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Na 30 hvpl a¡l¡ HM¡-e ¢Rm Hhw BS a¡-cl ®no¢cez ph cMmc¡l-cl ja ¢hË¢Vn
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Ll¡ q-u¢Rmz

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k¡-h J a¡-cl Bœ²je fb hå L-l ®cu¡ pñh q-hz HC cmV¡ A-fr¡ Ll¢Rm ®pC
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J-ue N¡-VÑe Hl SeÉ ®pM¡-e HLSe jdÉhuú ¢hË¢Vn ®jSl A-fr¡ Ll¢Rmz a¡l
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h¡l¢V huú J pÇj¡¢ea lÉ¡¢hl L¡-R qÙ¹¡¿¹l Ll-mez Bp-m ®pC cä¢V ¢Rm HLV¡ Q¡¢hz
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R¤-s ¢c-u h-m¢Rm "®q DnÄl HMe ®b-L a¥¢j HC Q¡¢hl c¡¢uaÄ NËqZ Ll' z

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fË¡Q£e HC nq-l aMe p§kÑ AÙ¹ k¡u k¡u Ll-Rz

qW¡v lÉ¡¢h Qj¢La q-me HLV¡ ea¥e n-ëz HC nëV¡ ¢hm£uj¡e lÉ¡N f¡Cf¡l-cl
në R¡¢f-u fËL¢Çfa q¢µRmz lÉ¡¢h S£ue ®NC-Vl Q¡¢h p-ja nš² i¡-h c¡¢s-u lC-mez
HC nëV¡ a¡y-L j-e L¢l-u ¢c¢µRm ®k qua La r¥â h¡ AÒf pj-ul SeÉ HC Q¡¢h¢Vl

6
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®Sl¦S¡-mj eNl£l pjÙ¹ ®L¡e¡ ®b-L E¢ba q-u nëV¡ p¡l¡ nql-L fËL¢Çfa L-l a¥mmz

HC në S¾j¢cm iu J Baw-Llz nëV¡ ¢Rm a£hË -N¡m¡…¢m EÇjš nëz

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BS-Ll HC pL¡-m ¢Lw ®X¢iX ®q¡-Vm¢V fË¡u Sen§eÉ ¢Rmz Hl Bj-Qu¡l J

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HL ®L¡e¡u L-uL Se hª¢Vn plL¡l£ LjÑLaÑ¡ J LjÑQ¡l£ qa¡n q²c-u M¡¢eLV¡ ¢hhËaLl
f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a-a LL-Vm f¡¢V-a Ef¢ÙÛa ¢Rmz

B¢pu¡ q¡m¡¢h a¡l S£he ¢hfæ L-l ®pC l¡Ù¹¡ ¢c-u ®qy-V HC ®q¡-V-m H-p-R
öd¤j¡œ HC ¢hc¡u£ f¡¢VÑ-a AwnNËqZ L-l ¢hc¡u S¡e¡-az f¡¢VÑ-a H-p ¢a¢e -cM-me ¢a¢eC
a¡l pqLjÑ£-cl j-dÉ HLj¡œ ÙÛ¡e£u Blh ¢Lw h¡ Cýc£ fË¢a¢e¢d ®k ¢hc¡u ®hm¡u ®p±SeÉ
S¡e¡-a H-p-Rz HC ®m¡L…-m¡ Na fË¡u HL na¡ë£l ¢ae i¡-Nl HL i¡N pju a¡l
j¡a«i¥¢j fkÑ¿¹ HC fÉ¡-mpV¡Ce n¡oe Ll¢Rmz

7
 NaL¡m c¤f¤-lJ ¢a¢e Qa¥bÑ am¡u a¡l A¢g-p a¡l ¢eaÉ¢c-el L¡S L-l-Re q¡l
jÉ¡-S¢øl plL¡-ll HLSe LjÑQ¡l£ ¢q-p-hz Na L¡mC ¢a¢e HLV¡ ¢h-no A¢a¢lš² Ml-Ql
¢h-m ü¡rl L-l-Rez HV¡ L«¢o ¢hi¡N pÇf¢LÑa Hhw L«¢o ¢hi¡N-L ®S¢ee Hl h¡N¡-el
SeÉ A¢a¢lš² c¤C Se N¡XÑ ¢e-u¡-Nl Ml-Ql SeÉ HC hl¡Ÿ ®cu¡ q-u¢Rm z h¡N¡-el pC
N¡R…-m¡ qua ®L¡e¢ce a¡l lrL-L ®cM-h e¡ k¡-cl SeÉ HC B-cn ®cu¡ q-u¢Rm L¡lZ
HC B-c-nl L¡kÑL¡l£a¡ p£¢jaz ah¤J HV¡C a¡l c¡¢uaÄ ¢Rm Hhw ¢a¢e a¡ f¡me
L-l¢R-mez B¢pu¡ q¡m¡h£ LjÑ-r-œ J jej¡e¢pLa¡u fÉ¡-mpV¡C-e ¢hË¢Vn fËp¡n-el HL
kb¡bÑ gpmz

HLSe jdÉ¢hš Mªø¡e Blh f¢lh¡-ll ®j-u ¢q-p-h ¢a¢e HC fËn¡p-el L¡-R
hým¡w-n M¡e£z HLSe j¢qm¡ ¢q-p-h ¢a¢eC fËbj ¢g¢m¢Ù¹¢e ¢k¢e 1939 p¡-m ®L¡e HL
hp¿¹ pL¡-m fËbj ®j¡Vl ®iCLÉ¡m Ab¢l¢Vl p¡j-e fl£r¡ ¢c-u XÊ¡C¢iw m¡C-p¾p
®f-u¢R-me Hhw a¡l ¢e-Sl N¡s£ Q¡m¡-e¡l Ae¤j¢a ®f-u¢R-mez A-eL Blh
¢g¢m¢Ù¹¢e-cl ja B¢pu¡ q¡m¡h£J ¢hnÄ¡p Ll-ae e¡ ®k ¢hË¢Vnl¡ Q-m k¡-h H-cn ®R-sz
HV¡ a¡l f-r i¡h¡J c¤xp¡dÉ ¢Rm z L¡lZ a¡l¡C a¡-L p¤nªwMm fËn¡p-el fË¢a i¡mh¡p¡ J
Be¤NaÉ pÇf-LÑ ¢n¢M-u ¢Rmz BS a¡l¡C â¦a ph ¢euj L¡e¤e ®iw-N ®fR-e HL ¢hn¡m
n§eÉa¡ ®l-M â¦a ¢hc¡u ¢e-µR k¡, i¡he¡l Aa£a a¡l f-r i¡he¡l J Aa£az H-qe
¢hc¡uL¡-m B¢pu¡l p¡-b qÉ¡ä-pL L-l a¡l ¢hË¢Vn pqLj£Ñl¡ H-L H-L A-frj¡e h¡-p
EW¢Rmz a¡-cl a¡s¡ Ha ®hn£ ¢Rm ®k a¡l¡ a¡-cl H-c-nl pqLjÑ£ ®k A-eL ¢hfc
j¡b¡u ®l-M a¡-cl®L ¢hc¡u S¡e¡-a H-p-R, a¡l ¢el¡fc H ®gla k¡Ju¡l hÉ¡f¡lV¡J
®hj¡m¤j i¥-m ¢N-u¢Rmz

a¡-cl Leiu S¤¢mu¡e J-u ¢c-u c¡j¡ú¡u -NCV A¢ij¤-M lJu¡e¡ q-u ®N-R a¡-cl
h¡pi¨¢j-a ¢el¡f-c fËaÉ¡haÑ-el E-Ÿ-nÉz ®fR-e B¢pu¡ c¡¢s-u ®no h¡-pl k¡œ£-cl
E-Ÿ®nÉ q¡a e¡s¢Rmz ®no ¢hc¡-ul ®p±SeÉ ®c¢M-u z ¢Lw ®X¢iX ®q¡-Vm HMe pÇf¤eÑ
gy¡L¡z HL pj-ul ®hp¡j¢lL fËn¡p-el La¢LR¤ HC ®q¡-V-m ¢Rmz HMe ¢hË¢Vn-cl ¢Qq²
hm-a k¡ l-u-R a¡ q-m¡ ¢LR¤ ®Rs¡ L¡N-Sl V¥L-l¡ k¡ nlvL¡-ml pl¦ f¡a¡l ja ®j-T-a
J L¢l ®X¡-l E-s ®hs¡-µRz

8
 B¢pu¡ q¡m¡h£ h¡p¡u Bp¡l fl a¡l i¡C-ul ¢mM¡ HLV¡ ¢Q¢W ®fm ®kM¡-e a¡l
i¡C Ae¤-l¡d L-l-R ®p ®ke f¤l¡-e¡ -Sl¦S¡-m-jl j¤p¢mj Adɤ¢oa HmL¡u ¢el¡fš¡l SeÉ
BnËu ®euz ®L¡e ¢Q¿¹¡ e¡ L-l B¢pu¡ a¡l ¢LR¤ fË-u¡Se£u ¢S¢eofœ hÉ¡-N i-l ®gmm,
p¡-b ¢em HLV¡ V¡Cf l¡CV¡l HLV¡ ®hh£ ¢e-m¡, ®V¢X ¢hu¡l Hhw HLV¡ ph¤S pɤVz k¡Ju¡l
f-b h¤L ®pmg ®b-L HLV¡ hC a¥-m ¢em, BN¡j£ ¢ce…-m¡-a f-s pju L¡V¡-e¡l SeÉ z
a¡lfl ¢el¡fc BnËuÙÛ-ml E-Ÿ-nÉ ®p â¦a fËÙÛ¡e Llmz

BS-Ll pL¡mV¡ B¢pu¡ q¡m¡h£l ja B-l¡ A-eL ®Sl¦S¡-mj h¡p£l SeÉ HLV¡
ea¥e S£h-el öl¦z a¡l¡ S£h-el HLV¡ ea¥e AdÉ¡-u fË-hn Llm HC pL¡-mz ®Sl¦S¡-mj
nq-ll j¡-T â¦a HLV¡ ¢hi¡S-el f¡b¤-l -cu¡m EWm Hhw A-e-Ll j-a a¡l¡ ¢eSi¨-j
¢ehÑ¡¢pa q-m¡z La¢c-el SeÉ a¡ ®ke L¡-l¡ S¡e¡ ®eCz L-uL ¢ce fs-h h-m -k hCV¡
¢a¢e H-e¢R-me ®pC hC Hl jjÑLb¡ hýhRl d-l ¢a¢e h¡lh¡l f-s-Rez hCV¡l ¢n-l¡e¡j
¢Rm Blh S¡NlZ "¢c Blh HJ-uL¢ew',
cªt Hhw Nñ£l ¢Q-š ®Se¡-lm Hl CE¢egjÑ f¢l¢qa hÉ¢š²¢V ®ke ¢LR¤ i¡h ¢R-mez
a¡l fËql£l¡ h¡s£l ®NCV ¢c-u h¡C-l ®h¢s-u H-p a¡l N¡s£-a EW¡l A-fr¡u l-u-Rz
¢a¢e ¢LR¤re c¡¢s-u a¡l p¡j-el cªnÉ¡hm£l ¢c-L ®Q¡M ®gm-me A-eL B-Nl ®L¡e
¢hË¢Vn L¥V®~e¢aL a¡l h¡C-hm Hl ‘¡-el B-m¡-L ¢hË¢Vn q¡C L¢jne¡l Hl h¡pihe HC
"¢qm Ah C¢im L¡E¢¾pm" H ®~al£ L-l¢R-me Hhw p¢aÉL¡l A-bÑ HC ih-el h¡¢p¾c¡lC
¢pÜ¡-¿¹ HC Sef-cl j¡e¤o…-m¡l i¡NÉ ¢edÑ¡¢la q-a¡z ¢a¢e ¢R-me H-cl n¡oe LaÑ¡ J
i¡NÉ¢eiÑuz HMe pÉ¡l Hm¡e L¡¢ewq¡j a¡-cl HC ®no Ešlp¤l£ ¢q-p-h ¢hc¡um-NÀ a¡l cª¢ø
fËp¡¢la L-l ¢c-u-Re fË¡Q£e ®~ep¢NÑL I¢aq¡¢pL ®cu¡m ®Ol¡ ®Sl¦S¡-mj nq-ll ¢c-L z
nqlV¡ ®ke ®pC fË¡Q£e®L h¤-L ¢e-u f¢lhaÑe ANË¡qÉ L-l l¦â d¤d¤ f¡q¡-sl Q¨s¡ S¤-s
R¢s-u B-Rz

pÉ¡l Hm¡e Hl Hph ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡l pju ¢Rm M¤hC Lj, a¡l SeÉ A-fr¡ Ll¢Rm
A-eL Be¥ù¡¢eLa¡z BS-Ll HC ¢hc¡-ul m-NÀ pÉ¡l Hm¡e Ha¢c-el ¢hË¢Vn n¡p-el
kh¢eL¡ V¡e-a k¡-µRez fËbj ¢hnÄk¤-Ül fl ®NËV ¢hË-Ve ®hn BNËq ¢e-u H-c-nl n¡oei¡l
NËqZ L-l¢Rmz c¤-V¡ øÊÊ¢V¢SL h¡ ®L±nmNa AhÙÛ¡e a¡-cl-L HC fÉ¡-mø¡Ce Hl fË¢a
BNËq£ L-l¢Rmz HLV¡ q-m¡ p¤-uS LÉ¡-em Hl Ešl i¡-Nl p¤lr¡ ¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡ z Hl
L¡lZ ¢Rm œ²j Øg£a j¡e HLV¡ pÇfc "®f-VÊ¡¢mu¡j' ®kV¡ ¢Rm Cl¡-Ll j¡¢Vl e£-Qz

9
 ¢mN Ah ®en¡e Hl jÉ¡-äV ¢hË-Ve-L H A’m n¡p-el ®~hd Ae¤j¢a h¡ ®~hda¡
¢c-u¢Rm fÊbj ¢hnÄ k¤-Ül f-lz a¡l¡ fl¡¢Sa A-V¡j¡e V¡LÑ-cl p¡jÊ¡SÉh¡c ®L q¢V-u a¡-cl
ÙÛm¡¢i¢oš² q-u¢Rm H A’®ml phÑju n¡oL ¢q-p-hz ¢hË¢Vn n¡p-el öl¦ q-u¢Rm A-eL
Bn¡ Hhw EŸj ¢e-uz ¢hË-Ve Cýc£-cl®L HM¡-e S¡uN¡ ®cu¡l fË¢an˦¢a ¢c-u¢Rm HM¡eL¡l
ÙÛ¡e£u-cl HLV¡ ¢nr¡ -cu¡l ab¡ LaѪaÄ Ll¡l E-Ÿ-nÉz a¡l¡ fËj¡e Ll-a ®Q-u¢Rm
a¥l-úl A-k¡NÉ n¡pe Hl hc-m a¡-cl Ef¢e-h¢nL n¡pe A¡-m¡¢La Hhw Eæaz gma
a¡ ¢L¿º p¢WLi¡-h fËj¡e Ll¡ pñhfl qu¢ez fÉ¡-mpV¡C-e ¢hË¢Vnl¡ ASpË pjpÉ¡l pÇj¤M£e
q-u¢Rm Hhw H…-m¡ pð-å ®no q¡CL¢jne¡l ®hn i¡mi¡-h Ju¡¢Lhq¡m ¢R-mez

-j j¡-pl HC pL¡-m, ¢hc¡uL¡-m ¢hË-V-el n¡pe ®k R¡f ®l-M k¡-µR a¡ ¢hnªwMm¡ J

Bpæ k¤-Ül BN¡j pw-La hqe Ll-Rz ®Sl¦S¡-m-jl ¢c-L ®noh¡-ll j-a¡ cª¢øf¡a L-l
L¡¢ewq¡-jl qW¡v LÒfe¡u ®Rc fsm z ¢hoæ j-e ¢a¢e i¡h-me a¡l h¡N¡-el HC ®cu¡-ml
e£-Q HL mr o¡V q¡S¡l j¡e¤o öd¤j¡œ a¡-cl ¢hc¡-ul m-NÀl A-fr¡ Ll-Rz a¡l flC
a¡l¡ ®j-a EW-h HL eªnwp qaÉ¡L¡-äz

¢a¢e ®fR-e ¢gl-me Hhw A-frj¡e ®pe¡ A¢gp¡l, plL¡l£ LjÑQ¡l£ J p¡wh¡¢cL-cl
¢c-L cª¢ø ¢c-me z a¡-cl ph¡C-L HLeSl ®c-M c¤xM i¡l¡œ²¡¿¹ j-e LÉ¡¢ewq¡j ®cM-me
®Sl¦S¡-m-jl Blh ¢Lwh¡ Cýc£ ®N¡-œl/A¢dh¡p£l ®L¡e fË¢a¢e¢d a¡-L ®no ¢hc¡u S¡e¡-a
B-p¢ez
pÉ¡l H-me a¡l h¡pÙÛ¡-el p¡j-e H-p c¡s¡-mez hÉ¡mLe£-a q¡CmÉ¡ä m¡CV
Ce-ge¢VÊl fy¡QSe ®~peÉ p¡hd¡e q-u c¡¢s-u B-Rz HMe pL¡m p¡aV¡z pÉ¡l H-me p¡hd¡e
H c¡s¡-me d£lm-u J N¡ñ£-kÑl p¡-b hÉ¡Nf¡Cf …-m¡ ®h-S EWm, ®Sl¦S¡-m-jl e£m
BL¡-nl e£-Q CE¢eue SÉ¡L-L e¡j¡-e¡l E-Ÿ-nÉ CE¢eue SÉ¡L Hl e¡j¡l pju pÉ¡l
H-me Hl jeV¡ ¢hoæa¡u ®R-u ®Nmz ¢a¢e i¡h-me Ha Bsðl, Ha aÉ¡N, Ha hÉu
La…-m¡ S£he eø q-m¡, AbQ Hl ¢h¢ej-u, BS-Ll HC r¥â Ae¤ù¡-el SeÉz ¢œn hRl
n¡pe q-m¡, AbQ fË¡¢ç hm-a B-c¡~ ¢LR¤C e¡ z a¡-L hqeL¡l£ L¡-m¡ ¢mj¤¢pe Hu¡l
®f¡-VÑl E-Ÿ-nÉ lJu¡e¡ q-m¡z HV¡ HLV¡ Q¡l V-el p¡-S¡u¡ -XCjm¡l N¡s£z HV¡ pjÊ¡V oø
SSÑ Hl SeÉ ¢e¢jÑa q-u¢Rmz ¢a¢e HV¡ Q-s ®h¡j¡ ¢hdÄÙÛ mäe nql f¢lcnÑe Ll-aez
LÉ¡¢ew q¡-jl ¢el¡fš¡l SeÉ fËd¡ej¿»£ ¢LÁ-j¾V HV¢m HV¡ ®Sl¦S¡-m-j f¡¢W-u ¢R-mez

10
L¡¢ewq¡-jl Be¤ø¡¢eL HC N¡s£V¡ Qs-a i£oe Bf¢š ¢Rmz ®no-jp ¢el¡fš¡ A¢gp¡-l
gj¡Ñm B-c-nl ®fË¢r-a HV¡-a ®noh¡-ll k¡œ¡ L-le z
N¡s£-a EW¡l f§hÑ j§ý-aÑ ¢a¢e a¡l h¡N¡-el Q¡¢l¢c-L HLh¡l cª¢ø ¢c-me z
¢g¢m¢Ù¹-e a¡l HC L'hR-ll AhÙÛ¡eL¡-m ¢a¢e HC h¡N¡eV¡-L hs i¡m h¡p-aez HC
h¡N¡-el ®N¡m¡f T¡-sl f¡-n ¢a¢e i¡h-ae ®L¡e p¡S¡fË¡ç Cýc£l j¤MR¢h ¢Lwh¡ ®h¡j¡u
¢eqa J Bqa ¢hË¢Vn ®~p¢e-Ll Lb¡z LaCe¡ Bfe ¢Rm HC h¡s£l p¡j-el h¡N¡eM¡e¡z
HC h¡N¡-el ph¢LR¤C a¡l eMcfÑ-e ¢Rmz mÉ¡-iä¡-ll T¡s, h¡N¡-el ®cu¡-ml ¢c-L ®h-s
EW¡ ma¡-e¡ ®N¡m¡f T¡s ¢Lwh¡ p¤¾cl i¡-h ¢eM¤a L-l R¡V¡ B-m-è¡ f¡Ce N¡R…-m¡z¢a¢e
i¡h-Re HMe ®L HC…-m¡ ®c-M l¡M-h h¡ f¢lQk¡Ñ Ll-h z

pjuV¡ 14C ®j 1948 p¡mz f¢hœi¨¢jl C¢aq¡-pl A¡-l¡ HLV¡ f¡a¡ hcm q-m¡z
¢hË¢Vn ®Se¡-l-ml ¢hc¡u Hl fl HLV¡ fË¡Q£e l¡-øÊl f§eS¾j q-hz Hhw Blh J Cýc£-cl
i¨¢jl SeÉ pwNË¡j HL ea¥e J EŸa l©f f¡-hz HC pwNË¡j flha£Ñ cnL …-m¡-a
jdÉfË¡-QÉl n¡¢¿¹ ¢heø Ll-hz k¡l¡ fª¢bh£l SeÉ An¡¢¿¹l L¡lZ q-hz

11
 ®Sl¦S¡-mj, HLV¡ L¡æ¡l fËql Hhw HLV¡ eª-al fËql
(29 ®n e-iðl q-a 20 ¢X-pðl 1947 p¡m)

®l¡â¡-m¡¢La a«ei¨¢j-a ®eu¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹

1947 p¡-ml 29 ®n e-iðl n¢eh¡l c¤f¤l ®hm¡z ¢ceV¡ ®hn a¡vfkÑf§eÑz ¢eECuLÑ
nq-ll HL d¤ol ¢hn¡m R¡c Y¡L¡ ih-e A-eL j¡eÉNeÉ ®m¡LSe HL¢œa q-u-Rz HC
ihe¢V HL pju BCp-g¢Vw Hl SeÉ hÉhq²a q-a¡z haÑj¡-e HV¡ ®l±â¡-‹¡m ¢hn¡m
Hm¡L¡ S¡¢apw-Ol p¡d¡lZ f¢lo-cl 57 Se pcpÉ -cnl fË¢a¢e¢d HM¡-e HLœ q-u-R
i¨jdÉ p¡N-ll f§hÑ-L¡e¡u Ah¢ÙÛa HLV¡ i¨M-äl i¢hoÉa ü¡d£ea¡l hÉ¡f¡-l …l¦aÄf§eÑ
¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®eu¡l SeÉz Hm¡L¡¢V ®Xej¡-LÑl A-dÑL Hhw H-a ®pV m¤Cp nq-ll ®Q-uJ Lj
j¡e¤-ol hph¡pz fË¡Q£e piÉa¡l ®hn ¢LR¤ ¢Rm HC Hm¡L¡V¡z pjÙ¹ f-bl ®no ¢WL¡e¡ ¢Rm
HC A’mz fª¢bh£ aMe ¢Rm A-eL eh£ez S¡uN¡V¡ ph¡l f¢l¢Qa A¢a fË¡Q£e Hm¡L¡ k¡l
e¡j fÉ¡-mpV¡Ce h¡ ¢g¢m¢Ù¹e z

S¡¢apw-Ol pª¢øl fl Hl r¥â C¢aq¡-p Ha ¢haLÑ Bl ®L¡e ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËq-el ®r-œ

qu¢ez HC ®R¡VÊ i¨Mä a¥j¤m ¢ha-LÑl S¾j ¢c-u-R Hhw q¡S¡-l¡ ¢h-l¡d ®cM¡ ¢c-u-R pcpÉ
l¡-øÊl fË¢a¢e¢d-cl j-dÉz L¡lZ HLV¡C, fË-aÉLV¡ S¡¢a J d-jÑl j¡e¤-ol HC i¨¢jl p¡-b
HLV¡ BdÉ¡¢šL ®k¡N¡-k¡N l-u-R Hhw ®LE HV¡l pÇj¡e ¢e-u ®L¡e dl-el p¤-k¡N NËqe
Ll-a Q¡-µRe¡z p¡d¡lZ f¢lo-cl p¡j-e ®k fËÙ¹¡hV¡ H-p-R a¡-a HC fË¡Q£e i¨Mä-L Blh
J Cýc£-cl j-dÉ c¤C i¡-N i¡N Ll¡l fËÙ¹¡h l-u-Rz

HC fËÙ¹¡hV¡ S¡¢apw-Ol ¢h-no L¢j¢V fËeue L-l-Rz H-a a¡-cl ‘¡-el Ni£la¡ J
fË‘¡l R¡f ¢Rmz h¢ZÑa i¨Mä¢Vl cMmc¡¢l-aÄl SeÉ Na 30 hvpl d-l Blh J Cýc£-cl
¢ial ®k pwOoÑ Qm-R a¡l pj¡d¡-el SeÉC j§ma HC ¢h-no fËÙ¹¡he¡z jÉ¡f fËZue L¡l£l
fËÙºL¡l-Ll SeÉ HV¡ ¢Rm HLV¡ c¤xüfÀz a-h k¢c i¡m ¢cLV¡ ®cM¡ k¡u a¡q-m hm¡ q-h
HV¡ HLV¡ pj-T¡a¡, Bl Hl M¡l¡f ¢cL q-m¡ Hl i¥¢jl p¡a¡æ i¡N ®cu¡ q-u-R
Cýc£-cl®L AbQ Hl ¢aei¡-Nl c¤Ci¡N Sehp¢aC Blh Hhw A-dÑL Hl J ®hn£ q-m¡
Blhi¨¢jz Blhl¡C Cýc£ l¡-øÊ Cýc£-cl ®Q-u ®hn£ i¨M-äl j¡¢mL ¢Rm Hhw k¤-Ül fl
Cýc£ C¢j-NÊne Hl BN fkÑ¿¹ H i¨M-ä q¡S¡l M¡-eL Cýc£ hph¡p Llaz fËÙ¹¡he¡

12
Ae¤k¡u£ ¢hiš² l¡øÊ c¤¢V-L ¢ae i¡-N i¡N Ll¡ q-u-R Hhw H-cl pw-k¡N p¡d-el SeÉ
B¿¹SÑ¡¢aL pw-k¡N psL Hl fËÙ¹¡h l-u-R z HC B¿¹S¡Ñ¢aL pw-k¡N psL …-m¡l
L¡kÑL¡¢la¡l EflC H-cl ®k¡N¡-k¡N j§ma ¢eiÑln£m q-h z c¤-V¡ l¡øÊ ®i±N¢mL AhÙÛ¡e
HM¡-e ®k H…-m¡l fË¢alr¡ L¡kÑœ²j ¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡ p¢aÉ c¤xp¡dÉ hÉ¡f¡lz Hl ¢WL ¢hn hRl
fl, Ru¢c-el k¤Ü ®n-o Cpl¡Cm£-cl cM-m fËÙ¹¡hL«a i¨M-äl ¢ae…e i¨Mä Q-m ¢N-u¢Rmz
1947 p¡-m Cpl¡C-ml p£j¡e¡ haÑj¡e p£j¡e¡l A-dÑL Hl ja j¡œ ¢Rmz fËÙ¹¡-hl ph-Q-u
…l¦aÄf§eÑ ¢cL q-m¡, S¡¢apw-Ol HC f¢lLÒfe¡u c¤-V¡ l¡-ølC ®Sl¦S¡-m-jl Efl ®L¡e
A¢dL¡l fË-u¡-Nl p¤-k¡N l¡M¡ qu¢e z ®Sl¦S¡-mj eNl£-L h¡c ¢c-u c¤-V¡ fªbL l¡-SÉl
f¢lLÒfe¡ ¢Rm ®pM¡-ez HC ®Sl¦S¡-mj-L ¢O-lC Bp-m fË¡Q£e L¡m ®b-L H A’®ml
l¡Se£¢a, AbÑe£¢a J dj£Ñu j§mÉ-h¡d Bh¢aÑa q-a¡z ®Sl¦S¡-m-jl p¡-b HL¡aÄa¡l hÉ¡f¡lV¡
¢Rm ®hn hÉfL J B¿¹¢eÑ¢qa ¢Rm Ae¤i¨¢al Aa-mz HC eNl£-L ®L¡e HLV¡ ®c-nl
c¡¢u-aÄ ¢c-u ®cu¡ a¡l¡ LM-e¡ i¡-h¢e L¡lZ Hl gm¡gm M¤hC ¢hfcSeL q-a f¡-lz
avf¢lh-aÑ S¡¢apw-Ol fÉ¡-mpV¡Ce ¢houL ¢h-no L¢j¢V ®Sl¦S¡-mj J a¡l f¡nÄha£Ñ
Hm¡L¡-L B¿¹SÑ¡¢aL VÊ¡¢ø n£-fl Ad£-e eÉÙ¹ Ll¡l SeÉ p¤f¡¢ln ®fn L-l¢Rmz

HC fËÙ¹¡hV¡ Cýc£-cl p’¡¢la Bn¡l j¡-T HLV¡ c¡l¦e BO¡a ¢q-ph ®m-N¢Rmz
fÉ¡-mpV¡Ce H ®Sl¦S¡-mj®L l¡Sd¡e£ e¡ L-l HLV¡ Cýc£ l¡-øÊl fJ-el Lb¡ a¡-cl ¢Q¿¹¡
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21
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22
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24
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25
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Hl f¢lh-aÑ Blh-cl ®r¡i…¢m ¢LR¤¢ce fl flC ¢h-â¡q BL¡-l fËL¡n f¡¢µRm

1920 J 1929 p¡-m Hdl-el ¢h-â¡q q-u¢Rm Hhw ¢hË¢Vn-cl ¢hl¦-Ü ph-Q-u hs ¢h-â¡q
q-m¡ 1935 -36 p¡-mz HMe Blhl¡ kMe h¤T-a f¡lm ®k fÉ¡-mpV¡Ce Hl ¢hi¢š²
Bpæ aMe a¡l¡ HLV¡ fËÙ¹¡h ®fn Llmz HC fËÙ¹¡hV¡ ¢Rm h¡Ù¹ha¡ ¢hh¢SÑa J Na 30
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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33
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34
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