpfrsm;
&m;zl; vrf;rsm;
&xm;vrf;
weoFm
typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o
ykef;v#Kd;aexdkif=u&m ae&mrsm;
xm;0,

&Dwdkif;
fjrpf
vrf;azmufvkyfr_
Kilometers
0 12.5 25
a&jzL
odk@&mwGif typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;.jyifyY jrefrmppfwyf. “udk,fxludk,fx
rdrdbmomzlvHka&;” rl0g'a=umifh vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;rSm aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;.ajr,mrsm; odrf;
,lr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aecJhonf? oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,frSm tajcpdkufxm;aom (etz) ppftpdk;
&.tajrmufwyf&if; (315) onf &mbmpdkufysdK;xm;aomajr{u (270) cef@udk rGef
vlrsKd;jcHydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS odrf;,lcJhonf? tvm;wlyif/ rk'Hkòr@e,frSmtajcpdkufxm;aom tajrmuf
wyf&if; (318) uvnf; ppfwyftwGufa&mif;pm;p&m&mbmcsyfrsm; xkwfvkyfI&Edkifaom
&mbmjcH{u (400) ausmfudk odrf;,lcJhonf?
rGefcGJxGuftkyfpk (2) pkonf a&;òr@e,fawmifydkif;ESifh a&jzLòr@e,fajrmufydkif;wdk@wGif jrefrmppfwyf

udk qufvufIckcHwdkufcdkufae+yD;/ (autJef,l) wyfzGJ@rsm;url a&;òr@e,fajrmufydkif;ESifh a&jzL
òrd@e,fawmifydkif;wdk@wGif v_yf&Sm;aeygonf? (2009) ckESpf/ yxrESpf0uftwGif;Y olykefaxmufcH
tm;ay;olrsm;tjzpf pGJcsufjzifh (etz)ppftpdk;&. cr& (273) wyfzGJ@rsm;u tenf;qHk;
&Gmom; (6) OD;udkowfjzwf+yD;/ (14) OD;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcJhonf? tvm;wl
yif/ (2008) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvrS (2009) ckESpf/ ZGefvtxd (etz) ppftpdk;&. cr& (282)/ (273)
ESifh (107) wdk@. a&jzLòr@e,ftwGif;ppfqifa&;rsm;Y tenf;qHk;&Gmom; (37) OD; n‡Of;yef;ESdyf
pufcH&+yD;/ (8) OD; owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? xdk@tjyif (autJef,l) udk &Gmom;rsm; raxmufyHhEdkifap
a&;twGuf[kqdkum rGefjynfopfygwD. typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrteD; a&jzLòr@e,ftwGif;&Sd
tdrfaxmifpkaygif; (60) ausmfaexdkifaom &Gmw&Gmudk (2008) ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif cr& (282)
u twif;t"rRarmif;ESifxkwfcJhonf? &Gmom;rsm;wuGJwjym;pDjzpfoGm;cJh=u+yD;/ tcsKd@u
ykef;atmif;p&mae&mrsm;odk@ xGufajy;=u&onf? tcsKd@url eD;pyf&mu&ifaus;&Gmrsm;odk@
0ifa&mufaexdkifcJh=uonf?
jrefrmppfwyfonf rGefjynfe,fudkjzwfoGm;aom obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;vHkðcHa&;twGuf[k

ta=umif;jyIvnf;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk qufvufusL;vGefaeygonf? rk'Hk/
oHjzLZ&yfESifh a&;òr@e,frsm;rS a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;udk &m*%ef;ESifhcsDI ae@pOfqifhac:um
uefabmuf-òrdifuav;"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;udkf uif;apmifhcdkif;onf? a&jzLòr@e,f&Sd &wem "gwfaiG@
ydkufvdkif;av#mufrSm rawmfrw&m;ðyr_rsm;u ydkIyifqdk;&Gm;ao;onf? ta=umif;rSm &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;udk ‘olykef axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;’ [kvnf;pGyfpGJI zdESdyfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
jrefrmppfwyfonf a&;-xm;0,fvrf;r}uD;wav#muf&Sd a'ocH&Gmvl}uD;rsm;tm;vnf; (etz)

ppftpdk;&. vufatmufcHjynfol@ppftzGJ@rsm; rzGJ@rae&zGJ@cdkif;cJhonf? olykefwyfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;ta=umif;owif;&v#if jrefrmppfwyf. e,fajrcHwyf&if;rsm;xH owif;ydk@&ef topfzGJ@pnf;
xm;aomjynfol@ppftzGJ@rsm;xH trdef@xkwfxm;onf? &Gmom;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jrefrm
ppfwyf. jynfol@ppftzGJ@xJrSmr0if&atmif rGefjynfopfygwD. typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrxJ
odk@ xGufajy;cJh=u&onf?
2? 6? weoFm&Dwdkif;?
“ESpfwdkif;bJ/ (etz)ppfwyfawGu &Gmwdkif;udk=uufqlyifpdkufzdk@ trdef@ay;ygw,f?
rsKd;aphudk udk,fhydkufqHeJ@udk,f0,f&ygw,f? toD;ay:awmh/ olwdk@qDrSm aps;eJeJav;eJ@
a&mif;&ygw,f? olwdk@pdkufcdkif;oavmufrpdkuf&ifvnf; '%f&dkufygw,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ xm;0,fòr@e,f/ rwfv/
2009-ckESpf)
weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif trsm;jynfolESifhoufqdkifaomudpPwdkif;udk ppfwyfucsKyfudkifxm;onf?

wdkif;at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@ òz;a&;aumifpDOuUXonf urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf. wdkif;rSL;
vnf;jzpf+yD;/ c&dkifOuUXESifh òr@e,fOuUXrsm;onf oufqdkif&me,fajrwyfrSL;rsm;yif jzpfonf?
ppfAdkvfrsm;onf wdkif;.tkyfcsKyfa&;XmetcsKd@wGifvnf; t}uD;tuJrsm;jzpfaeygonf? aus;&Gm
tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;udk oufqdkif&mòrd@e,fat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@ òz;a&;aumifpDu a&G;cs,f
+yD; avhusifhay;onf? aus;&Gmwdkif;rSm aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
apmifh=unfha&;twGuf t&m&SdwOD;cef@xm;&ef weoFm&Dwdkif;&JXmeu òr@e,f&JXmersm;tm;
!Gef=um;cJhonf?
jrefrmppfwyfonf vuf&SdtcsdefrSm weoFm&Dwdkif;Y ajcvsifESifhajcjrefwyf&if;aygif; (46)&if;/

tajrmufwyf&if; (12)&if;ESifh av,mOfypftajrmufwyf&if; (3)&if; xm;&Sdonf? xdkif;e,fpyf
wav#mufYwyfpcef;rsm;udk r[mAsL[majrmufae&mrsm;rSm csxm;onf? pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;
udk jrefrmppfwyf.wyfpcef;rsm;teD;wGif xm;onfjzpf&m/ xdkpkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;
rsm;onf &rf;um;aESmifh,Sufjcif;cH&&ef txl;tEW&m,f&Sdaeygonf?
weoFm&Djrpfurf;wav#muf&pdS pk nf;aus;&Gmrsm;onf txl;ojzifah jcmufaoG@&moDrmS e,fpyf

wyfpcef;rsm;odk@ axmufyHha&;ypPnf;rsm;o,fay;&efcdkif;apjcif; qufvufcHae&onf? rw&m;
tcGefaumufcHjcif;udpPrsm;wGif tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;/ OpPmypPnf;ESifh u|JEGm;rsm; odrf;,ljcif;
wdk@tygt0ifjzpfonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf wyfpcef;rsm;aqmufvkyfay;&efESifh jyifqifay;&ef
twif;t"rRcdkif;apcHaeustwdkif; qufvufIcdkif;apcHae&onf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmppfwyf.
udk,fxludk,fxrdrdbmomzlvHka&; [laomrl0g'a=umifh ppfwyfrdom;pkrsm;. tusKd;twGuf
t&yfom;ydkifv,f,majrrsm;udk qufvufodrf;,lae=uonf?
(etz)ppftpdk;&. usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;0efaqmifay;r_rsm;onf rjzpfpavmufom&Sd&m/

EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;xHrS tultnDrsm;wdk;I&&Sd&ef rjzpfraevdktyfaeygonf? odk@&mwGif
tultnDrsm;udk ydk@aqmifa&;tcuftcJu &Sdaeygao;onf? om"utm;jzifh az:jy&ygv#if
(2005) ckESpfu/ xm;0,fòr@e,f/ azgif;awmaus;&GmY EdkifiHwumtultnDjzifh usef;rma&;
aq;cef;wcef;wnfaxmifxm;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif wESpft=umY aq;cef;udkydwfvdkuf&+yD;/
,cktcgY aq;cef;taqmuftOD;onf a[mif;avmif;jzpfaeygonf? tvm;wlyif
xm;0,fòr@e,f/ bef;acsmif;aus;&GmtkyfpkESifh bkwfjyif;òr@e,f rEdk;vHk;aus;&Gmtkyfpkwdk@wGif
vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;u EdkifiHwumat*sifpDwckrSvSL'gef;aom jcifaxmifrsm;&&Scd o hJ nf?
od@k &mwGif e,fajrtm%mydik rf sm;u o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;pm;&dwt
f wGuf wtdraf xmifv#iaf iG
usyf (1˜000) uspD aumufcHcJhonf?
(2007) ESifh (2008) ckESpfrsm;Y tm%mydkifrsm;u weoFm&Dwdkif;wckvHk;wGif bdkiftdk'DZ,f

xkwfvkyfa&;/ trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_taeESifh tdrfaxmifpktm;vHk;eD;yg;udk =uufqlyifaygufrsm;
r0,frae& 0,f,lpdkufysKd;apcJhonf? odk@&mwGif vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;rSm a&}uD;cJhjcif;a=umifh
T=uufqlcif;tawmfrsm;rsm; ysufpD;oGm;cJhonf? Todk@ysufpD;cJhapumrl urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;
ppfXmecsKyfu aemufxyf=uufqlyifaygufrsm;0,f,lpdkufysKd;&ef trdef@xkwfqifhcJhjyefonf? xdk@
tjyif (etz)ppftpdk;&u &nf&G,fxm;aom xm;0,frS+rdwfodk@oGm;&m rD;&xm;vrf;
azgufvkyfrnfh vrf;a=umif;wav#muf&Sd pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;udk (2009) ckESpfqef;ydkif;Y ppfwyfu
avsmfa=u;wpHkw&may;jcif;r&SdbJ odrf;,lcJhonf? rD;&xm;vrf;azgufvkyfa&; vkyfief;pDrHcsufudk
,ckpwifae+yDjzpf&m vrf;a=umif;wav#muf&Sdaus;&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_
rsm; udk t}uD;tus,fñuHawG@&zG,f&Sdaeygonf?
Todk@ c|wfacsmfvGJrSm;aeaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_rsm;ESifh EdkifxufpD;eif; ðyaompD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm;

usifhoHk;aejcif;a=umifh pkpnf; aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;&Sd vlxk xuf0ufeD;yg;onf
aºu;,lIpm;aomufaexdkif &onfhb0odk@ a&mufaecJh=uonf? vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;Y
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol/ &Gmom;axmifaygif; rsm;pGmwdk@onf rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twGuf
wzufwvrf;rS 0ifaiG&Sm&ef xdkif;EdkifiHxJodk@ xGufoGm;cJh=uonf?

weoFm&Dwdkif;
a&jzL
xm;0,f
avmif;vHk
o&ufacsmif;
be
f;a
csm
if;
xdkif;EdkifiH
Djrpf
ykavm
weoFm& Kilometers
0 25 50
tef'refyifv,f
+rdwf
weoFm&D
rdk;awmif a&$@ajymif;cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;
i0efacsmif;
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm;
bkwfjyif; a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
'kuQonfpcef;
jrpfrsm;
vrf;rsm;
&xm;vrf;
ykef;v#Kd;aexdkif=u&m ae&mrsm;
obm0"mwfaiG@wl;azmf&mae&mrsm;
vrf;azmufvkyfr_
&xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@a&; pDrHudef;
aumhaomif;
tcef; (3)
a&&Snftdk;tdrftajcysufjcif;
ESifh ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;?
awmykef;&Gmol&Gmom; uav;i,frsm;wdk@.b0/ ausmuf}uD;+rdK@e,f/ 2009 ckeSpf (CIDKP)

3? 1? twd'kuQjzpfapjcif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;?
“(etz)ppftpd;k &eJ@ ('DaubDat) wyfawGu usaemfw@kd weJ @J pyg;awGukd zsuq f ;D ypfvu
kd f
=u+y;D / &Gmem;rSm rdik ;f awGaxmifxm;cJ=h uw,f? ckusaemf b,fae&mudrk roGm;&Jawmhb;l ?
'Dawmh aqGrsKd;awG/ rdwfaqGawGqDu &duQmudkyJacs;,l+yD;/ pm;&awmhr,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;om;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/
azaz:0g&Dv/ 2009-ckESpf)
jyif;xefr_tedrfhpm;vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aecJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;Y (etz) ppf

tpdk;&ESifh ‚if;.,cifqufcHaom tpdk;&rsm;wdk@onf ‚wdk@.aomif;usef;ol ESdrfeif;a&;
r[mAsL[mudkusifhoHk;&mY t&yfom;rsm;tay:ypfrSwfxm;I aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ‘jzwf
av;jzwf’ rl0g'onf wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk tpdk;&xdef;csKyf&m
e,fajrrsm;odk@ twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cdkif;jcif;tm;jzifh twdkuftcHvufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;tm; wyfom;opf/ owif;tcsuftvuf/ taxmuftyHhypPnf;rsm;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;wdk@
r&&SdEdkifap&ef&nf&G,fI aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? Trl0g'onf twdkuftcHvufeufudkif
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xdef;csKyf&m “trJa&mif” e,fajrrsm;udk olwjyefudk,fwjyef =oZmv$rf;&m
“tndKa&mif” e,fajrrsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;vJypf&efESifh aemufqHk;Y &efukeftpdk;&xdef;csKyf&m
“tjzLa&mif” e,fajrrsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;ypf&ef &nf&G,fxm;onf? a&$@ajymif;&rnf[k xkwf
qifhxm;aomtrdef@udk remcHolrsm;udk olykefaxmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;tjzpf oabmxm;
onf? wdkufuif;rsm;u Tt&yfom;rsm;tay:ypfrSwfxm;jcif;a=umifh aemufxyf tdk;tdrf
tajcysufr_rsm;/ xGufajy;&r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhjyefonf? Todk@ypfrSwfxm;jcif;onf jrefrmtpdk;&u
w&m;0ifoabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhoaom EdkifiHwumvlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&mOya'rsm;udk
csKd;azgufjcif;jzpfonf?42
jrefrmEdik if t
H a&S@yikd ;f a'orsm;rSm vlom;vHðk cHa&;tay: t"du+crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;onf ppfwyfrsm;
ae&mtESH@wdk;csJ@csxm;r_ESifh qufpyfaeygonf? EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;[laom rsufESmzHk;udk
pGyfxm;&if;/ jrefrmppfwyf.tiftm;onf (1988) ckESpfwGif ppftiftm; (180˜000) &Sd&mrS
aeI (1996) ckESpfta&mufwGif (370˜000) txd }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf?43 ,cktcgY tiftm;
(400˜000) ausmf&Sdaeonf[k trsm;u,lqxm;=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&@Sydkif;wa=umrSm
csxm;aomwyf&if;ta&twGufonf (1995) ckESpfrSmcsxm;aomta&twGuf. ESpfqeD;yg;
&Sdaeonf? 44 (2009) ckESpfwGif (TBBC) . ygwemvkyfaz:udkifzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH
42
Geneva Conventions I-IV, 1949, Common Article 3, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/
43
Mary Callahan, 2003, Making Enemies: War and state building in Burma, Cornell University Press,
p211
44
Pinheiro, 12 February 2007, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in
Myanmar, UN Human Rights Council, UN doc. A/HRC/4/14, para 54.

jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'owGif; ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@r_ (2009 ckESpf)
ppfudkif;wdkif; w&kwfEdkifiH
&Srf;jynfe,f
csif;
jynfe,f rEWav;wdkif;
vmtdkEdkifiH
rauG;wdkif;
aejynfawmf
&cdkifjy
u&ifeDjynfe,f
nfe,
f
yJcl;wdkif;
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf xdkif;EdkifiH
{&m0wDwdkif; &efukef
jr0wD
rGefjynfe,f u&ifjynfe,f
Kilometers
(etz) ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfpcef;rsm; tef'refyifv,f
0 100 200
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf
befaumufòrd@
ajcjrefwyfr
wyf&if;XmecsKyfrsm;
weoFm&Dwdkif;
a&S@wef;pcef;rsm;
tjcm; trSwftom;rsm;
òrd@rsm;
*
ta&S@ydkif;rSm tjrJwrf;tajcpdkufxm;aom (etz) ppftpdk;&. wyf&if;aygif; (235) &if;udk
az:xkwfjycJhonf? jrefrmppfwyfwGif;rS rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;ESifh twdkuftcHvufeufudkiftzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;xHrS rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk45 wdkufqdkifppfaq;=unfh+yD; Twyf&if;rsm; jzef@csxm;
yHkudk aemufqufwGJ (4) wGif tusOf;&Hk; az:jyxm;ygonf?
typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk e,fjcm;apmifhwyfrsm;tjzpfodk@ toGifajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;&ef

zdtm;ay;aeaomtajctaeY jrefrmppfwyf.wyfz@JG rsm;udk e,fpyfa'orSm jzef@csxm;jcif;onf
wdkufyGJrsm;jyefjzpf+yD;/ tdk;tdrftajcysufr_rsm; t}uD;tus,fjzpfyGm;awmhrnf[laom pdk;&drfylyef
r_rsm; jzpfay:apygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfrsm;wyfaygif;pk (Myanmar
National Democratic Alliance Army) tzGJ@udk jrefrmppfwyfu (2009) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtukef
wGif xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhjcif;a=umifh udk;uef@t&yfom; (37˜000) cef@onf wdkufyGJrsm;rS
vGwf&modk@ xGufajy;cJh=uonf?46
vlrsKd;pkwdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGif vufeufudkiftwdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;udk ESdrfeif;a&;enf;vrf;

w&yftjzpf t&yfom;rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufjcif;a=umifh ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;
onf tqdk;&Gm;qHk;xdcdkufapygonf? wdkufyGJrsm;a=umifhjzpfay:&aom T tdk;tdrftajcysufr_
rsKd;onf vGefcJhaomESpftwGif; u&ifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wdk@wGif
trsm;qHk;awG@&onf? t&yfom;rsm; &Sd&mae&modk@ vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzifhypfcwfjcif;onf u&if
e,fajrrsm;rSm tjzpfrsm;+yD;/ aus;&Gmrsm;udk twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cdkif;jcif;udk &Srf;jynfe,frSm
trsm;qHk;awG@&Sd&ygonf? u&ifjynfe,ftv,fydkif;Y t&yfom;rsm;tm;rcGJjcm;bJ &rf;odrf;
wdkufcdkufr_rsKd;udk ('DaubDat)tzGJ@uJhodk@aom (etz) ppftpdk;&. vufyg;apwyfrsm;u vkyf
aqmifavh&Sdonf? wdkufcdkuft+yD;wGif TjrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;rSm vkyfaeustwdkif; ajrjrKyf
rdkif;rsm;axmifxm;cJh&m tdk;tdrfrSxGufajy;cJh&aom&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ tdrfrjyef0Hh=uatmif jzpfae
=u&onf? 47
45
Network for Democracy and Development, 2009, Civil and Military Echelon of the State Peace and
Development Council in Burma, (in Burmese)
46
Tom Kramer, September 2009, “Burma’s ceasefires at risk: Consequences of the Kokang crisis for
peace and democracy” Transnational Institute, www.tni.org/drugs
47
Yeshua Moser-Puangsawan, December 2008, “Anti-personnel landmines in Myanmar: a cause of
displacement and an obstacle to return”, Humanitarian Exchange, No.41, pp 33-34, www.odihpn.org

(TBBC). tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;rsm;t& awG@&Sd&onfrSm ppfwyfwdkufuif;rsm;ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;
rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;/ aus;vufawm&Gmaet&yfom;rsm;. ab;uif;a&;ESifh vHkðcHa&;
wdk@tay: t}uD;rm;qHk;+cdrf;ajcmufr_}uD;jzpfonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? ppfwyfrsm;ae&mtESH@wdk;csJ@
csxm;jcif;. Tt*F g&yfrsm; (wygwnf;rSmyif ay:wmqGJjcif;ESifh vlom;rdkif;&Sif;ud&d,mtjzpf
toHk;csjcif;) wdk@onf ab;uif;vHkðcHa&;udk ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGm+cdrf;ajcmufaer_rsm;tjzpf (2005)
ckEpS f rSm yxrOD;qH;k t}urd t
f jzpf tdraf xmifppk pfwrf; aumuf,u
l wnf; uyif awG@&cdS =hJ u&onf?
ab;uif;/ vHkðcHa&;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jyZ,m; (2005-2009 ckESpf)

40μ
40μ
35μ 2005-ckESpf 2007-ckESpf 2009-ckESpf
2005 ckESpfrS tcsuftvufr&&Sd?

29μ
30μ 28μ
25μ 23μ
21μ
20μ 16μ 17μ 17μ 15μ 16μ
13μ 14μ 15μ
15μ
10μ
10μ
5μ
0μ
ppfwyfrS ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_/ twif;tusyf twif;tusyf ppfwyf wdkufuif;rsm;/
wdkufcdkufr_ &dkufESufr_ zrf;qD;jcif;/ ay:wmqGJjcif; odk@r[kwf
csKyfaESmifxm;jcif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;
ae&ma'otrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf pdppfcGJjcm;azmfjy&v#if jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;rSm t=urf;zufr_ESifh

vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;wdk@udk t"dutm;jzifh usL;vGefaeolrsm;onf (etz) ppftpdk;&.
wyfrsm;ESifh ‚.tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;yifjzpfonf[laom ,ciftuJjzwfcsufrsm;udk
,ck awG@&Sdcsufrsm;u twnfðyay;aeygonf?48 ppfwyfwdkufuif;rsm;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh
vufeuf}uD;jzifhypfcwfr_rsm;a=umifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;&Sd tdrf
axmifpkrsm;tzdk@ txl;epfemzG,f/tEW&m,fudk &ifqdkif=uHKawG@ae=u&ygonf? jrefrmppfwyf u
t&yfom;ESifhvufeufudkifol[lI cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ wdkufcdkufr_rsm;aqmif&Gufae=uygonf?
odk@&mwGif rw&m;zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ ay:wmqGJjcif; paom tEW&m,f
rsm;udk ppfwyftcsdefra&G;wnf&Sdaewwfonfh pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;/ pcef;rsm;Y t}uD;tus,f
=uHKawG@&ifqdkifae=u&ygonf?
ppfwyfrsm; ae&mtESH@wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;. t}uD;av;qHk;tusKd;qufonf “udk,fxludk,fx

rdrdbmomzlvHka&;” [kac:qdkaeaom jrefrmhwyfrawmf.rl0g'ESifh ywfoufaeygonf?
48
TBBC, 2007, Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma, p46, http://www.tbbc.org/resources/resources.
htm

ppfwyfrsm;udk &duQmxkwfray;bJxm;jcif;/ vpmrjzpfpavmufomay;jcif;tm;jzifh (etz)
ppftpdk;&onf a&S@wef;wyfrsm;udkxm;&Sd&m/ e,fcHaus;&Gmom;rsm;xHrS&duQmrsm; tEdkifusifh
awmif;,ljcif;ESifh ajr,mrsm;odrf;,ljcif;ðyonfhtjzpfodk@ qdkufqdkufòrufòrufa&mufatmif
wGef;ydk@ay;onfhES,f jzpfapcJhonf? trSefwu,fqdk&v#if jrefrmEdkifiHY “ajr,mudktoHk;csI
vufikwfvuf&if;tjzpfvkyfydkifcGifhonf òr@rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufa'orSmaomf
vnf;aumif; r&Sdoavmufyifjzpfonf?”49 ppfwyfrsm;udk aomif;usef;olESdrfeif;a&;twGuf
csxm;onfjzpfap/ tpdk;&ydkifzGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsuf0ef;usiftygt0if a0;vHoDacgifaom e,fajrrsm;.
vHðk caH &;twGucf sxm;onfjzpfap Tod@k aomEdik x hf ufp;D eif;vky&f yfrsm;onf t&yfom;jynfow
l @kd .
50
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_udk wdkuf&dkufESifht}uD;tus,f xdcdkufapygonf?
tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mzG@H òz;a&;ESihf pD;yGm;jzpfpu

kd yf sK;d a&;wd@k ukd tav;wif;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh
ppftpdk;&. e,fpyfa'ozGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfa=umifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m
e,fajra'orsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawr_udkavsmhyg;oufomatmif pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJhacs?51
xdkr#ru tpdk;&.zGH@òz;a&;pDrHcsufvkyfief;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh aus;vufa'oae jynfol
wdk@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_udkxdcdkufap+yD;/ t"dutm;jzifh “‚wdk@tay: ppfwyf.
tm%mpufcikd jf raJ &;twGuof m tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f apygonf?”52 tpd;k &udq k ef@usio
f nf[k rSw,
f cl &H
aomaus;&Gmrsm;onf xdkzGH@òz;a&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh twif;t"rRESifxkwfcH&jcif;tygt0if
rr#waom}uD;av;onfhwefzdk;udk cHpm;ay;qyf=u&ygonf? ‚pDrHudef;rsm;rS&&Sdvmrnfh
tusKd;tjrwfudkrl r#wpGmcGJa0cHpm;EdkifcGifhr&Sd=uacs?
(etz) ppftpdk;&. emrnftysufqHk; t}uD;pm;zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;onf &wemobm0"gwfaiG@

ydkufvdkif;pDrHcsufjzpf+yD; TpDrHcsufrSaeI ppftpdk;&twGuf a':vmaiGbDvsHESifhcsDI tusKd;tjrwf
&&Sdapygonf? odk@aomfvnf; &&SdaomEdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGrsm;udk t&HEdkifiHjcm;aiGpm&if;xJwGif
wpdwfwydkif;r#ompm&if;oGif;xm;+yD;/ trsKd;om;b¾m0ifaiGpm&if;xJwGif trsm;pkrSm aysmuf
qHk;aeygonf?53 Todk@aomtajctaewGif "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;jzwfoef;&ma'otwGif;Y t"rR
vkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;/ ajrodrf;,ljcif;/ ydkufvdkif;e,fajrxJoGm;vmcGifhuef@owfcsKyfcs,fjcif;wdk@
qufvufjzpfyGm;aea=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk (2009) ckESpftwGif;Y aus;&Gmaygif;
49
Scott Leckie, April 2009, “Housing, Land and Property Rights in Burma: Towards New Strategies” in
Burma Lawyers Council, Lawka Pala: Legal Journal on Burma, No. 32, p21
50
All Arakan Students & Youth Congress, PaO Youth Organisation & Mon Youth Progressive Organisation,
2009, Holding our Ground: Land Confiscation in Arakan and Mon State and PaO Area of Southern
Shan State
51
International Crisis Group, 2004, Myanmar: Aid to the Border Areas, Yangon / Brussels,
52
Human Rights Watch, 2005, They came and destroyed our village again: The plight of internally
displaced persons in Karen State”, p43
53
Sean Turnell, 2009, Burma’s Economy 2009: Disaster, Recovery,,, and Reform?, Macquarie University,
Sydney, p8.

jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zufydkif;a'owGif; zGH@jzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; (2009 ckESpf)
w&kwfEdkifiH
csif; rauG;wdkif;
jynfe,f
rEWav;wdkif; &Srf;jynfe,f vmtdkEdkifiH

rpf
HvGifj
fjrpf
o
we
aejynfawmf
{&m0wDjrpf
&cdki
fjyn
u&ifeDjynfe,f
fe,f
yJcl;wdkif;
ppfawmif;jrp
f
{&m0wDwdkif; &efukef
jr0wD
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfay:aeaom
zGH@òzd;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm; rGefjynfe,f
obm0"mwfaiG@wl;azmf&mae&mrsm; u&ifjynfe,f Kilometers
0 100 200
qnfrsm;
opfxkwfvkyfr_
owWKwl;azmfr_ weoFm&Dwdkif;
vrf;azmufvkyfr_rsm;
obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif; tef'refyifv,f
wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;onfh xm;0,f befaumufòrd@
a&$obm0"mwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif;
&xm;vrf;wdk;csJ@a&; pDrHudef;
tjcm; trSwftom;rsm;
òrd@rsm;
weo
wnfaqmuf&ef vsmxm;onfh
Fm&D
tm&Sta0;ajy; vrf;r}uD;
jrpfrsm;
&xm;vrf;
(40) rSaeI pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;onf?54 rGefjynfe,f&Sd55 aemufxyfobm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;
wcktwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd56 a&eHwl;az:a&;pDrHcsuftwGufaomfvnf;
aumif; ‘vHkjcKa&;’ wm0ef,lae&onfh jrefrmppfwyfrsm;usL;vGefaom tvm;wl rawmf
rw&m;r_rsm;udkvnf; r=umao;rDu rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJh=uygonf? tusifhysufvmbfpm;r_
ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;&Sdaeonfh=um;uyif/ a&$obm0"gwfaiG@pDrHcsufvkyfief;ESifh
&cdkifjynfe,frSw&kwfEdkifiHtxd uDvdkrDwm (20˜000) &Snfvsm;aom a&eHESifhobm0"mwfaiG@
ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmufr_wdk@udk vsmxm;onfhtwdkif; qufvuftaumiftxnfazmfv#uf&Sd
aeonf?57
jrefrm/ xdkif;ESifh w&kwfEdkifiHwdk@onf oHvGifjrpfay:wGifwnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;a&;qGJxm;aom

a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfa&;qnf}uD;rsm;a=umifh tdk;tdrftajcysufr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aevsuf&Sd+yD;/
ae&yfodk@jyefvnftajccsIr&Edkifatmif t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf?58 Tqnfaqmufrnfh
ae&m.teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifae&mrsm;onfvnf; wdkufyGJrsm;tjyif;txef qufvufjzpfyGm;
aev#uf&Sdonf? &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;/ uGrf;vHkqnfaqmufrnfhae&m. teD;tem;ywf0ef;
usifae&mY (2009)ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;u jrefrmppfwyfESifhudk;uef@wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um;
jzpfyGm;cJhonfhwdkufyGJrsm;u Ttcsufudkazmfjyaeygonf?59 tvm;wlyif (2009) ckESpf/ ZGefv
twGif;Y u&ifjynfe,f&Sd [wf}uD;qnfwnfaqmufrnfhae&mteD;tem;rS xdkif;EdkifiHtxd
e,fajrrsm;wGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;jcif;a=umifh t&yfom; (4˜000) ausmfwdk@onf tdk;tdrftajc
ysufxGufajy;cJh=u&ygonf?60
ydkIa,bk,sususqdk&ygv#if/ jynfwGif;Y wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;ae&aom 'kuQonf b0a&muf&

jcif;onf “t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;/ tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;/ ajr,modrf;,ljcif;uJhodk@aom
EdkifhxufpD;eif;vkyf&yfrsm;aygif;qHkrd+yD;aemuf rdom;pk0ifaiGonf vHk;0xdk;usoGm;um/ rdrdwdk@.
aetdrfrsm;rSpGef@cGm&efrSwyg; tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;r&Sdawmhjcif;a=umifh” tdk;tdrfpGef@ypfa&$@ajymif;
54
Earthrights International, September 2009, Total Impact: The Human Rights, Environmental and
Financial Impacts of Total and Chevron’s Yadana Gas Project in Military-Ruled Burma (Myanmar)
55
Human Rights Foundation of Monland, May 2009, Laid Waste: Human Rights along the Kanbauk to
Myaingkalay pipeline, www.rehmonnya.org
56
PaO Youth Organisation, June 2009, Robbing the Future: Russian-backed Mining Project Threatens
PaO Communities in Shan State, Burma
57
Shwe Gas Movement, September 2009, Corridor of Power: China’s Trans-Burma Oil and Gas
Pipelines, www.shwe.org
58
Shan Sapawa Environmental Organisation, July 2009, Roots and Resilience: Tasang dam threatens
war-torn Shan communities, www.burmariversnetwork.org AND www.salweenwatch.org
59
Shan Herald Agency for News, 1 September 2009, “Activists say clashes may be linked to Salween
dam with Chinese investments”
60
Karen Environment and Social Action Network, August 2009, “Recent Conflict in Relation to the Hatgyi
Dam”, Unpublished map provided to TBBC.

xGufajy;=u&jcif;jzpfygonf?61 jiif;y,f/ a&Smifv$JIr&aom Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;onf
rdrdqENtav#muf pD;yGm;a&;t&tusKd;tjrwftwGuf qGJaqmiftm;aumif;&ma'orsm;odk@
ajymif;a&$@aexdkifr_ESifh oabmobm0tm;jzifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;ygonf?62
(2006)ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&u ZD0avmifpm (bdkiftdk'DZ,f) xkwfvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf =uufqlyif

pdkufcif;rsm;pdkufysKd;&ef wEdkifiHvHk;ESifhqdkifaompDrHudef;}uD;wck csrSwfvdkufaomtcgY Todk@
aomvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ zdESdyfr_rsm;onf ydkIqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf?63 tvm;wlyif
ppftpdk;&. tm%mpufwdk;csJ@Edkifa&;twGuf vrf;wdk;csJ@azmufvkyfr_rsm;wGif vkyftm;t"rR
qifhqdkcdkif;apr_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif Tvrf;rsm;udk aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;ESifh ukef
onfrsm;toHk;ðy&ef oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfydwfyifr_rsm;a=umifh vlxkrsm;tzdk@ olwdk@.
qufoG,fr_rsm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmap&ef wdk;csJ@jcif;ðyEdkif=uonf r[kwfacs?64
(TBBC) . tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;rsm;t& worwfwnf;awG@&Sd&onfrSm t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_

ESifh oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfydwfyifr_wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'owcGifY toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;r_tay: t}uD;rm;qHk;+cdrf;ajcmufr_}uD;tjzpf &ifqdkifae=u&ygonf? ae&mtESH@
usifhoHk;aeaom oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfydwfyifr_onf TumvtwGif;Y ododomomydkrdk
qdk;&Gm;vmcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfrsm;ae&mtESH@csxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmppfwyfu t&yfom;jynfolwdk@
tay: ydkIwif;usyfpGmcsKyfudkifvmEdkifa=umif;udk !$efjyaeygonf?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jy Z,m; (2005-2009 ckESpf)

45μ
39μ
40μ 36μ 2005-ckESpf 2007-ckESpf 2009-ckESpf
35μ 34μ
31μ
30μ 26μ 26μ

25μ 23μ
20μ21μ
20μ 17μ17μ 17μ
15μ 12μ
10μ 11μ
10μ
5μ
0μ
aiGn‡pfr_/ twif;tusyf c&D;oGm;cGifh pm;eyf&duQm twif;tusyf
twif;tusyf tvkyfcdkif;apr_ uef@owfjcif; cdk;,ljcif;/ a&$@ajymif;apjcif;
tcGefaumufr_ zsufqD;jcif;
61
Pinheiro, 7 March 2008, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in
Myanmar, A/HRC/7/18, para 75, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?m=89
62
Andrew Bosson, May 2007, Forced Migration / Internal Displacement in Burma: With an Emphasis on
Government Controlled Areas, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
63
Ethnic Community Development Forum, 2008, Biofuel by Decree: Unmasking Burma’s bio-energy fiasco,
64
Karen Human Rights Group, 28 September 2009, Patrols, Movement Restrictions and Forced Labour
in Toungoo District, KHRG #2009-F16, www.khrg.org

a'otrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf cGJjcm;azmfjy&v#if TawG@&Sdcsufrsm;onf (TBBC) . ,cifumv
rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh udkufnDaeygonf?65 t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_/ oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfydwfyifr_
ESifh tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_wdk@onf jrefrmppfwyfESifh eD;uyfpGmae&aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm
trsm;qHk;jzpfyGm;onf? tjcm;wbufYrl 0rf;pm&duQmrsm;udkzsufqD;jcif; odk@r[kwf odrf;,ljcif;
ESifh aetdrfrsm;udkzsufqD;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf aetdrfrsm;rStwif;tusyfESifxkwfjcif;wdk@onf wdkuf
yGJjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyfrawG@&avatmif ykef;atmif;aeaom &Gmom;rsm;
tay:wGif ypfrSwfxm;aqmif&Gufonfudk ydkIawG@&Sd&onf? qif;&JrGJawapjcif;/ vHk;0 tusyf
twnf;awG@'kuQa&mufapjcif;jzifh t&yfom;rsm;tay:ypfrSwfxm;aeaom jrefrmppfwyf.
aomif;usef;olESdrfeif;a&;r[mAsL[monf t&dkif;tpdkif;om;&Jwd&dp>mefoabmobm0&Sdae
a=umif; Ttcsufuxif[yfazmfjyaeygonf?
ab;uif;vHðk cHrt_ ay:+cdr;f ajcmufrE_ iS hf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_tay:+crd ;f ajcmufrw

_ nf;[laom
+cdrf;ajcmufr_ESpfckpvHk;. om"ujzpf&yfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf=unfhvdkufaomtcgY xdwfvef@
p&maumif;avmufatmifyif/ Tvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf (2005) ckESpfupI
wdk;rsm;vmcJha=umif; awG@&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_ESifh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tjypf'%fay;cH&jcif;r&SdbJ vGwf+idrf;pGmjzifh usL;vGefaeonf
[laom vl@tcGifhta&;bufawmfom;rsm;. tuJjzwfcsufudk tdrfaxmifpkaygif; (3˜000)
ausmfESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;u axmufcHoufaoðyaeygonf?66
3? 2? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;?

“'Dta=umif; usrrajymcsifygbl;? usr&Sufvnf;&Sufw,f? 0rf;vnf;enf;w,f?
pdwfvnf;odyfqdk;w,f? Armppfom;awGu usrtdrfudk0dkif;xm;vdkuf=uw,f? +yD;awmh
wa,muf+yD;wa,mufvm+yD;/ usrudkrk'drf;usifhw,f? b,folrS usrudkvmru,f&J
=ubl;?”
(rGeftrsKd;orD;wOD;/ rGef 'kuQonfu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrwD. awG@
qHkar;jref; csufrS/ a&;òr@e,f/ ZGefv/ 2009-ckESpf)
ESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;wGif urBmtESH@tjym;rSmppfjzpfyGm;cJh&mY aoa=u'%f&m&ol trsm;pk

onf ppfonfrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,ae@tcgYrl aoa=u'%f&m&ol 90 &mcdkifE_ef;onf
65
TBBC, 2007, “Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma”, pp 47-48 http://www.tbbc.org/resources/
resources.htm
66
Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, 7 March 2008, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human
Rights in Myanmar”, A/HRC/7/18, para 59,

t&yfom;rsm; jzpfae=uonf?67 ppfyGJESifh rawmfrw&m;r_wdk@jzpfyGm;aeaom Ttajctae/
tcsdeftcgrsKd;Y trsKd;orD;ESifhuav;oli,fwdk@onf oG,f0dkuftusKd;qufrsm;udk tcsKd;tpm;
rr#wpGm yHkrSefqdkovdkcHpm;ae=u&+yD;/ txl;ojzifh usef;rma&;ESifh touf&Sifaexdkifa&;udpP
rsm;rSm epfemcHpm;ae=u&ygonf?
a,bk,stm;jzifh trsKd;om;rsm;xuf trsKd;orD;rsm;onf toufydkI&Snfwwf=uaomfvnf;

a&&SnfppfjzpfyGm;aeaomae&mrsm;Y TtcsufESifhajymif;jyefjzpfonf?68 jrefrmEdkifiHta&Sydkif;/
ppf'%foifhaeaome,fajrrsm;Y touf (45) ESpfatmuft&G,f trsKd;orD;rsm;vlOD;a&wGif
tcsKd;tpm; ododomomrsm;jym;aeonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? ta=umif;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;udk
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;xJodk@0if&ef qifhac:cH&jcif;/ ppfwdkuf&if;aoqHk;jcif;ESifh 0ifaiG&Sm&ef
jynfyodk@xGufoGm;jcif;ta=umif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Taus;&Gmrsm;rSmyif
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf oufwrf;ydkIwdka=umif; rSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdaeonf? Todk@
oufwrf;wdk&jcif;onf ppfyGJa=umifh trsKd;orD;trsm;pkrSm tm[m&csKd@wJhjcif;/ usef;rma&; csKd@
wJhjcif;wdk@ESifh qufpyfaeygonf? 69
tpmt[m&/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh a&aumif;a&oef@csKd@wJh&onfhtjyif/ vdifuGJjym;r_

tay:tajccHaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf;yHkrSefjzpfyGm;I cHpm;ae=u&onf? vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh tjypf&Sdolrsm;udk ta&;r,lbJ uif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;onfhtajctaewGif
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;r_pepfrsm; òyuGJysufpD;aeonfh taetxm;onf tdrfaxmifpktwGif;
rSma&m/ tdrfaxmifpkjyifyrSmyg vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk jzpfyGm;ap&efydkI tm;ay;aeyg
onf? ppfa&;ppf&mY &efou l t
kd &Su&f oGm;ap&efEiS hf a=umufpw
d yf s@H E@HS omG ;ap&eftjyif/ ppfEikd o
f l
70
wd@k twGuq f vk mbfwcktjzpf rk'rd ;f usijhf cif;udt
k oH;k ðyae=uonf? jrefrmppfwyfonf ppfom;
rsm;twGuf vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_usL;vGef&ef trdef@pma&;om;xkwfay;xm;a=umif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;r&Sdaomfvnf; ppfom;rsm;tjypfvGwf+idrf;cGifh&aejcif;onf trsKd;orD;ESifh
rdef;uav;i,frsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ qufvufjzpfyGm;aeatmif tm;ay; tm;ajr‡mufðy
ouJhodk@ jzpfaeonf?71
67
Hoeffler and Reynal-Querol, 2003, “Measuring the Costs of Conflict”, University of Oxford and the
World Bank.
68
Plumper & Neumayer, 2005, “The Unequal Burden of War: The Effect of Armed Conflict on the Gender
Gap in Life Expectancy”, University of Essex and International Peace and Research Institute
69
TBBC, 2004, Internal Displacement and Vulnerability in Eastern Burma, p41AND Back Pack Health
Work Team, 2006, Chronic Emergency: Health and Human Rights in Eastern Burma, p 30
70
USAID, 2007, Women and Conflict: An Introductory Guide for Programming, pp11-12
71
Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, 7 March 2008, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human
Rights in Myanmar”, A/HRC/7/18, para 87,
AND Women’s League of Burma, 2008, CEDAW Shadow Report
AND Christina Fink, December 2008, “Militarization in Burma’s ethnic states: Causes and
Consequences”, in Contemporary Politics, Vol.14, No.4, Routledge, p455

odk@&mwGif (2007) ckESpfESifh aemufw}udrf (2009) ckESpfwGif ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;wGif ajz=um;
cJhaom aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;rSm trsm;qHk;
usL;vGefaom t=urf;zufr_o¾mefjzpfonf[k az:jycJh=uonf? tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_/
rk'drf;r_ESifhvdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm; trsm;qHk;jzpfyGm;avh&Sdonf[laom xifjrifcsufrsm;
ododomomwdk;vma=umif; TumvtwGif;YawG@&Sd&onf? vdifr_qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_onf
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm r=umao;rDumvtxd jr‡KyfuG,fxm;aomjy\emw&yfjzpfonf[k qdkygv#if/
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ESifh ydkIqdk;&Gm;pGmjzpfyGm;aeaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ wdk;wuf
vmaejcif;udk axmufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ Todk@aom tEW&m,fta=umif;udk owdxm;rdol
rsm; ydkIrsm;vmonfhta=umif;udk axmufIaomfvnf;aumif; Todk@taxmuftxm;rsm;
azmfjyvma=umif; xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? odk@jzpfapumrl ppfwrf;aumuf,laom T
2-&yfpvHk;Y jrefrmppfwyfESifheD;uyfpGmaexdkif=u&aomaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ykef;atmif;&mae&m
rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;xufpmv#if trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_owif;
rsm;udk ododomomydkI rsm;jym;pGmazmfjycJh=uonf?
trsKd;orD;rsmtay: t=urf;zufr_ta=umif; xifjrifcsufjy Z,m;

(2007-2009 ckESpf)
35μ
31μ
30μ 2007-ckESpf 2009-ckESpf
25μ
22μ
21μ
20μ
16μ 15μ
15μ 13μ 12μ
10μ
6μ
5μ 4μ 4μ
0μ
&kyfydkif;qdkif&m tdrfwGif; twif;tusyf tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS vdifr_qdkif&m
t=urf;zufr_ t=urf;zufr_ vufxyfapjcif; +cdrf;ajcmufr_ apmfum;jcif;/
rk'drf;r_
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;rSmjzpfyGm;aom wdkufyGJrsm;.qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_'%fudk uav;oli,frsm;

onfvnf; tcsKd;tpm;rr#wpGm cHpm;ae&onf? wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&mae&mrsm;rS uav;rsm;.
jyif;xefaomtm[m&csKd@wJhr_E_ef;onf tenf;qHk;uav;oli,f 10 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm jzpfyGm;ae
a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? TE_ef;xm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;yifrpm&if;tif;udef;*%ef;
rsm;. tajccHE_ef;xufrsm;pGmydkae+yD;/ urBmusef;rma&;tzGJ@. udef;*%ef;rsm;t& }uD;av;

aomjynfol@usef;rma&;jy\emw&yfjzpfay:aea=umif;udk az:jyaeygonf?72 tvm;wlyif
arG;uif;puav;rsm;aoqHk;r_E_ef; (1˜000 v#if 91 OD;) ESifh 5 ESpfatmufuav;rsm;aoqHk;r_
E_ef; (1˜000 v#if 221 OD;) &Sdae&m ‚udef;*%ef;rsm;onf uGef*dkESifh tif*dkvmEdkifiHwdk@.
vla=umifhjzpfonfhuyfab;twGif;rS udef;*%ef;rsm;eD;eD;yif jzpfaeonf?73
ppf'%foifhuav;oli,frsm;tzdk@ ta&;}uD;jy\emrsm;tjzpf }uD;av;aom vl@tcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufr_}uD; (6) ckudk az:xkwfjyxm;ygonf? ‚if;wdk@udk trnftm;jzifhazmfjy&v#if
owfjzwfjcif;ESifh udk,fvuft*F gjzwfawmufr_/ uav;rsm;udk vufeufudkifwyfrsm;xJodk@
ppfom;tjzpfoyG o f iG ;f r_/ vdirf q
_ ikd &f mt=urf;zufr/_ jyefay;qGrJ /_ vlom;csi;f pmemr_ tultnDrsm;udk
jiif;y,ftqufjzwfxm;r_/ pmoifausmif; ESifh aq;&Hkrsm;udk wdkufcdkufr_wdk@yif jzpfonf?74
jrefrmEdik if rH mS jzpfymG ;aeaom Tvl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufr}_ u;D rsm;udk apmif=h unfh avhvma&;twGuf
(2007) ckESpf/ ZGefvwGifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom ukvor*~.txl; vkyfief;tzGJ@ wzGJ@onf c&D;oGm;vm
a&;ESifhvHkðcHa&;udpPrsm;wGif jrefrmppftpdk;&. uef@owfcsKyfcs,fjcif;a=umifh raqmif&GufEdkifjzpf
cJh&aomfvnf;/ uav;ppfom;rsm; qufvufpkaqmif;oGyfoGif; aea=umif;udk twnfðy
az:jycJhonf?75 oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u tajctaeudkydkIjynfhpHkpGm
rSwfwrf;ðyxm;Edkif+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@u oabmwlnDpGmaz:jycsufrSm uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh
tjcm;aomvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuffr_}uD;rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyf u qufvufusL;vGefaeonfh
tjyif/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;uvnf; tpdk;&avmuf rqdk;&Gm;aomtwdkif;
twmyrm%jzifh qufvufusL;vGefae=ua=umif; azmfjycJh=uonf?76
jrefrmEdkifiH. uav;ppfom;trsm;pkonf jrefrmppfwyfrSm &SdaeonfrSefaomfvnf; (TBBC)

. ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;t&qdkv#if/ jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;&Sd aus;vufuav;oli,frsm;onf
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;. wyfom;opfrsm;tjzpfvnf; ydkI pkaqmif;
odrf;oGif;cHae=u&onf? jrefrmppfwyfonf trsm;tm;jzifh òr@jye,fajrrsm;rSm ppfom;pk
aqmif;wwfa=umif;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfhvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;u aus;vufe,fajrrsm;wGif
uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;,lae=ua=umif; Ttcsufu!$efjyaeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrm
ppfwyfonf aus;vufa'o&Sduav;oli,frsm;udk rD;zdkaqmifwGif csufðywfapjcif;/ ypPnf;rsm;
72
TBBC, 2007, Internal Displacement and in Eastern Burma, pp51-52
73
Back Pack Health Work Team, 2006, Chronic Emergency: Health and Human Rights in Eastern Burma,
74
“Children and Armed Conflict : Report of the Secretary General”, 21 December 2007, UN General
Assembly and UN Security Council, A/62/609 – S/2007/257
75
“Report of the Secretary General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar”, 1 June 2009, UN Secu-
rity Council, S/2009/278
76
Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict, May 2009, No More Denial: Children Affected by Armed
Conflict in Myanmar (Burma), www.watchlist.org
AND Human Rights Education Institute of Burma, 2008, Forgotten Future: Children Affected by Armed
Conflict in Burma,

o,fydk;apjcif;/ qufom;tjzpfvkyfcdkif;jcif;/ owif;ay;apjcif;uJhodk@aom taptyg;vkyfief;
i,frsm;twGuf pkaqmif;cdkif;apaejcif;rsm;pGm ydkIjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf? TawG@&Sdcsuf rsm;onf
ae&mtESH@tjym;rSmjrefrmppfwyf. t"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk xif[yfjyaeonf omru/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; vl}uD;rsm;xufayghyg;aom tvkyfrsKd;udk vkyfcdkif;vdrfhrnf [laom aus;
&Gmolaus;&Gmom;wd@k .,H=k unfaer_uv
kd nf; xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? ‚uJo h @kd uav;rsm;udk
wm0efay;apv$waf ejcif;onf vl}uD;rsm;.&Sio f ef&yfwnfa&;twGuf ajz&Si;f r_ AsL[mw&yf
jzpfaomfvnf;/ r&nf&G,fbJ uav;oli,fwdk@.tusKd;pD;yGm;udktxl; xdcdkufapatmif wGef;ydk@
onfhES,f&Sdapygonf?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;xJodk@ uav;oli,frsm;udk oGyfoGif;r_ jyZ,m;

(2009 ckESpf)
12²0μ
jrefrmh wyfrawmf
10²0μ 11²0μ
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. &mcdkife_ef;
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh
vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;
8²0μ
7²7μ
6²0μ 4²8μ 4²9μ
4²0μ
2²7μ 2²2μ
2²0μ
2²0μ
0²5μ
0²0μ
ppfom;tjzpf rD;zdkacsmiftul ay:wm§ awmufwdkr,f&
owif;ydk@ay;ol

3? 3? jynfwGif;'kkuQonfrsm; twdkif;twmESifh aa'otvd
otvdkufysH@ESH@wnf&SdyHk?
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;&Sd a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&aom aus;&Gmrsm;
(1996-2009 ckESpf)
ppfudkif;wdkif; w&kwfEdkifiH
csif;
jynfe,f
rEWav;wdkif; &Srf;jynfe,f
vmtdkEdkifiH
rauG;wdkif;
&cdkifjy
aejynfawmf
nfe,
u&ifeDjynfe,f
f
yJcl;wdkif;
{&m0wD &efukef
wdkif; jr0wD
rGefjynfe,f
òrd@rsm;
2009 ckESpfwGif ajymif;a&$@xGufajy;&aom
aus;&Gmrsm;
2003-rS 2008 ckESpftwGif; ajymif;a&$@
u&ifjynfe,f
xGufajy;&aom aus;&Gmrsm;
1996-rS 2002 ckESpftwGif; ajymif;a&$@
tef'refyifv,f
Kilometers
xGufajy;&aom aus;&Gmrsm;
jynfwGif;'kuQonfpcef; 0 100 200
'kuQonfpcef;
EdkifiHwum e,fedrdwf weoFm&Dwdkif;
jynfe,f-wdkif; e,fedrdwf befaumufòrd@
zsufqD;cH&aom/ ajymif;a&$@cH&aom/ pGef@

jynfe,fESifhwdkif;rsm; ypfxGufajy;=u&aom aus;&Gmrsm;
1996-02 2003-2008 2009 1996-2009
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; 1478 121 39 1638
u&ifeDjynfe,f 200 80 5 285
yJcl;wdkif; ta&S@jcrf; 113 186 38 337
u&ifjynfe,f 534 389 35 958
rGefjynfe,f 72 16 0 88
weoFm&Dwdkif; 139 58 3 200
pkpkaygif; 2536 850 120 3506

“usaemfwdk@u a=umufa=umufvef@vef@eJ@ aeae&+yD;/ ajy;zdk@tjrJjyifxm;&ygw,f?
usaemfwdk@ ykef;aewJhae&mteD;tem;rSm ArmppfwyfawG v_yf&Sm;aew,fvdk@=um;&if
usaemfwdk@ aemufwae&mudk ajy;=uwmyJ?”
(u&iftrsKd;om;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ xm;0,fòrd@e,f/ {+yDv/
2009 ckESpf)
jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopfordkif;wav#mufvHk;wGif jynfwGif;Ytajcysufa&$@ajymif; xGufajy;ae&r_

rsm;&SdaecJhygonf? (1950) ckvGefESpfrsm;Y &efukefòr@&Sd usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;rS vlxkrsm;udk
twif;t"rRESifxkwfum/ òrd@opfrsm;odk@ajymif;a&$@apcJhzl;onf? odk@&mwGif ppftpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;
tuJqwfr_a=umifh jynfwGif;YxGufajy;tajcysufae=u&onfh 'kuQonftwdkif;tqudk
rodEdkifao;bJ &Sdae&onf? (1988) rS (1990) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif òr@jyvlae&yfuGufrsm;rS
ESifxkwfcH&+yD;/ òr@opfrsm;rSm tqifhedrfhtdk;tdrfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;jcif;cHolOD;a&onf
(1²5)oef;r# &Sdaea=umif; ukvor*~ucef@rSef;xm;cJh+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm ppftpdk;& csKyfudkifxm;
aome,fajrrsm;&Sd jynfwGif;'kuQonfOD;a&udk twdtuscef@rSef;od&SdEdkif&ef cufcJvSygonf?77
odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm ysH@ESH@aeaomjynfwGif; 'kuQonfOD;a&onf (4)oef;r#txd
&SdEdkifonf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf?78
(TBBC) . ppfwrf;aumuf,lavhvmcsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;/ ppfab;ppf'%foifh

e,fajr&Sd jynfwiG ;f 'kuo Q nfO;D a&/ e,fajrtvdu k yf s@H E@HS wnf&adS eyHEk iS /hf xl;jcm;csurf sm;udk tav;
ay;avhvmxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? (1996) rS (2008) ckESpftxdumvtwGif;/ jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@
ydkif;a'orsm;wGif aus;&Gmaygif; (3˜300) ausmfonf zsufqD;cH&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf twif;t"rRa&$@
ajymif;apjcif;/ od@k r[kwf pGe@f cmG xGuaf jy;cJ=h u&a=umif; a'ocHvo l m;csi;f pmemr_tultnDay;
a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. e,fajrppfwrf; aumuf,lavhvm
csufrsm;u az:jycJh=uonf?79 ysufpD;qHk;yg;cH&+yD; tdk;tdrftajcysufcJh&aom aus;&GmvlxkOD;
a&onf ql'efEdkifiH/ 'gazm (Darfur) a'orSmjzpfyGm;aeaom tajctaeESifh E_dif;,SOfavmuf+yD;/
jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'owv$m;rSm vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvHk;tay: qef@usifa&;&mZ0wfr_rsm;
jzpfyGm;aea=umif;azmfjyavmufonfh wckwnf;aomtm;taumif; qHk;oufao!$efjycsufwck
jzpfaeygonf?80
77
UN Centre for Human Settlements (UN Habitat), 1991, Human Settlements Sector Review : Union of
Myanmar, p10
78
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, April 2009, Internal Displacement: Gobal Overview of Trends
and Developments in 2008, Norwegian Refugee Council, p9
79
TBBC, 2008, Internal Displacement and International Law in Eastern Burma, p18 &19 http://www.
tbbc.org/resources/resources.htm
80
International Human Rights Clinic, May 2009, Crimes in Burma, Harvard Law School, p. iii http://www.
law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/documents/Crimes-in-Burma.pdf

TuGif;qif;avhvmcsuftpD&ifcHpmrsm;xJrStcsKd@onf aus;&Gmrsm;.tdk;tdrftajcysufr_rsm;
rjzpfyGm;rDESifh jzpfyGm;+yD;aemufydkif; &dkuful;xm;aomtqifhjrifhyHkazmfjyr_aumif;aom ò*[fwk
"mwfyHk (high resolution commercial satellite imagery) rsm;jzifh twnfðy wdkufqdkifppfaq;
xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?81 ajymif;a&$@cH&aomaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom uGif;qif;ppfwrf;
aumuf,lcsufrsm;udk qufvufppfaq;twnfðy&mY (TBBC) tzGJ@onf vGefcJhaomESpfu
tpD&ifcHpmrSmrSwfwrf;ðycJhaom vufa&G;pifae&mrsm;. ò*d[fwk"mwfyHkopfrsm;udkyg toHk;ðycJh
ygonf? atmufrSm az:jyxm;aom "mwfyHkrsm;onf (2006) ckESpf/ aESmif;ydkif;u zmyGefòr@e,frS
tdrfajc (14) tdrf&Sdaom &Gmw&Gm.yHkudk ypfxm;+yD; (2) ESpft=um&Gmae&mESifh E_dif;,SOf
jyxm;ygonf? &Gmae&myHkY zsufqD;cHcJh&onfhtdrfrsm;. rD;avmifajrae&mrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; jrifEdkifygonf?
(pGef@cGmjcif;rðyrD&GmyHk ESifh pGef@cGm+yD;aemufrD;avmifajr yHk)
TtpD&ifcHpmonf (2008) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrS (2009) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@

ydkif;a'orsm;rSm aemufxyfaus;&Gmaygif; (120) ajymif;a&$@cH&jcif;ta=umif;udk rSwfwrf;
ðyxm;ygonf? Taus;&Gmrsm;ESifh ykef;atmif;&mae&mrsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ yJcl;wdkif; ta&S@
jcrf;ESihf &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f wd@k . ti,fpm;vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm; jzpfymG ;aeaom e,fajr
rsm;rSm oD;oef@wnf&adS eygonf? Ttcsuu f az:jyaeonfrmS jrefrmppfwyfonf aus;&Gmrsm;udk
wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;rSaeI tpdk;&xdef;csKyfaome,fajrrsm;odk@ armif;ydk@ aom aomif;
usef;olESdrfeif;a&;r[mAsL[mudk qufvufusifhoHk;aea=umif;yifjzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifh
tcdsefwdktwGif;rSmajymif;a&$@&ef ppfwyfutrdef@ay;avh&Sd+yD;/ &Gma[mif;udk rD;&_d@ypfjcif;tm;jzifh
81
Science and Human Rights Program, 2007, High Resolution Satellite Imagery of the Conflict of Burma,
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, http://.shr.aaas.org/geotech/
burma/burma.shtml (accessed 10/10/09)

ajymif;a&$@trdef@udktm%mwnfaponf? ajymif;a&$@jcif;rðyaom aus;&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@
rdrw
d @kd&mG rsm;udk pGe@f cmG &ap+y;D v#i/f olyek af xmufct
H m;ay;olrsm;tjzpf awG@&mae&mrSmypfowfc&H rnfh
tEW&m,f&Sdaeonfh=um;uyif teD;tem;ywf0ef;usif&Sd opfawmawmifukef;rsm;wGif
ykef;atmif;ae=u&onf?
(2008) ckEpS /f =o*kwv

f rS (2009) ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f twGi;f jrefrmEdik if t H a&S@yikd ;f a'orsm;rSm rdrwd @kd .
aetdrrf sm;rS rjzpfraea&$@ajymif;oGm;&aomvlOD;a&onf tenf;qHk; (75˜000) &Sdonf[k
TtpD&ifcHpmucef@rSef;xm;ygonf? Tr#rsm;jym;vSaom tdk;tdrftajcysufr_ yrm%onf
wduk yf rJG sm;qufvufjzpfymG ;aejcif;ESihf vl@tcGithf a&;csK;d azgujf cif;wd@k ukd !$ejf yaejcif;jzpfygonf?
odk@&mwGif Tcef@rSef;csufonf av#mhayghIcef@rSef;csufom jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSmTcef@
rSef;csufonf trsm;tm;jzifh twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&aom&Gmaygif; (38) &Gmwnf&Sd&m aus;
vufa'owckESifhomqdkifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? txl;ojzifhrSwfom; oifhonfrSm (2009)
ckESpf/ =o*kwfvtwGif;u &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;/ udk;uef@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrS
xGufajy;cJh=uaomvlOD;a& (37˜000) udk Tppfwrf;.jynfwGif; 'kuQonfOD;a&cef@rSef;csufxJrSm
xnfhoGif;jcif;r&Sda=umif;yif jzpfygonf?
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ESifh u&ifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wdk@wGif avmavmq,fY tdk;tdrftajcysuf

r_E_ef; tjrifhqHk;jzpfa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? Te,fajra'owckpD. òr@e,f (3) ckrSm aus;&Gmol/
aus;&Gmom; (19˜000) cef@pD tdk;tdrftajcysufcJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif tajctaecsif; tawmf
twefuGmjcm;ygonf? vJcsm;/ rdkif;udkifESifh aus;oD;òr@e,fwdk@Y &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;)
.v_yf&Sm;r_udk vufwkH@jyefaomtm;jzifh jrefrmppfwyfu xdkòr@e,frsm;&Sd&Srf;aus;&Gm (30) udk
twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;apcJhonf? ausmuf}uD;/ oHawmifESifh zmyGefòr@e,fwdk@rS tdk;tdrf
tajcysufcJhaom u&ifaus;&Gmom;rsm;onf ykef;atmif;&mae&mrsm;wGif qufvuf ykef;
atmif;aexdkif=u+yD;/ jrefrmppfwyfu vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufaomtcgY
vnf;aumif;/ jrefrmppfwyfwdkufuif;rsm;.&efESifh eD;vmaomtcgYvnf;aumif; xGufajy;
=u&onf?
vuf&SdjynfwGif;'kuQonf (75˜000)teuf tcsKd@onf (TBBC) tzGJ@. jynfwGif;'kuQonfOD;a&

cef@rSef;csufxJrSm ,cifuygcJh+yD;/ ,cktdk;tdrftajcysufb0odk@ jyefa&mufae=uolrsm;jzpfonf?
OD;a&wpHv k ;kH wd;k yGm;r_onf òr@jye,fajrrsm;od@k 0ifa&mufaygi;f pnf;oGm;jcif;/ xdik ;f Edik if &H dS 'kuo
Q nf
pcef;rsm;ESifh w&m;r0if0ifa&mufaexdkifolrsm;tjzpf xGufajy;oGm;jcif;/ rlvaus;&Gmrsm;odk@
tqifajypGm jyefvnf0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd tjcm;wae&m&mrSmtajccs
aexdkifjcif;wdk@a=umifh udef;*%ef;tm;jzifh jyefIausoGm;cJhonf? ðcHiHkIajym&ygv#if jrefrmEdkifiH
ta&S@ydkif;&Sd jynfwGif;'kuQonfOD;a&onf vGefcJhaomESpftwGif;rSm vlOD;a& (20˜000) cef@
wdk;wufvmcJhonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif jynfwGif;tajcysufa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_ (2009 ckESpf)
ppfudkif;wdkif;
w&kwfEdkifiH
csif;
jynfe,f
rEWav;wdkif;
&Srf;jynfe,f
vmtdkEdkifiH
rauG;wdkif; aejynfawmf
&cdkifjy
u&ifeDjynfe,f
nfe,
f
yJcl;wdkif; xdkif;EdkifiH
{&m0wD &efukef u&if

wdkif; jynfe,f jr0wD
rGefjynfe,f
òrd@rsm;
pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;
jynfwGif;'kuQonfpcef; Kilometers
'kuQonfpcef; tef'refyifv,f 0 100 200
typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'o
befaumufòrd@
ykef;atmif;aexdkifae&aom a'o
weoFm&Dwdkif;
jynfe,fESifhwdkif;rsm; ykef;atmif;ae&aom pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd typftcwf&yfpJa&; pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;

jynfwGif;'kuQ jynfwGif;'kuQ a'o&Sd 'kuQonfrsm;
onfrsm; onfrsm; jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; 22000 27700 85700 135400
u&ifeDjynfe,f 8250 4600 45300 58150
yJcl;wdkif; ta&S@jcrf; 21100 15700 0 36800
u&ifjynfe,f 54300 18500 52300 125100
rGefjynfe,f 800 5000 41000 46800
weoFm&Dwdkif; 4550 56500 6700 67750
pkpkaygif; 111000 128000 231000 470000
avmavmq,fY jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;/ aus;vufe,fajrrsm;rSmyifv#if tenf;qHk;vlOD;a&
(470˜000)cef@onf jynfwGif;'kuQonfb0odk@a&mufae=uonf[k cef@rSef;&ygonf? Tcef@
rSef;csufxJwGif vlrsKd;pkrsm;tkyfcsKyfaom typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajr. ,m,Dpcef; rsm;rSm
aexdkifol (231˜000) vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? aemufxyf t&yfom; (111˜000) onf
wdkufyGJrsm;trsm;qHk;tjzpfrsm;&m a0;vHoDacgifaome,fajrrsm;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;& wyfwdk@
rawG@jrif&avatmif ykef;atmif;ae=uonf[k cef@rSef;&onf? tjcm;aom&Gmom; (128˜000)
wdk@onf (etz)ppftpdk;&. ESifxkwfrdef@udkemcH+yD;/ owfrSwfxm;aom pkpnf; aus;&Gmrsm;odk@
ajymif;a&$@oGm;=uolrsm;jzpfonf? tu,fI òrd@e,ftm;vHk;&Sde,fajrrSefor#udk ppfwrf;
aumuf,al vhvm=unfyh gu jrefrmEdik if t H a&S@yikd ;f &Sd jynfwiG ;f 'kuo
Q nfO;D a&onf oef;wpf0ufausmf
wif;wif;&SdrnfrSm aocsmygonf?
wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m u&ife,fajrrsm;&Sdaus;&Gmrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ rGefESifh ‘0’ typf

tcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ (2010) ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJ eD;uyf
aeaomumvtwGif;rSm xdkif;EdkifiHxJodk@0ifajy;&rnfhtvm;tvm trsm;qHk;&Sdae=uonf?
typftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;ysufoGm;+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiH ESifh rGefjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,fwdk@ xdpyf
aeaome,fpyfwav#mufrSm vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; jyefjzpfrnfhtvm;tvmonf ‘0’ jynf
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;wyfrawmf (UWSA)ESifh rGefjynfopfygwDwdk@.wyfrsm;udk (etz)
ppftpdk;& u e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@rsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;ypf&ef}udK;pm;aer_ESifh qufpyfywf
oufaeygonf? ('DaubDat)tzGJ@u (etz)ppftpdk;&. trdef@ay;onfhtwdkif; emcHaer_
a=umifh (2009) ckESpf twGif;u u&ifjynfe,f.e,fpyfwav#mufrSm wdkufyGJrsm;jyif;xefcJh
onfhenf;wlyif &Srf;jynf e,f.e,fpyfwav#mufrSm &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;) ESifh ‘0’
jynfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; wyfrawmf (UWSA) wdk@udkwdkuf&ef vm;[ljynfol@ppfrsm;udkvnf;
wdk;Izdtm;ay;r_rsm; &ifqdkifae=u&ygonf?
3? 4? &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;ESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;?
“&GmxJuwjcm;vlawGqDuae usaemfwdk@qefacs;w,f? ig;zrf;w,f? 0g;jcif;awmif;
,ufw,f? [if;cwftarG;tóuifvdkuf&Smw,f? +yD;awmhqefeJ@vJpm;w,f? 'gayr,fh
awmfawmf}uD; cufcufcJcJvkyfudkifpm;&wmyg?
(u&iftrsKd;om;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f/ {+yDv/
2009-ckESpf)
“oGm;vmvdk@awmh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh Armppfom;awG ppfvm;aq;vm;vkyfwJhtcgrSm

ay;p&mydkufqH vHkvHkavmufavmuf&Sdzdk@awmh vdkygw,f?”
(rGet
f rsK;d om;wOD;/ MRDC . awG@qakH r;jref;csurf /S a&;òr@e,f/ ZGev
f / 2009-ckEpS )f
xdcdkufepfemr_cHpm;ae&aomaus;&Gmrsm;u touf&Sifaexdkifa&;rSm=uHKawG@&aom aoa&;
&Sifa&;jy\emrsm;udkjzpfap/ ab;uif;vHkðcHa&;ESihfywfoufaom +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udkjzpfap
ausmv f m$ ;&ifqikd af jz&Si;f =u&mY ‚if;wd@k .wk@H jyefvyk af qmifcsurf sm;udk “touf&iS &f yfwnfa&;
twGufajz&Sif;enf;rsm;” (coping strategies) tjzpf trsm;u&nf!$ef;azmfjy=uonf?82
Ta'oqdkif&majz&Sifenf;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyjcif;onf vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&mrl0g'csrSwf
olrsm;ESifh rl0g'taumiftxnfaz:olrsm;tzdk@ &_yfaxG;cufcJvSaom ta&;ay:tajctae
rsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaomumuG,fapmifha&Smufenf;rsm; az:xkwfa&;
twGuf tajccHjzpfonf[kqdk=uygonf?83 Tajz&Sif;enf;rsm;. tajccH&nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
xdckdufepfemr_tEW&m,fenf;Edkifor#enf;ap&ef/ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&r_rsm;enf;oGm;ap&efESifh
ab;uif; aomywf0ef;usifrsm; wdk;rsm;vmap&efwdk@jzpfygonf?84
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; vHk;0csKyf+idrf;oGm;atmifrwwfEdkifonfhwdkif/ jynfwGif;rSm tdk;tdrf

tajcysuf+yD;/ ppfab;ppf'%fcHae&aom jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdaus;&Gmrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_ESifh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh=uHKvmv#if ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf enf;trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkudk &Sm=uH
xm;cJh=uygonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk vnfpif;cHoltðycHrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;rðyb/J
ppfwyf}uD;pdk;r_udk ae@pOfESifhtr#ckcH&mYtoHk;ðyaom Tt=urf;rzufenf;o¾mefrsm;udk um
uG,fapmifha&Smufr_ wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf ydkIaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf
axmufcHtm;ay;&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf?85
ppfwyfrsm; a&mufvmawmhrnfhta=umif; tcsdefrDóuwifowday;tcsufjyr_rsm;a=umifh

wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ aoa&;&Sifa&;wr#ta&;}uD;aom tcsdef
em&Drsm;twGi;f rSm rdrw
d @kd .vHðk caH &;tajctaeudk tuJjzwf&efEiS hf vdt
k yfovdw
k @Hk jyef aqmif&u
G &f ef
tcGifhta&;&&Sdapygonf? (2005) ckESpfu &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk ppfwrf; aumuf,l=unfh&mY
ukefonfrsm;ESifh tjcm;rSvmaomt&yfom;rsm;onf tcsdefrDóuwifowday;r_rsm;twGuf
t"duusolrsm;jzpfa=umif; az:jy=uonf? Ttcsufu az:jyonfrSm ab;uif;aomywf
0ef;usif jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf a'ocHaus;&Gmrsm; tcsif;csif;xJrSm vlr_a&;t&if;tESD; (0g)
,Hk=unfr_uGef,ufonf ta&;}uD;a=umif;jyoaeygonf? odk@&mwGif ukefonfrsm;ESifh
tjcm;rSvmaomt&yfom;rsm;.ta&;ygr_onf onfhaemufwGif ododomomqkwf,kwf
usqif;oGm;cJhonf? Ttcsufonf oGm;vmcGifhcsKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm; wdk;vmonf[l
82
Jaspers, O’Callaghan and Stites, December 2007, “Linking Livelihoods and Protection: A Preliminary
analysis based on a review of the literature and agency practice”, Humanitarian Policy Group Working
Paper, Overseas Development Institute, www.odihpn.org
83
Slim and Bonwick, 2005, Protection: An ALNAP Guide for Humanitarian Agencies, ALNAP, London
84
O’Callaghan and Pantuliano, December 2007, “Protective action: Incorporating civilian protection into
humanitarian response”, Humanitarian Policy Group Report, p3, www.odihpn.org
85
Karen Human Rights Group, November 2008, Village Agency: Rural rights and resistance in a milita-
rised Karen State”, www.khrg.org

aomtcsufESifh udkufnDaeygonf? csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm;. tusKd;quftae ESifh pD;yGm;
a&;ESiv
hf rl a_ &;uGe&f uf}uD;wckv;kH rSm aus;&Gmrsm;onf rdrw
d @kd u,
kd yf ikd jf zpfonfh e,fajrvHðk caH &;
tapmifhrsm;tay:wGifom ydkIrSDcdktm;xm; vmaecJh=u&ygonf?
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; ta&;ygaomowif;ay;olrsm;tjzpf

&Sdaeygonf? txl;ojzifh/ ykef;atmif;&mae&mrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pktypftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajrrsm;
rSm jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmppfwyfqDrS&&Sdaom owday;r_rsm;onf rjzpfpavmufom
&Sda=umif; tm;vHk;uwnDw!Gwfwnf;az:jycJh=uonf? rdrdwdk@onf ppfab;ppf'%fcHae&ol
rsm;. ppfrSefaomudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfygonf[laom tpdk;&r[kwfonfhvufeufukdiftzGJ@
tpnf;tcsKd@. ajymqdkonfhazmfjycsufrsm;u w&m;r#wa=umif;udk TawG@&Sdcsufrsm;u
az:jyaeygonf? tvm;wlyif/ tcsKd@aomtpdk;&r[kwfonfhvufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm
rdrdwdk@.e,fajrvlxkrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;twGuf tom;usaeaom tkyfcsKyf
a&;pepfrsm;&Sda=umif; avhvmcsufrsm;t&awG@&Sd&onf?
tcsdefrD óudwifowday;ol &if;jrpfrsm;jy Z,m; (2005-2009 ckESpf)

60μ
51μ
2005- ckESpf 2007- ckESpf 2009- ckESpf
50μ 45μ
38μ 39μ
40μ 34μ
29μ 29μ 27μ
30μ 25μ
20μ
10μ 3μ 4μ 3μ
0μ
&GmvHkjcHKa&;tzGJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh ukefonfrsm;ESifh tjcm;
wyfzGJ@rsm; t&yfom;rsm;
yke;f atmif;ae&aom&Gmolrsm;onf ppfwyfwu kd u f if;rsm;a&mufvmawmhrnft h cdseYf ta&;ay:

a&$@ajymif;&v#if vdktyfrnfhpm;eyf&duQmrsm;udk ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;rSmodkavSmifxm;onfhtjyif/
aemufxyfykef;cdkp&mae&mrsm;udkvnf; óuwifjyifqifxm;=uonf? Ttdrfaxmifpk tawmf
rsm;rsm;onf vljrifrcH&atmif ntcgrSmv,f,mxJqif;+yD;tvkyfvkyf=uonf? Ttcsufu
tEW&m,ftwGufpdk;&drfpdwfudkomru/ rdrdwdk@ydkifajrrSm aoonftxd&yfwnfae xdkifoGm;rnf
[laomydkif;jzwfcsufudkyg az:jyaeygonf? tdrfeD;csif;&Gmrsm;qDu&aom pm;a&&duQmrsm;/

ukefonfrsm;u taºu;a&mif;aomypPnf;rsm;/ e,fajrtajcpdkuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;qDu&&Sdaom
tultnDtaxmuftyHrh sm;onf ppf'%foifah us;&Gmrsm;tzd@k aoa&;&Siaf &;udprP sm;udk ajz&Si;f &mY
taxmuftulrsm;jzpfae=uonf? aus;&Gmtcsif;csif; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdaea&;onf touf&Sif&yf
wnfa&;twGuf ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;xda&mufatmifjrifa&;twGuf tjccHusa=umif; Ttcsuf
uaz:jyaeygonf?86
ppfab;ppf'%foifhe,fajra'orsm;&Sd t&yfom;rsm;twGufay;vmaom vlom;csif;pmemr_

qdkif&mtultnDrsm;udk jrefrmtpdk;&uvufcHjcif;rðybJ&Sdae&m/ ppftpdk;&. rsufvHk; a'guf
axmufppfaq;aeonfh=um;xJu e,fajrtajcpdkuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u axmufyHhay;urf;
aomtultnDrsm;onf aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# ta&;ygt&ma&mufygonf? TtultnDrsm;
onf e,fpyfudkjzwfausmfI0ifvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ qif;&J'kuQrsm;avsmhyg;a&;/ tdk;tdrftajcysuf
r_rsm;enf;Edkifor#enf;a&;twGuf t"dutm;jzifh&nf&G,fygonf? TtultnDrsm;onf
wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&mae&mrsm;&Sd vlr_a&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;tquftoG,frsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvma&;
ESifhywfoufI aqmif&Gufay;&mYvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufr_aumif;onfhtjyif/ vl@tcGifh
ta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udkvnf; wpHkw&mav#mhenf;oGm;apa=umif; tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;rsm;t&
awG@&Sd&ygonf? Taumif;usKd;rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_odk@r[kwf vufpm;acswkH@jyefonfh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wdk@ESifhywfoufaom qdk;usKd;rsm;ESifhEd_if;pmv#if rsm;pGm}uD;ygonf?
odk@&mwGif/ pm;a&&duQmESifh aiGa=u;tultnD/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh tjcm;u,fq,f
a&;vkyfief;tpDtpOfwdk@yg0ifaom umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;r_vkyfief;onf (2005) ckESpfupI
qkwf,kwfusqif;oGm;cJhygonf? Todk@qdkvdkufjcif;onf e,fajrtajcpdkuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
raqmif&GufEdkif=uaoma=umifh arS;rSdefaponfr[kwfyg? ta=umif;rSm tultnDqdkonfrSm
a&&SnfppfyGJ/ t=urf;zufr_/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wdk@udk tukefaysmufuif;atmif ajz&Sif;
ay;Edkifrnfh udk;q,fhajcmufyg; a&m*gaysmufaq;/ ewf=oo"r[kwfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
86
TBBC, 2007, “Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma”, pp54-56 www.tbbc.org/resources/resources.
htm#reports

vlom;csif;pmemulnDr_rsm;a=umifh umuG,fay;r_tay: oufa&mufr_rsm;
(2005-2009 ckESpf)
50μ 45μ
2005-ckESpf 2007-ckESpf 2009-ckESpf
38μ
40μ 35μ
31μ 31μ
30μ 26μ 24μ 24μ
18μ 20μ
20μ 18μ
10μ
10μ 4μ 4μ 6μ
0μ
tajymif;tvJ r&Sd vl@tcGifhta&; pD;yGm;-vlr_ jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ tultnDrsm;
csKd;azmufr_rsm; tquftoG,frsm; t=urf;zufr_rsm; ra&muf&Sdyg
av#mhenf; tm;aumif;vm wdk;vm
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tjypf&Sdolrsm;udkta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;r&SdbJ vGwf+idrf;cGifhjzifhvl@tcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufr_rsm;usL;vGefapaomta=umif;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@rSwfwrf;ðyxm;onfhtjyif/
w&m;pD&ifr_jzifhajz&Sif;ay;r_vnf;r&Sda=umif; jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif aumuf,laom
tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;rsm;. avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;wGif wnDw!Gwfwnf;az:jyxm;ygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;avhvmapmifh=unfhjcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;onf jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk tjypfay;
a&;twGufxda&mufjcif;r&Sdyg[k aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;u az:jycJhygonf? pOf;pm;&cuf
onfrSm tu,fIrawmfrw&m;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;r&Sdygu/ tjypf
vGwf+idrf;cGifhudk rnfodk@wdkufzsufEdkifrnfenf; [lIjzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif avhvmawG@&Sdcsuf
rsm;t&od&onfrSm avmavmq,fumvY w&m;r#wr_ESifhpmv#if jypfwif&_wfcsjcif;u ydkI
tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdEdkifa=umif;yif jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;vkyfief;twGuf
atmufajcvlxkxJrSm vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;r_vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfa=umif;udk
vnf; aumif;pGmtodtrSwfðyxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? oabmxm;tjrif ydkIajymif;vJvm
atmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif;onf a&&SnfrSmvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_aygif;pHk csKyf+idrf;oGm;a&;
twGufta&;}uD;a=umif; aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u todtrSwfðy=uygonf?

vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifr_a=umifh oufa&mufr_jyZ,m;
48μ 47μ (2005-2009 ckESpf)
50μ 45μ
2005- ckESpf 2007- ckESpf 2009- ckESpf
40μ
30μ
30μ 26μ
23μ
20μ 18μ
15μ
10μ 10μ
10μ 5μ 7μ
3μ 3μ 2μ
0μ
tajymif;tvJ r&Sd vl@tcGifhta&;ta tpdk;&u jypfr_ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vl@tcGifhta&;
=umif; ydkodvm usL;vGefolrsm;udk wyfzGJ@rsm;u jypfr_ csKd;azmufr_
tjypfay; usL;vGefolrsm;udk rsm;jym;vm
tjypfay;
3? 5? +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_wGifawG@&aom twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;?
“(autif,)l eJ@ ('DaubDat) wd@k tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfr&_ oGm;&if/ usrwd@k ud,
k ahf wmif,m
qDudk,fjyefae+yD;/ xrif; 00pm;r,f?”
(u&iftrsKd;orD;;wOD;/ CIDKP . awG@qHkar;jref;csufrS/ zm;tHòr@e,f/ rwfv/
2009-ckESpf)
+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_vkyfief;jzpfpOfrSm ,Hk=unfr_jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;/ vHkðcHa&;ESifh

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdk;jr‡ifhay;a&;/
pD;yGm;a&;pepfjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;wdk@udk pwif&eftwGuf vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;
udktqHk;owfypfvdkufonftxd apmifh&efrvdkay? Tvkyfief;jzpfpOfrSm yg0ifEdkifzG,f&Sdonf
rsm;rSm “vrf;a=umif; (1)” [kac:qdEk ikd o
f nfh tpd;k &csi;f w&m;0ifocH if;wrefcif;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf
“vrf;a=umif; (2) ” [kac:onfh t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yg0ifaom uGef,uftquftoG,f/
“vrf;a=umif;(3)” atmufajcvlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;twGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufay;jcif;udpPrsm;
wdk@jzpfygonf? t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh atmufajcvlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;onf &ydkifcGifh
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mtjrifrS=unfhv#if ta&;ygonfhtjyif/ aoG;uGJaeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;wGif “atmifoG,f” rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wGef;aqmfay;olrsm;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; xda&mufpGmtusKd;ðyavh&Sdonf?87
87
Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, September 2007, Addressing Internal Displacement
in Peace Processes, Peace Agreements and Peacebuilding, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/
rc/reports/2007/09peaceprocesses/2007_peaceprocesses.pdf
(2009) ckESpftwGif;Y (TBBC) tzGJ@. ygwemvkyfaz:udkifzuftzGJ@rsm;u tdrfaxmifpkaygif;
(1˜000) ausmfudk ppfwrf;aumuf,l+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'o/ wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m
e,fajrrsm;&Sd aus;vuftdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh teD;tem;òr@rsm;t=um; qufoG,fr_rsm;ESifh
uif;uGmr_rsm;udk tuJjzwfEdkifcJhonf? TtuJjzwfcsufonf +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&mY
atmufajcxkrSm&Sdaeaom tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk az:xkwfjya&;
twGuf y%mrtuJjzwfjzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf?
teD;tem;òr@rsm;udkqufoG,f&mY awG@&onfhtcuftcJrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyfrsm;csxm;yHk

tpdyftusJ/ xdef;csKyfr_twdkif;qwdk@tay:rlwnfv#uf trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeygonf? jrefrmppfwyf
rjrifrawG@atmif awmxJawmifxJrSm ykef;atmif;ae&aom &Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ &rf;um;cH&rnf
udkpdk;&drfjcif;/ rSwfyHkwifr&Sdjcif;/ oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfcsKyfcs,fjcif;wdk@onf t"duusaom
vHkðcHa&;tcuftcJrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tpdk;&xdef;csKyf&me,fajrrsm;rS &Gmom;rsm;jzpfap/
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzG@J rsm;tkycf sKyf&me,fajrrsm;rS&mG om;rsm;jzpfap ‚wd@k =uKH awG@ae=u&
onfhtuef@towfrSm qif;&Jr_ESifhoGm;vma&; ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;onf t"dutcuftcJrsm;
jzpfa=umif; az:jycJh=uonf?
eD;pyf&mòr@rsm;odk@ qufoG,f&ef tcuftcJrsm;jyyHk (2009 ckESpf)

ykef;atmif;&ma'orsm; wdkif;&if;om; typf&yfa'o
70μ 64μ (etz) pkpnf;aus;&Gm a&maxG; tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o
58μ 60μ
60μ 67μ
49μ
50μ
39μ 41μ
40μ
30μ 24μ 26μ 28μ
23μ
15μ 19μ
20μ 14μ
10μ 8μ 6μ
0μ
c&D;p&dwfrsm; 52 μ c&D;oGm;cGifh-ukefoG,fcGifh zdESdyfcH&rnfudk rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;
uef@owfr_rsm; 22 μ pdk;&GH@ae&jcif; 38 μ r&Sdjcif; 24 μ
Todk@aomtcuftcJrsm;&Sdaeapumrl wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;Y qufoG,fr_rsm; tawmf

twef&Sdaeonf[k &Gmvlxkrsm;uaz:jy=uygonf? ta&mif;t0,fvkyfjcif;/ tcpm;
tvkyfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh &&SdaompD;yGm;a&;tquftoG,frsm;onf taumif;qHk; tquf
toG,frsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf? jrefrmppfwyfrjrifrawG@atmif ykef;atmif;ae=uonfh
tpGet f zsm;aus;&Gmrsm;uyifv#if cGiðhf yrde@f r&aom “awmaps;cif;rsm;” rsm;rSwqifh teD;tem;
òrd@rsm;rSukefonfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,faumif;aumif;&Sda=umif; az:jycJh=uygonf? rdom;pkESifh
rdwfaqGrsm;xH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;/ &dk;&myGJawmfrsm;ESifh vlr_a&;tcrf;tem;rsm;tygt0if
vlr_a&;t&tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr_rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdae=uygonf? wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m
e,fajrrsm;xJodk@ 0ifa&mufcGifhr&olrsm;jzpfonfh oHwrmefrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ulnD u,fq,f
a&;vkyfom;rsm;u Taus;&Gmrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH.usefa'orsm;ESifh tquftoG,fjywf
awmufaeonf[kqdkaejcif;udk rrSefuefa=umif;Taz:jycsufrsm;u jiif;qdkjyoaeygonf?
eD;pyf&mòr@rsm;odk@ qufoG,fr_rsm;jyyHk (2009 ckESpf)

60μ 55μ ykef;atmif;&ma'orsm; wdkif;&if;om; typf&yfa'o
60μ (etz) pkpnf;aus;&Gm a&maxG; tkyfcsKyfa&;a'o
50μ 44μ43μ
40μ
47μ
34μ33μ
31μ
30μ 23μ
19μ 20μ 19μ 18μ
20μ 14μ 17μ
11μ 12μ 11μ
10μ 11μ
10μ
0μ
ukefoG,fr_ 51μ &yf&GmudpPrsm; 17μ tvkyftudkif 18μ aqGrsKd;-rdwfaqGrsm;xH vlr_a&;
tvnftywfoGm;jcif; tvnftywf 15μ
33 μ
tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;rsm;tjyif u&ifjynfe,f/ zmyGefòrd@e,f. wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;ae&me,fajr

rsm;ESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ rGeftypftcwf&yfpJa&;e,fajr&Sd a'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
yg0ifaom yÉdyuQtuJjzwfr_rsm;vkyfcJhygonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;r_ tajct
aersm;ta=umif;udk a'ocH&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;cGifh&cJhonfhtjyif/ jynfwGif; 'kuQonf
rsm;taeESiv hf nf; jzpfay:vmp&m&Sad om +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufrv_ yk if ef;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
‚wdk@.tjrifrsm;udk wifjycGifh&apcJhygonf?
wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&me,fajrrsm;&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;wifjyaomt"dujy\emrsm;rSm vHkðcHr_

uif;rJhaejcif;ESifh tdk;tdrftajcysufb0wm&Snfaejcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJxm;
aom e,fajrrsm;rSaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;uyifv#if ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&r_ESifh w&mOya'pdk;rdk;r_wdk@onf
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vufiif;tusqHk;twm;tqD;rsm;tjzpf axmufjycJhygonf? ae&mtESH@
tjym;rSmjzpfyGm;aeaom yÉdyuQ.aemufqufwGJjy\emrsm;ESifhywfoufI atmufajcvlxk.
tjrifrsm;u jrefrmtpdk;&.'Drdkua&pDvrf;jyajryHkonf +idrf;csrf;a&;qDodk@ OD;wnfaeonf[k
r,Hk=unf=ua=umif; xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH jynfwGif;ppfonf a&&Snfvnf;jzpf/ ae&ma'otESH@tjym;vnf; jzpfyGm;ae&m/

aus;&Gmvlxktrsm;pk}uD;u +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_onf ‚wdk@rpGrf;omaomt&m
jzpfonf[k xifjrifae=uygonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJhaom vlr_todkuft0ef;
rsm;u todtrSwfðyaomtcsufrSm ‚wdk@taeESifh ulnDu,fq,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;
jynfwGif;ppf. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh tdk;tdrftajcysufr_rsm;ta=umif; owif;tcsuf
tvuftajrmuftjrm; ay;p&m&Sdaeonf[lI xifjrif,lq=uygonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r_ESifh xifjrifoHk;oyfr_rsm;ydkIrsm;rsm;vkyfay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh=u+yD;/ Todk@
vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh tultnDrsm;yHhydk;ay;jcif;rSwqifh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; tdrfjyefEdkifap&ef/
jyefvnftajccsEdkifap&efESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJodk@ jyefvnfaygif;pnf;0ifqHhap&eftwGuf
ydkIOD;wnfapEdkifvdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfae=uonf? Todk@qdkvdkufjcif;onf jynfwGif;
'kuoQ nfrsm;u +ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufrv_ yk if ef;twGuf jynfwiG ;f 'kuo
Q nfrsm;wGif wnf&adS eonfh
u|rf;usifr_rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf OD;pGmtm;jzifh vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m
tultnDupd EP iS yhf wfoufI t&ma&mufvmEdik o f nf[k oabmoufa&mufygonf? ta=umif;rSm
vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&mtultnDonf vuf&SdcHpm;ae&aom twd'kuQa&muf&r_jy\em
rsm;udk wdkuf&dkufajz&Sif;ay;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
(UNHCR) . t}uD;wef;rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;u ppfyGJESifhtdk;tdrftajcysufr_rsm; a&&SnfjzpfyGm;ae

aomtajctaersm;wGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;wnf
aqmufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf?88 Ttqdkonf yÉdyuQ
tuJjzwfr_rsm;vkyf&mY yg0ifcJh=uaom u&ifESifhrGeftrsKd;om;trsKd;orD;wdk@. t"du owif;
pum;vnf;jzpfygonf? bdk;bGm;pOfqufydkifajrrsm;ay:rS jrefrmppfwyfrsm;&kyfodrf;oGm;a&;onf
jynfwiG ;f 'kuo
Q nfrsm;tdrjf yefEikd af &;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&;vkyif ef;twGut
f c&musonf[k tkypf Ek pS pf k
pvHk;u axmufjycJh=uonf? tvm;wlyif/ rawmfrw&m;r_usL;vGefolrsm;udk pGJcsufwifa&;
twGuf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifhppfa&;pepfwdk@udkðyjyifa&;onf t=urf;zufr_oHo&m &yfqdkif;oGm;a&;
twGuf ta&;}uD;aomajcvSrf;wvSrf;jzpfa=umif; az:xkwfjycJh=uonf? ppfyGJESifh tdk;tdrf
tajcysufr_wdk@. ta=umif;&if;rsm;onf e,fajrwGif;t=urf;rzufckcHa&;jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkifaom
abmifxuf ausmfvGefaeaumif;ausmfvGefaeayvdrfhrnf? odk@jzpfjzpfonfhwdkif aus;&Gmvlxk
wdk@.tjrifrSaeI=unhfv#ifrl a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeaomppfyGJESifh tdk;tdrftajcysufr_ jy\em
ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf enf;vrf;&Sm=uH&mY Ttcsufrsm;onf jrefrmtpdk;&xHwifjy&efvdkonfh
t"duusaomtcsufrsm; jzpfaeygonf?
88
Erika Feller, 2009, “Giving peace a chance: Displacement and the rule of law during peacebuilding” in
Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 28, Number 1, UNHCR, Oxford University Press, pp78-94

aemufqufwGJrsm;
awmykef;uav;i,frsm;.pmoifausmif;/ oHawmif+rdK@e,f/ 2009 ckESpf (CIDKP)

aemufqufwGJ (1)
jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&aom 'kuQonfOD;a& cef@rSef;csuf (2009 ckESpf)
jynfe,f/ vGefcJhonfh 12-v ykef;atmif;ae& pkpnf;aus;&Gm typftcwf pkpkaygif;
wdkif;ESifh òrd@e,f twGif;a&$@ajymif; aomae&mrsm; rsm;&Sd &yfpJa&;a'o jynfwGif;
xGufajy;ol OD;a& &Sd 'kuQonf 'kuQonf rsm;&Sd 'kuQonf 'kuQonf
&Srf;jynfe,f 37700 22000 27700 85700 135400
armufr,f 3500 1500 1400 0 2900
rdk;aumif; 3400 2000 2900 0 4900
vJcsm; 13200 7000 6500 4600 18100
vdGKifvif 1500 1100 700 600 2400
erfhqrf 2700 1500 2200 2000 5700
uGef[def; 3500 3000 1500 6000 10500
rdkif;qwf 800 800 0 31000 31800
rdkif;wkef 1800 1000 4300 27000 32300
rdkif;yef 1600 1400 1700 1300 4400
aus;oD; 2500 1200 3000 12000 16200
vif;ac; 1500 400 1300 500 2200
rdk;eJ 1700 1100 2200 700 4000
u&ifeDjynfe,f 800 8250 4600 45300 58150
&Sm;awm 150 900 1000 0 1900
vdGKifaumf 150 0 1800 4000 5800
'Darmqdk; 0 0 0 26000 26000
z&l;qdk; 0 1600 0 7500 9100
abmvcJ 0 0 1700 0 1700
zm;aqmif; 500 5750 100 3300 9150
rJhpuf 0 0 0 4500 4500
yJcl;wdkif; 11700 21100 15700 0 36800
awmifil 0 0 1300 0 1300
ausmuf}uD; 9000 12000 13800 0 25800
a&$usif 2700 9100 600 0 9700
u&ifjynfe,f 22800 54300 18500 52300 125100
oHawmif 4100 8200 8600 0 16800
zmyGef 6000 38600 2200 0 40800
vd_if;bGJ@ 4000 0 0 7000 7000
jr0wD 3200 2500 1200 5000 8700
aumhu&dwf 2500 2000 2600 2300 6900
=umtif;qdyf}uD; 3000 3000 3900 38000 44900
rGefjynfe,f 900 800 5000 41000 46800
oxHk 0 0 0 0 0
bD;vif; 0 0 0 0 0
a&; 900 800 5000 41000 46800
weoFm&Dwdkif; 1100 4550 56500 6700 67750
a&jzL 650 1000 9500 6700 17200
xm;0,f 100 500 6400 0 6900
o&ufacsmif; 0 0 4200 0 4200
ykavm 300 1250 12100 0 13350
+rdwf 50 50 7500 0 7550
weoFm&D 0 1250 14400 0 15650
bkwfjyif; 0 500 2400 0 2900
pkpkaygif; 75000 111000 128000 231000 470000

aemufqufwGJ (2)
zsufqD;/ a&$@ajymif;/ pGef@ypfcH&onfhaus;&Gmrsm;
(2008 ckESpf=o*kwfv - 2009 ckESpf Zlvdkifv)
vJcsm;jrdK@e,f rdkif;udkifjrdK@e,f
[dkvkef;(rf) aemifudef 0rfyef 0rfvHk
0rfwwfarmu aemifaumff yefqdkif; yefuwf
uGef[kef; pvkdif;vGKdif vGdKifqdkif; 0rfaumif;
armufpef 0rfem; *sLawmuf 0rfrGef;
rufwD; 0rfvkHawmif; 0rfukef;,d
rufrkefqrf; ,kef;vGwf 0rf[eferf@ aus;oD;jrdK@e,f
uGefqdkif; aemif0dk;aumif;tdkif zufukef rdkif;,dkif;
pvdkif;ckef(rf) aemifvkdif [dkerf@ygcg; 0rfyHkvHk
[dkerf erf@aemf 0rfaemif rufwD
aemif0dk; erf@rkef; aumif;[kef;
zga0gif
vif;ac;jrdK@e,f
0rfyefw0d
u&ifeDjynfe,f
zmaqmif;jrdK@e,f vdGKifaumfjrdK@e,f &Sm;awmjrdK@e,f
ygcsmcD; &efuif; a'gwul;
[dkpmcD;
a*;vdk
yJcl;wdkif;
ausmuf}uD;jrdK@e,f a&$usifjrdK@e,f
ausmufzsm uavmcD; cv,fcD; yavmxm
uygxm aoEG,fcD; v,f0g; udkzdk;cD;
avma'; udkeD 0gy,fuGD; r,f&,fxm
w,femxm tkef;o#pfcif xD;bvm; wdkol;cD;
apmfaw;'J atmifpdk;rdk; uGJxm wdkcD;
cJzdk;'J ygaumfcD; v,fum r,f&,fcD;
a,mfcD; waumf'J r,fuwD
nmrlcD; aomfihJ'J
v,fuvm; azgv,fcdk
armvlcdk u'D;rl'J
v,faxm'J v,fqlcdk
xdkatmfaz;'J 0gaucdk
apmfcg'J armuJomy,fcdk
u&ifjynfe,f
vSKdif;bGJ@jrdK@e,f jr0wDjrdK@e,f aumhu&dwfjrdK@e,f zmyGefjrdK@e,f
xD;abma'; bvm;wdk vg;u¶k cv,ftkig;
r,fu&uf wau:umhuvdk; atmua&m zdk;oGD;cD;
cv,fumh acgzdk;cD; aov,fyl cv,fqDcdk
0g¶ªcdk armzdk;cD; 'l;ul;usJ oGmxm
Edkbdk;wzufurf; tl;u&DcD; avmzvmhxm
v,fxla0: aqmzdk;yl oHawmifjrdK@e,f ac;oD;xm
yEG,fyl uavmfrD; aqm0g'J
r,fvtm;cD; ydkcv,fcD; ,lvdk =umtif;qdyf}uD;jrdK@e,f
r,fvtm;xm pa*:yavm v,fqmxl; rJua&;
0grDuvm; url;vdk
weoFm&Dwdkif;
xm;0,fjrdK@e,f a&jzLjrdK@e,f
vJuvm; ewftdkif
au;r,f*l

aemufqufwGJ (3)
a&$@ajymif;pkpnf;pcef;rsm; (2009)
rdkif;yefjrdK@e,f rdkif;udkifjrdK@e,f vif;ac;jrdK@e,f
aemifygrGef uwfzGH; 0rf[wf
em;avm ac;tHkatG@
0rfrdkifarmufprf yifvHkjrdK@e,f
rdkif;wHkjrdK@e,f armufr,fjrdK@e,f 0rfaemifvdkif
r,f@uif; erf@vGwf
em;aumif;rl; uef'l;vkH aus;oD;jrdK@e,f
rdk;eJjrdK@e,f 0rf[dkif;
em;cH vJcsm;jrdK@e,f
erfhqefjrdK@e,f 0rfrufvef; uGef[def;jrdK@e,f
uwfav yefzGef; udsKif;vGef;
0rfaemif
0rferf@rdk
u&ifeDjynfe,f
vGKdifaumfjrdK@e,f &Sm;awmjrdK@e,f abmvcJjrdK@e,f
EGm;v0dk; &Sm;awm eef;zJ
ygavmif; yGefacsmif; abmvcJ
&Gmopf
zmaqmif;jrdK@e,f
'dk;xm
yJcl;wdkif;
ausmuf=uD;jrdK@e,f awmifiljrdK@e,f
udkeD &efrsdK;atmif eHŒomuGif; a&qif;ukef;
ausmufzsm atmifpdk;rdk; y'Jaum e*g;armuf
armav; uíJjcH uavmarm
tkef;&Snfcif pvJ rmvmawm a&$usifjrdK@e,f
rlo,f yef;at;
u&ifjynfe,f
=umtif;qdyf}uD;jrdK@e,f oHawmifjrdK@e,f jr0wDjrdK@e,f
xD[l;oH oajynGefŒ r,fueJ
a&$'dk; aqm0g'J
teef;uGif; wdyfyk zmyGefjrdK@e,f
oufuGD; oHawmif}uD; wy,fzg;
òrdifom,m abm*vd}uD;
=umtif;qdyf}uD;

rGefjynfe,f
a&;jrdK@e,f
acgZm &Gmopf (pHjy)
0if;warmuf om,mat;
vdarRmfjcH
weoFm&Dwdkif;
weoFm&DjrdK@e,f o&ufacsmif;jrdK@e,f jrdwfjrdK@e,f bkwfjyif;jrdK@e,f
ewforD; yJ'uf yjyif ig;ykwfacsmif;
oabFmOD; rif;avmif;acsmif; bkwf rEdk&dk;
qm&0 oifykef;acsmif; ,mwyg cJacsmif;
qifruGsef; ydawmuf}uD; abmfroD vm;zl;ief
zm;uGif; ydawmufi,f aumfcD; aumhabmh
a&Smufukef; 0g;eufacsmif;zsm; [JvJ
pHzJ ykavmjrdK@e,f =uufrtkyf *sdK;awmif
ausmufydwf tif;r=uD; 0g;eufacsmif; acsmif;rGef
uif;eDuGsef; bk&ifhawmif tv,facsmif; pwdef
wyfrl; ra'g yoGD eef;awmif
ukef;om,m a&bl; wnwf
y0wf 0g;pGrf;tkyf raZm xm;0,fjrdK@e,f
u0J jynfjcm; wum anmifwHk;
o&bGifacsmif;zsm; jrpfcsOfpk o+yKacsmif;
ydef;acsmif; xrif;rpm; a&jzLjrdK@e,f ysnf;om;awm
ausmufawmif &Srf;'Gwf avmhodkif; arwWm
wvdkif;wyf rif;0if; a&bl;&Gmopf awmifoHk;vHk;
o&bGif ausmufvdyf 62rdkif eef;y&kyf
teef;acsmif; rdausmif;odkuf udk;rdkif bl'g&kH
i&Hhtif; qm;cJ jrpfqHk usufzD;avmif;
'l;uGsef; 'l;&if;yifa&Smif ,m;yl; aygif;awm
a&crf;acsmif; *sif;eD r&rf;acsmif;
wHk;ajym Zm'D0if; 60rdkif
Ousuf*¾ef;uGif; uAsm Zif;bm
ousufukvm;tdyf y0wf a&yHk;
ousufawmifydkif; ac:bv,f
rD;avmif;uGif; vufyHjyif
teJ yJhaxmuf
y0axmif;r wydk
y0tif;0dkif; azgh
odefcGef; a&&Sm;
vSnf;qdyf carmif;vS
oJjzL rD;ausmif;+zL
ysOf;awm cjzLjyif
urvdkif; om,mukef;
abmwaemf
rdk;&dk;
aemufqufwGJ (4)
jrefrmjynfta&S@ydkif; etz.ppfwyfXmecsKyfrsm; (2009)
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfrsm;
=wd*Ha'owdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (woc) usdkif;wHk/ &Srf;jynfe,f? ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (&wc) armfvjrdKif/ rGefjynfe,f?
ta&S@ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (&yc) awmif=uD;/ &Srf;jynfe,f? urf;&dk;wrf;a'owdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (u&c) jrdwf/weoFm&Dwdkif;?
awmifydkif;wdkfif;ppfXmecsKyf (wyc) awmifil/ yJcl;wdkif;?
ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyfrsm;
wyfr-11 &efukef/ &efukefwdkif; wyfr-55 uavm/ &Srf;jynfe,f
wyfr-22 zm;tH/ u&ifjynfe,f wyfr-77 yJcl;/ yJcl;wdkif;
wyfr-44 oxHk/ rGefjynfe,f wyfr-99 rdwWDvm/ rEWav;wdkif;
a'ouGyfuJr_ESifh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrsm; ('up ESifh puc)
rdkif;jzwf 'up rdkif;jzwf/ &Srf;jynfe,f puc - 12 aumhu&dwf/ u&ifjynfe,f
vdGKifaumf 'up vGdKifaumf/ u&ifeDjynfe,f puc - 13 bkwfjyif;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;
puc - 2 rdkif;aemif;/ &Srf;jynfe,f puc - 14 rdkif;qwf/ &Srf;jynfe,f
puc - 6 ysOf;rem;/ rEWav;wdkif; puc - 17 rdkif;yef/ &Srf;jynfe,f
puc - 7 z,fcHk/ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; puc - 19 a&;/ rGefjynfe,f
puc - 8 xm;0,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif; puc - 20 aumhaomif;/ weoFm&Dwdkif;
wdkif;ESifhjynfe,ftvkduf etzwyf&if;rsm;
(cv& ] ajcvsifwyf&if;/ cr& ] ajcjrefwyf&if;/ trw ] tajrmufwyf&if;)
&Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;
rdk;eJòr@e,f vif;ac;òr@e,f rdkif;wkH òr@e,f armufr,f òr@e,f
cv&- 248 cv&- 99 cv&-65 cv&-132
cr&-576 cr&- 525 cv&-133 erfhqrf òr@e,f
cr&-518 cr&-578 cv&-277 cv&-247
cr&-569 rdkif;qwf òr@e,f cv&-225 cv&-66
cr&-574 cv&-49 cr&-519 trw-359
trw-336 cv&- 278 trw-386 cr&-516
cr&-574 cr&-527 vJcsm; òr@e,f qDqdkif òrd@e,f
uGef[def;òr@e,f cr&-579 cv&-64 cr&-423
cv&-246 cr&-580 cr&-515 cr&-424
cv&-296 cr&-333 vdGKifvif òr@e,f cr&-425
cr&-524 aus;oD;ESifhrdkif;udkifòr@e,f cv&-9 rdkif;jzwf òr@e,f
rdkif;yef òr@e,f cr&-132 cv&-12 cv&-221
cv&-294 cr&-514 cr&-513 cr&-329
av&-295 cv&-286 awmif}uD; òr@e,f cr&-330
cr&-575 cv&-287 cv&-94 cr&-335
cr&-332 z,fcHk òr@e,f cr&-510 cr&-570
cr&-520 cr&-336 yifavmif; òr@e,f &yfapmuf òr@e,f
cr&-517 cr&-421 cv&-249 cv&-292
cr&-598 cr&-422 cr&-511 cr&-508
cr&-577 rkef;a,mif; òr@e,f cr&-512 cr&-509
uavmòr@e,f cr&-311 wmcsDvdwf òr@e,f rdkif;cuf òr@e,f
cv&- 3 cr&-334 cr&-331 cv&-227
cv&-7 cr&-573 cr&-359 cr&-327
cr&-18 cr&-553 cr&-526 cr&-328
cr&-112 rkef;jyif; òr@e,f cr&-529 usKdif;wHk òr@e,f
,f
cr&-117 cv&-43 cv&-244
cr&-360 cr&-245
cr&-528 cr&-314

u&ifeDjynfe,f
vdGKifaumfòr@e,f z&lqdk; òr@e,f abmvcJòr@e,f 'Darmqdk; òrd@e,f
cv&-54 cr&-428 cr&-337 cv&-102
cv&-72 cr&-531 cr&-429 cr&-427
cv&-261 zmaqmif; òr@e,f cr&-430
cv&-250 cv&-134
cr&- 530 cv&-135
trw-360
u&ifjynfe,f
zmyGefòr@e,f vd_if;bGJ@òr@e,f =umtif;qdyf}uD; òr@e,f aumhu&dwfòrd@e,f
cv&-68 cv&-28 cv&-32 cv&-97
cv&-34 cr&-338 cv&-283 cv&-230
cr&-19 cr&-339 cv&-284 cv&-231
cr&-340 jr0wDòr@e,f cr&-202 cr&-545
cr&-341 cv&-275 cr&-550 cr&-546
cr&-354 cr&-355 cr&-206 cr&-548
cr&-434 cr&-356 xef;wyifòr@e,f cr&-549
cr&-522 cr&-357 cv&-73 zm;tHòr@e,f
oHawmifòr@e,f cr&-205 cr&-201
cv&-124 cr&-547 cr&-203
cv&-603 cr&-204
cr&-542 cr&-310
yJcl;wdkif; (ta&S@ydkif;)
awmifilòr@e,f a&$usifòr@e,f ausmuf}uD; òrd@e,f jzL; òrd@e,f
cv&-26 cv&-57 cv&-60 cv&-35
cv&-39 cr&-350 cr&-599 yJcl; òrd@e,f
cr&-349 cr&-590 cv&-30
cr&-589 cr&-351 cr&-440
rGefjynfe,f
oxHkòr@e,f usKdufxdkòr@e,f a&;òr@e,f oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f
cv&-24 cr&-2 cv&-31 cv&-62
cr&-1 cr&-207 cv&-61 cr&-209
cr&-9 cr&-208 cv&-106 rk'Hkòr@e,f
cr&-118 armfvòrifòr@e,f cv&-229 cr&-210
bD;vif; òr@e,f cv&-81 cr&-586 cr&-202
cv&-2 cr&-102 cr&-587
cv&-8 cr&-104 cr&-343
cv&-96 cr&-591
cr&-3 cr&-299
cr&-588
trw-316
weoFm&Dwdkif;
a&jzLòrd@e,f weoFm&Dòrd@e,f xm;0,fòr@e,f bkwfjyif; òr@e,f aumhaomif;òrd@e,f
cv&-273 cr&-556 cv&-25 cv&-224 cv&-288
cv&-282 cr&-557 cr&-402 cr&-585 cv&-262
cr&-410 cr&-558 cr&-401 cr&-559 cr&-597
cr&-408 cr&-561 trw-302 cr&-560 cr&-594
cr&-409 trw-306 +rdwfòr@e,f cr&-358 cr&-595
cr&-406 o&ufacsmif; òr@e,f cv&-17 cr&-432 cr&-596
cr&-407 cr&-403 cv&-103 cr&-581 cr&-342
cr&-498 cr&-404 cv&-101 cr&-593 cr&-431
trw-304 cr&-405 cv&-265 cr&-555 cr&-582
trw-307 trw-201 cr&-433 cr&-592 trw-303
ykavmòr@e,f avmif;vHkòr@e,f trw-301 cr&-584 trw-305
cv&-280 cv&-104 trw-401 trw-308
cv&-285 cv&-267 trw-501

aemufqufwGJ (5)
2009 ckESpf ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;
vlOD;a&tm;ppfwrf;aumufjcif;
&nf&, G cf surf mS jynfwiG ;f YxGuaf jy;a&$@ajymif;ae&jcif;twdik ;f twmESiyhf s@H E@HS wnf&adS er_ukd od&EdS ikd af p&efjzpf+y;D /
ppfwyf wdk;csJ@csxm;vmjcif;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;. qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_udk od&SdEdkifap&efjzpfygonf?
+rdK@e,ftrnf (jrefrmjynfajryHktwdkif;)
owif;tcsuftvufay;olrsm;.ta=umif;
1? vGecf ohJ nfh 12vwmumvtwGi;f vH;k vH;k ysupf ;D /a&$@ajymif; od@k r[kwf zsuq f ;D cHc&hJ aom&Gmaygi;f
b,favmuf rsm;rsm;&Syd govJ? xd&k mG rsm;onf rnfonfah e&mwGiw f nf&cdS yhJ govJ´
(Z,m;ESifhajryHkxJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
2? vGefcJhonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; ppfyGJrsm;ESifhvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;a=umifh ‚wdk@
tdrfrsm;udkpGef@cGmI tjcm; wae&modk@xGufajy;Iaexdkifae&olaygif; b,favmuf&SdygovJ´
(Z,m;xJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
3? vuf&SdtcsdefwGif aus;vufa'oY vlOD;a&pkpkaygif; rnfr#aexdkifae=uygovJ?
(Z,m;xJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
4? (&Gmpkrsm;tygt0if) ,ckvuf&SdwGif etz.twif;t"<raexdkifcdkif;aomajymif;a&G@pcef;rsm;
rnfr#usef&dSaeygovJ? ‚a&$@ajymif;a&;pcef;rsm;onf rnfonhfae&mwGifwnf&SdygovJ´
(Z,m;ESifhajryHkxJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
5? (&Gmpkrsm;tygt0if) etz.a&$@ajymif;a&;pcef;rsm;wGif 0wW&m;t&aexdkifae&aomvlaygif;
b,favmuf&SdygovJ´ (Z,m;xJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
6? etz.uif;vSnfhppfa=umif;rsm;tm;a&Smif&Sm;I vlxkrsm;ykef;cdkatmif;aeaom “ykef;cdk&mae&mrsm;
(hiding areas) rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif (twdkuftcHrsm;xdef;csKyfaoma'otygt0if) &dSygovJ´
(ajryHkxJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
7? ,ckvuf&dSwGifetzuif;vSnfhwyffzGJ@rsm;rawG@ap&ef ykef;atmif;aeaom odk@r[kwf vHk;vHk;tawG@
rcH&Jaom vlOD;a& aygif;b,favmuf&SdygovJ´ (Z,m;xJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
8? etzwdkufcdkufr_rsm;twGuftmrcHcsufay;Edkif+yD; tuef@towfjzifhomvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdaom wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsKd;pk tm%mydkifrsm;xdef;csKyf&m “typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;” odk@r[kwf“ txl;a'orsm;”
rnfonfhae&mwGifwnf&SdygovJ´ (ajryHkxJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
9? wdkif;&if;om;typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;wGif ,ckvuf&Sdaexdkifaeaom a&G@ajymif;tajccsae
xdkifolvlOD;a&aygif; b,favmuf&SdygovJ´ (Z,m;xJwGifxnfhoGif;&ef)
10? vGefcJhonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_jzpfapcJhaom tpdk;&.zGH@jzdK;a&;
pDrHudef;rsm;(Oyrm-um;vrf;azmufjcif;/ pdkufysdK;a&;pDrHudef;/ rdkif;owWKwGif;/ opfxkwfvkyfjcif;/
a&umwmaqmufjcif;/ obm0"gwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif; ponfjzifh) rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif wnf&dSygovJ´
(wnfae&mrsm;tm;ajryHkxJxnfhay;&ef)
11? vuf&dSetzppfwyf. tajccspcef;rsm;/ wyfpGJxm;&mXmecsKyf/ ajcjrefwyfrrsm;/ ppfuGyfuJa&;
XmecsKyf/ wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrsm; rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif&dSygovJ?
(ajryHkxJwGifwyfwnfae&mESifhtrsdK;tpm;rsm;xnfhoGif;&ef)
oif.yl;aygif;yg0ifrSKtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygonf?

tdrfaxmifpkrsm; xdcdkufepfemrSKtajctae ppfwrf;aumuf,lv$m
(wtdrfaxmifv#if vlwOD;udk awG@qHkar;jref;Edkifonf?)
tifwmAsL;oltrnf? ?---------------? tifwmAsL;ol.tzGJ@tpnf;? ?--------------

ajzqdkol.jrdK@e,f? ?------------------- ajzqdkol. wdkif; (odk@ )jynfe,f? ?------------
wnfae&mtrsdK;tpm;? (tuGufwckomrSwfyg)
awmwGif; (odk@ )awmif,mwGif; ykef;atmif;ae&m etz. ajymif;a&G@pcef;
typfcwf&yfa'owGif;&Gm a&maxG;tkyfcsKyf&ma'owGif;&Gm
usaemf§remrnfu--------jzpfygw,f? usaemf§ru--------vdk@ac:wJh vlom;csif;pmemwJhtzGJ@
tpnf;rSm tvkyfvkyf ygw,f? usaemf§rtaeeJ@ jrefrmjynfta&S@zufjcrf;twGif;rSm tdk;tdrfpGef@&r_/
yËdyuQawGESifh twd'kuQa&mufr_awGeJ@ ywfoufwJh oifh&JhtawG@t=uKHawGudkar;csifygw,f? oifh&Jh
emrnfudk usaemf§rwdk@odp&mrvdkygbl;? aemufjyD; oifwOD;csif;ajz=um;csufawGudkvnf; v#dK@0SufpGm
xm;&dSay;yghr,f? oifhtajzawG[m rSm;w,f/rSefw,f r&dSygbl;? usaemf§rtaeeJ@ oifh&Jhyk*d~Kvfa&;eJ@
qdik w
f ahJ r;cGe;f awGut kd ,ifar;yg&ap? bma= bma=umif
umifv h q J akd wmh vlawGtrsm;}uD;udk usaemf§rwd@k ar;&wm
a=umifhyg? pwifar;yg&ap?
1? vdif
1 usm; 2r
2? toufb,favmuf&dSjyDvJ´------------ESpf?
3? b,fbmom udk;uG,fygovJ´ (tuGufwckxJomtrSwftom;vkyfyg)
1 rd&dk;zvmewfudk;uG,fonfhbmom 2 Ak'<bmom 3 c&pf,mefbmom
4 rlqvif 5 bmrSrudk;uG,f 6 tjcm;------------
4? oifrnfonfhvlrsdK;pkxJuygovJ´ (tuGufwckxJomtrSwftom;vkyfyg)
1 paumu&if 2 ydk;u&if 3 u,m;
4 ua,m 5 yul; 6 u,ef;
7 &Srf; 8 yavmif 9 ytdk@0f
10 vm;[l 11 rGef 12 Arm
13 tjcm;--------------
5? jyD;cJhonfh 10ESpfwmumvtwGif; vufeufyÉdyuQ/ t=urf;zufr_/ csdK;azmufr_/ obm0ab;'%f
ponfwdk@twGuf a=umifh rdrdwdk@tdrf,mudkpGef@ypfxGufajy;cJhzl;ygovm;´ (tuGufwckomrSwfyg)
1 ajy;zl;onf (ar;cGef; 6 odk@oGm;yg) 2 rajy;zl;yg (ar;cGef; 7 odk@oGm;yg)
6? oifhtawG@t=uHKt& tdrfjyefaejcif; (odk@ ) tjcm;wae&m&modk@ tajccsaexdkifzl;ovm;´
(tuGufwckomrSwfyg)
1 at;csrf;pGmtajccsaexdkifonf/ pm;0wfaea&;topfwzefwnfaqmufI ,if;&Gm;om;rsm;ESifh
aygif;aevdkufonf?
2 tdrfodk@tEW&m,fuif;pGmjyefvmonf/ pm;0wfaea&;topfwnfaqmufI ,if;&Gmom;rsm;ESifh
aygif;aevdkufonf?
3 pm;0wfaea&;topfwzefwnfaqmufayrJh ,if;vl@todkif;t0dkif;ESifhjyefvnfraygif;aeyg?
4 ,if;todi k ;f t0dik ;f od@k jyefvnfaygi;f aevdu
k af yrJh pm;0wfaea&;topfwckjyefvnfrwnfaqmufyg?
5 pm;0wfaea&;topfwzefrwnfaqmufyg/ ,if;vl@todkif;t0kdif;udkvnf;jyefvnfraygif;aeyg?

7? atmufygtjzpftysufrsm;a=umifh jyD;cJhonfh 12vtwGif; oif.pm;0wfaea&;tm;xdcdkufapcJh
ygovm;´ (qDavsmo f nft h uGurf sm;wGif rSwyf g)
1 a&vGr;f rd;k / ajrj ajrjyKdyKd/ yd;k rGm;a=umihf oD;ESyH supf ;D jjcif cif;
2 vufeufui kd t
f zG@J rsm;a=umifh tpm;tpmzsuq f ;D cH&jcif;
3 vufeufui kd t
f zG@J rsm; tpm;tpmcd;k ,lomG ;j;jcif cif; 4 oGm;vma&;ydwy f ifjccifif;
5 twif;t"rR aexki d &f mrJah pjpjcif
cif; 6 ajr,modr;f ydu k cf &H jjcif
cif;
7 ta=umif;rJt h cGet f aumufrsm; 8 twif;t"<rtvkyc f ikd ;f apcH&jcif;
9 vGec fo hJ nfh 12vtwGi;f bmrSrysupf ;D yg
8? jyD;cJonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; atmufygtajctaewdk@a=umifh oifhvHkjcHKa&;tm;csdef;ajcmufr_
jzpfapcJhovm;´ (qDavsmo f nft h uGurf sm;wGif rSwyf g)
1 vufeuf=uD;jjzif zifw h u kd cf u kd jf ccifif; 2 vufeufi,fjz zififw
h u kd cf ukd jf ccifif;
3 ajrjrKyfri kd ;f (od@k ) ppfa=umif; 4 rdom;pk0ifwOD;OD;tm; ta=umif;rJo h wfypfjcif;
5 ta=umif;rJz h rf;qD;jcif;/ xde;f odr;f jcif; 6 &ufpufjcif;/ &du
k Ef u S jf cif;
7 rk'e d ;f usijhf ccifif; (od@k ) tjcm;vdit f aESmift h ,Surf sm;
8 tdr, f mzsuq f ;D jjcif
cif; (od@k ) twif;t"<rarmif;xkwjf ccifif;
9 ay:wm (od@k ) rdi k ;f &Si;f ypPn;f wcktjzpftoH;k jjyKjcif yKjcif;
10 ppfwyfwi G ;f 0ifa&muf&eftwif;t"rRpak qmif;jcif;
11 vGec fo hJ nfh 12vwGi;f bmrStjjcdcrd ;f ajajcmuf cmufrcH&yg
9? oif.todkif;t0dkif; (&Gm)wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: rnfonfht=urf;zufr_ESifhcsdK;azmufr_rsdK;
&dSygovJ´ (qDavsmo f nft h uGurf sm;wGif rSwyf g)
1 &duk ef ufx;kd =udwo f nf 2 vdiy f ikd ;f qkid &f mt=urf;zufr_ (od@k ) rk'ed ;f r_
3 tdrw f iG ;f t= t=urf urf;zufr&_ o Sd nf 4 twif;t"rR § i,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS hf tdraf xmifusaponf
5 rde;f rysut f jjzpfzpf a&mif;pm; § zsm;a,mif;cH&onf
6 twif;t"rR jjynf ynfw h efqmjmjzpf zpfaponf
7 trdsK;om;rS yke;f atmif;a&Smif&m S ;&mwGif trsKd ;orD;rStm%mydik rf sm;ESihf tay;t,ljyyKvk Kvky&f onf
8 tjcm;--------------
9 bmrStjcd jcrd ;f ajajcmuf
cmufrcH&yg
10? tu,fI oifhrdom;pktwGif; touf(18)ESpfatmuft&G,fwOD;OD; ppfwyfxJwGif&dSaeygu
olbmwm0efxrf; aqmifae&ygovJ´ (qDavsmfonfhtuGufrsm;wGif rSwfyg)
1 Armwyfrawmfxw J iG pf pfom;
2 vufeufui kd t
f wdu k t f cHtzG@J xw J iG pf pfom;
3 Armwyfrawmfxw J iG f rD;zdak csmifwm0ef
4 vufeufui kd t
f wdu k t f cHtzG@J xw J iG rf ;D zdak csmifwm0ef
5 wyfrawmfxw J iG f ay:wm (od@k )owif;yd@k orm;
6 vufeufui kd t
f wdu k t f cHtwGuf ay:wm(od@k )owif;yd@k orm;
7 Armwyfrawmfxw J iG f awmufwrkd ,f&vky&f
8 vufeufui kd t
f wdu k t f cHtwGuf awmufwrkd ,f&vky&f
9 18ESpa f tmufwa,mufrpS pfwyfxw J iG rf &dyS g
10 tjtjcm;cm; ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²

11? jyD;cJhonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; ppfwyf.v_yf&Sm;r_tm; rnfonfh=udKwifowday;jcif;yHkpHjzifh
oifodcJh&ygovJ´ (qDavsmo f nft h uGurf sm;wGif rSwyf g)
1 vufeufr& hJ mG vHjk ccHKH tzG@J rw S qifh 2 vufeufui kd &f mG vHjk cHKa&;tzG@J rw S qifh
3 Armppfwyftm%mydi k rf w S qifh 4 tpd;k &qe@u f siv f ufeufuikd t f zG@J §typfcwf&yftzG@J rSwqifh
5 ukeo f nf§tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;rSwqifh 6 vlom;csi;f pmemr_0efxrf;§vl@tcGit hf a&;0efxrf;rSwqifh
7 wcgrS r&&dc S yhJ g 8 tjcm;enf;vrf;rSwqifh (az:jyyg) -------------
12? jyD;cJhonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; tultnDay;vkyfom;rsm;vma&mufonfhtwGuf oif
vHkjcHKa&;twGuf rnfr#tusdK;oufa&mufr_jzpfapygovJ´ (qDavsmfonfhtuGufrsm;wGif rSwfyg)
1 tajymif;tvJr&dS - aemufwcgvmrnf[a k r#mv f ifh
2 tajymif;tvJr&dS - a0;a0;aeoGm;rnf[, k q l
3 wd;k wufonf-vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufra_ vsmv h m
4 wd;k wufonf-pD;yGm;a&;ESiv fh rl a_ &;uGe, f ufyt kd m;aumif;
5 ydqk ;kd onf-ra&mufvmrD t= t=urfurf;zufjccdrd ;f acsmufr_
6 ydqk ;kd onf-jyefomG ;jyD; t=urf;zufvufwjhHk yyefefrj_ zzpfpfap
7 rnfonfv h o l m;csi;f pmemr_tulnrD a&mufz;l yg 8 tjcm; (az:j (az:jyyg
yyg) -----------
13? jyD;cJhonfh 12vwmumvtwGif; oifaexdkif&ma'orS vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; tpD&ifcHwifjyjyD;aomtcg oifwdk@&Gmom;rsm;vHkjcHKa&;twGuf rnfuJhodk
oufa&mufapygovJ´ (qDavsmo f nft h uGurf sm;wGif rSwyf g)
1 rajymif;vJyg-,cifuESit hf wlwl
2 b,for lt
S csut f vufvma&mufaumuf,jl ccifif;r&dyS g
3 ydak umif;vm-vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif;ydo k v d m
4 ydqk ;kd vm-uif;vSnw hf yfrsm;ydrk rkd sm;j;jym;vm ym;vm
5 ydak umif;vm-tpd;k &rSusL;vGeo f u l tkd jjypf
ypfay;
6 ydqk ;kd vm-usK;vGecf &H ol ydrk ckd sKd ;azmufc&H
7 ydak umif;vm-wkid ;f &if;om;tm%mydik rf u S sL;vGeo f u l t kd jypfay; 8 tjcm; tjcm; (az:jyyg)--------
14? oifESifhteD;qHk;jrdK@ay:wGifaexdkifaeonfhvlrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyvnf&efoifxdef;odrf;jcif;onf
rnfonfht"du ta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifhvJ´ (qDavsmfonfhtuGufrsm;wGif rSwfyg)
1 ul;oef;a&mif;0,f § ukep f nfvv J ,S &f ef
2 vufxyf§tokbtcrf;tem;§yGv J rf;obifrsm;twGuf
3 tvkyc f ef@jccifif;§ae@pm;tvkyt f wGuf
4 taygi;f toif;rsm;ESihf rdom;pkrsm;tm; vnfywfjcif;
5 ynma&;§use;f rma&;§vlrz _vl v kH yk if ef;rsm; 6 ppfwyfay:vpD§ppfa=umif;owif;&,l&ef
7 u,fq,fa&;tultnDtwGuf 8 tjcm;
tjcm; ---------------
9 bmtquftoG,r f S r&dyS g
15? oifESifhteD;qHk;jrdK@ay:aevlrsm;ESifhqufqHa&;ajyvnf&eftwGuf t"dut[ef@twm;rsm;[m
bmawGvJ´ (qDavsmfonfhtuGufrsm;wGif rSwfyg)
1 c&D;p&dwu f ek u f sr_ 2 oGm;vma&;ESiu hf ek of ,
G rf y_ wd yf ifc&H jjcif
cif;
3 vHjk cKH a&;r&d§ S yËdyuQuakd ==umuf umuf 4 tcse d rf &d§S tvkyrf sm;
5 rSwy fwkH ifr&dS 6 tjcm;
tjcm; -----------------
7 bmt[ef@twm;rS r&dy Sg
oif.yl;aygif;yg0ifr_twGuf aus;Zl;wifygonf?

aemufqufwGJ (6)
twdkaumufa0g[m&rsm;ESifh ae&mtrnfrsm;
ASEAN ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)

CIDKP u&ifjynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&maumfrDwD
DKBA wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;t&Hk;
IASC ukvor*~at*sifpDXmersm;t=um; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;tjrJwrf;aumfrDwD
IB ajcvsifwyf&if; (cv&)
ICRC tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDaumfrDwD
IDP jynfwGif;Y tajcrJha&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh 'kuQonfrsm;
KNLP u,ef;jynfopfygwD
KNPLF u&ifeDvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (uvvw)
KNPP u&ifeDtrsKd;om; wdk;wufa&;ygwD
KNSO u&ifeD trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
KNU u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;t&Hk; (autef,l)
KNLA u&iftrsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf
KNU/KNLA-PC autef,l-auteft,fvfat +idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD
KORD u&if u,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;&Hk;
KPF u&if+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@
KSWDC u&ifeD vlr_zlvHka&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;A[dkXme
LIB ajcjrefwyf&if; (cr&)
LID ajcjrefwyfr
MRDC rGef u,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD
NGO tpdk;&ESifh roufqdkifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
NMSP rGefjynfopfygwD
OCHA ukvor*~ vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m tultnDay;a&; nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufa&;&Hk;
PNO ytdk@0ftrsKd;om; tzGJ@csKyf
PNLO ytdk@0f trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@
PNDO ytdk@0ftrsKd;om; zGH@òzd;a&;tzGJ@
SPDC EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (etz)
SSA-S &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;)
SSA-N &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (ajrmufydkif;)

SSNA &Srf;jynf trsKd;om;wyfrawmf
SNPLO &Srf;jynf vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (&vvz)
SRDC &Srf; u,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD
TBBC xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif;
UNHCR ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;
UNGA ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH
UNSC ukvor*~ vHkðcHa&;aumifpD
UWSA 0jynf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; wyfrawmf
1989 rwdik rf D ,cif ae&mtrnfrsm; (e0w-etz) vufxuf 1989 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f

ajymif;vJac:qdkaom ae&mtrnfrsm;
Burma Myanmar
Irrawaddy Division Ayeyarwady Division
Karenni State Kayah State
Karen State Kayin State
Moulmein Mawlamyine
Mergui Myeik
Pa-an Hpa-an
Pegu Division Bago Division
Salween River Thanlwin River
Sittaung River Sitoung River
Tavoy Dawei
Tanessrim Division Tanintharyi Division
Taungoo Toungoo
Rangoon Yangon

Report 2009 Idp Bu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report 2009 Idp Bu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !

a&S@rsufESmzHk;"gwfyHk? touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaomfvnf; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&qJ'kuQonfrsm;

3? a&&Snf tdk;tdrftajcysufjcif;ESifh ppfwyfrsm; wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;? 41

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; iii

&mZlrm vmvm; (Rajsoomer Lallah)? 1998? “jrefrmEdik if H vl@tcGit

“taxGaxGnDvmcHonf/ jrefrmtpdk;&xH wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif t&yfom; jynfol

ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH/ qHk;jzwfcsuf trSwf 61§232? jrefrmEdkifiHvl@tcGifhta&;

“jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ESifh pepfwus jzpfay:ae

aygifvdk qm*sD,dk yifnJ&dk;? 2008 ckESpf? “jrefrmEdkifiH vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaeESifh ywfoufI

iv jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

Todk@wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;ae&ygonf? oHawmifjrdK@e,f/ 2009 ckeSpf (CIDKP)

xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyfwav#muftultnDay;a&;!Ge@f aygi;f tzG@J (TBBC) taeESihf wdik ;f &if;om;

jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif vlom;vHkðcHr_tay:+cdrf;ajcmufaer_rsm;rSm ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@

2 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

vHkðcHr_ESifhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;tay: +cdrf;ajcmufaer_ (2) ckvHk;rS jy!$ef;udef;rsm;udk

a'ocHvlom;csif;pmemr_tultnDay;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@rsm;u pkaqmif;xm;

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 3

,cktcg jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;a'owckwnf;wGifyif aus;vufa'orsm;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;

Tppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ucef@rSef;&mwGif 2008 ckESpf =o*kwfv rS 2009 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif;

vufeufudkifyÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeonfh u&ifjynfe,f&Sdvlxkrsm;uJhodk@yif rGefESifh 0 typftcwf

4 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

a'ocHjynfolrsm;u ab;'kuQrsm;udk=uHh=uHhcHI &Sifoef&yfwnfae=uonfh enf;emAsL[mrsm;

qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGuf twif;t"rRajymif;a&$@tajccsap

vlxktajcðyI yÉdyuQtuJjzwfqef;ppfr_wGif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeqJa'orsm;twGif; rvHkðcHr_rsm;

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 5

a&&SnfjzpfyGm;aeaom jynfwGif;ppfrD;yÉdyuQESifh vltrsm;a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_ jy\em

6 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

jrdK@ESifhvSrf;ygaomfvnf; yËdyuQu vufwurf;rSmom? oHawmifjrdK@e,f/ 2009 ckESpf (CIDKP)

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 7

ppftpdk;& tm%mqufvufwnfjrJapa&;twGuf &nf&G,fcsrSwfxm;onfh “'Drdkua&pD

EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmwGifrl pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf (Orwellian) .0wˆKqefqef rr#wonfh

8 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifhOya'enf;ustkyfcsKyfa&; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkif&ef

pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGrJ _u¾wGifvnf; ppftpdk;&.nHhzsif;tm;enf;csufrSm txl;ausmf=um;vSonf?

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 9

usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;u¾rsm;wGif tpdk;&.uscHoHk;pGJr_rsm;rSm a'owGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;teuf

10 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@zsm;aus;vufa'orsm;wGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGma&&Snfjzpf

vGefcJhonfhESpf(20)umvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;wGif vlom;csif;pmemonfh axmufyHhulnD

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 11

jrefrmEdkifiHu a'oEWm&wGif;EdkifiHrsm;vHkðcHa&;twGuf +cdrf;ajcmufr_wcktaeESifh qufvuf

12 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

“usaemfwdk@&Gmudk jrefrmppfom;awGu rD;&_d@vdkuf+yD;wJhtcgusawmh usaemfwdk@tifrwef

a&&Snjf zpfymG ;aeonfah jymif;a&$@xuG af jy;&r_rsm;qdo

tu,fI a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&olrsm;u EdkifiHwume,fedrdwfudkjzwfausmfI wdkif;wyg;odk@

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 13

jynfwGif;Ya&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae=u&onfh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;twGuf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom

a&aomufjrpfyifrt&if;cHjy\emudkajz&Sif;&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;ae

14 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufr_vkyfief;udk pdefac:aeonfhjy\emrsm;wGif a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&r_udk

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 15

(wDbDbDpD)tzGJ@u wdkif;&if;om;vlr_todkif;t0ef; tajccHvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh jrefrm

Tppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;tm;vHk;onf vlxktajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;'DZdkif;a&;qGJ

16 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

,cifESpfrsm;uJhodk@yif tdrfrsm;rSa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;&ef ta=umif;&SdaomvlOD;a&udk twdtus

xdcdkufepfemzG,f ta=umif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI vm;&mtajctaeudk 2005/ 2007ckESpfESifh

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; !Gef@aygif;toif; 17

tdrfaxmifpktvdkufppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;rsm;twGuf tqifhrsm;pGmtpkvdkuf erlemxkwf,l

EdkifiHa&;tm%mydkifr_t& c&dkife,fedrdwfcGJjcm;r_rsm;onf wduspGmwajy;nDr&Sd=uonfh tajc

18 jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif a&&Snfa&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&r_tajctae ESifh ppfwyftiftm; wdk;csJ@csxm;vmr_

(etz) pkpnf;aus;&Gmrsm; (233)

tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif ajzqdkolrsm;. vlOD;a&Z,m;rsm; jyqdkcsuf

tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ (erlem) Z,m;