Chapter 4

The variety of resources on Earth

 4.1 The Various Resources on Earth
Living natural resources Non-living natural
resources
• Plants • Water
(fruits, oil, vegetables …) • Air
• Soil
• Animals • Minerals
(milk, meat …) • Fossil fuels
• Metals
• Non-metal
 Nitrogen bulb

Oxygen is one of
the gases that we
breathe in everyday Pure carbon dioxide gas can
from the air be poured because it is
heavier than air
Element, Compounds and Mixtures
 Element can be divided into :
Non- metals
Metals ( Logam 金属)
金属 (bukan logam 非金属 )
• All metal element in solid • Non-metal elements exist
form but except for in all state. Solid, liquid
mercury which exist in and gas at room
liquid temperature
• Example of metal • Example of non-metal
Calcium, copper, gold, Sulphur, carbon, bromine,
lead, magnesium, oxygen, neon, hydrogen,
platinum, potassium,
silver, sodium
 Cobalt chloride indicator
Dry Moist / Damp
(kering干燥) ( basah 潮湿)

Colour : Blue
Colour : Pink
 Gas tests
Hydrogen (氢 氢)
What you will observe:
-Your light splint
(Popsicle stick) will “POP”
POP”
and go out.
Why does this happen:
-Hydrogen gas is very
flammable and in the
presence of heat or fire it
will explode at a certain
temperature.
Oxygen (氧氧)
What you will observe:
-Your glowing splint will re-light
What does that mean:
-This happened because
Oxygen is part of the fire
triangle. The fire triangle is
composed of three things:
Fuel, Heat energy source
and Oxygen.
 Mixture (campuran 混合物)

Nasi lemak Ice kacang Sugar solution

Brass
Paint Iced milo
Example of variety type of mixture and its components
 Formation of compound
( sebatian 化合物)

In chemical reactions the chemical identities

of substances change. Here, a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen undergoes a
chemical change to form water.
The differences between compounds and mixture
 Separation of mixtures

Method : Filtration
• To separate
( penurasan 过滤)
过滤
insoluble solids
(pepejal tak larut 不
能溶解的固体) from
the liquid in a solid-
liquid mixtures

E.g. To separate
water and sand
Separation of mixtures
Distillation (penyulingan 蒸馏法)
To separate a solvent from a
liquid or solid-liquid mixture.
Two types of processes to
take place

(a) Boiling
liquid vapour/Gas
• (b) Condensation
vapour Liquid

E.g. To separate water from

salt solution
Using magnet
• To separate substances
which are attracted to a
magnet from other
objects made from non-
magnetic materials

• E.g. To separate iron

filings and sulphur
Extraction
To separate liquid
substances that do
Oil not mix well and
with different
densities.
Water E.g. To separate
oil from water
 Chromatography
• Separates coloured components in a mixtures
 Sieving (penapisan 筛选)
• To separate mixture
of solid substances
with different sizes.
 AIR ( udara 空气)
Oxygen :
i. Breathing / cell respiration
(penafasan 呼吸)
ii. Combustion / burning

Carbon dioxide
(karbon dioksida 二氧化碳 ):
i. To put out of fire
ii. Importance for photosynthesis
(fotosintesis 光合作用)
Soil and mineral

Soil is habitat
( tempat tinggal 栖
息地) for many
types of living
organisms ( benda
hidup 生物).

Soil contains water and

minerals which is vital for the
growing of plants.
Fossil fuel

• To provide energy for

household use, factories
and power stations to
generate electricity.
Water
• Regulates body
temperature.

• Controls the
concentration of
blood ( mengawal
kepekatan darah 调
节血液浓度).
 Living things
• As food, medicine, fibre, building materials
and so on.
 Conservation
• Conservation of recourses
involves the intelligent use and
care of our resources
 Preservation
• The act of keeping the resources in their
original state.

Example :
i) Find alternative resources, such as
solar energy to replace depleting
resources such as petroleum)
ii) to prevent the extinction of flora and
fauna.