K RmgÉksar Rbvtþisa Rsþén Rbe TSKM Úca

kRmgÉksarRbvtþisaRsþénRbeTskm<úCa
I-buerRbvtþisaRsþénRbeTskm<úCa
1-mCÄdæanPUmisaRsþ nigedImkMeNItCatiExµr
k-mCÄdæanPUmisaRsþ
enAkñúgsm½yéncRkPBExµrd¾rugerOg
TwkdIExµr)anlatsn§wgeTAelImYyPaKFMénTwk
dIGasIuGaeKñy_ dIeKak .
eRkABITwkdIénRbeTsExµrbc©úb,nñ
manTwkdIdUcCaenAkUsaMgsIunTaMgmUl
Epñkxagt,ÚgnigEpñk kNþalénRbeTsT,av
nigEpñkxagekIténRbeTséfsBVéf¶
k¾CaTwkdIénRbeTsExµrBIburaNEdr . kalenA
kñúgsm½yéncRkPBmYyd¾rugerOg
eBlxøHGMNacrbs;Exµr
k¾)anlatsn§wgrhUteTAdl;eRCaym:aT,ayU nig
eTAdl;RbeTsPUmaEfmeTotpg .
Etcab;BIstvtSr_TI13 mkdl;stvtSr_TI19
TwkdIExµrk¾RtUv)anrYjtUcbnþicmþg²edaysarEt
kar ekIteT,IgnUvrdæénRbCaCatiepSg²Citxag
ehIyrdæTaMgenaH)aneFVIkarBgVatGMNac
nig\T§iBlrbs;eK\t Qb;QrmkelIRbeTsExµr
rhUteFVI[RbeTsExµr)at;bg;bnþicmþg²
enAsl;RtwmEtdUckñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ.
RbeTsExµrbc©úb,nñmanépÞdI 181>035
K>m>RkT,a
manRBMRbTl;xaglicxageCIgCab;nwgRbeTs éf
xageCIgCab;nwgRbeTsT,av
xagekItCab;nwgRbeTsevotNam
nigxagt,ÚgCab;nwgQUgsmuRTéf . GMBIsNæandI
eKsegáteXIjmansßanPaBBIrxusEbøkKña
By CHOU - CHANDARY 1
mYyEpñkCatMbn;dIx<s;enAxageCIgPaK|san nig
PaKnIrtI ehIymYyEpñkeTotCatMbn;dITMnab
EdlmandUcCatMbn;bwgTenøsab GagTenøemKgÁ
nigtMbn; eqñrsmuRT . enAEpñkkNþalénRbeTs
CatMbn;TMnabmanRbCaCnrs;enAy:ageRcInkuHk
r EdlPaKeRcIn
rs;enARbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitedaykareFVIksik
mµ .
x-edImkMeNItCatiExµr
Gs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy
karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIExµr
RtUv)aneKxitxMedaHRsayy:agxøaMgeTA
elIbBaðaenH ehIyRtUv)anbeBa©jCaeyabl;
b¤TsSn³Ebøk²BIKñasþIGMBIedImkMeNItCatiExµ
r . k¾b:uEnþeTaH bICamaneyabl;
b¤TsSn³Ebøk²Kñay:agNak¾eday
k¾eKGacsnñidæan)anfa
ExµrBitCaCatimYymanedIm
kMeNItBitR)akdrbs;xøÜn
enAelITwkdIénPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_eyIgenH .
xageRkamenHeyIgelIkeT,IgnUvTsSn³epSg²m
YycMnYnsþIGMBIedImkMeNItCatiExµr ³
1-TsSn³faExµrKW\NÐa
b¤faExµrnig\NÐaCaCatiEtmYy
enHCaTsSn³rbs;elak]kja: QWm Rkesm
Kat;)anBnül;fa kñúgEdndI\NÐaPaKxagt,Úg Edl
enATIenaHCaTItaMgénRbeTsCaeRcIn .
enARtg;PaKkNþalénRbeTsTaMgenaH
manTIkEnøgmYyRtUv)aneK ehAfa :TkçiNabf :
ehIymanRbeTsmYyeQµaHfa : kuemru :
EdlCaRbeTsmYymanRbCaCneRcIn
ehIyfakaledImeT,Iy CatiExµrGaRs½yenAkEnøg
kuemrurdæ enaH
Edlcat;TukfaCaRbeTsExµrBIburaN .
eQµaHCatiExµrRtUv)anehAtamsUrs½BÞedImfa
kuemru EtebItamsemøgniyayCaFmµta kuemru
TMng
dUcCaeQµaHsuemru_ eKehAfa
PñMRBHsuemru_. luHeRkaymk
eQµaHenHk¾)ankøayecjeTAeTot EdlenAsila
carwkrbs;ExµrmanBaküfa :ekµr :
ehIysm½yeRkay²mk
silacarwkenaH)aneKsnñidæanfaCaExµr .
cab;BIeRkayBuT§kalRbmaNCa 200qñaMmk
CnCatiExµrk¾)anepþImpSBVpSaymkkñúgEdndIs
uvNÑPUmi ehIyTnÞwmnwgenaH
Exµrk¾)anpSBVpSaynUvGriyFm’\NÐamkkñúgEd
ndIenH KWGaRs½yedayCatiExµrCaGñkman
GriyFm’x<g;x<s;
ehIyman\T§iBlpSBVpSayGriyFm’rbs;xøÜneTAelI
CatiTaMgT,ay EdlenAeRkamGMNac
nigCatiTaMgT,ayenACitxagxøÜn
ehtudUcenHehIyeTIb)anCaniyayfa :
ExµrCa\NÐaTI2 : . karEdl Gacniyayfa
ExµrCa\NÐaTI2enaH
edaysMGageTAelIPsþútagmYycMnYnEdlmanlkç
N³dUcKñaKW ³ lkçN³ GkSr nigPasa lT§iRbéBNI
nigsasna BgSavtar nigesckþIkt;ehtuepSg² .
2-TsSn³EdlfaExµrCaCnCatiRbevsn_
tamTsSn³rbs;elak ehn RKIk EKn ¬HenKrik Kern ¦
elak Gaedm:ar T,WEKør ¬Adhemard Leclere ¦ elak b:Ul
ebNWDIsþ ¬Paul Benedict¦elak EBür hÁÚrU ¬Pierre Gourou
¦ GñkTaMgGs;enH )anniyayfa
ExµrCaCnCatiRbevsn_
EdlmanRbPBecjmkBIRbeTs\NÐa
ehIy)ancUlmklukluy
deNþImykTwkdIrbs;CnCatiedImmYy
KWCnCatikñúgGMbUrm:aT,ayU-b:UlIensIuyag
b:uEnþCaCatimYyeday ET,kBI\NÐa
ehIysßitkñúgGm,Úr Exµr-mn .
3-TsSn³Edlfa ExµrCaCatiBiessmYy
tamTsSn³rbs;elak Eb‘rNat hVIlIB eRKasúøIey
¬Bernard Philippe Groslier¦ nigelak m:ar Esl taT,abUt ¬Marcel
Talabot¦ elakTaMgBIr)anelIkeT,Igfa
CatiExµrCaCatiBiessmYy
sßitenAkñúgGm,ÚrExµr-mn
ehIy)anekIteT,IgenAkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_
enHEtmþg . tamkaryl;eXIj rbs;elakTaMgBIrfa
BUCsasn_énGm,ÚrExµr-mn
ekItmkBIkarpSMkat;KñarvagBUCemT,aeNsIuyag
¬Mela nesiens¦ nig\NÐÚeNsIuyag ¬Indonesiens¦
Edl)anrs;enAelITwkdIlatsn§wgcab;BIeqñrsmuRTci
n rhUt dl;RBMRbTl;RbeTs\NÐa .
dUcenH tamkarbBa
¢ak;bgðajTaMgT,aynUvTsSn³sþIGMBIedImkMeN
ItCatiExµr nigtamkarsikSaRsav
RCavEpñkburaNviTüa )anbgðaj[eXIjfa
ExµrBitCamanedImkMeNItrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgTwk
dIénRbeTskm<úCa bc©úb,nñ .
tamry³énkarrkeXIjnUvsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþCae
RcInkEnøg EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
CaPsþútagd¾sMxan;mYy EdlbBa
¢ak;GMBIRbPBkMeNIténGriyFm’Exµr
nigTItaMgénkarrs;enArbs;CnCati
ExµrenAelITwkdIenH .
K-RbvtþiTwkdIExµr
tamkarsikSaGMBIbuerRbvtþisaRsþExµr )
an[dwgGMBIGayukalénTwkdIEdlmanRbvtþiCab;
Tak;Tgnwg
TwkdIénPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_TaMgmUl .
eK)andwgfa kalenAcugs½kTI1
enAkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ )an
CYbRbTHnwgeBIgpñt;mYy ehAfakaeT,dUnüag
¬Plisement caledo-nien¦ nigeBIgpñt;mYyeTot EG‘rsIunüag
¬Plisement hercynien¦ EdlbNþal[puHekIt)anCaCYrPñM
nigx<g;rabBaseBjkñúgRbeTsExµrsBVéf¶ .
eRkaymkdIEdlpuHeT,IgenH
RtUvliceTAkñúgsmuRTvijrhUtdl;cugs½kTI3 .
enAedIms½kTI4 dIenHk¾man
karpuHeT,IgvijsarCafµImþgeTot
cab;BIPUmiPaKPñMhimal½y
cuHrhUtdl;PUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_TaMgmUl .
eBlenaHdIExµrEdlduHeT,Ig
ehIyRtUvlic)at;eTAvijCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa
edaysarEtPaBeCarnacénTwk smuRT .
enAcenøaHrvagBI 600>000 eTA 15>000
qñaMmunRKwsþskraC TwksmuRT)anRsknacfy
rhUt ehIy)anbegáItCaTwkdImanCYrPñM
x<g;rab nigvalTMnabénTwkdIExµrsBVéf¶enH .
2-buerRbvtþisa®sþExµr
k-RbvtþiénkarsikSabuerRbvtþisa®sþExµr
mkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ
enARbeTskm<úCamansßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþCa
eRcIn EdlGac[GñkburaN
viTUeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav .
sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKrk
eXIj nig)aneFVIkarsikSaCaeRcIn
qñaMknøgmkehIy
nigmansßanIy_mYycMnYneTot
EdlkMBugEteFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavbnþedayGñkb
uraNviTU Cati nigGnþrCati .
TaMgsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþcas;
nigsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþfµI²
suT§Et)anbgðajnUvPsþútagGMBI
RbPBénedImkMeNItvb,Fm’ nigGriyFm’Exµr
Edl)ancab;bdisn§ieT,IgenAelITwkdIénRbeTskm<ú
Ca nigCa
sñaédrbs;buBVbursExµreyIg)anbnSl;Tukmk .
km<úCa
CaRbeTsmYyEdlsm,ÚreTAedaysm,tþivb,Fm’
dUcCaR)agÁR)asaTnana EdlCarmNIy
dæanburaNviTüamYyd¾sMxan; .
tMbn;rmNIydæannana
nigburaNdæanTaMgLayenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
RtUv)an RsavRCavrkeXIjeLIgvij
Biesscab;BIstvtSr_TI19 mk .
mansßanIy__buerRbvtþisaRsþmYycMnYn
RtUv)an RkumGñkCMnajmkBIbNþaRbeTsepSg²
EdlmandUcCa mkBIGwru:b Gaemrik \NÐa
nigbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYn
eTotenAGasIuGaeKñy_
Edl)aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavenAtamsßanIy__bue
rRbvtþisaRsþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa .
x-RbPBénbuerRbvtþisa®sþExµr
tamry³énkarsikSabuerRbvtþisaRsþExµr )
anbgðaj[dwgfa
ExµreyIgmanRbPBbuerRbvtþisaRsþCa eRcIn
ehIyEdlRbPBbuerRbvtþisaRsþTaMgenaH
RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAtamsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþ
mYycMnYn EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa .
x-1-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþsMeragEsn
sMeragEsnCaTItaMgsßanIy_buerRbvtþisa®sþmYy
EdlsßitenAxageqVgédCab;mat;sÞwgCInit ebIeyIg
eFVIdMeNIrcUlBITenøsabeTA
EdlsßitenAelImaRtdæan 12 M20 xageCIg nig104
M50 xagekIt nigman
ry³kMBs;13 Em:Rt x<s;CagkRmitTwksmuRT .
RbvtiþénkarRsavRCavenAsßanIy_sMeragEsn
EdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgTwkdIénextþkMBg;qñaMg
RtUv)an
sikSaRsavRCavedayelak r:uk (Roque) enAqñaM
1876 . bnÞab;mkenAqñaM1877 elak mUra: (J. Moura)
mkBinitüemIlsßanIy_enH ehIy)aneXIj ]
bkrN_vtßúsil,³eFIVVVBIfµCaeRcIn . BIqñaM1887
dl;qñaM1888 elak eCm (L. Jamme) )anmkeFVIkMNay

CaeRcInkEnøgenAtMbn;Tenøsab
eday)anRbTHeXIjvtßú
sil,³rab;Ban;enAsßanIy_sMeragEsn
nigenAtMbn;Ek,r²enaHR)aMmYykEnøgepSgeTot .
elak hg;rI m:g;s‘uy (Henri Mansuy)
k¾)aneFVIkMNayenAsßanIy_sMeragEsnEdr
kñúgqñaM1901
ehIy)anCYbRbTHnUvBBYkvtßúsil,³eFVIGMBIfµ
rMlIgCaeRcIndMu
CaPsþútagénkarplit]bkrN_d¾l¥bMputRbcaM
tMbn;enAPUmiPaKGasIuxagekIt .
man]bkrN_eRbIR)as;CaeRcIneTot
EdleK)anRbTHeXIjmanenAsßanIy_ xagelIenH
dUcCafµsMelog bMENkfµ
RbPBrUbFatuedImrbs;fµ kulalPaCn_
EdleFVIedayédGMBIdIdut
vtßúeFVIGMBIsMrwT§ eRKOgGlgáar
nig]bkrN_epSg²mYycMnYneTot .
PsþútagénkareFVIensaT manvtßúeFVIGMBI
sMrwT§ dUcCak,alRBYj EpøsnÞÚcCaedIm .
sßanIy_sMeragEsn
RtUv)ankMNt;kalbriecäTtamviTüúskmµkabUn-14
(C-14) elIsMbkxüg ex©A
eday)anbgðajnUvGayukalcab;BIqñaM 3230
munRKwsþskraC dl;qñaM 1280 munRKwsþskraC
.
TItaMgsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþénRbeTskm<ú
Ca
x-2-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþGnøg;epþA
sßanIy_enHrkeXIjedayelak hg;rI m:g;s‘uy (H.
Mansuy) enAqñaM1902 EdlsßitenARbmaN Ca30
KILÚEm:Rt Tisxagt,ÚgeQogxagekIt
énsßanIy_sMeragEsn Cab;sÞWgCInit . enA
qñaM1902 elak hg;rI m:g;s‘uy (H. Mansuy) )
aneFVIkarviPaKeTAelIrbs;rbr
nigvtßúsil,³Edl)anmkBIsßanIy_enH Edl
elakcat;TuksßanIy_enHsßitenAkñúg yuKsMrwT§
.
k¾b:uEnþeyIgminTan;eXIjmanGtßbTNamYysresr
erobrab; [)anBisþardUcCasßanIy_sMeragEsneLIy .
x-3-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþmøÚéRB
sßanIy_enHRtUv)anrkeXIjenAqñaM1938
edayelak Eb:lLg; (M. Pellen) EdlCaGñkCMnajkar
xagPUKBÖsa®sþ )
aneTAeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavenAkñúgtMbn;PUm
isaRsþxagelI kalBIkñúgsm½yEdlRbeTs
km<úCazitenAeRkamrbbGaNaBüa)al)araMg .
sßanIy_enHsßitenAPaKxageCIgénRbeTskm<úCa
manTItaMg enAkñúgextþRBHviharsBVéf¶enH .
enAsßanIy_enHeK)anrkeXIjrbs;rbrdUcCakgéd
eFVIGMBIsMrwT§ nigvtßúsil,³mYycMnYneTot .
bNþúMén
sßanIy_møÚéRBmansßanIy_tUc²mYycMnYneTot
dUcCa GUrykS GUrBIrkan; b¤GUrBIrCan;
GUrNarI GUrda nigGUrfµ .
kareFVIkMNayburaNviTüaenAtamsßanIy_tUc²Ta
MgenaH eK)anCYbRbTHnUvvtßúeFVIGMBIfµ
dUcCakulalPaCn_
nigvtßúepSgeToteFVIGMBIsMrwT§ .
enAsßanIy_møÚéRB
eRkABIkarrkeXIjnUvvtßúsil,³TaMgT,ayenaH
eKk¾)anrkeXIjnUv]bkarN_eRbI
R)as;epSg²CaeRcIneTot mandUcCaEpøBUefA
Bnøak jjÜr exñasekasEs,k GnøÚgdMsMbkeQI
GERg Rtl; kaMbit
Edl]bkrN_TaMgenaHeFVIGMBIelah³ .
eRkABI]bkrN_eFVIBIelah³TaMgenaH
enAman]bkrN_epSg²
mYycMnYneToteFVIGMBIq¥wg
EdlmandUcCaEpøRBYj EpøsnÞÚc m¢úl

nigeRKOgGlgáarmYycMnYn . cMENkÉ
Rbdab;RbdaeFIVGMBIdIdutvij
k¾)anbgðaj[eXIjGMBIkMritfVIédd¾biunRbsb;
edayeK)anrkeXIjnUvbMENk RkT, qñaMg can
CaeRcIn EdlmanlMGeTAedayk,ac;recnaeTotpg .
x-4-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþtMbn;GgÁr
kñúgqñaM1959 elak Eb‘rNat hVIlIB
RhÁÚslIey (B. P. Groslier) )anKUsbBa¢ak;tamGtßbTrbs;
elaksUlEhm (W. G. Solheim, 1959, p. 25)
faenARKwHR)asaTkñúgtMbn;GgÁr
kareFVIkMNayburaN viTüaenATIenaH
RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAxagmuxéneCIgR)asaTbkSIca
MRkug Ek,rekøagTVarcUleTAkan;GgÁrFM .
tamlT§plénkareFVIkMNayenaH
eXIjmanbnSl;nUvsøaksñaménsm½yyuKfµrMlIg
edayelak)anRbTH
eXIjnUv]bkrN_eRbIR)as;plitCafµrMlIg
nigbMENkkulalPaCn_xøH²eTotpg .
x-5-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþsMNg;dIragmUl
elak lVI ma:l;LWer (Louis Malleret) enAqñaM1959
ela)aneFVIkarRsavRCaveTAelItMbn;dIRkhm
kñúgextþkMBg;caménRbeTskm<úCa
nigmYyPaKénRbeTsevotNam .
enAkñúgqñaM1962 elak Eb‘rNat
hVIlIB RhÁÚslIey (Bernard Phillipe Groslier) )
aneFVIkMNayburaNviTüaenAtMbn;mYy
kñúgsMNg;dIrag
mUl
EdlmanTItaMgenAtMbn;Rsukemmt;extþkMBg;ca
m.
eRkayBIkarBinitüemIlBIelIGakasmk
mansßanIy_CaeRcIn
EdleKGacemIleXIjnUvcMENky:ag
tUc²énsßanIy_TaMgmUl ehIy)anbgðaj[eXIjfa
sßanIy_TaMgenHmanrUbragsaMjaMu
EtmansarsMxan;min FmµtaenaHeT .
kareFVIkMNayedayGñkburaNviTüaenAqñaM1982
enAelICMrMuPUmimUlmYyenAkñúgRsukemmt;
¬extþkMBg;cam¦ )
anbgðaj[eXIjnUvRsTab;ényuKsm½yfµrMlIg
EdlmanPaBsm,ÚrN_Ebb . eK)an
ehAGriyFm’enHfa : GriyFm’emmt; : (Mimotian
Culture) tMNagedayvtßúeFVIGMBIfµrab;Ban;duM
nig bMENk k¥m qñaMg b¤kulalPaCn_
dl;eTACagBIrmWunduM .
tamry³lT§plxagelIenH
eKGaceFVIcMNat;fñak;eLIgvijcMeBaHvtßúRbm
Ul)anBIépÞdIepSg²eTot
edaykMNt;TUTaMgtMbn;PaKkNþalén\NÐÚcin .
sßanIy_PUmimUlTaMgLayKWenArayBaseBjtMb
n;dIRkhm Edlcab;BILa)anesok ¬extþrtnKirI¦
cuHdl;Lúknij ¬RbeTsevotNam¦
edayqøgkat;Rsukemmt; man
n½yfasßanIy_PUmimUlTaMgenH
CaTUeTAeRcInsßitenAkñúgtMbn;cMkarekAs‘UdI
Rkhm . sßanIy_enHmanGayukal RbmaNCa 1500
mk 500 qñaMmunRKwwsþskraC .
x-6-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþyuKfµbMEbk
kñúgqñaM1963 elak sUraMg (E. Saurin) )
anbgðajnUvvb,Fm’yuKfµbMEbk (Pebble Culture) Edl
ecjBIkMBs;s;dI40m> eTAdl;kMBs;s;45m>
x<s;CagTwksmuRT enAPaKxagekItTenøemKgÁ
enAcenøaHBIextþ sÞwgERtg nigRsuksñÜl
extþRkecH kñúgenaHmandUcCasßanIy_ Eqb
ERsb¤sSI ERss,Úv Rtg;cMNuc KILÚEm:Rtelx
335 325 > 280> ¬cenøaHBIRkecH eTAsÞwgERtg¦
knÞÜt ERBkeT xSwm nigsñÜl .
karrkeXIjkEnøgplit]bkrN_fµ
BBYkfµEdlbMEbkmuxecjCaeRcIn (galets aménagé )
eK)an rkeXIj]bkrN_fµmanmuxBIr (éclats à taille)
nigBBYkfµEdlekItBIeQI (bois silicifièr) ehIy)an
kMNt;Gayukalcab;taMgBIRbEhl 600>000
qñaMmunRKwwsþskraCmkemø:H.
x-7-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþl¥ags<an
kñúgqñaM1965 elak r:ULg; m:UEr (Roland Mourer) )
aneFVIkMNayenAtMbn;rUgPñMfµkMe)ar
enAERtg PaKxagt,ÚgeQogxaglic extþ)at;dMbg .
ehIyelak)anGHGagbBa¢ak;faCaelIkTImYyehIy
Edl eKeXIjenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
CakEnøgmanmnusSrs;enAkñúgrUgPñM
kalkñúgsm½yyuKfµrMlIg .
sßanIy_l¥ags<ansßitenAelIPñMTakRTaMg
kñúgry³kMBs;RbmaN
150Em:Rtx<s;CagTwksmuRT . l¥ag
enaHmanTMhMRbmaN40>m> KuNnwg20 m>
nigkMBs;RbmaNCa20 m> .
sßanIy_enHenAelIkMNat;pøÚvrvag extþ)at;dMbg
nigRkugéb:lin ecjBI)at;dMbgRbmaNCa 38
K>m> .
kareFVIkMNayburaNviTüakñúgrgVg; 15
Em:RtRkLakñúgrUgPñMenaH
RtUv)aneKrkeXIjdUcCa bMENk kulalPaCn_
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sßanIy_enHmanGayukalBI 6800 qñaMmun K>s>
eTA4300 qñaMmun K>s> .
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enAkñúgqñaM1967
karRsavRCavbuerRbvtþisa®sþenAtMbn;fµkMe)ar
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(J. P. Carbonnel) )aneXIjnUvsMNl;BBYkstV nig
kEnøgplit]bkrN_fµ
Edlbgðajfa]bkrN_TaMgenaHmnusSCaGñkplit .
karCECkEvkEjkGMBIPñMl¥ag
EdlmanTItaMgenATisxageCIgeQogxagekIt
énextþkMBtRbmaN Cag 20 K>m
manPñMfµCaeRcIn ehIymanrUgPñMenATIenaH .
enAsßanIy_PñMl¥agenH eK)anRbTHeXIj]bkrN_
eRbIR)as;eFVIGMBIq¥wgstVCaeRcIn
b:uEnþmin)aneXIjnUv]bkrN_sRmab;écñenaHeT .
x-9-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþPñMk,alrmas
sßanIy_PñMk,alrmas
enAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTskm<úCa
kñúgcenøaHextþkMBtnigRkugEkbRbEhl 3 b¤4
KILÚEm:RteTAsmuRT .
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Edlelak )a:vI (A. Pavie) )an bgðajtaMgBIqñaM 1881
mkemø:H
b:uEnþminTan;)aneFVIkMNayenAeT,Iy .
x-10-sßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþGgÁrburI
mkdl;qñaM1994
CaelIkdMbUgénshRbtibtþikarrvagsaklviTüal½yhaé
v shrdæGaemrikén viTüasßanbUBa’ (East-West Center)
dwknaMedayelaksa®sþacarübNÐit Dr. Bion Griffin
CamYynwg mhaviTüal½yburaNviTüa
énsaklviTüal½yPUminÞviciRtsil,³km<úCa .
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anbgðaj[eXIjGMBIbJsKl;énGaNacRkExµr
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K>s> nigbnþrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ
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k¾manenATIenaH Edr .
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karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIbuerRbvtþisaRsþExµr )
aneFVI[eyIgdwgGMBIRbPBénGriyFm’Exµr
nigvb,Fm’ RbéBNI TMenomTmøab;sgÁm
CaBiessGMBIedImkMeNIténCatiExµr .
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enAtamsßanIy_buerRbvtþisaRsþ
3-CIvPaBrs;enAkñúgsm½ybuerRbvtþi
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maM ehIyxøaMg nigmankMBs;x<s;lµm .
ebIeyIgeFVIkareRbobeFob
rvagmnusSenAkñúgsm½ybuerRbvtþi
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dUcenH eKGacsnñidæan)anfa
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rkalsm½ybuerRbvtþimkBitR)akd .
karrs;enArbs;Exµrkñúgskalm½ybuerRbvtþi
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ehIyrs;enACab;CaGciéRnþy_
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mnusSkñúgkalsm½ybuerRbvtþi
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nigecHeRbIR)as;keNÐóv
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man; Eqá . l . k¾b:uEnþkardaMdMNaMkþI
nigkarciBa©wmstVkþI
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ciBa©wmCIvitrs;enArbs;BYkeKeT .
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nig)anedIrebH
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kñúgkalsm½ybuerRbvtþi
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las;rhUtdl;sm½yeRkay² .
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nigmanskmµPaBy:agxøaMgkñúgkareFVICMnYj
rbs;GñkCMnYj\NÐaenAelIEdndIsuvNÑPUmi .
tamkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;elak Goerge Coedès
CaGñkR)aCJd¾l,Il,ajmñak;xagRbvtþisaRsþnig
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mandUcCarbbneya)ay xagkarerobcM sgÁm
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nigrYmTaMgxagEpñksasna CaedIm .
KWedaysarkarTTYlnUv\T§iBl TaMgenHehIy
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kñúgkarbegáItrdæenH
GñkdwknaMExµrnaedImstvtSr_TI1
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nKr .
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nHeT .
cMeBaHTItaMgénnKrPñMRtUv)aneKelIkeT,Ig
nigmanTsSn³ ExVgKñaeRcInGMBIbBaðaenH .
elak Ma Tuanlin
CaGñkniBn§mñak;)ansresrerobrab;GMBIrdæhVÚ
Nn enAGMT,úg stvtSr_TI13
elak)anniyayfahVÚNn
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eday)an
eFVIkarsnñidæanfa
hVÚNnCatMbn;mYyenAtameqñrtugkwg
niglatsn§wgeTAdl;PUma .
cMENkTsSn³rbs;elak Etienne Aymonier
Edl)ansresrenAqñaM1900 elakmanTsSn³fa
hVÚNnmanTItaMgBItugkwgcuHmkPaKxagt,Úg
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ehIyEdlBakü
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EdlmanTItaMgenA tMbn;)aNam ¬PñM¦
mann½yfaPñM .
eRkaymkelak Louis Finot
CaGñkR)aCJxagsilacarwkCnCati)araMg
Canayksala)araMg cugbUBa’RbeTs ( Lécole Française

d’Extrème Orient) )anbBa¢ak;fa hVÚNn
KWCakarkMNt;rbs;cin
sRmab;sMKal;tMbn;mYyenA\NÐÚcin .
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CaGñkR)aCJxagsilacarwkCnCati)araMgEdr
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.
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M
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g TenøemKgÁ EdleKehAfaGñkRsukhVÚNn .
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nigBaNiC
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raCTUt ExµrdéT²eTot
manrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalstvtSr_TI7 .
3-karhUrcUlnUvvb,Fm’
GriyFm’\NÐamkelIhVÚNn
k-skmµPaBBaNiC
¢kmµenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
RbeTshVÚNn )
anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkareFVIBaNiC
¢kmµtampøÚvsmuRTrvagRbeTscin nig\NÐa .
kareFVICMnYjnaeBlenaH
RtUv)anRbRBwtþeTAenAEttamtMbn;eqñr .
dMeNIrmkBI\NÐakat;tam]bTVIbm:aeT,
cUlmkdl;TenøemKgÁ tameqñrcM)a:
¬bc©úb,nñGNÑam¦ nigeTAdl;tugkwg
CakEnøgbNþMúGñkeFVIdMeNIrnigRkum BaNiC
¢kr eq<aHeTARbeTscintamdIeKak .
eRkaymkmankarebIkpøÚvBaNiC
¢kmµfµI²eTAPaKxageCIg
nigbnþeTAeFVIkaredaHdUrplitplrvag GasIuxaglic
nigxagekIt ¬cRkPBEBrS-
cRkPBr:UmuaMgxagekIt¦
CamYyenaHEdrnaM[mankarebIkpøÚvmYy
sRmab;BYkbBVCitBuT§sasnaenAPaKxageCIg\N
Ða )aneFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;eTAkan;RbeTscin .
skmµPaB énCMnYjnigskmµPaBsasnaenH
RtUv)anqøgkat;BI\NÐaeTAcintamPUma
nigtMbn;yunNan; . rIÉtampøÚv smuRTvij
k¾dUcKñaEdr)ancab;epþImmanskmµPaBkan;Etxø
aMgeT,Ig² .
tMbn;tugkwg CaEpñkmYyéncRkPBcin
kñúgGMT,úgstvtSr_TI2
CakEnøgmYymansuvtßiPaB EdleFVI
[RkumGñkCMnYjGacmkpþúMKñaenATIenHy:ag
eRcInkuHkr . enAeBlenaHEdr pøÚvBaNiC
¢kmµrvagGasIumIn½r ¬GasIu
kNþal¦ nigGasIubUBa’manskmµPaBy:agxøaMg
ehIyRbeTscin)anbnþkarTak;Tgy:ageBjeljCamYy
nKrCitxag mandUcCanKrlIn yI ¬cM)a:¦
enAtameqñrGaNÑam
k¾dUcCaCamYynwgnKrhVÚNnpgEdr .
x-karrIklUtlas;Epñkxagkñúg
eTaHbICaBMumanÉksarc,as;las;sþIBIhVÚNn
enAkñúgsm½yenaHk¾eday
EttamkarsikSaeK)anEsVg yl;fa
karrIklUtlas;énGaNacRkhVÚNn
dUcCaenAkñúgrC¢kalesþchVan;ecm:an; ¬RsImar³¦
Edlesþc GgÁenH)anbnþkareronsURtKMrU
b¤viFansRmab;karRKb;RKgnKrBIesþcekANÐinü
. esþchVan; eqm:an; mankar
Tak;TgxageRkACamYytMbn;tugkwg
tMbn;]bTIVbm:aeT, nigdl;mhasmuRT\NÐa .
skmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ BI\NÐaeTAcin
BIcineTA\NÐa
enAkñúgrC¢kalénkarRKb;RKgrbs;esþc hVan;
eqm:an;
karrs;enArbs;GñkRsukmankarERbRbYlxøH
elIkarrs;enAnigCIvPaBrbs;xøÜn dUcCaRbéBNI
TMenomTmøab; kareRbIR)as;sMelokbMBak;
nigkarRbtibtþi xagsasnaCaedIm .
tamkarkt;sMKal;énkarERbRbYl
QaneTArkkarGPivDÆkan;EtxøaMgénGaNacRk
hVÚNnenH
edaysarEtTegVIrbs;CncMNUlfµImkBIxageRkA
KWkarnaMmknUvGarüFm’\NÐa . karsabeRBaH
nUvGarüFm’\NÐaenAkñúg\NÐÚcindMbUg
eKeXIjmandUcCaenARsIhiRnÞ (Brom)
sutßama:BUr:a (Tha ton) nig TYns‘an; (Tenas serim)

Edl\T,ÚvtMbn;TaMgenHzitenAkñúgRbeTsPUma
nigtMbn;BYkmn enAtMbn;PaKxag
eRkamxaglicTenøemKgÁ ¬RbeTséfsBVéf¶¦
nigenAtMbn;taKYT,a (Takuala) enA]bTVIbm:aeT,
EdltMbn; TaMgenHmankarrIklUtlas;xagBaNiC
¢kmµ .
K-karTTYlnUv\T§iBlvb,Fm’-GarüFm’fµIrbs;\NÐa
Rbvtþisa®sþ)anbgðajfa nKrPñM )
anTTYl\T§iBlGriyFm’\NÐaya:gxøaMgcMnYnBIre
lIk KWelIkTI1
enAedIms>v>TI1
nigmYyelIkeTotenAedIms>v>TI5.
rdænKrPñMRtUv)anTTYlnUv\T§iBlfµIBI\NÐakñ
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manRbPBmkBIRbeTs\NÐakñúgRkummYyehAfaB
Yk kusaN³ enAPaKxageCIgénRbeTs\NÐa
ehIyBYk kusaN³ )
anePosxøÜnBIRbeTs\NÐacUlmkdl;suvNÑPUmi
KWmkdl;GaNacRkPñM .
enAK>s>357
RbeTs\NÐaxageCIgsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;raCv
gSKubþ EdldwknaMedayesþc smuRTKubþ .
RbEhlCatamry³esþc qan tan enHehIy
EdleKfa)annaMmk[GaNacRkPñMnUvFatu
sMxan;²xøHkñúgEpñksil,³ cMlak; sMelokbMBak;
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nigmáúdragbMBg;rbs;RBHvisÑú ¦.
mkdl;Bak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_TI5
eKsegáteXIjmanclnaénkarpSBVpSayGarüFm’\NÐ
aenA
tMbn;suvNÑPUmimankMritkan;EtxøaMgeT,Ig² .
RbkarenHedaysarmanvtþmanénCnCati\NÐa
EdlecHEtcUl mkkan;EteRcInnigy:agskmµ .
tamBgSavtarcindEdl)anniyayfa
kñúgcMeNamesþcEdlesayraCü tBIesþceFonQU
qantan KWmanesþcmYyGgÁnamfaKav eqnyU
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Edl\T§iBlenHRtUv)an
bnþmkdl;raCüesþceRkay²rhUtmk .
tamraCBgSavtarcin)anniyayfa
enARbEhlqñaM442
esþcEdlesayraCüenAGaNacRkPñM man
namfaC½yvrµ½n EdlCaraCvgSekANÐinüEdr
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¢kalesþcekANÐinü C½yvrµ½n
GaNacRkPñMmancMNgTak;TgsamKÁIPaBCamY
ynwgRbeTsciny:agskmµ
edaykñúgGMT,úgeBlenaH mankarbBa
¢ÚndgVayepSg²CaeRcInBIGaNacRkPñMeTAkan;
RbeTscin nigmankarbBa¢ÚnRtT,b;vijnUvrbs;rbr
xøHBIRbeTscinmkkan;GaNacRkPñM .
tamraCBgSavtarcindEdlk¾)an[dwgfa
enAkñúgrC¢kalénesþcekANÐinüC½yvrµ½nenH
GaNacRk
PñMmanPaBsm,Úrsb,ayrugerOgy:agxøaMg
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EdlRtUv)ancab;epþIm eT,Ig
nig)anbnþmkrhUtdl;raCüesþceRkay²eTot .
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µ½n mannamfaKuNvrµ½n b:uEnþesþcKuNvrµ½n
RtUv)anesþcmYyGgÁepSgeToteFVIKt;deNþImra
Cü EdlesþcGgÁenaH manRBHnamfaruRTvrµ½n .
tamkarbkRsay
nigkarBnül;rbs;GñksikSaGMBIRBwtþikarN_enHe
Kyl;fa mkBIkareT,Igesay
raCüedayxusTMngrbs;esþcruRTvrµ½nenHehIy
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rhUteFVI[GaNacRkPñMRtUvrlMrlaynUvGMNac
rbs;xøÜnenArvagBak;kNþalstvtSr_TI6 .
4-karvivtþxagneya)ay rdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKg
k-neya)ayépÞkñúg
rdæGaNacRkPñMmankarerobcMEpñkneya)ayrbs;x
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CakEnøgtmál;ligÁRBHKiris
eQµaHrbs;RBH\sUrEdlsNæitenAelIPñM .
ehtudUcenHehIy)anCaRBHraCaman
zan³CaesþctMNagGaTieTB
nigmanGMNacTUlMTUlayNas; .
karbnþraCüsm,tþib¤raCblø½gáRtUv)anbnþBI
bitaeTAraCbuRtc,g
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eqm:an; nigesþcekANÐinüTI2 CaedIm.
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TwkdI
eday)aneFVIsRgÁamvaydeNþImyknKrtUc²Cit
xagdak;CardæcMNuH EdlxøHCaExµr mn cam
nigm:aT,ayU .
kñúgkareFVIsRgÁamBRgIkTwkdIenHrEmgEtgma
n QñHmancaj;
Gñkcaj;RtUv)aneKcab;CaeQøIyswkykmkeFVICaT
asaTasI ¬Taskr¦. rdæEdlenAeRkam
GMNacRKb;RKgrbs;GaNacRkPñMsuT§Etmanesþ
cesayraCü b:uEnþesþcTaMgGs;enaH CasamnþraC
rbs; GFiraCGaNacRkPñM
ehIyRtUvnaMsYysarGakrmkfVaydl;GFiraCGaNac
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manesþcesayraCüEdr
EtesþcTaMgenaHCaraCbuRt
b¤CaRBHjatirbs;GFiraCPñM .
enAcugsm½yGaNacRkPñM
mankarEbk)ak;épÞkñúgcMeNamGñkneya)aybIRku
m KWRkumRtYtRtaenA PaK]tþr
enAPaKxageRkamTenømUn CaraCvgSkm<ú-
sV½ymÖÚ
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ot . enAPaKkNþalénRbeTs RBH)aTruRTvrµ½n
EdlCaesþckMBugesayraCü )
ankøayeTACaesþcRsbc,ab; .
cMENkenAPaKxagTkSiN manRkumrbs;
RBHGgÁm©as;KuNvrµ½n Cab¥ÚnRbus
rbs;RBH)aTruRTvrµ½n .
x-neya)ayeRkARbeTs
x-1-TMnak;TMngxagkarTUt
kñúgvis½yneya)ayeRkARbeTs
rdæGaNacRkPñM)aneFVIneya)aycgsm<½n§emRtI
PaBCamYyRbeTs FM²mandUcCa RbeTscin
nigRbeTs\NÐa .
neya)aykarTUtExµrmanskmµPaBy:agxøaMg
enAkñúgsm½y nKrPñM
edayenAkñúgeBlenaHmankarbBa
¢ÚneTAmknUvraCTUténRbeTsTaMgBIreTAkan;
RbeTscin nigeTAkan; rdænKrPñM .
kñúgenaHdUcCaenAqñaM243
RBH)aTGaTitüvrµ½n )ancat;bBa
¢ÚnGñkkarTUtExµreTAkan;RbeTscin
eday[naMyknUveRKÓgbNÑakarepSg²BIrdænKrP
ñM
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rvagrdænKrPñMnwgRbeTscin
ehIyk¾mancat;bBa¢ÚneTAkan;RbeTs\NÐapgEdr .
bnÞab;BIenaH enAqñaM245 kñúgrC
¢jkalénRBH)aT RsIGrCun
mankarcUlmkdl;énraCTUtcineQµaH kaMgéf
¬xaMéf¦ ehIynigraCTUt\NÐa vgSmurNþas
Edl)anmkdl;rdænKrPñMRBmKña ehIysuT§Et)an
naMRBHraCsar
edIm,ImksMucgsm<n§½mitþCamYynwgrdænKrP
ñM . enArvagqñaM434 eTA438
RBH)aTRsIRnþvrµ½n
RTg;k¾)ancat;taMgraCTUtExµr
[naMRBHraCsar nigraCbNÑakar
edIm,IeTAsuMcgsm<½nmitþCamYynwgRBHecA
RbeTscinCafµIeTot
EdlenHCakareFVITMnak;TMngkarTUtCaelIkTI2
rvagrdænKrPñMCamYynwgRbeTscin .
enAqñaM470
enAkñúgraCRBH)aTekANÐinüC½yvrµ½n
RTg;)ancat;taMgraCTUt[naMRBHraCsar
nigRBHraC
bNÑakar
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Tscin
EdlenHCakarbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCapøÚvka
r elIkTI3CamYynwgRbeTscin .
CakartbvijRBHecAénRbeTscin k¾)ancat;
[raCTUtnaMRBHraCsarnigraC
bNÑakarmkfVayRBH)aTekANÐinüC½yvrµ½n
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nigmhaefrRBHnam RBHsgÇ)al
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nig[CYybeRgonRBHbriytþiFm’enARbeTscineTotp
g.
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¬tamsmuRT¦ kñúgenaHeKsegáteXIjmandUcCa
kMBg;EpGUEkv EdlCakMBg;EpCMnYjmYyd¾
sMxan;rbs;rdænKrPñM . cMENkxagEpñkvb,Fm’
dUcCaenAkñúgrC
¢kalénesþcekANÐinüC½yvrµ½n mankarcat;
bBa
¢ÚnRBHsgÇ[ dUcmannamxagelI[eTACYybkERb
Km<IrxagBuT§sasnaenARbeTscinpgEdr .
cMeBaHTMnak;TMngneya)ayeRkARbeTsenH
Edr eKeXIjmanskmµPaBxagBaNiC¢kmµ . BaNiC
¢kmµ Cavis½ymYy
eFVI[esdækic©CatimankarrIkcMerInlUtlas;xøaMg
CaBiessBaNiC¢kmµtampøÚvsmuRT edayeK )
anrkeXIjsñamdankMBg;EpsmuRTmYyy:agFM
EdleKsnµtfakMBg;EpenAGUEkv
CakMBg;EpGnþrCati .
tamry³kMBg;EpenHeKrkeXIjvtßúepSg²mYycMnY
n EdlmanRbPBmkBIRbeTsq¶ay²
dUcCacRkPBr:UmauMg mkBIGIur:g;
¬cRkPBEBrS¦ nigmkBI\NÐa .
dUecñHeKeXIjfaenAsm½yenaH
GñkRsukGaNacRkPñMminRKan;
EteFVICMnYjCamYyRbeTsCitxagbu:eNÑaHeT
EfmTaMg)anTak;TgeFVICMnYjCamYynwgRbeT
sq¶ay² KWCamYy cin \NÐa cRkPBr:UmauMg
nigcRkPBEBrS enA eGor:g;eTotpg .
5-esdækic©énrdænKrPñM
k-vis½yksikmµ
skmµPaBesdækic©cm,génrdænKrPñM
KWEp¥kelIvis½yksikmµnigBaNiC¢kmµ .
ksikmµmankarrIklUt las;ya:gxøaMgeTA)an
edaysarEtmaneCaKC½yxagneya)ayTwk .
GñkRsukecHCIkERBkxVat;ExVg Edl
mansl;danrhUtdl;sBVéf¶
enARtg;EdndIkm<úCaeRkamPaKxaglic .
ebItameyabl;GñkCMnajEdl)an
eFVIkarsikSa)an[dwgfa bNþajERBkCIkTaMgenH
eKksageLIgsRmab;bgðÚrTwkCMnn;TenøemKgÁe
cjpg sRmab;lag[s¥atnUvTwkPk;l,b;pg .
müa:gvijeTotbNþajERBkenH
k¾sRmab;bgðÚrTwkBITenøkñúgkarbnSabCatiGM
bil EdlRCYtRCabeTA kñúgdI
edIm,IBRgIképÞdIsRmab;eFVIksikmµ
nigsRmab;beRmI[vis½yKmnaKmn_rvagTIRkugTa
MgLay RBmTaMg sRmab;[sMeBA
nigTUkqøgkat;eTAmk)anedayRsYl
BIsmuRTcineTAQUgsmuRTesomeday
min)ac;evog tamcugeRCayTwkexµA .
eRkABIeFVIERs Edlcinfa
{eKeRBaHmYyqñaMrYcRcUt)anbIrdUv }
rbreFVIcMkarTMngCa mankarlUtlas;Nas;Edr
¬eKdaMRkUc TTwm GMeBA søa . l. ¦ .
x-vis½yBaNiC¢kmµ
enAkñúgvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ
eKk¾eXIjmanskmµPaBrIkcMerIny:agxøaMg
CaBiessskmµPaBTMnak;TMng BaNiC
¢kmµxagsmuRT .
CaPsþútagedayeK)anrkeXIjsñamkMBg;EpsmuRT
mYyya:gFM KWkMBg;EpGUEkv .
kMBg;EpenHCakMBg;EpGnþrCati
eRBaHeK)aneFVIkMNayenAtMbn;enaH
eK)anrkeXIjnUvvtßúepSg²Edlman
RbPBmkBIRbeTsq¶ay²dUcCa cRkPBrU:mauMg
BiPBGIur:g; nigRbeTs\NÐa .
dUecñHeXIjfaenAsm½yenaH GñkRsuknKrPñM
minRKan;EteFVICMnYjCamYyRbeTsCitxag
bu:eNÑaHeT
KW)anTak;TgxagpøÚvCMnYjCamYyBYkcin
rU:mauMg BiPBGIur:g; ¬EBrS¦
RbeTs\NÐaeTotpg .
karEdlGñkCMnYjmanlT§PaBGaceFVIdMeNIr
eTAq¶aydUecñH)an
k¾eRBaHEteKmanbec©keTsx<s;kñúg
karsßabnasMeBAFM²sRmab;qøgkat;smuRT)an .
tamÉksarcin)an[dwgfa mansMeBARbEvgRbEhl 30
Em:Rt
mank,alnigkénSEdlmanragCak,alnigknÞúystVRtI .
TMnijEdleKlk;dUreRcInEtCa mas R)ak;
sMBt;ERB eRKÓg Ekv s<an; sMN)a:haMg
PøúkdMrI kuyrmas RkmYn KuC ¬eBRC¦
eRKÓgRkGUb . l. eRkABI enaH
enAmanGgáaMeFVIGMBIEkv karsøGgáaMfµ
nigmasya:gl¥RbNIt
EdlmancMnYny:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab; .
RbPBÉksarcin)anbBa¢ak;fa
nKrPñMCakEnøgekItmas R)ak; Tg;Edg
sMN)a:haMg eRKÓgRkGUb Pøúk dMrI nigeBRC

. ÉksarenH)anbBa¢ak;eTotfa
edIm,IrkKuCeKRtUvmuCeTAkñúg)atsmuRT .
KuCEdlrk)an mkenaH manPaBrwgl¥Nas; .
elIsBIenHeTAeTotExµrsm½ynKrPñMk¾dUc
CaExµrsm½ybc©úb,nñenHEdr eKCa CagTg
{Cagmas R)ak; } ya:gsÞat;CMnajbMput .
dUecñHehIy)anCaExµr
sm½yburaNbuinRbsb;kñúgkar eFVIcieBa©ón kgéd
Rkvil-RteconGMBImas R)ak; s<an; nigsMN
RBmTaMgeRKÓg cank,anR)ak; b¤k¾Rbsb;
kñúgkarsUnrUb t,ajsURt cr)ab; nigsøEkv
edIm,IeFVIkgéd eFVIGgáaM sRmab; Bak;Cavg;
enAédb¤enAnwgk eFVICaeRKÓgGlgáa .
cMeBaHbBaðaenH manvtßúburaNCaeRcIn\tKNna
EdlRtUv)an)anrkeXIjenAraCFanI vüaFbur³
b¤enAGgÁrbUrI .
KYrrMlwkeLIgvijfa
ExµreyIgmannavacm,aMgtaMgBIstvtSr_TI3énK>s
>. karmannavacm,aMg b¤k¾
sRmab;eFVICMnYjenH sbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa
ExµreyIgkñúgGtItkalmanbec©keTsxagksagnavaya:
gx<g;x<s;
bMputsRmab;qøgmhasmuRT
CaehtueFVI[Exµrmanekrþ×eQµaHenAkñúgcRkPB
cin \NÐa \NÐÚensuI nigrU:muaMg.
vDÆnPaBénsm½ynKrPñMenH
bNþalmkBIvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ nigksikmµ .
PsþútagEdl)anbnSl;
Tuk[eyIgmandUcCarUbcmøak;CaeRcInEdltMNag
®sþIkMBugQrbukRsUv nigt,al;
enARsukGgÁrbUrI .
dUecñHesdækic©Exµrsm½ynKrPñM
mankarEp¥keTAelIvis½yksikmµ nigBaNiC
¢kmµCaFM Edl)anbnSl; TuknUvsøaksñam
nigCaekrtMENlmkdl;sm½yeRkay²
dUcCaneya)ayTwkEdl)anerobcMya:gl¥ .
kak;buraNExµsm½ynKrPñM
kak;bUraNbreTs ³ kak;r:UmaMug
III-
RbeTskm<úCaBIBak;kNþalstvtSTI6dl;edImstvtST
I9 ¬ ecnT,a ¦
1-GMBIeQµaHecnT,a
kaledImeT,IyecnT,a
CasamnþrdæmYyrbs;GaNacRkPñM
eRkaymk)anvayykGaNacRkPñM
bBa©ÚleTACaecnT,aFM
ehIy)anTTYlzan³CardæGFibetyümYyrhUtdl;Bak;k
Nþal TI2énstvtSr_TI8 .
cMeBaHbBaðaeQµaHfaecnT,aenH
manGñkRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn )anehAtamcin
ehIyBMu)andwgfa
mann½yy:agNaenaHeT . cMeBaHBaküecnT,aenH
GñksikSa)aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav
ehIy)anbeBa©j TsSn³
EdlmanPaBEbøk²BIKñaeTAtamkaryl;eXIjrbs;BYk
eK .
elak Paul Pelliot
Edl)aneFVIkarsikSaGMBIRbvtþisaRsþ
nigGriyFm’Exµr )anniyayfa Bakü ecnT,a
TMngCaekIteT,IgedaykarpSMBakü : cin
:nigBakü :rab : kekIt)aneTACaBaküfa ecnT,a. elak
Paul Pelliot
yl;faExµrEdlmanRBMRbTl;enACab;nwgcinFøab;
manCemøaHnwgKña ehIyExµrFøab;)anTTYl
eCaKC½yelIcin k¾ehAkEnøgenaHfa cinrab
cinfaRtab;tamExµrBMuc,as;k¾ehAfa ecnT,a eTA
vij .
elak ekg v:an;sak;

EdlCaGñkRsavRCavxagGkSrsaRsþExµr
elakmanTsSn³fa BaküecnT,a
køaymkBIBakü : cin :nigBakü :la :
¬laRtT,b;eTAvij¦ edayehtufacin
minGacRtYtRtaenAkEnøgEdl
Exµrrs;enATIenaH)ank¾dkfyeTAvij
eTIbmaneQµaHfa cinla dUecñHehIyBakücinla
k¾køayeTACaBakü ecnT,a . dUecñH)ann½yfa
RbEhlCacinFøab;mkRtYtRtaelIRbeTsExµrnasm½y
enaH b¤y:agNa ?
cMENkTsSn³rbs;elak lI Fametg
EdlCaGñksikSaxagGkSrsaRsþEdrenaH
Kat;)anniyayfa
rUbelakFøab;)anCYbGñkRsavRCavcinmñak;EdlG
ñkRsavRCavcinenaHFøab;)aneXIjÉksarRbvtþisaRs
þniyay BIeQµaHecnT,a
KWCaBakücinehAsMKal;RbeTsmYyenAPaKxage
lInKrhVÚNn .
BYkeK)anniyayfa
RbeTsenaHsm,ÚreTAedayXµúM
EdleKykRkmYnXµúMenHeTAeFVIeTon . BYkcin
EtgmkTijdUrykRkmYnsuT§BIXµúMykeTAlk;enA
Rsuk cinsRmab;eFVICaeTon
cin)anehARsukenHfaCaRsuk RkmYnsuT§ .
edayBaküecnERbfasuT§ ÉT,a b¤T,ak;ERb
faRkmYn . edayPasacineKdak;KuNnammun
pSMBaküeTA ehAfaRkmYnsuT§ EdlERbfa

ecnT,a .
2-TItaMgrbs;ecnT,a
TItaMgrbs;ecnT,aRtUv)aneKsnµtfa
enARtg;tMbn;)asak; tamdgTenøemKgÁ
Edlbc©úb,nñenAPaK
GaeKñy_RbeTsT,av sßitRtg;mat;TenømUn.
esþcdMbUgénrdæecnT,a k¾dUcCanKrPñMEdr )
aneFVIneya)ay
BRgIkTwkdIehIykarBRgIkTwkdIrbs;esþcecnT,aen
H
manBIPaKxageCIgeTAPaKxagt,ÚgeTAdl;valTMn
ab TenøemKgÁ nigtMbn;CMuvijbwgTenøsab .
mkdl;C¢kalesþc|sanvrµ½n (ISANAVARMAN) k¾mankar
BRgIktMbn;PaKxageCIg
EdlTMngCaenAPaKxagekItRbeTséfsBVéf¶ .
tamkarniyayrbs;s‘an; Q½g fa
TwkdIénRbeTsecnT,a
RtUv)anRbmUlpþúMeTAedaytMbn;nana
CMuvijTItaMgrbs;xøÜn Pvbur³
(BHAVAPURA)ehIyRtUv)anEbgEckPUmisaRsþFmµCati
CaBIrEpñkepSgKña .
tMbn;PaKxageCIgKWCatMbn;dIx<s;
mancab;BICYrPñMdgErkeTAdl;RBMRbTl;rdæ
Nanqav (NAN-CHAO) rbs; éfenAtMbn;yunNan;(YUNNAN)
EdlsBVéf¶CaextþmYyrbs;cinPaKxagt,Úg.
tMbn;PaKxageCIgCakEnøg
sm,ÚreTAedayCYrPñM RClgPñM nigx<g;rab .
tMbn;PaKxagt,Úg
b¤tMbn;TMnabEdlsßitenAtamvalTMnabéndg
TenøemKgÁ nigtMbn;Tenøsab
CatMbn;sm,ÚreTAedaybwgbYr Tenø
nigmat;smuRT .
TItaMgénGaNacRkecnLa
3-karbegáItGaNacRkecnT,a
k-karerIbMrHxøÜnrbs;ecnT,aBIGaNacRkPMñ
eyIg)aneXIjrYcmkehIyfa
dMeNIrvivtþénRbvtþisaRsþenAkñúgtMbn;enH
KWdMeNIrvivtþénRbCaCnExµr
Edl)anekIteT,IgenAkEnøgmYyEdlCaTIRbsBVrvag
TenøBIr KWTenøemKgÁ nigTenømUn .
enAcugsm½yénrdæ nKrPñM
k¾ekItmankardeNþImraCüKñarvagesþcKuNvrµ½
n nigruRTÞvrµ½n .
tamRBwtþikarN_RbvtþisaRsþ)anbgðajenH[dw
gfa esþcruRTÞvrµ½n)anbBa
¢ÚnraCTUteTAkan;RbeTscin
cugeRkayenAqñaM539 .
EttamRbPBÉksarcinxøH)anniyayfa
GaNacRkPñMenAmankarbBa¢ÚnTUteTAkan;
RbeTscinenArvagedImstvtSr_TI7enAeT,Iy
Et)anbBa¢ak;faTIRkugénGaNacRkPñMehAfa
vüaFbur³ enaH (VYADHAPURA) EdlcinehAfa tUm:U
(TOMO) RtUv)anbMpøaj
ehIyRtUv)anpøas;eTAPaKxagt,Úg vij
EdlTIenaHeKehAfaRkug nrvrnKr (NARAVA RAGANARA)
enAGgÁrbUrI extþtaEkv .
tamsilacarwkbkSIcaMRkug ¬s>v>TI10¦
esþcecnT,amanedImkMeNItmkBI\sIkm<úsVyymÖ
Úv nig nageTBGbSremra
EdlRBH\sUrRbTan[eFVICamehsI .
esþcdMbUgman RBHnamfaRsuTÞvrµ½n
manbuRtmYy RBHGgÁRBHnamfa eRssßvrµ½n
Edl)anksagTIRkugmYyehAfa RkugeRssßbur³
(SRESHTHAPURA) TIRkugenHTMngsßitenAtMbn;)asak;
¬vtþPU RbeTsT,avsBVéf¶ ¦ .
enAkñúgraCüRBH)aT Rsisßvrµ½n enHehIy
kñúgGMT,úgqñaM 488
EdlRBHGgÁ)ancat;taMgraCTUt[nam RBHraCsar
nigRBHraCbNÑakareTAsMucgsm<½n§mitþ
CamYynwgRbeTscin
EdlenHCakarbegáItTMnak;TMng rvagRbeTsExµr
nigRbeTscinelIkTI4 .
tamsilacarwkbkSIcaMRkugdEdl k¾)anniyayfa
esþcenAecnT,a)anrMedaHGñkRsuk[rYccakputBI
GMNacsYysarGakr
nigxMerIbMrHxøÜn[rYcputBIGMNacRKb;RKgrb
s;esþcGaNacRkPñM . enABak;kNþalTI2
énstvtSr_TI6 ecnT,a
manGanuPaBkan;EtxøaMgeT,Ig²
ehIycab;epþImeFVIsRgÁamvaylukRbqaMg
nigdeNþIm ykGaNacRkPñMmkRtYtRtavijmþg .
esþcrdæecnT,a
Edl)anepþImeFVIsRgÁamvaylukdeNþImykTwkdI
GaNacRkPñMdMbUg manRBHnamfa
Pvvrµ½nTI1 (BHAVAVARMAN)
EdlesþcGgÁenHRtUvCabuRtrbs;esþcvIrvrµ½n
nigRtUvCaecArbs; esþcruRTÞvrµ½n (RUDRAVARMAN) .
esþcPvvrµ½nTI1
CaesþcmanjativgSxagGaNacRkPñM ¬ehAfa esam
vgS vgScRnÞab¤RBHc½nÞ ¦ Et
edayRBHGgÁ)anerobGPieskCamYykSRtIykm<úC
lkµSI EdlCaRBHjativgS esþceRssßvrµ½n
xagecnT,a ¬ehAfa sUrüvgS vgSRBHGaTitü¦.
tamsilacarwkbkSIcaMRkugk¾)anniyayEdrfa
kUnecA\sIkm<úC)anP¢ab;
jativgS xagsUrüvgS ¬xagecnT,a¦ eTAnwgesamvgS
¬xagGaNacRkPñM ¦.
x-cm,aMgrvagGaNacRkecnT,a nignKrPñM
GMBIcm,aMgEdlekItmanrvagGaNacRkecnT,a
nigGaNacRkPñM ebItamTsSnrbs;GñksikSamYy
cMnYn)anelIkeT,Igfa
Cacm,aMgedIm,IbRgYbbRgYmGaNacRkTaMgBIr
edIm,I[køayeTACaGaNacRkEtmYy
EdlzitenAeRmakardwknaMRKb;RKgedayGFiraC
mYy . k¾b:uEnþenAmanTsSnepSg²eTot
Edl)ansnñidæan
eTAelIbuBVehtuéncm,aMgrvagGaNacRkecnT,a
nigGaNacRkPñMenH
edayeK)anbeBa©jnUvsmµtikmµxøH²
mYycMnYndUcxageRkam ³
GñkxøH)anyl;fa RBH)aTPvvrµ½n
EdlCaecArbs;RBH)aTruRTÞvrµ½n )
anelIkT½BmkvayGaNacRkPñM
enHedIm,IRbqaMgnwgkarb:unb:grbs;RkumesþcKu
Nvrµ½n EdlRtUv)anesþcruRTÞvrµ½neFVIKt;
edayxøacERkgbkS
BYkesþcKuNvrµ½neFVIkarsgswkdeNþImraCüblø
½gáeTAvij . bEnßmBIelIenHeTAeToteK)anyl;fa
RbEhlCa
manTMnas;kñúgerOgsasnapgEdr
eRBaHRBH)aTruRTÞvrµ½nCaGñkkan;BuT§sasna
rIÉRBH)aTPvvrµ½nCaGñkkan;
sasnaRBH\sUr ¬RBhµBaØN_sasna¦.
edaymankarniyayEbbenH
eRBaHeKsnñidæaneTAelIBaküesøak
enAbUCnIeysk_cineQµaHyIsiIug )
ansresrenAcugstvtSr_TI7 fa : BIedImenAhVÚNn
RBHFm’)anrIkcMerInlUtlas;
ehIymankarpSBVpSay eTARKb;TisTI
Et\T,ÚvmanRBHraCakMNacmYyGgÁ)anbMpøajec
al :
RBHraCaGgÁenaHKWsMedAeTAelIRBH)aT
Pvvrµ½n BIeRBaHcab;BIeBlenaHmk
eKfaesþcenArdæecnT,a
suT§EtniymxagsasnaRBH\sUr .
cMENkelak Bernard Philippe Groslier
mankaryl;epSgBIenHeTAvij edayelak)ansresr
enAkñúgesovePA Angkor, Hommes et Pierres elak)anniyayfa :
mhnþrayEdlbNþalmkBITwkCMnn; )
anbMpøajTIRkug
nigRbB½n§beBa©jbBa©ÚlTwkkñúgERsxUcGs;pl
dMNaM eFVI[RbCaCnePosxøÜneTArs;enARtg;
dIx<s;enAPaKxageCIg eBlenaHenAPaKxagt,Úg
¬tMbn;kUsaMgsIun
k¾køayCavall,b;mYyehIymansPaB s¶at;RCgM¦ .
RbEhlCaeqøot»kasnaeBlenaHehIy
EdlRBH)aTPvvrµ½n)anvayykRbeTshVÚNnenA
RbmaNqñaM550
edIm,IbegáIteTACaGaNacRkExµrfµImYy
KWGaNacRk ecnT,aFM .
K-RBwtþikarN_éncm,aMgrvagGaNacRkecnT,a
nigGaNacRkPñM
RBH)aTPvvrµ½nmanb¥ÚnmYyRBHGgÁmanRB
Hnamfa ciRtesn ¬b¤ciRtesna¦ Edl)aneT,IgesayraCü
eRkayBIRBH)aTPvvrµ½nsuKteTA
edaymanRBHnamfaRBH)aTmehRnÞvr½µn
(MAHENDRAVARMAN) . enABak;kNþalTI2énstvtSr_TI6
RBH)aTPvvr½µnnigb¥Únrbs;RBHGgÁ ciRtesn )
anepþImeFVIsRgÁamvayluk eTAelIGaNacRkPñM
.
tamsilacarwkrbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½n nigciRtesn )
an[dwgfa T½Brbs;ecnT,a)anvaysMruky:ag
xøaMgeTAelIBYkhVÚNn
edaycab;epþImBIPaKxageCIgeTAt,ÚgcuHeTAdl;
RkecH RcaMgxagekIténTenøemKgÁ nig
eTAdl;bUrIrmüenAcenøaHTenømUn
nigCYrPñMdgErk
nigeTAdl;mgÁlbUrIxaglicbwgTenøsab .
enAcMeBaHmux sPaBEbbenH
T½BxagGaNacRkPñMTMngCacaj;édBYkGaNacR
kecnT,a ehIyRtUvdkfy RBmTaMg)an
pøas;raCFanIBI vüaFbur³ BItMbn;)aPñM
eTAtaMgenATisxagt,Úg KWenANahVÚNa
EdlehAfa RkugnrvrnKr (NARAVARANAGARA)
enAtMbn;GgÁrbUrI extþtaEkv .
4-RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 nigRBH)aTmehRnÞvrµ½n
k-RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 nigkarksag
eRkayBI)anTTYleCaKC½y
kñúgkarvaydeNþImyk)anTwkdImkRKb;RKgehIye
naH eTIbRBH)aT Pvvrµn½TI1eT,IgesayraCü
cab;BIqñaM598 dl;qñaM600.
eK)anrkeXIjsMNg;)ak;EbkCaeRcIn )anekItman
enAkñúgsm½yecnT,a EdleKsnµtfaCasMNg;enH
eRcInekItmankñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 .
sMNg; TaMgenaHRtUv)aneKeXIj
mandUcCaenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ
KWRkumR)asaTenAvtþPU .
R)asaTvtþiPU
R)asaTenAvtþPUKWCasMNg;R)asaTmYy
EdlkarksageT,IgsRmab;]TÞisfVaycMeBaHRBHsiv
³rbs;
RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 . R)asaT)araN (PRASAT BARAN)
EdlsßitenAcenøaHBIsÞwgERtg nigmat;Tenø eskug
nigGaRsmmhab¤sIS enAeCIgPñMhan;C½y
extþkMBg;cam CasMNg;EdlekItmanenAcenøaH
rvag Rsm½yhVÚNn nigecnT,a nigGaRsm
mhab¤sIS sßitenAeCIgPñMda RsukGgÁrbUrI
extþtaEkv .
R)asaTPñMda
GaRsmmha\sI ¬mhab¤sSI ¦
RkumR)asaT
enAhan;C½yenAPaKxaglicGagTenøemKgÁ
enAextþkMBg;camsuT§EtRtUv)aneKsnµt
faCasMNg;ekItmanenAkñúgrC
¢kalRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 .
eK)anrkeXIjsilacarwkCaeRcInEdlniyayGMBI
karksagsmiT§plnana
dUcCaR)asaTnigsilacarwkrbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI
1 enAkñúgsm½yecnT,a dUcCa
silacarwkPñMbnÞaynag enAextþ)at;dMbg
enAsIuefb kñúgRbeTséf nigenAkEnøgepSg²eTot .
tamry³ silacarwkTaMgenaH
mansilacarwkxøH)anniyaypgEdrfa
RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 )anksagRkugmYyehAfa
RkugPvbur³ (BHAVAPURA) .
TItaMgenAtMbn;CMuvijPU)asak;
Ek,rmat;TenømUn ¬cM)a:sak;¦ RbeTsT,avsBVéf¶
KWCaTItaMgmYyEdl RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa
mankitþinamd¾sMxan;énkarcab;kMeNItrbs;rdæ
ecnT,a km<úCeTs ¬eQµaHRbeTs
km<úCaeRkaymk¦ .
enAtMbn;enHCatMbn;sm,ÚreTAedaykUnPñM
EdlenAtMbn;CMuvijeCIgPñM CatMbn;énTItaMg
Rkugcas;²EdlmandUcCa RkugeRssßbur³
(SREHTHAPURA) rbs;RBH)aTeRssßvrµ½n
nigRkugPvbur³
(BHAVAPURA) rbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 .
x-visalPaBénGaNacRkecnT,a
rbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1
eyIg)andwgrYcmkehIyfa ecnT,a
dMbUgCaEpñkmYyénrdænKrPñM
EdlTwkdITaMgGs;énRbeTssßit
enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;nKrPñM .
enAmanrdætUc²xøHeTotEdlsßitenA]bTVIbm:aeT,
nigenAkEnøgepSg²
eTotenAEtmankaresµaHRtg;CamYynwgnKrPñMe
nAeT,Iy
eTaHbICaeRkayBIGMNacénrdænKrPñMRtUvFøa
k;eTAkñúg
kNþab;édénkarRKb;RKgrbs;ecnT,ak¾eday .
ehtudUcenHehIy)anCacab;BIrC
¢kalénRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1
nigbnþmkdl;raCüesþcRkay²eTot
enAEtbnþkareFVIsRgÁamBRgIkTwkdIeTARKb;T
isTI\tQb;Qr . cMeBaH
visalPaBénGaNacRkecnT,arbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI
1 RtUv)anbgðajedaysilacarwkCaeRcIn Edlman
enAkñúgTwkdIénRbeTskm<úCa
k¾dUcCakEnøgdéT²eToteRkARbeTskm<úCabc©
úb,nñ .
tamry³silacarwkTaMgenaH
mandUcCasilacarwkR)asaTvtþPU sila
carwkenAhan;C½y silacarwk fµERk
vtþeRCayGMBil valkenÞl R)asaTRBHFatu GaRsm
mhab¤sSI R)asaT)araN . enAmansilacarwk
enAkEnøgepSgeTot
dUcCaenAPñMbnÞaynagPaKxageCIg)at;dMbg
PaKxaglicbwgTenøsabnigenAtMbn; R)asaTGkyM
CaTItaMgRkugGmriRnÞbur³ enAxaglicGgÁrFM
EdltMbn;TaMgGs;enHehIybBa¢ak;BIvisalPaB
énTItaMgrbs;GaNacRkecnT,a
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1
(BHAVAVARMAN I ).
K-RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n ¬ ciRtesn¦
tamsilacarwkenArbgrmas ¬eRkalrmas¦
Ek,rsm,ÚréRBKuk extþkMBg;FM
cuHkalkMNt;qñaM598
CaqñaMénkaresayraCürbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 .
enAkñúgrC¢kalenaH eRkABIRkugPvbur³
enAmankarksag
RkugepSgeTotdUcCaRkug\RnÞbur³
enAPaKxagt,ÚgR)asaTsm,ÚréRBKuk.
RBH)aT)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n (MAHEN DRAVARMAN)
EdlRtUvCabgb¥ÚnnwgRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 )
anesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 cab;BI
qñaM600 dl;616 . taMgBIenAkñúgrC
¢kalRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1
RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n)anrYmksagsilacarwkCa
PasasMRsáwt nigniyayGMBIkarksagligÁ ¬siv³¦
manenAtambeNþayTenøemKgÁenAtMbn;RkecH
sÞwgERtg nigenAxaglicbUrIrmü RbeTséfsBVéf¶ .
RBH)aTmhiRnÞvr½µn )
anbnþkarRKb;RKgTwkdIénGaNacRkecnT,aBIRB
H)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 Edl)anbegáIt
raCvgSfµImYyehAfamha\RnÞb¤\RnÞbur³.
RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n )
ancUlrYmCamYynwgRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1
kñúgkar
vayrMedaHGaNacRkecnT,aecjBIkarRtYtRtaedayG
aNacRkPñM . enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ
mankar ksagsilacarwkepSg²eTot
dUcCaenARtg;BamTenømUn nigenAsurinÞ .
dUcKñanwgRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1Edr
RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n)anbnþkarBRgIkTwkdIeTA
Tisxaglic nigxagt,Úg
edaymansilacarwkenAtamssrfµFM²enAÉPUelçan
enAPaKxageqVgénTenøemKgÁ
enAPaKxagelImat; TenømUn enARbeTsT,av
Edl)anbBa
¢ak;BIkarksagligÁKirisrbs;RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n
kñúg»kasEdleRkay
BIRBHGgÁ)aneFVIsRgÁamTTYl)aneCaKC½yen
AtMbn;enH
nigkarRKb;RKgTwkdIPaKxageRkaméndgTenømU
n.
5-RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
k-karbBa©b;sRgÁamrvagGaNacRkPñM nigecnT,a
RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
CabuRtrbs;RBH)aTmhiRnÞvrµ½n
Edl)anbnþraCüsm,tþicab;BIqñaM616 dl;
qñaM 635 . RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1 )
anbnþneya)ayeFVIsRgÁamvaydeNþIm
nigRKb;RKgTwkdIbnþBIRBH)aT mhiRnÞvrµ½n
EdlenAesssl;BImunénGaNacRkPñM .
mansilacarwkCaeRcInEdl)anniyayGMBIskmµPaB
rbs;RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
dUcCasilacarwkenAR)asaTPñM)ay:g;
EdlmancuHkalkMNt;qñaM624 enAsm,ÚN’
éRBKuh_mancuHkalkMNt;qñaM627-628
enAkþIGgÁCMnIkmancuHkalkMNt;qñaM628-629
.
enAqñaM627 RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
RTg;)anbegáItTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRbeTscin
CafµIeTot eday RBHGgÁ)ancat;taMgraCTUtExµr
[naMRBHraCsar nigRBHraC bNÑakarepSg²
eTAsMucgsm<½n§mitþnwgRBHecA RbeTscin
ehIyRBHecARbeTscink¾)antbRBHraCsarmkvijEd
r . enHCakarbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCa
pøÚvkarrvagRbeTsExµr nigRbeTscinelIkTI5 .
tamRbvtþi
b¤raCBgSavtarénraCvgSfagrbs;RbeTscin )
anniyayfa RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1 )an
bBa©b;sRgÁamCamYyGaNacRkPñM
enAeBlEdlRBHGgÁvaydeNþImyk)anraCFanIenA
PaKxagt,Úg Edlcin ehAfaraCFanI NahVÚNa
( Nafuna) CaRkug nrvrnKr enAGgÁrbUrI extþtaEkv .
x-karpøas;bþÚrTItaMgraCFanI
cMeBaHTItaMgraCFanIdMbUgrbs;ecnT,a
KWenAÉvtþPU cM)a:sak;
b¤enAtMbn;sÞwgERtg . eRkayBI)aneFVI
sRgÁamBRgIkTwkdI
k¾dUcCaBRgIkTItaMgGaNacRkecnT,a RBH)aT|
sanvrµ½nTI1 )anpøas;raCFanIBIPaK xageCIg
mktaMgenAtMbn;mYyEdlsßitenAxageCIgkMBg;F
M KWenA|sanbur³
EdlRtUvnwgrmünIydæansm,ÚN’ éRBKuh_
EdlenATIenaHmansl;sMNg;Ebk)ak;CaeRcIn )
anbnSl;TukdUcCaenAtMbn;GgÁrbUrIEdr . tamBit
enAtMbn;sm,ÚN’éRBKuh_CaTItaMgRkugcas;mY
yEdr EdlmaneQµaHfa GninÞitbur³
énkSRtBalaTitüa .
RkumR)asaTsMbUN’éRBKuh_
enAGtItraCFanI|sanbur³
tamsilacarwk)anniyayfakSRtBalaTitüa
CakSRtkñúgraCvgSekANÐinünigesama
TMngkSRt
BalaTitüa)anRKb;RKgTwkdIénGaNacRkenAtMbn
;enH EdleRkaymkRtUv)anvaydeNþImykedayesþc
Pvvrµ½nTI1 nigmhiRnÞvrµ½n
ehIy)anbnþkarRKb;RKgTwkdIenHrhUtmkdl;RBH)
aT|sanvrµ½nTI1eTot eday RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1

RTg;)anehARkugfµIenHfaRkug|sanbur³.
K-karvaydeNþImkan;kab;TwkdIrbs;RBH)aT|
sanvrµ½nTI1
tamsilacarwknana)anniyayfa enAkñúgrC
¢kalénRBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
manTItaMgRkugepSg²
mYycMnYneToteRkABITItaMgRkugGniniÞtbur³
EdlRBH)aT|sanvrµ½n)aneFVIs®gÁam
deNþImkan;kab;TwkdITaMg
enHmandUcCaTItaMg RkugcRkankabur³
(CAKRANKAPURA) EdlenAtMbn;xaglicCIERkg
xageCIgbwg Tenøsab manRkugGamUKðbur³
( AMOGHOPURA ) EdlsßitenA)at;dMbg
nigmanRkugPIm³bur³ (BHI
MAPURA) CaTItaMgmYyenAÉPiém: RbeTséfsBVéf¶
RBmTaMgGmriRnÞbur³
EdlenAxaglic)arayN_Twkføa
b¤)arayN_xaglic
EdleRkaymkCaTItaMgénraCFanIbeNþaHGasnñm
Yyrbs;RBH)aTC½yvµ½nTI2 .
eRkABItMbn;TaMgenHenAPaKxaglicRbeTs
KWtMbn;valTMnabénTenøemNam
RbeTséfsBVéf¶ EdlmansilacarwkenAc½nÞb‘un
k¾)anniyayBIkarRKb;RKgTwkdIedayRBH)aT|
sanvrµ½nTI1 enATIenaHEdr .
enAmansilacarwkBIrepSgeTot enAextþRkab‘Ín (
KRABIN ) enAEk,rRBMRbTl;Exµr-éf enA xavNy
( Khao nig xavra:g

Noi) ( Khao Rang )
EdlmancuHkalkMNt;qñaM637-639 .
RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1 )
aneFVIkarvaydeNþImkan;kab;TwkdIenAPaKxagli
c ehIy)anvayeT,IgeTA dl;GaNacRkmn
enARtg;TVarvtI ( Dvara vati )
EdlmanTItaMgenAtambeNþaydgTenøemNam
nigenA PaKxagelIdgTenømUn .
enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
karRKb;RKgTwkdImanPaBFMTUlay
eRBaHenAeBlenaHGaNa cRktUc²
EdlenAesssl;BInKrPñMTaMgb:unµan
RtUv)anRbmUlykmkRKb;RKgenAkñúgGaNacRk
EtmYy KW GaNacRkecnT,a .
k¾b:uEnþkarRKb;RKgTwkdId¾FMTUlayenH
ebIsinCaGMNacRKb;RKgkNþalBMumanPaBrwg
maMeT enaHnwgeFVI[mankarERbHqaKña
ehIyBMumankarÉkPaBKña nigEbk)ak;Kña
edayQaneTArkkar
RKb;RKgCardæedayET,k²BIKñaeTAvij .
6-RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI1
k-RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2
RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2
BMuEmnCabuRtrbs;RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1eT
ehIyk¾BMudwgfamanCab;nwgjativgS
kSRtxagNaEdr . RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nTI1
TMngCaBMumanbuRtsñgraCübnþ
ehtuenHeRkayBIrC¢kalRBH)aT |sanvrµ½nTI1
esþcEdlesayraCübnþKWmanRBHnamfaRBH)aTPv
vrµ½nTI2 . RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2 )aneT,Ig
esayraCüenAqñaM639 dl;qñaM657
RTg;)anbnSl;TuknUvsilacarwkCaeRcIn
kñúgenaHmansilacarwkmYy
EdleK)anrkeXIjenAtMbn;taEkv
mancuHkalkMNt;qñaM639
Casilacarwkrbs;RBHGgÁ . eRkABIenaHenA
mansilacarwkepSgeTotdUcCaenA
PñMRBHviharkMBg;qñaMg RtBaMgmas
nigenAPñM)ay:g; . R)asaTPñM)ay:g;
mansilacarwkEdl)anniyayGMBIRBwtþikarN_nana
rbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2 EfmTaMgbBa¢ak;eTotfa
raCFanI rbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2eBlenaH
TMngCaenAGgÁrbUrI extþtaEkv .
x-RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI1
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI1
CabuRtrbs;RBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI2 )
aneT,IgesayraCübnþ enArvagqñaM657 dl;
qñaM681 . cab;taMgBIedImrC¢kal rhUtdl;cugrC
¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ mansilacarwkCaeRcIn
Edl)anniyay
GMBIkarksagsmiT§plnanarbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½n
TI1 mandUcCaR)asaTenAtMbn; vüaFbur³
nigenAvtþPU .
enAEtbnþneya)ayRKb;RKgTwkdIeTATisxagt,Úgn
igPaKxaglic KWtMbn;Gag
TenøemNamPaKxagekIt
RBmTaMgtMbn;xagelInigPaKkNþalRbeTsT,av .
enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT C½yvrµ½nTI1
karRKb;RKgGaNacRkRtUv)anEbgEckCaEpñkepS
g² nigmanGaNacRktUc²Edl zitenA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgedayRBHGgÁ
EdlEpñkTaMgenaHmandUcCatMbn;vtþPU
rhUtdl;dIsNþ .
cab;BItMbn;vtþPU
mkPaKxagekItGagTenøemKgÁ mkdl;sÞwgERtg
RkecHrvag)aPñM nigbnÞayéRB nKr
extþkMBg;cam manTIRkugsMxan;
KWRkugsmÖúbur³ enAsm,Úr .
enAEpñkxaglicGagTenøemKgÁ eTAdl; GgÁrbUrI
nigmYyEpñkeTot enA)at;dMbg
nigPaKxageCIgbwgTenøsab .
7-karFøak;cuHénGaNacRkecnT,a
k-RBwtþikarN_eRkayraCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI1
TItaMgrbs;RBH)aTC½yvµ½nTI1
TMngCaenAtMbn;bnÞayéRBnKr nig)aPñM
vüaFbur³ (VYADHA PURA). cab;BIeRkayqñaM681
eKBMu)aneXIjsilacarwkb¤ÉksarepSg²
EdlniyayGMBIskmµPaBnana
rbs;RBH)aTC½yvµ½nTI1[)anc,as;las;eT .
tamkarsnñidæanfa eRkayBIRBH)aTC½yvµ½nTI1
cUlTIvgÁt enAqñaM681
TMngCaBMumanbuRtsñgraCübnþBIRBHGgÁeT
ehtuenHehIyeTIbmanRBHnamCakSRtIyC½yeTvI
(JAYADEVI) Edlkarsnñidæan
RtUvBnül;edaysilacarwkmYyenA)arayN_xaglic
b¤)arayN_Twkføa .
eRkaymkeK)aneXIjsilacarwkenAtMbn;)arayN_xag
lic b¤)arayN_Twkføa enAxaglicGgÁrFM
RtUv)anbkRsayBnül;edayelak Goerge Coedès
EdlniyayBIkarRKb;RKgGaNacRkecnT,aeday
kSRtIyC½yeTv ¬tamesovePA TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY THE « ANCIENT KHMER EMPIRE » niyayfa
CamehsIrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI1 ¦.
Ettam esovePARbvtþisaRsþExµrrbs;elak
Rtwg ga qñaM1973 faCaraCbuRtI . edaytamry³
silacarwkenH )
anniyayBIkart¥ÚjEt¥rrbs;RBHnagC½yeTvI
(JAYADEVI) GMBIPaBRcbUkRcbl;kñúgcitþ
nigTukçevTna
kñúgkarRKb;RKgnKrmanekItkliyuK .
tamkarBnül;enHRbEhlCaenAeBlenaHnKrman
cm,aMgnwgKña
rvagkSRtbUrIepSg²enAkñúgGaNacRkecnT,a
EdlnaM[QaneTAdl;karEbk)ak;Kña bNþal
[mankarEbgEckRbeTsecnT,aFMCaBIr
kñúgGMT,úgedImstvtSr_TI8 ¬706¦.
x-karEbgEckecnT,aCaBIr ³ ecnT,adIeKak
nigecnT,aTwklic
eRkayBImankarEbkExJkKña
RbeTsecnT,aRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrEpñk
KWEpñkxageCIg nigEpñkxag
t,Úg
EdlEpñkxageCIgCatMbn;Edlsm,ÚreTAedayPñM
kUnPñM RClgPñM nigx<g;rab RtUv)anehAfa
ecnT,a dIeKak .
ecnT,adIeKakmanvisalPaBlatsn§wgeTAelIRbeTsT,
av PaKkNþalnigPaKxagt,ÚgsBVéf¶
manRBMRbTl;cab;BICYrPñMdgErk
nigl,ak;exanénRbeTsT,av
eTAPaKxageCIgTl;nwgrdæNanqavrbs;éf
enAtMbn;yunNan; Caextþrbs;cinPaKxagt,Úg .
Epñkxagt,Úg
CatMbn;Edlsm,ÚreTAedayvalTMnab Tenø sÞwg
bwgbYr nigmansmuRTB½T§CMuvij Edl
RtUv)anehAfaecnT,aTwklic .
EpñkenHRtUvRKbdNþb;eTAedayGagTenøemKg
Á cab;BIl,ak;exanRbeTs T,av
cuHmkPaKxagt,ÚgTl;nwgsmuRT .
cMeBaHTItaMgénraCFanIrbs;GaNacRkTaMgBIr
GñkRsavRCavRbvtþisaRsExµrmancab;GarmµN_y
:ag xøaMg
ehIyvamankarlM)akkñúgkarsnñidæan[)anc,as;las;N
as; edayGñkxøHsnµtfaenARtg;enHGñkxøH
eTotk¾fa enARtg;enaH minR)akdc,as;las;eT,Iy .
enAqñaM1904 elak Georges Maspero )

aneFVIkarsikSaeTAelIGtßbTsilacarwkrbs;RBH)aT
yesavrµ½nTI1
EdlniyayBIkarRKb;RKgGaNacRkTaMgBIrenAkñú
gsm½yenaH RbEhlCamunBIr stvtSr_
TItaMgmYyKWkarRKb;RKgmanenAÉ vüaFbur³
(VYADHAPURA) EdleRkaymkRtUvsnµtfa
enAÉGgÁrbUrI extþtaEkv .
mYyEpñkeTotkarRKb;RKgmanenAÉ smÖúbur³
(SAMBHUPURA) Edlbc©úb,nñRtUvnwg Rsuksm,Úr
extþRkecH .
CamYyenaHEdrelak Paul Pelliot
k¾)anyl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;elak Etienne Aymonier

Edl)anniyayfa
TItaMgraCFanIrbs;GaNacRkecnT,aTwklicenAÉ
vüaFbur ehIy)anbBa¢ak;fasm,Úr
TMngCaTItaMgénecnT,adIeKak edayehtufa
smÖúbur³ enAq¶ayBITItaMgvüaFbur³.
eRkaymkelak Pierre Dupont )
anbgðajPsþútagénKMnitrbs;elak Edl)anbBa
¢ak;faecnT,a dIeKakeRkayBIqñaM707
manTItaMgenAÉedImkMeNItecnT,aBImun
KWkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTPvvrµ½nTI1 Edlman
eQµaHfa Pvbur³ enAtMbn;)asak; b¤)a:kes
nigEpñkxageRkamTenømUn .
eKk¾)anniyaypgEdrfa
kalenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgedayRBH)aTPvvrµ½nT
I1 nigrC¢kaleRkay²
mkeTot
mankarvaydeNþImkan;kab;enAPaKxagt,Úg
ehIytMbn;Pvbur³RtUv)anBRgIkkan;EtFM
enAelIedIm kMeNIténTItaMgRkugeRssßbur³ .
eRkayBIkarvaydeNþImkan;kab;TwkdIenAPaK
xagt,Úg EdlmandUcCaenAtMbn; smÖúbur³
vüaFbur³ BalaTitü³bur³ (BALADITYAPURA)
RtUv)anbRgYbbRgYmCatMbn;ecnT,aTwklic .
tamkarsnñidæan xagelIenH elak Georges Coedès
k¾)anyl;RsbEdrfa TItaMgraCFanIénGaNacRk
ecnT,adIeKak KWenAÉPvbur³ (BHAVAPURA) .
K-ecnTLadIeKak
GMBIRbvtþiecnT,adIeKakenAGMT,úgstvtSr_TI8
BMusUvmanBt’maneRcIndUcCaecnT,aTwkliceT
EteK )andwgtamry³RbvtþisaRsþcin
niyayfaenAqñaM717 ecnT,adIeKakmankarbBa
¢ÚnTUteTAkan;RbeTscin CaeRcInelIk .
ecnT,adIeKakenHRtUv)ancinehAfa viuntan (WEN
TAN) . enAqñaM621 cin)anelIkT½B
mkvayyktMbn;mYyehAfaGaNÑam
¬tamBittMbn;tugkwgBImuneQµaHRsukyYn
ehAfay:avcUv¦ EdlCa TItaMgrs;enArbs;BYkyYn .
eRkayBIRBwtþikarN_enHBYkyYn)ancgsm<½
n§PaBCamYyecnT,a nigcM)a:ehIy enAqñaM722
rdæecn T,adIeKak b¤viuntan )
ancUlrYmcm,aMgCamYyBYkyYn
edayBYkyYn)anbHe)areFVIsRgÁam
RbqaMgnwgkar RKb;RKgrbs;cinkñúgraCvgSfag .
enAqñaM753 RbeTsecnT,adIeKakmankarbBa
¢ÚnTUteTAkan;RbeTscin
eRkamkic©dwknaMeday
raCbuRtrbs;RBHraCaénGaNacRkenH
eBlenaHcinkMBugEtmansRgÁammYyenAtMbn;N
anqav ehIycg;
[ GaNacRkviuntanCYydl;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIsRgÁa
menHEdr . enAqñaM754 raCbuRtmYyGgÁ
énGaNacRkecnT,a dIeKak )
anelIkT½BeTACYycinkñúgkarvayluktMbn;Nanqa
v . enAqñaM799 GaNacRkecnT,adIeKak)an bBa
¢ÚnTUteTAkan;RbeTscineTot .
eK)ansnµtfa raCFanIénGaNacRkecnT,adIeKak
sßitenARtg;mCÄmNÐlénGaNacRkedImKW
Pvbur³ (BHAVAPURA) ehIyRBHraCaEdlmanmhiT§iriT§
nigRKb;RKgenAGaNacRkenH RtUv)aneKsnµt
faCaRBH)aTC½ysigðC½yvrµ½n
edayeK)anrkeXIjsilacarwk mYypÞaMg
EdlniyayGMBIkSRtGgÁenHenAmþúMn
KraCsIma RbeTséfsBVéf¶ .
X-ecnTLaTwklic
eRkayBIkarEbgEckGaNacRkecnT,aFMCaBIre
hIy ¬CaecnT,adIeKaknigecnT,aTwklic¦ GaNa
cRkecnT,aTwklic
minGacrkSakarÉkPaBKña)anyUreTGEgVgteTAeT
ot)an rdæecnT,aTwklicenHRtUv)an
EbgEckeTACakSRtbUrItUc²teTAeTot
Edly:agehacNas; famandl;eTA5kSRtbUrI
mandUcCakSRtbUrI GniniÞtbur³ (ANINDITAPURA)
smÖúbur³ ( SAMBHUPURA )
nigkSRtbUrIepSg²eTotEdlsÁal;
TItaMgBMuc,as;las; .
cMeBaHTItaMgénraCFanIenH
eRkaymkRtUv)aneKsnµtfaenAsmÖúbur³ .
sUmbBa¢ak;faenAedImstvtSr_TI8
RBHGgÁm©as;busárakS
EdlmanedImkMeNItenA GninÞitbur³ )an
yagTAesayraCüenAsmÖúbur³
CaTIEdlRBHGgÁ)anbnSl;TuknUvpÞaMgsilacarw
kcuHkalkMNt;qñaM716 enA
Rtg;kEnøgR)asaTmYy
ehAfaR)asaTRBHFatukUnBIr .
RBHGgÁm©as;busárakS (PUSHKARA)
Cab;ExSRsT,ay sac;jatieTAnwg RBH)aTBalaTitüa

Edl)anesayraCüenAGniniÞtbur³
ehIy)anGHGagfaCakUnecAraCvgSrbs;RBH)aT
ekANÐinünignaKiIesama
nigeRkaymk)anbnþBUCBgSesayraCüenARkugGg
Ár . RBH)aTBalaTitüa )anksagTIRkugmYyehAfa
RkugBalaTitübur³ Edlcin)ancat;Tukfa
CaraCFanImYyrbs;ecnT,a ¬cinehAfaRkug
b:UT,ÚTIb:U¦. man
silacarwkmYyBMumancuHkalkMNt;c,as;las;
sresrCaPasasMRsáwt EdleK)anrkeXIj
enAvtþERsebg kñúgPUmiGUT,am extþCUduk

enAdIsNþ ¬RbetsevotNam¦ .
tamry³silacarwkxagelIenH manniyayGMBI
kSRtBalaTitüa (Baladitya) .
enABak;kNþalTI2énstvtSr_TI8
GanacRkecnT,amankarksagsilacarwkCaeRcIn
CaBiessenA tMbn;smÖúbur³
EdleK)anrkeXIjenAR)asaTRBHFatuRBHRsI
kñúgRsukt,ÚgXµMúmancuHkalkMNt;qñaM770
nig mYyeTotenAtMbn;RkecH
mancuHkalkMNt;qñaM781
RBmTaMgmanenAR)asaTtaKamenAextþesomrab .
g-ecnT,aeRkamGMNacRtYtRtarbs;breTs
enAGMT,úgstvtSr_TI8 RbeTsExµr ¬ecnT,a¦
hak;dUcCaKµansßirPaBxagneya)ay edaysarEt
mansRgÁamdeNþImkan;kab;TwkdIrvagKñanigKñ
a
bBaðaenHeFVI[rdætUc²mYycMnYnminsb,aycitþ
bNþal[ mankarQaneTArkCemøaH
nigEbk)ak;épÞkñúg .
karEbk)ak;KñaenHeFVI[bJT§anuPaBnigGMN
ac EdlFøab;manBImunenaH
RtUvcuHTn;exSaycMeBaHmuxBYk breTs
eFVI[BYkbreTsemIlgay
nigh‘ancUllukluyratt,attamGMeBIcitþ
EdlkñúgenaHeKfamandUcCa
BYkCVaRsIviC½yénraCvgS éselRnÞ (SAILENDRA)
enAekaHCVa. CnCatiCVa)anbegáItraCvgSéselRnÞ
EdlCaraCvgSfµImYymanGMNacbJT§anuPaBenA
kñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
EdlmanTItaMgenAekaHCVaEk,rtMbn;mYy
bc©úb,nñehAfa )a:eT,m)ag ( PALEMBANG ) .
tamry³silacarwkmYymancuHkalkMNt;qñaM
778 enAEk,rTIRkughSkkarta (JOGYAKARTA)
enAkNþalekaHCVa
tamry³silacarwkenaH)anniyayBIkarksagBuT§rUbta
ra (TARA) edayesþc)a:Nam karaNa (PANAMKARANA)
ehAfamharaCü (MAHARAJA)
eRkaymkRtUv)anbegáItCaraCvgS
éselRnÞenHeT,Ig
EdléselRnÞenHmann½ydUcCaesþcRkugPñMEdr .
raCvgSéselRnÞ EdlesayraCüenA
ekaHCVak¾mangarCaraCvgSsßabnikd¾l,Il,ajpgE
dr dUcCa karksagR)asaTbUrUb‘YdYr (BOROBUDUR)
EdlCaR)asaTd¾l,Il,ajenARbeTs\NþÚeNsIu .
tamry³ \T§iBlénraCvgSéselRnÞenH
BYkecarsmuRTCVa)ancUlmkratt,atenAtameqñrna
naenAGasIuGaeKñy_ nigeFVI
skmµPaBqk;bøn;RTBüsm,tþi
dutbMpøajTIRkugnanatamTMenIgcitþ .
enAqñaM774 BYkecarsmuRTCVaenH)an
elIkT½BcUlmkvaylukluyelITItaMgekaHRtT,ac
ehIy)antaMgmUldæanrbs;xøÜnenATIenaH .
enAqñaM787
BYkecarsmuRTCVaenHk¾)anelIkT½Bmk
ratt,atenAtameqñrGaNÑamnigcM)a: .
tamsilacarwkcam y:agTIKUh (YANGTIKUH) )

anniyayfa manR)asaT nigbUCnIydæan
enAEk,rRkugvIrbur³ (VARAPURA)
RtUvrgTTYlnUvkardutbMpøajedayBYkkgT½BCV
a . bnÞab;BI)anratt,at
nigbMpøicbMpøajenAtameqñrnanaehIyBYkecarsm
uRTCVa k¾)anbnþdMeNIrcUlmkdl;Bam nigtam
TenøemKgÁ eT,IgeTAdl;RkugsmÖúbur³
ehIy)aneFVIkarqk;bøn;dutbMpøajTIRkug
nigkab;smøab;RbCaCntamGMeBIcitþ .
CamYynwgenaHEdr
BYkCVak¾cab;ykRbCaCnExµrxøHykeTARsukC
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¬ecnT,a¦
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RtYtRtaBIBYkCVaeT,Igvij eday
RBHraCaExµrmYyGgÁ
KWRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2 enAqñaM802 .
cMeBaHkarQøanBan
nigkarcUllukluyBIsMNak;BYkCVamkelIGaNacRk
ecnT,anaeBlenaH eK)an
niyafamankarkat;ykRBHsirRBHraCaExµrRBHnam
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TamTarykmt’kdUntarbs;BYkeKKWéselRnÞvrµ½n
(SAILENDRAVARAMAN) EdlraCvgSéselRnÞ
enH)anRbkasxøÜnfaCaesþcPñM
nigmanzannþrnamdUcCaesþcGaNacRkPñM
enARbeTsExµrEdr .
8-esdækic©énGaNacRkecnLa
ExµreyIgFøab;)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkareFVIney
a)ayTwk taMgEtBIsm½ynKrPñMmkemø:H .
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karGnuvtþneya)ayTwkenHkan;EtmanPaBRbesIreL
IgEfmeTot . enHCaehtujúaMg[mankar
ksagTIRkugFM²enAEk,rmat;sÞwg
edIm,ICameFüa)aymYyd¾RbesIrkñúgkarnaMTwk
sRmab;eRbIR)as;enAtam kEnøgepSg²
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edayTwksÞwgenaHRtUvbgðÚrcUlkñúgRsHB½T§
CMuvijRkug
nigkñúgGagTwkÉeTot²kñúgTIRkug .
kareFVIdUecñHeKGacmanTwkeRbIR)as;RKb;RK
an;
ehIymanlT§PaBGacBRgIkdIdaMdMNaM)aneRcIn
eTotpg .
ebItamÉksarcin)anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa
plitplksikmµEdlsMxan;enaHKWeKdaMdMNaMRs
Uv ehIyeRkA BIdMNaMRsUv
eKfaenAmandMNaMepSgeTotCaRcInmuxeTot
EdlCaplitplksikmµ .
IV-
RbeTskm<úCaBIedImstvtSTI9dl;Bak;kNþalstvtST
I15 ¬sm½yGgÁr¦
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énGaNacRk ecnT,a )
aneFVI[GaNacRkenHEbk)ak;Kña
ehIybegáIteTACardætUc² .
PaBTn;exSayénrdætUc²TaMgenaH
BMumanPaBrwgmaMelIkarRKb;RKg
RBmTaMgminGacrkSa)annUvGFibetyüPaBrbs;xø
Ün k¾RtUvFøak;eTAeRkam
karRtYtRtarbs;BYkbreTsenAGMT,úgcugstvtSr_TI
8.
enArvagedImstvtSr_TI9
karcab;epþImbegáItGaNacRkfµImYyénRbeTskm<
úCa k¾)ancab;bdisn§i eT,Ig .
enHCakarbegáIteT,IgnUvrbbRKb;RKgfµImYy
TaMgEpñkneya)ay esdækic© sgÁm nigvb,Fm’
ehIy PaBrIkcMerInmankan;EtxøaMgeT,Ig²
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¾FMmYy maneQµaH l,Il,ajCageK
enAkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_
kñúgGMT,úgstvtSTI9 dl;stvtSTI15 .
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k-RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
enAqñaM802 RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2 )
anbegáItraCFanIrbs;RBHGgÁenAPñMKUEln
b¤PñM meh®nÞbv’t Edl
enATIenaHehIy
RBHGgÁ)anRbkasÉkraCüPaBénRbeTskm<úCaBI
GMNacRtYtRtarbs;breTs .
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EdlCasilacarwkpÞal;rbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
sRmab;Cakar
bMPøWnUvRBwtþikarN_TaMgT,ayenAkñúgrC
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esþceRkay²mkeTot Edl)ancarwkTukenaH
Edl)anniyayGMBIskmµPaBnanarbs;RBH)aTC½yv
rµ½nTI2 .
RTg;)anRbkasxøÜnÉgCaRBHraCaGaNacRkExµré
nsUrvgS ¬vgSRBHGaTitü¦ én
km<úemra . kñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
enHehIy
EdlTMngCamaneQµaHRbeTsfaCakm<úCa Edl
eK)aneXIjCa
elIkdMbUgtamry³silacarwkcammYyenAeBarnKr .
mansilacarwkmYyenAkñúgrC¢kalén
RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
Edltamry³silacarwkenaH)anniyayfaRBH)aTC½yvr
µ½nTI2 CamhakSRtmYyRBHGgÁ
EdlmanGMNacbJT§anuPaBy:agxøaMgénRbeTskm
<úCa .
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CakSRtyagmkBIRbeTsCVa EtBMu)an bBa¢ak;
[dwgfaenAqñaMNa[BitR)akdeT .
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Edl)anesayraCüenAsmÖúbur³ .
cMeBaHkalbriecäTénkarvilRtLb;BIRbeTsCVarbs;
EdlmkRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa cab;BIedImrC
¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ
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mansilacarwkCaxøH
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RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2 RTg;)an
begáItraCFanIrbs;RBHGgÁ
enAelIPñMKUElnenAqñaM802 .
k¾b:uEnþmunnwgRBHGgÁmkbegáItraCFanI
nigKg;enA PñMKUEln RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
RTg;)aneTAKg;enATIRkugepSg²CaeRcInkEnøge
TotkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . dMbUg
TMngCaRBHGgÁEsVgrkTIkEnøg
b¤TItaMgmYysRmab;sñak;enA[)anl¥
nigGaceFVICaraCFanIrbs;RBHGgÁ .
x-karrMedaHRbeTs
nigkarbRgYbbRgYmCatirbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµn½TI2
karEdlRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
RTg;GacrMedaHRbeTsCati
nigerobcMsþarksagRbeTsExµreT,Igvij
RBmTaMg)aneFVI[RbeTsCati
manPaBrugerOgeRkayBIkarRtYtRtarbs;breTsenaH
RbEhlCaminEmn
RbRBwtþeTAedayKµankarRbyuT§enaHeT .
tamsilacarwkk¾)anniyaypgEdrfa
RBHraCaGgÁenH)aneFVI cm,aMMg
deNþImyknKr)anmkvij
edaymanRBHx½nCab;enAnwgRBHhsþpg .
tamesovePARbvtþisaRsþExµrPaK1
rbs;GñkniBn§ Rtwg ga e)aHBum<enAqñaM1973 )
anniyayfa RBH)aTC½yvrµn½TI2 )
anyagRtT,b;mkBIRbeTsCVaenAqñaM800 .
k¾b:uEnþtamkarniyayenAkñúgesovePA
TRAN SACTIONS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 1951. “ THEANCIENT
KHMER )anniyayfa RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2

EMPIRE “
yagRtLb;mkBIRbeTsCVavijRbEhlCaenA
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KWmkdl;eBl
EdlRBHGgÁcUlTIvgÁtenAqñaM850 .
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tamTIkEnøgepSg²énRbeTskm<úCa
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kkEnøgmYy sRmab;eFVICa
raCFanIBitR)akdrbs;RBHGgÁ
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2 RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
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sRmab;eFVICaraCFanIrbs;RBHGgÁ .
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tamsilacarwksþúkkk;FM)anbgðajfa
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y vrµn½TI2
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ækic© KWkarplites,ógGahar edaykareFVI ksikmµ
BiesselIdMNaMRsUv
nigkargarepSg²eTotrbs;RbCaCn .
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2 RTg;cUlTIvgÁt
enAqñaM850 ehIyRtUv)anTTYlmrNnamfa
bremsVr Edlman
n½yfaRTg;CaePJóvrbs;sßansYK’\sVr³ Kw
sßanrbs;RBHsiv³ . EtebItamÉksarrbs;elak
Gaedm:arLWEkør
GtItersIudg;)araMgRbcaMkm<úCa
EdlERbsRmYledayelak eTB eb:g han ehATI
Xayu )anniyayfa RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2
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RBHraCaEdl)anesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTC½yvrµn
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edayykRBH namfaC½yvrµ½nTI3.
EdlCaesþcRbkbeTAedayKuNFm’ vIrPaB
RTg;CaGñkbegáItePaK RTBü nigkitþiKuN .
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RBHGgÁRTg;manRBHnamenAmuneBleT,Ig
esayraCüfa RBHRsIC½yvrFmµ³
rYcehIyRtUv)aneFVIraCaPieskEdlmanRBHnamfa
RsIC½yvrµn½ .
CaRBHecAGFiraCmYyRBHGgÁdUcCaRBHbItar
bs;RBHGgÁEdr . RBH)aTC½yvrµ½n TI3
RTg;esayraCüenAhrihral½y
CaraCFanIEdlRB)aTC½yvrµ½nTI2)anbegáIteT,Ig
dMbUg munnwgRBHGgÁ yageTAPñMKUEln
ehIyk¾)anyagmkKg;enATIenHvijenAcugrC
¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ .
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI3 RTg;suKtenAqñaM877
edayTTYlmrNnamfavisÑúelak Edlmann½yfakar
sñak;enAénRBHvisÑú b¤CaePJóvrbs;RBHvisÑú .
raCFanIenAhrihral½yCatMbn;mYymanksagR)asa
TCaeRcIn
CamYyenaHEdrRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI3k¾)ansagR
)asaTxøHenAtMbn;GgÁr .
C-RBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI1 ¬ K>s>877-889¦
RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1 mann½yfa
¬RBH\nÞCaGñkkarBar¦
RBHGgÁ)anesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½n
TI3 enAqñaM877 .
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n½TI3 EtebItamc,ab;rbs;raCvgSRBH)aT
\®nÞvrµ½nTI1enH
RTg;hak;dUcCaBMumansiT§iRtwmRtUvb:unµane
TelIerOgraCsm,tþienH .
C-1-karksagsmiT§ipl nigkareKarBliT§
RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
RTg;)aneT,IgesayraCübnþBI
RBH)aTC½yvrµn½TI3 RbEhlCaedaysarRBH)aT
C½yvrµn½TI3BMumanbuRtsñgraCübnþ .
tamsilacarwkRBHeKa
Rtg;XøamYyEdleKdkRsg;)an[dwgfa RBH )
aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
eRkayBIRBHGgÁ)aneLIgRKgraCüenAqñaM877
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KwsMedAeTAelIkarCIk)arayN_mYyrbs;RBHGgÁ
ehAfa )arayN_\®nÞtdak
EdlsßitenAxageCIgraCFanI .
eyIgeXIjfaTegVIepSg²rbs;RBHmhakSRt
dUcCasagsg;R)asaT nigkarCIk)arayN_ KwtRmUv
eTAtamCMenOénsasnak¾BitEmn
bu:EnþTegVIenHCakarpþl;plRbeyaCn_d¾mansars
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bnþeRkay²mkeTot . ya:gNamijkarCIk )
arayN_\®nÞtdakenH
RtUv)anCIkEGbnwgsÞwgrlYs edIm,Igay RsYl
kñúgkarbgðÚrTwkcUlkñúg)arayN_ .
enAqñaM879 RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
RTg;)anksagR)asaTRBHeKa
EdlR)asaTenHsg;eT,IgedIm,I
]TÞiscMeBaHbuBVbursrbs;RBHGgÁ
mandUcCaRBHmata RBHbita CIdUnCIta
xagRBHmatarbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½n
TI2 nigRBHGKÁmehsI .
R)asaTenHmanragCaR)agÁGidæ6
tMerobCa2CYrmuxeRkay ehIysßitenAelIeXOn
EtmYyCamYyKña .
buBVbursTaMgenaHmanrUbtMNagCasivligÁ
ehIycMeBaHbuBVbursRbusRtUv)anTTYlRBH
namCaeTv nigrUbeTvIcMeBaHbuBVbursRsI
enHCakareKarBcMeBaHlT§ifµImYyrbs;RBH)aT\
RnÞvrnµ½TI1 Edl
RtUv)aneKehAfaCalT§ibuKÁlniym
KWkareKarBcMeBaHmnusS ¬buKÁl¦
minEmnCaGaTieTB .
kareKarBbUCabuBVbursrbs;RBHraCa
EdlRtUvelIktMekIg[manzan³ esµInwgeTv
b¤eTvIEdr . bBaða enHGñksikSaEtg)anecaTsYrfa
etIlT§ifµIenHEdleK)anehAfalT§ibuKÁlniym
CaEmkFagmYyrbs;lT§i eTvraC
b¤mYypÞúyeTAvijlT§ieTvraCRKan;EtCaTidæPa
BBiessmYyrbs;lT§ibuKÁlniymeT . EteTaHCaya:g
Nak¾eday karTmøab;eKarBbUCabuBVbursenH
ExµreyIgFøab;mantaMgBIyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy .
sBVéf¶enH
ExµreyIgenAEtbnþkareKarBbUCaEbbenHteTAeT
ot ehIyEdleyIgGacemIleXIjCa Biess
dUcCakñúg»kasBiFIbuNüP¢úMbiNÐenHÉg .
bnÞab;mkenAqñaM881 RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
RTg;k¾)anksag )asaT)aKg
EdlCaR)asaTPñMTI1EdlsagGMBIfµPk;;
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eQµaHfa\®nÞsVr
EdlCanimitþrUbtMNagRBHraCa
KWtMNagRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1 .
C-2-karRKb;RKgTwkdI
enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
RbeTsExµrTMngCamansuxsnþiPaBbribUrN_ .
GMNacrbs;
RBHGgÁ )
anlatsn§wgrhUtdl;tMbn;mat;RCUkenAxagt,ÚgRbe
TssBVéf¶ CaTIEdlRBHGgÁ)ansagR)asaT
mYyedIm,I]TÞiscMeBaHRBHsivenAelIPñM)ay:g;
enAextþtaEkv .
enAEpñkxagelIGMNacRKb;RKgrbs;RBHGgÁ )
anlateTAdl;tMbn;Bay½BünigG‘Ubun
EdlenATIenaHeK)anrkeXIjsilacarwkBuT§sasnam
Yy )ancarwk enAqñaM886 eday)anniyayfa
RBHGgÁCaesþcesayraCüénRbeTskm<úCa .
kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
kñúgvis½yneya)ayeRkARbeTs
RbeTsExµrmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTscin
RbeTscm,a: nigCVapgEdr .
dUcCaRBHmhakSRtmun²Edr
RBH)aT\RnÞvrµn½TI1
CakSRtBUEkeFVIswksRgÁam . tamry³silacarwk
xøH)an[dwgeTotfa RBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI1
smnwgTTYlkareKarBBIGñkTaMgT,ayEdlCasIh³k
ñúgcMeNam mnusSCati
rIÉsilacarwkenAPñM)ay:g; )
anniyayfaCastVswgðkñúgbNþaRBHraCaTaMgT,a
y køahankñúgkar RbyuT§ .
RBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI1
CaRBHraCaRbkbeTAedayKuNFm’ KuNsm,tþi
RBmTaMgGnuPaBy:agxøMagkøa
kñúugkarkarBarEdndI . RBH)aT \RnÞvrµn½TI1
RTg;suKt;enAqñaM889 edayTTYl mrNnamfa
\sVr³elak .
2-karksagRkugGgÁrTI1
k-RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1 ¬ K>s>889-908 ¦
k-1-RBwtþikarN_eRkayBIkareT,IgesayraCü
buRtrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1
namyesavF’n )aneLIgsñgraCübnþ
edaymanRBHnamfa RBH)aT yesavrµ½nTI1 .
silacarwk)anbBa¢ak;fa RBHmatanam\®nÞeTvI
manCab;ExSRsLayBIraCvgSenAvüaFbur³
smÖúbur³ nigGninÞitbur³ .
RBHGgÁmanRBHRKUCaGñkGb;rMeRbonRbed
A KWRBahµN_vamsiv EdlCab;BUCBgS
mkBIRKYsarRBahµN_sivékvlü
nig)anTTYlPar³CaGñkR)arBVeFVIBiFIeTvraC
sRmab;RBHraCaterogmk .
RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
RBHGgÁCakSRtmYyRBHGgÁ
Edl)anvatGMNacRtYtRta ReTs)anxøaMgCageK .
tamry³silacarwk)anniyayfa
RBHGgÁKYrTTYl)annUvRBHnambIdUcCa
cMeBaHGñkR)aCJRBHGgÁCa RKUGacarü
CasaRsþacarü
cMeBaHnarI²RBHGgÁCabursKYrCaTIesñha
cMeBaHRBHraCaTaMgT,ayRBHGgÁCaRBH
mehRnÞ³ KWRBH\nÞFM .
RBHGgÁ)ancab;bdisn§ieT,IgRbkbeTAedaysmösSl
¥elIseK nwgBMumannrNamñak;
EdlmanRBHP½®kþRss;l¥esµInwgRBHGgÁeT,Iy .
RTg;)an[mankarksagenARKb;extþ
xNÐénRbeTsnUvGaRsmCaeRcIn Edl
tamkarbBa©ak;)an[dwgfa manGaRsmcMnYn100
ehIyRtUv)anehAfa yesaFraRsm .
GaRsmTaMgenaH
mandUcCaenAPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTs
cab;BIRsukRTaMgmkdl;)aPñM
nigenAPaKxageCIgenA)asak;PaKxagt,Úg
RbeTsT,av nigcuHmkdl;t,ÚgXµúM
extþkMBg;cam ehIynigenAextþ)at;dMbgsBVéf¶ .
enAkEnøgGaRsm
nImYy²eK)anrkeXIjsilacarwkmYypÞaMg
EdlmanesckþIRbhak;RbEhlKña
CaBiesssilacarwkfñl; )arayN_N_
KW)anerobrab;BIBgSavtarrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½n
TI1 nig)ansresIrBIKuNsm,tþirbs;RBHGgÁ
kñúgkarerobcMksagRbeTsCati .
enAedImrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
ekItmankarbHe)arRbqaMgmYy
EdlRbEhlCamankar
erobcMeT,IgedaysmaCikraCvgSanuvgSrbs;RBH)a
TC½yvrµn½TI3
EdlRtUv)anbMEbkecjBIraCsm,tþi eday
RBH)aT\RnÞvrµn½TI1 enAqñaM889 .
RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1 )
aneFVIkarvaybRgáabeTAelIkarbHe)arTaMgenaH
rhUt)anTTYlC½yCMnH .
enAqñaM893 RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
RTg;)ansagnUvR)asaTlél EdlsßitenA
kNþal)arayN_ \®nÞtdak
R)asaTenHmanR)agÁGidæ4
EdltMerobKñaCaBIrCYrmuxeRkaysRmab;]TÞisc
MeBaH RBHmatabitarbs; RBHGgÁ .
karksagR)asaTlélrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
TMngCakareRKagTukrbs;RBHGgÁ
GMBIdMeNIr yagcakecjBIRkughrihral½y
eq<aHeTAkan;Tisxaglic .
BuM)anKg;enAraCFanIhrihral½y[)anCab;yUreT
RBHGgÁ)anyagecjBI hrihral½y
eTAerobcMksagRkugfµImYyehAfaRkugyesaFrbur
¬RkugGgÁrTI1¦ Edltamsilacarwk)an
ehATIRkugenHfa yesaFrKIrI . yesaFrKIrI
CaPñMényesavrµ½n manPñM)aExgenAcMkNþal
¬KWPñMkNþal ¦ EdlTItaMgenH
sßitenAPaKxaglicénhrihral½y .
enAelIPñM)aExg
RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1RTg;)anksagR)asaTmYy
sRmab;tmál;sivligÁyesaFersVr
EdlCatMNagRBHraCaRBH )aTyesavrµ½nTI1 .
cMeBaHbuBVehtuEdlbNþal[RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI
1 pøas; raCFanIecjBIhrihral½y
manGñkRbvtþiviTUxøH)anyl;fa
edaysarenATIenaHmankarksagR)asaT nig
sMNg;epSg²eToteRcInNas;eTAehIy
EdlCaehtunaM[TItaMgraCFanIenH
hak;dUcCamansPaBceg¥ót
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y.
cMeBaHkaryl;eXIjrbs;GñkRbvtþiviTUxagelI
bBaðaenHeXIjfadUcCasmehtusmplEdr eRBaH
ebItamkarsegáteTA
RBHraCaEdlesayraCüt²Kñaerogmk rEmgEtgEtcg;
bgðajnUvmhiT§iriT§i rbs;RBHGgÁ
faCaesþcGaTieTB
edaykarksagsg;R)asaTmanTMhMFM²
ehIyeRcInCagRBHraCamun² . R)asaTPñMEdl )
anksageLIgedayRBHraCaGgÁNamYyehIy
KWeRbI)ansRmab;EtRBHraCamYyGgÁenaH
eRBaHdl;eBl
EdlRBHraCaGgÁenaHcUlTIvgÁteTA
R)asaTenaHnwgkøayeTACapñÚrrbs;RBHGgÁ
ehIyRBHraCaEdlsñgraCü eRkay²mkeTot
RtUvEtxMksagR)asaTPñMmYyfµIeTotedIm,ICani
mitþrUbrbs;xøÜn .
kñúgkarksagraCFanIfµIenH
RTg;)an[mankarCIk)arayN_mYyenATis|san
énraCFanIehAfa yesaFrtdak ¬b¤)arayN_xagekIt¦
EdlmanRbEvg7K>m nigTTwg 1>8K>m . enAelI
RcaMgxagt,Úgén)arayN_enH RBHGgÁRTg;
[ksagGaRsmCaeRcInsRmab;KN³sasnaepSg²
Edlman dUcCa RBahµNaRsm
sRmab;GñkEdlkan;sasnaRBH\sUr
évsñvaRsmsRmab;Gñkkan;sasnaRBHvisÑú nig
esAktaRsm sRmab;Gñkkan;sasanaRBHBuT§ .
k-2-
karksagsmiT§plepSg²eTotrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
eRkABIhrihral½y
RBHGgÁ)anksagR)asaTfµI²eTot
edIm,I]TiÞscMeBaHRBH\sUr
mandUcCaR)asaTsixrIsVrenAelIPñMRBHvihar
nigR)asaTPeRTsVrenAsivbur³ ¬PñMsNþk¦ .
R)asaTPñMRBHvihar
zitenAtamCYrPñMdgErkenAcenøaHrvagTenøsabn
igTenøesmUn ehIyCa
rbgx½NÐRBMEdnFmµCatienAPaKxageCIgRbeTs
km<úCa . cMENkÉenAÉPñMbUk
enAPaKxagekItR)asaTRBHx½n nigxageCIgrlYs
CakUnPñMmankMBs;RbEhlCag200m>
enAelIPñMenHmanksagR)asaT EdlR)asaTenH
manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgR)asaTPñMeR
kamEdr . enAPñMeRkamRBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
RBHGgÁ)an
ksagR)asaTmanR)agÁ3
sRmab;]TÞiscMeBaHRtImU’ti ¬manRBH RBhµ
RBHvisÑú RBH\sUr ¦.
CaRBHraCamYyGgÁEdlmanRBHkitþinaml,Il,aj
edaysarEtRBHGgÁCa sßabnikTI1 énRkugGgÁr
¬RkugyesaFrbur ¦
EdlsßitenACaraCFanIrbs;ExµrGs;ry³eBl 6 stvtS .
bu:EnþRbvtþiénskmµPaBeya)ayenAkñúgrC
¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ
eKBuMGacdwg[)andwgc,as;las;eLIy .
EtebItamkarbBa¢ak;
edaysilacarwkrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
eKGacdwg)anfaGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTs
éncRkPBExµrkñúgeBlenaH
enAPaKxageCIgmanRBMRbTl;nwgRbeTsT,av
ehIycMENkenAEpñkxageRkam vijtammat;smuRT
cab;BItMbn;cnÞbUrrhUtdl;extþBam .
bu:EnþebIeyagtamsilacarwkenAsm½yeRkay²m
keTot )anbgðaj[eXIjfa RBMEdnExµrenAeBl
enaHmanPaBTUlMTUlayCagenHq¶ayNas; .
ya:gNamijsilacarwkrbs;RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n
enAs>vTI10 )anbBa¢ak;fa RbeTsExµrxaglicTl;
nwgRBMEdnRbeTsPUma xagt,ÚgTl;nwgsmuRT
ÉxagekItTl;nwg cm,a: ÉxageCIgTl;nwgRbeTscin
KWtMbn;Nanqav
énextþyUNan;rbs;cinPaKxagt,Úg EdlÉksarcin
mYy)anbBa¢ak;fa
manRBMRbTl;Cab;nwgRbeTsExµrenABak;kNþal
TI2éns>vTI9Emn .
k-3-kareFVIswksRgÁam nigkarerobcMEpñkrdæ)al
RBH)aTyesavrµn½TI1
BUEkkñúgkareFVIswksRgÁamNas; .
eRkayBI)anTTYlC½yCMnHkñúgkarbRgáab
sRtUvépÞkñúgrbs;RBHGgÁehIy
RBHGgÁ)aneFVIkarRbyuT§RbqaMgeTAnwgsRt
UvxageRkAeTot eday)aneFVI[ BYkenHcuHcaj;
minEtb:ueNÑaHk¾)ancab;)aneQøIyswkykmkeFVI
CaTaskreTotpg . CamYynwgenaHRBHGgÁ
k¾)anTTYlC½yCMnHpg
EdrkñúgkareFVIsRgÁamtamsmuRT
eTAelIkgsMeBArbs;sRtUv .
tamry³silacarwkxøHk¾mankarniyaypgEdr
GMBIeCaKC½ykñúgkareFVIcm,aMgeCIgTwk
eTAelIBYk EdleRbIsMeBAEdlmanekþagBN’s
EteKmin)andwgfaCaBYkcamb¤BYkCVaenaHeT .
RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1 RbEhlCa)aneFVIsRgÁam
nig)anTTYlC½yCMnHelIBYkcampgEdr
EdlRTg;)antamvayRbhar rhUtdl;
raCFanImYysßitenAelIPñMEvk .
eRkABIkareFVIswksRgÁam
RBHGgÁCaRBHraCamYyGgÁBUEkxagkargarero
bcM Epñkrdæ)aleTotpg .
karRKb;RKgenAelIRbeTsmYy
EdlmanRbCaCnrMeBItrMeBIg nigPaBRbTUsray
nwgKña edayRTg;)anerobcMRbCaraRsþCa4vNÑ³
EdlkñúgenaHBYkbc©ajatirbs;BYkRBahµN_
GenþaRbevsn_ RtUv)anEcktamvNÑ³nImYy²
ehIyRTg;k¾)anerobcMzan³rbs;esnam®nþIpgEdr .
RTg;cUlTivgÁtenAqñaM908 edayTTYlmrNnamfa
brmsivelak .
x-RBH)aThs’vrµn½TI1 ¬nigRBH)aT|sanvrµn½TI2
¬ K>s> 908 ? 928 ¦
enAeBlEdlRBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1
RTg;cUlTIvgÁteTA
raCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCüsñg
bnþeRkamRBHraCGPieskRBHnamfa RsIhs’vrµn½
. RBHRsIhs’vrµn½
RTg;Kg;enAraCFanIyesaFrbur³dEdl
k¾b:uEnþRbEhlCa)anbþÚreQµaHraCFanIeTACah
s’Frbur³ . RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI1
RBHGgÁ)ansagR)asaTPñMtUc
mYyenAEk,reCIgPñM)aExg
KWR)asaTbkSIcaMRkug .
eKmin)andwgfakSRtGgÁenHsuKtenAqñaMNaeT
RKan;Et )andwgfa RTg;manmrNnamfa ruRTelak
mann½yfaRTg;CaePJóvrbs;RBHruRT³ .
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aThs’vrµn½TI1
KWRBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ EdlCaraCbuRtrbs;
RBH)aTyesavrµn½TI1Edr
ehIy)anRBHraCGPieskRBHnamfa RsI|sanvrµn½
b¤|sanvrµn½TI2 . RBH)aT |sanvrµn½TI2
RBHGgÁmanRBahµN_buerahitEdlmaneQµaHfa
EsþgGjkumar³sVamI Edltamry³GtßbT
énsilacarwmmYy)anelIksresIrfa
RBahµN_enHCaGñkBUEkxagkarerobcMeFVIBiFI
bUCaepSg² .
3-RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI4 nigkartaMgraCFanIfµI
k-karksagraCFanIekaHekrþ_
tamsilacarwksþúkkk;FM)an[dwgfa
cab;BIK>s921eTA RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI4
EdlCab¥Únéførbs;
RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI1)anlYcyagecjBIRkugyesaFb
ur edIm,IyageTAKg;enAÉeqakKK’ü
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RBHGgÁk¾elIkT½BcUlvay RbeTscm,a:mþgvij
ehIykan;kab;)anraCFanIviC½y BIqñaM1145
dl;1149 . esþccammYyGgÁeTot
namC½yhrivrµ½nTI1
eRkayBI)aneLIgesayraCüenARkug)aNÐúrgÁehIy
k‘)anecjRbyuT§CamYynwgT½BcMruH Exµr-cam
eRkambBa¢akarrbs;esnabtIsgár
ehIy)anTTYleCaKC½yenAraCbur nigenAmhIs
eday)an eFVIKt;RBHGgÁm©as;hrieTv
ehIyeLIgesayraCüenAviC½y K>s>1149 .
enAEpñkxaglicRbeTsvij
RBH)aTsUrüvr½µnTI2
RTg;)aneFVIcm,aMgCamYyBYkmn .
Bt’manTaMgenH
eK)anmkBIkalb,vtiþénkSRtburIéf
manenAvalTMnabxagelIénTenøemNam .
tamÉksarTaMgenaHk‘)an
niyayerobrab;BIcm,aMgrvagBYkkem<aC ¬Exµr¦
enAelVanigBYkramBaØ ¬mn¦ enAhribuBa¢½y .
buBVehtuKW bNþalmkBIesþcmn
eQµaHGaTitüraC Edl)aneLIgesayraCüenAelVa
RtUvT½BExµredjtamrhUtdl;Rkug hribuBa¢½y .
TwkdIExµrenAsm½yénkarRKb;RKgedayRBH)aTs
Urüvrµ½nTI2)anrIkFMTUlayNas; edayman
ÉksarcinbBa¢ak;eTotpgfa
xageCIgeqogxagekItTl;nwgcm,a:
xagekItTl;nwgsmuRT xaglicTl;nwg cRkPBbUkan
¬PUma¦ xagt,ÚgTl; nwgekoLÚhuI
¬enAelIeRCaymlyU¦.
x-karsßabnarbs;RBH)aTsUrüvrµ½nTI2
kñúgvis½ysMNg;RBH)aTsUrüvrµ½nTI2
RTg;)anbnþkarsßabnasmiT§iplnanaCaeRcIn
mandUcCaR)asaT PñMCIsUr R)asaTPñMsNþk
R)asaTvtþPU R)asaTRBHvihar .
cMENkÉsMNg;fµImanCaGaTi R)asaTRBHBiFUr
R)asaTecAsayeTvta nigFmµannÞ bnÞaysMEr
nigR)asaT GgÁrvtþ EdlCasñaédÉkénsil,³Exµr
R)asaT enHsg;eT,IgedIm,Itmál;RBHvisÑúbdima .
TItaMgénR)asaTGgÁrvtþRtUv)ansnµtfa
CaTItaMgRkugGgÁrTI3
EdlRtUv)anerobcMkasageT,Ig
edayRBH)aTsUrüvrµ½nTI2 .
R)asaTGgÁrvtþenAEtCaR)asaTPñMdEdl
Etkartmál;bdimaEdlCatMNagRBHraCasMrab;kare
KarB bUCacMeBaHsasnaenaH
ElgmanCasivligÁdUcCaenAtamR)asaTmun²eTote
hIy R)asaTGgÁrvtþenHman
kartmál;bdimaEdlCaRBHvisÑúeTAvij .
eKmin)andwgfa etIRBH)aTsUrüvrµ½nTI2
RBHGgÁ)ancUlTIvgÁtenAqñaM
NaBiR)akdenaHeT .
cMeBaHneya)ayeRkARbeTs kñúgrC
¢kalrbs;RBH)aTsUrüvrµ½nTI2
eRkayBIRBHGgÁ)aneT,Igesay raCüehIy
enArvagqñaM1117
RTg;k¾)ancat;taMgraCTUt[naMRBHraCsar
nigRBHraCbNÑakar edIm,IeTAsMu
cgsm<½n§mitþnwgRBHecARkugcin .
cMENkRBHecARkugcink¾)ancat;raCTUtrbs;xøÜ
n [naMRBHraCsar nigRBH raCbNÑakar
[mkRkbbgÁMTUlfVayRBHraCaExµrvij
EdlmaneTAtamTmøab;rbs;;RBHraCadUcCaraCüm
un² EdlenHCaRBwtþikaNr_P
¢ab;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagExµrnwgcinCaelIkTI
7.
K-RBH)aTFrNI®nÞvrµ½nTI2 nigyesavrµ½nTI2
RBH)aTFrNI®nÞvrµ½nTI2
Cabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYy)anTTYlraCüsm,tþiBIRBH)a
TsUrüvrµ½nTI2 . edayRBH GgÁCaBuT§sasnikCn
RBHGgÁk¾)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvRbéBNIxagsasnaR
BhµN_ EdlmanyUrNas;mk ehIy .
RBHGgÁmanGKÁmehsIInam cUDamNi
CabuRtIRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 .
enARbmaNqñaM1125 RBHGgÁ
manbuRteQµaHC½yvF’n
EdlCaGnaKtKWRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 .
esþcEdlesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁKW
EdleKmin)ansÁal;RBHCIvRbvtþic,as; las;eT .
enAqñaM1165 RBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI2
k¾RtUv)anm®nþICan;x<s;mñak;eFVIKtdeNþImra
Cü eday)anyk RBHnamfaRtiPUvnaTitüvrµ½n .
RBHGgÁm©as;C½yvF’n
¬EdlCaGnaKtRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7¦ )
andwgk¾Rbjab;
Rbjal;yagRtLb;mkBIRbeTscm,a:vij
edIm,ICYyse®gÁaHRBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI2
EtehtukarN_enHk¾)an
hYseBleTAehIyminGacmkCYyGnþraKmn_Tan;eT
,Iy .
enAqñaM1177
esþccamnamC½y\®nÞvrµ½nTI4
EdlCaesþcERCkraCüenARbeTscm,:aEdr )anelIk
T½BeCIgTwkcUlmkvayExµr
edaymancinlicsMeBAmñak;CYynaMpøÚv .
T½BenaH)ancUltamTenøemKgÁ ehIy
eLIgdl;Tenøsab nigcUleTAdl;RkugGgÁrEtmþg .
BYkcam)anvayluky:agxøaMgrhUtdl;RkugGgÁrRt
UvFøak; kñúgkNþab;édcam
ehIyesþcERCkraCüEdlmanRBHnamRtiPUvnaTitü
vr½µn k¾RtUv)ancameFVIKt;kñúgsmrPUmi.
7-RBwtþikarN_nanakñúgrC
¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
eKdwgfaRBHGgÁm©as;C½yvF’n
RtUvCabgb¥ÚnCITYtmYyCamYynwgRBH)aTsUr
üvrµ½nTI2 . enAeBlEdl
minTan;)anesayraCüenAeLIy
RBHGgÁ)anerobraCPieskCamYynwgRBHnagC½
yraCeTvI . RBHGgÁRtUv bBa
¢a[elIkT½BeTAvaycamenAtMbn;viC½y .
eBlEdlRBHbitaesayTIvgÁteTA
RBHGgÁKg;enARbeTs cm,a:enAeLIy .
tamry³silacarwkPimanakas)an[dwgfa
enAeBlEdlRBH)aTyesavrµ½nTI2
RtUvrgeRKaHeday m®nþImñak;k,t;eFVIKt;enaH
RBHGgÁRTg;Rbjab;Rbjal;yagRtLb;mkkan;RbeTs
vij .
eRkayBIkarvilRtT,b;rbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
BIRbeTscm,:avijenaH
bnÞab;mkk¾ekItmanGMeBIQøanBan
rbs;camcUlmkvayExµrrhUtvay)anraCFanIGgÁrEt
mþg .
manKuNbMNac;mYyya:gFMcMeBaHRbeTsCati
eday)aneFVIkarrMedaHTwkdI[rYc
putBIkarRtYtRtarbs;breTscamvij)an .
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 )
andwknaMkarts‘URbyuT§ya:gsVitsVaj
RbqaMgnwgBYkcamQøanBan
ehIyenATIbMputk¾)anTTYl)aneCaKC½yCasßaBr
kñúgkarrMedaHRbeTsCatiBI sRtUvenAqñaM1181
. kñúgcm,aMgCamYynwgcamenH
skmµPaBéncm,aMg
manTaMgcm,aMMgeCIgTwkpgEdr
EdlmanpÞaMgrUbcmøak;bgðaj dUcCaenAelICBa
¢aMgR)asaT)ayn½ nigbnÞayqµar
EdlrUbcMlak;TaMgenaHRtUv
)aneKsnµtfa
CaskçIPaBénRBwtþikarN_cm,aMgrvagExµrnwgca
mnaeBlenaH .
enAK>s1181 KWenAeBlEdl
RBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ56vsSaeTAehIy
eTIbRBHGgÁ)anTTYlraCa
PieskesayraCüenAyesaFrbur .
eRkayBI)anesayraCüCaesþcEpndIPøam
kic©kardMbUgEdlRtUv)an
ykRBHT½yTukdak;CabnÞan;rbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ
½nTI7
KwkarerobcMraCFanIEdlRtUvTTYlexÞcxÞaMena
HeLIgvij edaymankarsßabnakMEBgfµ)ayeRkom
nigmanKUTwkB½T§CuMvijEdlmanRbEvg 3K>m
kñúgmYyRCug² . TItaMg énR)asaT)ay½n
b¤ehAfaRkugGgÁrFMsBVéf¶
RtUv)ansnµtfaCaRkugGgÁrTI4
EdlmankarerobcMksag
eT,IgedayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 .
cMENksßankarN_enAkñúgRbeTsnaeBlenaH
mankarbHe)armYy)anpÞúHeLIgenAtMbn;mlüg
¬xag
t,Úgextþ)at;dMbg¦.
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7k¾)anbBa
¢akS[RtcammYyGgÁ
namviTüannÞn_[elIkT½BeTAb®gáab )aneLIgvij .
KYrbBa
¢ak;fakSRtcamGgÁenH)anmkrs;enAGgÁrtaMgBIe
kµgmkem:øH . edayeXIjfakSRtcam
GgÁenHmankarykcitþTukdak;kñúgkareKaBbBa¢a
eFVI)anrhUtTTYl)annUveCaKC½ydUcR)afñaehIy
RBHGgÁ RTg;RbTan[nUvbuNüskþi ¬yuvraC¦
nigRTBüsm,tþiRKb;Ebbya:g .
cMeBaHkarQøanBan
nigkarvaylukrbs;cammkelIRbeTsExµrenAqñaM11
77 RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 )
ansc©afanwgeFVIkarsgswkeTAelIcam[Tal;Et)an .
enAqñaM1190 RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
RTg;)anerobcM nUvneya)aymYy
edayRBHGgÁRTg;)aneFVI[RbeTsyYnédevotenA
CaGBüaRkit edIm,I[gayRsYlkñúgkar vaycam .
kñúgqñaMdEdlenaH
Ca»kasl¥k¾huc[ edayesþccamC½y\®nÞvrµ½nTI4
elIkT½Bmk vayExµrmþg eTot .
RBH)aTC½yvr½µnTI7 k¾bBa¢aviTüann_Þ
[elIkT½BeTATb;Tl;viTüann_Þvayyk)anRkugviC½
y ehIycab;
esþccamC½y\®nÞvrµ½nTI4
CaeQøIymkfVayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7eTotpg .
eRkaymkminyUrbu:nµanBYkcamenAviC½y
k¾)aneFVIkarbHe)areLIg ehIybeNþj[KSRtExµr[rt;
ecaleTARsukExµrvij ehIyelIkesþccamnamrsubti
[eLIgesayraCüCaCMnYsvij . eqøót»kasenH
viTüann§k¾manRBHT½yk,t;nwgRBH)aTC½yvrµ
½nTI7
eday)anbRgYbbRgYmRbeTscam[manÉkPaBeLIgv
ij eRkayBIeFVIKt;C½y\®nÞvrµ½nTI5 ¬rsubti¦
k¾taMgRbkasxøÜnCaesþcRbeTscm,a:
ehIyeLIgesayraCüenA
RbeTscm,a:TaMgmUlBIqñaM 1192 dl;1203 .
enAGMT,úgqñaM1193 nig 1194
RTg;)ansakl,gENnaM[viTüann§TTYlsÁal;
GMNacRBHGgÁvij
EtviTüannÞenAEtminTTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;RBHG
gÁeT,Iy rhUtdl;qñaM1203 RBH)aT
C½yvrµ½nTI7 k¾)anbBa¢aesþccammYyGgÁeTot
namGugFnbtiRKam
EdlRtUvCa«Bukmarbs;viTüann§ [elIk
T½BeTAvaykMcat;viTüannÞ .
eBlenaHesþcviTüann§
minGacTb;Tl;CamYynwgkgT½Brbs;GugFnbtiRKa
m)an k¾rt;suMeTARCkekan
nwgRbeTsédevot EtesþcyYnminRBmTTYl
k¾rt;eTAeTot
rhUtTal;Et)at;dMNwgtaMgBIeBlenaHmk . cab;
BIqñaM1203 dl;1220
RbeTscm,a:k¾)ankøayeTACaGaNaextþmYyrbs;Ex
µr sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKg
edayemT½BGugFnbtiRKam eRkambBa
¢adwknaMedayRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 .

RbeTsExµrnasm½yGgÁr
enArvagedIms>vTI13 KWkñúgrC
TwkdIExµrmanTMhMFMTUlayCageBlNa²
TaMgGs; .
eK)anrkeXIjsilacarwkrbs;RBHGgÁmYy
enAtMn;sayhúVgenATl;muxnwgRkugevogcnÞ
kñúg RbeTsLavsBVéf¶
EdlsilacarwkenaHmancuHkalkMNt;RtUvnwgqñaM
1186 . tamkMNt;rbs;elak qavCUkVa
enAqñaM1225
RbeTsExµrCMnan;enaH)anRtYtRtaRbeTsmlyUm
YyEpñk nigrhUtdl;RbeTsPUma EfmeTot .
silacarwkRBHxan; ¬1191¦
k¾)anpþl;Bt’manBIesþcEdlcMNuH[esþcExµr
EdlesþcenaH esayraCüenAcm,a: ¬sUrüCyvm’eTv
nigsUrüm’eTv¦ .

eRkayBIRBHnagC½yraCeTvIesayTIvgÁteTA
k¾)anerobraCaPieskCamYyRBH
nag\®nÞeTvI
EdlCabgbegáItrbs;RBHnagC½yraCeTvI .
kSRtIGgÁenHCa®sþImYyrUbEdlsRbkbeTAeday
cMeNHviC¢ax<g;x<s;
RBHnagRtUv)anEtgtaMgCasaRsþacarükñúgvtþRB
HBuT§sasnamYy ehIy)anksagsila
carwkPimanakas
EdlCaRbPBBt’manya:gsMxan;Tak;Tg
nwgCIvRbvtþirbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 .
eKmindwgc,as;faRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
esayTIvgÁtenAqñaMNa[BitR)akdeT .
RBHGgÁTMngCa)an esayraCürhUtdl;qñaM1218 .
RBHGgÁCaBuT§sasnikCnmYyrUb
k¾b:uEnþeTaHbIRBHGgÁ
BuT§sasnikya:ghñwgk¾eday
k¾RBHGgÁenAmanRBahµN_buerahitmñak;eQµa
Hh¤sIeks CaskçIPaBR)ab;fa
sasnaRBahµN_enAeBlenaH
KWCasasnamYyEdlenAman\T§iBlxøaMgKYrsmE
dr fVIt,itlT§ieTvraC)anRtUv
rgeRKaHya:gF¶n;F¶rBIsMNak;BYkcam
EdlcUllukluyRbeTsExµrenAqñaM1177 .
x-karksagrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7

kñúgvis½ysMNg;eKGaccat;Tukfa
CaGñkksagsmiT§ieRcInCageKbMput . dUcCa
karksagRkugGgÁrTI4
mankMEBgnigKUTwkB½T§CuMvij
maneKabur³5 nigmanR)asaT)ay½nenAcMkNþal .
enA
CuMvijTIRkugmanksagR)asaTnanaCaeRcIneTot
EdlmandUcCaR)asaTbnÞaykþI taRBhµ RBHxan;
naKBn½§ taesam eRkaleKa
nigmanR)asaTCaeRcIneTotenAtamextþ
dUcCaR)asaTbnÞayqµar ¬)at;dMbg¦ vtþnKr
¬kMBg;cam¦ taRBhµ ¬)aTI¦
TaMgGs;suT§swgmanR)agÁmuxbYn .
eRkABIR)asaTenAmansalasMNak; ¬Fm’sala¦
cMnYn126 nigmnÞIreBTücMnYn102 . silacarwk
taRBhµ CasilacarwkPasasMRsáwt )anbBa¢ak;
[dwgBIkarksagmnÞIreBTü
nigBIkarerobcMnigkarRbRBwtþ
eTAénmnÞIreBTünanaenAkúñgsm½yenaH.
cMeBaHTMnak;TMngneya)ayeRkARbeTs
enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
enAqñaM1201
RTg;k¾)ancat;taMgraCTUt[naMRBHraCsar
nigRBHraCbNÑakar
epSg²edIm,IeTAsMucgsm<½n§emRtIPaBCamYy
nwgRBHecARkugcin .
cMENkÉRBHecARkugcinvijenAeBlenaHk¾)ancat
;raCTUtrbs;xøÜn [naMRBHraCsartb
fVayRBHraCaExµrvijEdr
EdlmaneTAtamTMenomrbs;RBHraCadUcCarC
¢kalesþcmun²Edr EdlenHCa RBwtþikaNr_P
¢ab;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagExµr
nwgcinCaelIkTI8 .
K-RBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI2
manbuRteRcInRBHGgÁNas;
EteKBMu)andwgfaetIraCbuRtGgÁNamYyEdl)an
esayraCüsñgBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7
ehIyEdl)anykRBHnamfa \RnÞvrµ½nTI2 enaHeT .
enAqñaM1216 nig1218
RbeTsExµr)anekItmancm,aMgCamYynwgBYkday
evotsaCafµI edayExµr)aneFVIshkarCamYy
nwgcam)anelIkT½BeTAvayBYkdayevotenAtMbn;
Eg:Gan .
enAqñaM1220T½BExµrk¾)andkfyBIRbeTscm:,a
edayxøÜnÉg
ehIy)anelIkesþccamnamGgSraC[eT,IgesayraCüen
ARkugviC½y . cab;BIeBlenaHmk
RbeTscm,a:k¾)anTTYlÉkraCüPaBBIRbeTsExµr .
buBVehtuEdlnaM[ExµrRtUvdkfyBIRbeTscm,
a:enH
mkBImankarbHe)arerIbMrHénBYkCnCatiéfenA
PaKxaglicRbeTs
KWenARtg;valTMnabTenøemNam .
y:agNamijkñúgeBlenaH CemøaHekItmanrvag
ecAhVayextþExµr
nigRkumemdwknaMéfBIrnak;enAsuexaT½y .
eRkayBIkarekItmannUvRBwtþikarN_xagelIen
H BYkéf)anvaydeNþImkan;kab;tMbn;suexaT½y
ehIy
ecAhVayextþExµrEdlCaGñkRtYtRtaenATIenaH
k¾RtUvePosxÜøønecjBIsuexaT½y .
enAGMT,úgqñaM1220enH em dwknaMéfmñak;
k¾)aneT,IgesayraCüCaesþc

edaymanRBHnamfa \RnÞbtIRnÞaTitü
ehIy)anRKb;RKgtMbn; suexaT½yrhUtmk .
enAkñúgrC¢kalénRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI2
enAkñúgTMnak;TMngneya)ayeRkARbeTs
k¾mankarpSaP¢ab;
TMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagRbeTsExµrnigRbeTscinE
dr . edayenAGMT,úgmunqñaM1245
EdlRBHecARkugcin )ancat;
[raCTUtnaMRBHraCsar
RBmTaMgRBHraCbNÑakar
edIm,ImksMucgsm<½n§CamYynwgRbeTsExµr
Edl enHCakarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngelIkTI9 .
8-RBwtþikarN_neya)ay sgÁmkñúgrC
mhakSRtEdl)anesayraCübnþBIRBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½n
TI2KWmanRBHnamfaRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8
b:uEnþesþc
GgÁenHmin)anbnþpÞal;BIRBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI2
enaHeT RbEhlCamanesþcGgÁepSgeTot
EdlBMumanBt’man
Cak;lak; . enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8
manRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tge
TAnwgsßanPaB
neya)ayeRkARbeTs nigsßanPaBkñúgRbeTs .
8-RBwtþikarN_neya)ay sgÁmkñúgrC
mhakSRtEdl)anesayraCübnþBIRBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½n
TI2KWmanRBHnamfaRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8
b:uEnþesþc
GgÁenHmin)anbnþpÞal;BIRBH)aT\RnÞvrµ½nTI2
enaHeT RbEhlCamanesþcGgÁepSgeTot
EdlBMumanBt’man
Cak;lak; . enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8
manRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tge
TAnwgsßanPaB
neya)ayeRkARbeTs nigsßanPaBkñúgRbeTs .
k-sßanPaBneya)ayeRkARbeTs
Epñkneya)ayeRkARbeTs
RbeTsExµrnaeBlenaHRtUvRbQmmuxtTl;CamYyn
wgCnCatiesom
¬éf¦ Edl)anbnþkarbHe)ar
edIm,IRbqMagnwgGMNacRtYtRtarbs;ExµrenAtM
bn;valTMnabénTenøemNam . CamYynwgenaH
k¾RtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarlukluyQøanBanrbs;BYk
m:ugehÁal Edl)aneFVIkarQøanBanmk
elIRbeTsnanaenAGasIuGaeKñy_
eRkayBIBYkeK)anvayykRbeTscinenARbmaNqña
M ¬1205-1270¦ )anRtYtRta
ehIy)anbegáItraCvgSrbs;m:ugehÁalenAelIRbeTsci
n enAqñaM 1279-1368 .
enAqñaM1283
eRkayBIBYkeK)anvayyk)anPaKxageCIg
nigPaKkNþalénRbeTscm,:aehIy embBa
¢akarkgT½Brbs;BYkm:ugehÁaleQµaHsUhÁaTU )
anelIkT½BcUllukluyRbeTskm<úCa .
edIm,ICakarTb; Tl;nwgkarKMramkMEhgenH
RTg;eQVgyl;faKYrEtelIksYysarGakreTAfVaycMe
BaH RBHecAm:ugehÁal
EdleBlenaHmanRBHnamfa KUb‘ÍéT,xan;
RBwtþikarN_enHekItmanenAqñaM1285 .
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enAtambNþaextþEdlminRBmcuHcUl
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ecA)asaF )ancUlTivgÁtenAqñaM1355 .
bnÞab;mkRBHram
ecA)aGat)aneT,IgesayraCübnþEtesayraCü)anEt3E
x k¾suKteTAeTotedayCMgW . ecAkMbg;BisI
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rMedaHraCFanIGgÁr)anenAqñaM1357 .
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RBHRsIsurieyavgS
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n;RkugGyuFüaeTotpg .
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1431¦
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RBHecAesomk¾suKtenAeBlenaHeTA .
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RTg;)ane)aHbg;ecalraCFanIGgÁrnaeBlenaH

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KIr enaHk¾Rsab;
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bdimaTaMgenaHeTAtmál;TukenApÞHdUneBj .
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RBHviharEdlsg;rYckñúgqñaM1372 .
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ehIyenATIbMput)anmkdl;RBMEdnkm<úCa .
RTg;cat;
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c . eBlmk dl;extþ)at;dMbg
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.
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esþcknk¾edjtamehIyB½T§bnÞayCab;Gs;12Ex
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rvagT½BTaMgsgxagelIkenHC½yCMnH)anelIRB
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h‘VaekA)ak;T½BfyeTAeRtIyxagekItvij .
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CaeRcIn dUcCa RkKr Rkg bribUN’ kMBg;esom
eCIgéRB sÞwgERtg .
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CaeTot . RkumTaMgenH suM[cnÞraCa

esayraCüRTg;k¾yl;RBmtamsMNUmBr ¬1516¦.
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eTot
edayeRbIl,ic[TahansuMcuHcUlxagRBHcnÞraCa
kñúgbMNgeFVIKt;RBHGgÁ[)an Etmin)anseRmc .
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kn . RTg;CaGñkdwknaMT½B
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manRBHraCaExµr
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. RBHraCaExµr)aneRCIserIsykcm,aMg
edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða
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dl;edImstvtSTI17 ¬lEgVk¦
eRkayBIrC¢kalRBH)aTBjaya:t
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raCFanItaMgenAbnÞaymanC½y extþeBaFisat;
cugeRkay)anbþÚrmklEgVkvij .

1-RBH)aTcnÞraCa ¬K>s 1515-1566¦

cnÞraCab¤GgÁcnÞTI1CaGnuCeBARsIsuKn§bT
nigCabuRtFmµraCa.
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esayraCü¬1516¦RTg;yl;RBm .
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RBmTaMgvaycUldl;RkugGyuFüaeTotpg .
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RTg;)ansagvtþGaramCaeRcIn bdimaRtELgEkg
rUbRBHeKa .
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bribUN’
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ehIy EbrRBHPRkþeTATisTaMgbYn .
sñaédTaMgenHbBa¢ak;fa
RBHGgÁmanCMenOya:gmutmaMelIRBHBuT§sa
sna .
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bnÞaylEgVk
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kñúgRsukkMBg;RtLac extþkMBg;qñaMg.
cab;epþImksagenA1527¬1526?
¦nigksagrYcral;enAqñaM1529
edayRBHGgÁcnÞraCa . lEgVkCakEnøg
yuT§sa®sþmYymanTenø bwg BiesséRB .
mUlehtuenHehIIy
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ehIymanragbYnRCugRTEvg . RTg; )
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muxkMEpgenHmaneragdMrInigeragesH .
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salaCMnuM saladMbUg nigsala]T§rN_ .
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kMsanþ Rkum)aKUbuerahit nigRkummhalikenA .
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rkSanUvKm<Irk,Ün sa®sþad¾mantémøelIslb;
RBmTaMges,ógGahr nig XøaMgsa®sþavuF .

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RBHecAesomRTg;bBa¢a[BjaGug namT½B 9
mWunnak; mkExµrmþg eTot . RBHcnÞraCa
RTg;elIkT½BeTAtTl;KñaenAextþeBaFisat;.
enAtampøÚvBIlEgVk eTAsmrPUmiRTg;Tt
edImeBaF×1edIm gab;yUrehIyEtlas;søwkeLIgvij .
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eTonFUbeTAbUCa
ehIynaMT½BeTAc,aMgk¾TTUleCaKC½ydUcR)a
fña . ÉT½BesomEdleLIgeKakRtg;QUg
smuRTk¾RtUvT½BExµrvay[)ak;T½BfyeTAvij .
kñúgkareFVIcm,MageCIgeKakenAextþeBaFis
at; emT½BesomRtUvsøab;Gs;eRcIn
EdlenAkñúgcMeNam enaHmanemT½B
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ÉBlTahansøab;Bak;kNþal
GavuFyuT§P½NÐk¾RtUvrwb GUsCaeRcIn .
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B BjaGug ehIy[sagRBHviharsRmab;
bBa©úHFatueTotpg .
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RBHeBaF×manbuNü rYcRTg;yag
RtLb;cUlbnÞaylEgVkvij .
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eqøóteBlEdlExµrkMBugEtmaneRbobelIT½Besom
RTg;)anelIkT½BeTArMedaHGaNa
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amun² nigextþbs©wmburImkvij . qñaM1556
esþcPUma )ayineNag )annaMT½BcUlvayesom .
eBlEdlesomkMBugRbyuT§CamYyPUma
RBHcnÞraCaRTg;)annaMT½B
cUlvayesomenAqñaM1557 rMedaH)anextþcnÞburI
nigextþepSg²eTotenACittMbn;enaH .
RBHGgÁ)anelIk T½BevayesomBIrelIk
KWqñaM1558 nig 1562
edaynaMeQøIyCaeRcInmkRsukExµr . qñaM1564
BYkPUma k¾)ancUlkan;kab;RkugGyuFüa .
x-2-
TMnak;TMngCamYyCnCatiGWr:ubelIkdMbUg
enAkñúgrC¢kalRBHcnÞraCa
manCnCatiGWur:ubdMbUgEdlmkdl;RbeTskm<úC
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manbBVCitCnCatienHxagKN³dUminikaMgnam
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anmkdl;RkuglEgVk. bBVCitrUbenH
manbMNgpSBVpSaysasnaRKisþenA
RbeTskm<úCa.
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beTscinenAqñaM1556 . kñúgsm½ylEgVk
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EdléRBRtUv)ansMGatGs;ehIy
RBHraCaRTg;yagTtsBVRKb;TIkEnøg
ehIyRTg;manesckþIsJb;EsJg
cMeBaHTMhMFMeFgénsMNg;TaMgenaH .
ehtuenaHRTg;Rtas;[BYkbrivareTAenATIenaHvij .
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GMBIkarrkeXIjnUvR)asaTsilaenAtMbn;GgÁr
EdlRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecalGs;eBl
CagmYystvtSr_mkehIy .
2-raCvgSRBH)aTbrmraCaTI4 ¬1566-1576¦
eRkayBIRBHcnÞraCa esayTIvgÁteTA
RBHmha]braCEdlRtUvCaraCbuRtbnÞab;
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ehIyRBHbrmraRTg;manbuRt 4 GgÁ ³
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RbsURtenA1558¦
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RbsURtenA1563¦
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mannamCatikSRtI manbuRtnamRBHC½yecsþa
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ykTwkRBHT½ynwgsasnaNas;
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ehIyRTg;)ansagvtþRBH\n§eTBenAkñúgbnÞaylEg
Vk RBHGgÁsuKtenAqñaM1576¬1574?¦
kñúgeBlEdlnaMT½BeTAvayRbeTsesom .
k-
TMnak;TMngCamYyesomnigkarrMedaHextþPaKxaglic
eqøót»kasEdlRbeTsesomkMBugEtcuHexSay
edaymankarvaylukBIsMNak;PUma Edl)an
deNþImykraCFanIGyuFüaenAqñaM1564enaH
RBHbrmraCaTI4
RTg;)anbnþkic©karrbs;RBHbitaRTg; KWkar
vayrMedaHGaNaextþPaKxaglicCabnþ .
enAqñaM1568
RkugGyuFüamanbBaðamþgeTotCamYyPUma
T½BExµr )ancUlvaylukbEnßm
eRBaHRKaenaHPUma)anekorBlrdæesomykeTAG
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nigdak;esomcMNuHGs;ry³eBl15qñaM . enA
eBlEdlesomkMBugEtvwkvr qñMa1570
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ehIydak;m®nþIExµrkarBar eTotpg. enAqñaM1574
RBHmhaFmµraCa nigRBHnersUr
naMT½BeTACYyRBHecAhgSavtI
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RbQYnRKunsn§M
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mkBIT½BExµresuIbkarN_dwgfa
esþcesomCab;rvl;cm,aMgCamYy Lav
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aneRbIl,icvayRsuktUc² BIcnÞburIdl;FnburI
edIm,I[esþcesomecjCYyeTIblukykRkugGyuFüa .
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xaglicTaMgGs;BInKrraCsIma cuHmkdl;cnÞburI
RtUvT½BExµrrMedaH)anTaMgRsug .
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esombgçMcitþcuHsn§isBaØamitþPaBnwgExµren
AqñaM1574
RBmTaMgfVaymk[RBHraCaExµrnUvextþ
nKrraCsIma bs©wmburI cnÞburI .
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¢a[namWun2nak; Bl 1000 nak; mkbbYlExµr
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RTg;yl;RBmcMeBaHsMeNIrbs;esþcLav .
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dMrIT,av . eTaHbIcaj;eRbobdMrILavbnþic
k¾edayk¾dMrIExµr)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarRb
CulKñaenH .
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Malacca bBa
¢ÚnGñkpSaysasnamkkan;RbeTskm<úCa .
dUcenHeTIbeKeXIjman bBVCitBIrGgÁ)anmkdl;
RbeTskm<úCaKWbuBVCit ¬ Lopo Cardoso nig Joao Madeira ¦
eKfasgÇTaMgBIr)anmkdl;lEgVkmun qñaM1570
eRBaHkñúgkMNt;ehtu)anrbs;elak ¬Cardoso b¤ Madeira?¦
CatiB½rTuyhaÁal;rkeXIjR)asaT enAtMbn;GgÁr .
edayRkumGñkpSaysasnaenH
BuM)aneFVI[CMnYjlUteTAmuxenAkm<úCa
dUcRTg;)anKitTuk enaH
RTg;)aneFVITukçelIrUbbBVCitTaMgenaH .
bBVCit Sylvestre ďAcevedo )anmkCMnYsbBVCit Mdeira
ÉbBVCit Cardoso k¾RtUvRtLb;eTAvij .
bnÞab;mkmanbuBVCitBIrGgÁeTot)anmkdl;km<ú
CaEtminyUrb:unµan k¾RtLb;eTAvijeTot .

cMENkÉGñkEdlenAk¾minGacpSBVpSaysasna[)a
nRCYtRCabkñúgsgÁmExµrEdr .
3-kar)ak;EbkRkuglEgVk
k-raCvgSRBH)aTstßaTI1 ¬ K>s>1576-1594¦
RBHstßa ¬RBHstßaTI1b¤RBHbrmraCaTI5
¦eLIgsñgraCüCMnYsbita. RBHGgÁGPiesk
GñknageBA ¬RBHPKvtIRsIcRkBtþiraC¦
CaGKÁmehsI nigGPieskRBHGnuCbnÞab; nam
RsIsurieyaBN_ Camha]braC.
enAqñaM1574 )anRbsURtbuRtnamC½yeCdæa
nigqñaM1580 manbuRtmYyGgÁeTotnam
ecABjatn;. RTg;mansMñlaveQµaHeBCEm:lav
eday)anRbsURtbuRtnamecABjaejam.
enAqñaM1586 RBHstßaTI1RTg;)andak;raCü
fVayeTARBHraCbuRtc,gC½yeCdæa
EdlmanRBHCnµ11 RBHvsSa. ÉBjatn;
manzan³]braC EdlmanRBHCnµeTIbEt6RBHvsSa.
edayRBHraCbuRtTaMgBIrenA ekµgeBk
kic©karRKb;RKgrdæsßitenAeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs
;RBH stßaTI1 dEdl. TegVIrbs;RBHstßaTI1 )an
eFVI[mankarGak;Gn;citþBIbNþaraCvgSanuvgS
namWunsBVmuxm®nþI nigra®sþ.
eBlenaHsgÁmekItmanecarlYc ecarbøn;
nigGsnþisuxCaeRcInkEnøg .
x-karTak;TgCamYyesom
kñúgcenøaHqñaM1574-1580 RBHstßaTI1 )
anelIkT½BeTAvayRkugeBRCburIcMnYn bI elIk
nigyk )anRkugenH cab;)aneQøIyCaeRcIn.
eBlRbeTsesomcMNuHPUma
esom)ansMuCMnYyBIkm<úCa edaysMGag
elIsm<½n§PaBrvagExµr-esom kalBIqñaM1574
RBHstßaTI1RBmpþl;CMnYyCaT½Bdl;esom
rhUtTTYl)an eCaKC½yBIPUma .
eBlnaMT½Bmkvij
nersUrTteXIjRBHRsIsurieyaBN_minRkabeKarBx
øÜn k¾mankarxwg xJal;y:agxøaMg .
esomrmilKuNExµr)annaMT½BvayExµr
esþcesomyl;fakalEdl
ExµrCYYyesomenaHeFVI[ RbeTsesomGab;kitþiy
snigmuxmat; . dUcenHnersUrEtgmanKMnuM
cg;ykRsukExµrCacMNuH edayrMelaP elIkic©crca
. enAqñaM1581 ExµrnaMT½BrMedaH)an
nKrraCsIma cnÞburI Etmkdl;qñaM1581 nersUr)an
vayykvij . eRkaymkenAqñaM1584
esom)anRbkasÉkraCüBIPUma . RBHstßaTI1 )
anyl;eXIjfa xøacesomnwgmkeFVIkarsgswkvij
RTg;k¾RBmrNbesom .
enAqñaM1585 esþcPUma NandaBayin )
anelIkT½BmkvayesommþgeTot . RBH)aTstßaTI1
yl;faRkugGyuFüa
Kg;nwg)at;bg;edaysarPUmamþgeTot
eTIbRTg;pþac;emRtIPaBBIesomvij ehIynaM
T½BcUlvayextþbs©imburI . enAqñaM1586
nersUrxwgnwgRBHstßak¾)anelIkT½BmkvayExµr
ykextþ)at;dMbg eBaFisat; nigcUlmkdl;lEgVk
ehIyeFVIkareLamB½T§bnÞaylEgVk
EtedayesomxVHes,ógekItCMgWqøg
ratt,atsøab;T½BGs;CaeRcIn
esomk¾)andkfyeTAvij
T½BExµrk¾ecjBIbnÞay)anedjvayeFVI[esom rt;x
¢at;x©ayeTARsukvijGs; .
esombraC½yelIkenH
esþcnersUrminGs;citþk¾cat;[eKlYcsYrra®sþExµr
ehIy)andwgfanKrExµr maneTvrkS13GgÁ
enAtamCYyEfrkSa . EtmunnwgesomdkT½BfyeTA
esom)aneRbI])aykl)aj;
R)ak;dYgCaeRcIncUlkñúgKum<b£sSI
EdlCarbgkarBarya:grwgmaMénbnÞaylEgVk .
bnÞab;mkesom)ancat;
carbursBIrnak;cUlmkeFVIviT§gSna
nigbegáIt[manclaclépÞkñúgrbs;Exµr .
enAeBlenaHra®sþExµreRkayBI)andwgfa
esom)an)aj;R)ak;dYgcUlkñúgKum<b£sSI
mancitþeRtkGr éRkElg
ehIynaMKñakab;qáaréRBb£sSIedIm,IykR)ak;enaH
eTaHbICamanbMramhamXat;BIRBHraCaya:gNa
k¾eday
k¾ra®sþExµrenAEtkab;qáarrhUtdl;Kum<b£sSIFø
úHFøayGs; .
enAqñaM1593
eRkayBIdwgdMNwgékarFøúHFøayrbgb¤sSIenH
esomk¾)anelIkT½BcUlvayRkuglEgVk CabIpøÚv .
eBlenaHeTaHbIT½BExµrxMtsU‘ya:gNakþI
T½BesomenAEtvayyk)anCabnþbnÞab;nUvbnÞaye
nA eBaFisat; bnÞayenAbribUN’ .
eBlenaHRBHRsIsurieyaBN’k¾)anekNÐT½B
[RbmUles,ógcUlkarBar bnÞaylEgVk
cMeBaHT½BExµrEdlts‘UenAnKrvtþk¾Tb;BuMC
ab; rIÉT½BeCIgTwkk¾caj;eTot . esomvaykan;Et
xøaMgeLIg²
RBHRsIsurieyaBN’k¾dkfymkenAbnÞayrlaeb¥ór
ehIysMuCMnYyBIlEgVk edayTb;Tl;min)an
k¾dkT½BcUlbnÞaylEGVk
T½Besomk¾)anmkB½T§bnÞaylEgVkeTot .
enAmunenaHRBHstßaTI1 naMbuRtC½y eCsþa
¬C½yeCdæa¦ nigecABjatn;
ePosxøÜneTAKg;enARsIsn§r
eRkaymk)anePoseTAsÞwgERtg TIbMput
k¾ePoseTAKg;enAevogcnÞn_ raCFanIRbeTsLav .
cMENkRBHRsIsurieyaBN’
sßitenAkñúgbnÞaylEgVkeFVIkarRbyuT§Tb;Tl;nw
gesom . TIbMputenAEt
esomvayyk)anRkuglEgVkenAqñaM 1595 ¬1594?¦
edaycab;RBHGgÁnigbuRtTaMgBIrrbs;RBHGgÁ
nam C½yecsþa ¬C½yeCdæaTI2¦
nigRBH]T½yraCaykeTARbeTsesom .
K-TMnak;TMngCamYyCnCatiGWr:ub
RBHstßaTI1CakSRtTn;exSayBuMmanRbCaRbiy
mancitþRcENnnwgRsIsurieyaBN’pgenaH
RBHGgÁ RtUvkarCMnYy
edIm,IRbqaMgnwgsRtUvxagkñúgnigxageRkARbe
Ts . RTg;ykcitþBYkGñkpSaysasnaRKisþ
edaypþl;siT§ieBjelj
nigGnuBaØat[sg;RBHviharRKb;TIkEnøgkñúgRbe
Tskm<úCa RBHstßaTI1)anCYy ]
btßmÖBYkenHCaGgár nigvtßúepSg²eTotpg .
enAqñaM1585 elak Sylvestres )anbBa
¢ÚnbBVCitbEnßm Antonio nig Antonio Caldeira mk
RbeTskm<úCa .
EtedaykareFVITukbukemñjxøaMgeBk
eTIbbBVCitTaMgBIrRtLb;eTAvij . enAqñaM
1589 eday\T§iBlelak Sylvestrs
RBHstßak¾yl;RBm[bBVCitTaMgenHpSBVpSays
asnaRKb;kEnøgkñúgRbeTs km<úCa .
eRkaymkelak Sylvestrs bBa
¢ÚnbBVCitkan;EteRcIneLIg² dUcCa Jorge de Mota nig
Luis de Fonseca . enAqñaM 1585
CatiB½rTuyhÁal;Edlmanv½y20qñaMeQµaH
DiogoVeloso )anmkdl;ExµrEdr . enAqñaM1593
GñkpSgeRBgCatieGs,a:j)anmkdl;km<úCaeTot
KWelak Ruiz de Hernan Gonzaléz .
RBH)aTstßaTukcitþeTAelIBYGWr:ubTaMgenHN
as; . RTg;)anGPieskb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyRsIrbs;RTg;
[eTAelak Diogo Veloso Éelak Ruiz
RtUv)anRBHGgÁEtgtaMgCaGgÁrkSrbs;RTg; .
enAqñaM1593 nersUr
elIkT½BmkvayRbeTskm<úCaelIkTI2eTot. tamry³
Veloso RBHstßa)an
Tak;TgCamYyGñkkan;GMNacB½rTuyháal;enA
Malacca EtBYkenHminGacCYyExµr
eRBaHCab;c,aMgCamYy ma:LayUenA Acheh nig
Johore naM[RBHstßagak eTArkBYkeGs,a:jvíj
tameyabl; Ruiz nig Vargas.
EtkarTMnak;TMngenHBMuTTYlpleLIy
eRBaHesom)anvayykRkuglEgVkmun.
X-plvi)akénkarEbk)ak;raCFanIlEgVk
karEbgRkuglEgVkbNþal[CatiCYbplvi)akya:gxøa
Mg
eRBaHRbeTsCYbnUvvibtþikan;EtxøaMgeLIg²
ehIyRbeTsFøak;eTACardæTn;exSaymYyenAtMbn
;GasIuGaeKñy_. km<úCa)at;bg;ektnPNÐCati
k,Ünxñat c,ab; GñkR)aC£ bNÐit vb,Fm’Exµr
RtUvesombMpøajesÞIrEtGs;.
RbeTsFøak;kñúgPaBGnaFibetyü eRKaHTurPikS
ekItmaneBjépÞRbeTs. kñúgry³kal10qñaM
manmhakSRt4GgÁesayraCübnþbnÞab;
nigmankarERCk raCüdl;eTABIrelIk.
RbeTskm<úCa)an)at;bg;GaNaextþxaglic
nigBay½BüdUcCa ³ extþcnÞburI bs©wmburI
nKrraCsIma )at;dMbg esomrab eBaFisat; .
4-karrMedaHRkuglEgVk
k-RBHramaeCIgéRB ¬ K>s> 1594-1596 ¬1598?¦
RBHGgÁRtUvCajatiRBHstßaTI1.
enAqñaM1594
RBHGgÁ)annaMT½BcUlvayesomenA]dugÁ
RBmTaMg rMedaH)anRkuglEgVkCasßaBr .

RTg;)aneLIgesayraCüenARsIsn§r
¬extþkMBg;cam¦. RBHstßa nigbuRt
TaMgBIrGgÁrt;eTARbeTsLav . qñaM1596
CemøaHmYy)anpÞúHeLIg
rvagQµÜjcinnigBYkTahaneCIgTwk eGs,a:j .
QµÜjcinRbmaNCa 100 nak;RtUvsøab;
ehIyTMnijnigsMeBAk¾RtUvrwbGUsTaMgGs; .
Veloso )
ansMuGnuBaØatBIRBHramaeCIgéRBcUlKal;
edIm,IbMPøWBI]b,tþiehtuEdlekIteLIgenaH
EtRTg;dak;l½kçxNÐfa Tal;EtBYkeGs,a:j
RBmsgTMnijeTABYkcinTaMgGs;Camunsin
eTIbRTg;GnuBaØat[cUlKal; . Veloso nig Ruiz
seRmcfaRtUvEteRbIkmøaMgT½B
edaynaMTahan 38nak;
eTAB½T§vaMgenARsIsn§r rYck¾smøab;
RBHramaeCIgéRBkñúgeBlraRtIenaH
ehIyRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij .
bnÞab;BIkareFVIKt;eTAelIRBHramaeCIgéRB
ehIy
BYkGWr:ubenH)annaMdMNwgeTAfVayRBHstßa
EdlKg; enAÉRbeTsLav EteBleTAdl;RbeTsLav
k¾)anTTYldMNwgfaRBHstßa
nigraCbuRtC½yeCdæa )ancUl TIvgÁteTAehIy .
eRkaymkRkumenHk¾)an dEgðbuRtbnÞab;
KWecABjatn;cUlmkRbeTskm<úCavij .
x-ecABjatn; b¤ RBHbrmraCaTI6 ¬ K>s>1598-
1599¦
RBHGgÁCakSRtmansiT§ieLIgesayraCü
ehIyBYknamWunsBVmum®nþITTYlsÁal;eTotpg
. RTg;eLIg
esayraCüenARsIsn§r. B½rTuyháal; eGs,a:j
nigCb:un. edIm,IsgKuN
Bjatn;)anEtgtaMgBYkeGs,a:j
nigCb:un. É Veloso RtUveLIgCaemRsukextþ)ak;Nam
nig Ruiz CaemRsukextþRTaMg RTg;)anep£IsareTA
Rkugma:nIl
edIm,IsMu[BYkbBVCitnimnþmkkm<úCa
RTg;snüafanwgCYysg;RBHvihar
GnuBaØat[CatiExµrcUl sasnaRKisþeTotpg .
edIm,IBRgwgGMNacrbs;xøÜn
RBHBjatn;RTg;)ansMuCMnYyCaT½B
nigbBVCitBIeTsaPi)alfµIenARbeTs hVIlIBIn.
enAéf¶TI17 kBaØa 1598
manTahaneGs,a:jcMnYn 200nak;
nigmanbuBVCitdUmInIkaMg2GgÁ
mkRbeTskm<úCa
EtdMeNIrBYkenHRtUvxül;BüúHbk;
[vegVgpøÚveTAdl;RbeTscineTAvij .
eRkaymkeTot k¾mank)a:l;mYymkdl;ctumux
enAqñaM1599 .
eBlenaHk¾manCemøaHmYyekIteLIg
rvagBYknavíkeGs,a:j nigBYkCVa . Veloso nigRuiz )
anmkdl;kEnøgCemøaH
CnGWr:ubTaMgBIrnak;enHk¾RtUv)aneKsmøab;e
Tot . dMNwgenH)anB¤dl;RBHBjatn;
RTg;k¾)annaMT½BedayRBHGgÁpÞal;
fanwgmkbRgabBYkbHe)arenH EtRtUv
BYkcamCVabHe)arenaHsmøab;RBHGgÁeTot .
K-ecABjaGn b¤ RBHbrmraCaTI7 ¬ K>s>1599-
1600¦
RBHGgÁCab¥ÚneBArbs;RBHstßaTI1
BYknamWunk¾yag[esayraCüenARsIsn§r .
RTg;bnþneya)ay
rbs;dUntaRTg;
edayGMBavnav[BYkGñkpSaysasnaRKisþ
nigTahanCYykarBarRTg;. RBHGgÁCakSRtmin
RbkbedayTsBitraCFm’
eRBaHéf¶mYyyageTARbBatéRBenAPUmitamak;
RTg;sBVRBHT½yelI®sþImñak;Ca
RbBn§emRsukeQµaHBjafI. RTg;bBa
¢a[cab;bgçM®sþIrUbenaHRbEkk
k¾RtUvTTYlTaruNkmµrhUtdl;)at;bg; CIvit.
bþInagekþARkhaycMeBaHGMeBIrMelaPCiHCan;
k¾rt;cUlxagEkvRBHePøIg.
kñúg»kasbuNücMerInRBHCnµ brmraCaTI7
EkvRBHePøIg)annaMbkSBYkbnøMcUleFVIKt;R
BHGgÁ)anenAraCvaMg RsIsn§r enAqñaM1600.
X-ecABjaejam b¤ semþcRBHEkvhV‘a
RBHGgÁCabuRtRBHstßaTIEdr
ehIyeLIgRKgraCüenARBHCnµ21RBHvsSa
Kg;enAraCvaMgRsIsn§r .
Bjaejam)anbnþneya)ayrbs; kSRtesayraCümun²
KWykcitþTukxøaMgNas;CamYyBYkGWr:ub .
RBHGgÁ CakSRtminrvl;kic©karEpndIb:unµaneT
cUlcitþEsb,ay KWcUlcitþbr)aj;stV
ebotebonRbBn§GñkdéT CiH Can;ekobsgát;ra®sþ .
edaydwgfaRBHRsIsurieyaBN’enARbeTsesom
RTg;enAKg;CIvitenAeT,Iy ehtuenH
ehIyeTIbGyükar ¬eTvIkSRtI¦
rbs;RTg;)anCMnuMCamYym®nþI
edIm,I[eTAsuMesomyagRBHRsIsurieyaBN_
mkerobcMRbeTseLIgvij .
RbeTskm<úCa rvagedImstvtSTI17
dl;Bak;kNþalstvtSTI19
1-vibtþiraCvgSExµr enAedImsm½y]tþúgÁ
k-RBH)aTRsIsurieyaBN_ b¤ brmraCaTI8 ¬
K>s>1603-1618¦
RBHRsIsurieyaBN’RTg;)anyagmkRbeTsExµr
vij edayRTg;)ansMuesþcesom ykbuRtTaMgBIr
¬C½yeCdæa nig]T½y¦ mkRsukExµrvijEdr
esþcesomk¾yl;RBm . eRkayBIyagmkdl;RbeTsvij
RBHRsI surieyaBN’ )aneTAKg;enAekaHsøaEkt
¬Tl;muxvtþeRCayGMBilsBVéf¶¦nignaMT½BeTA
b®gáabRsukEdl bHe)arkññúgenaH
EkvRBHePøIgRtUveteCamasnaMT½BeTAsmøab;
)an . buRtTaMgBIrnaMT½BeTAb®gáabRsukEdl
minTan;cuHcUl . PaBvwkvrkñúgRbeTs
KWmkBIGMNackNþalcuHexSaykñúgraCümun²
emø:aHehIyBYkesþc
Rtaj;)antaMgxøÜnFMerog²xøÜn dUcCa
RBHram)aTI RBHram RTaMg RBHramt,Úg
XµúM RBHram)aPñM ehIyeBlenaH Bjaejam

RtUvRBHGgÁcab;xøÜn)anrYcykeTARbharCIvit .
karCH\T§iBlTMenomTmøab;esomkñúgRsukE
xµreBlenaH
naM[ekItmankarbHe)arRbqaMgya:gxøaMgBI
sMNak;ra®sþExµry:agxøaMg . enAqñaM1618
RBHRsIsurieyaBN’k¾)andak;raCü
[eTAraCbuRtc,gC½yeCdæa . enAs>v>TI17
RbeTsyYnCamhaGMNacmYy .
edayyl;BIeRKaHfñak;CamYyesom
nigbTBiesaFn_mun²
RsIsurieyaBN_BMucat;TukesomCamitþeToteT
eTIbRBHGgÁgakeTAcgsm<½n§PaBCamYyyYnvi
j . qñaM1620 RBHGgÁ)ansþIdNþwgbuRtIyYn
RtkUlegVón namGgÁcUv [buRtc,gC½yeCdæaTI2
eFVICamehsI kñúgbMNgyk
kmøaMgyYnTb;Tl;CamYyesom .
x-RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2 ¬ K>s>1618-1628¦
RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2
RBHGgÁ)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvTMenomTmøab;esom
ehIyykTMenomTmøab;Exµr mkeRbIR)as;eLIgvij
eRBaHcg;bgðajesomfaRBHGgÁmincMNuHesome
ToteLIy . RBHGgÁ)anerIraCFanI
BIlVaÉmmk]dugÁvijenAqñaM1620 .
enAqñaM1623 RTg;[eKsagectiyéRtRtwg
elIPñMRBHraCRTBüedIm,I
tmál;GdiæFatuRBHbita. RTg;manbuRt 5GgÁ

ecABjatU ecABjanU ecABjacnÞ cnÞvtIkSRtI

bu)aövtI CamYy GKÁmehsIyYn
x-1-TMnak;TMngCamYyesom
karminRBmcMNuHesomrbs;RBHraCaExµr
eFVI[esþcesomRsIFmµraCa )
anelIkT½BvayRbeTsExµr
enAqñaM1622 mkdl;cugÁag ¬RsukbribUrN_
extþkMBg;qñaMg¦EtT½BExµrdwknaMedayRBH)a
TC½yeCdæaTI2 vay [braC½yenAsmrPUmi.
bnÞab;mkenAqñaM1623
esom)anelIkT½BmkmþgeTot
mkdl;RsukBam)anRbyuT§ CamYyT½BRBH]T½y
esomcaj;dkfyeTAvijGs;.
x-2-TMnak;TMngCamYyyYn
cab;BIqñaM1620 mk enARkug]dugÁ
manBYkGñkCMnYjnigGñklk;dYrCnCatiyYn
EdleFVIkarRbNaMg
RbECgCamYYyGñkCMnYjCnCaticin nigCbu:n .
qñaM1623 KN³ebskkmµTUtyYnmYyRkum)anbBa
¢Únmk kan;Rkug]dugÁ
kñúgbMNgsuMkarGnuBaØatBIRBHraCaExµr[yY
nbegáItRKwH sßanCMnYjenAéRBnKr
kMBg;RkbI nig
sMuGnuBaØatBIsiT§ikan;kab;RksYgKyenAéRBn
Kr . edayyl;BIsm<½n§PaB
nigGKÁmehsICaCnCatiyYn
RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2k¾yl;RBm .
enHCakardeNþImykTItaMgnigmNÐlBaNiC
¢kmµrbs;Exµredaylak;mux. taMgBIeBlenaHmk
CnCatiyYn)anmkenAkan;EteRcIneLIg² .
bnÞab;mkedayykelsfaedIm,ICYy
GaC£aFrExµrrkSasnþisux[manRbsiT§PaB
yYn)anbBa¢ÚnemT½B[enAQrtMbn;enaHeTot .
karEdlCnCati
yYnmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExµrelIkdMbUg
esþcyYn)anbBa
¢ÚnraCTUt[mksMux©IdIExµrRtg;éRBnKr
kMBg;RkbI edIm,I
hwVkhat;TahaneFVIcm,aMgCamYycin
ehIynwgbgVilsgExµrvijkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaMeTot .
cMeBaHCncMNUl fµIenH
eKmkrs;enARtg;tMbn;NaEdldImanCICatil¥²dUcC
a tamRcaMgTenø sÞwg>>. BYkenH)aneFVITukç
bukemñjdl;ra®sþExµrEdlrs;enATIenaH[cakecalPU
mikMeNItrbs;xøÜn .
enAeBlEdl RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2
esayTIvgÁtenAqñaM1628
PUmiPaKcab;BIéRBnKr )aero nig dUnéN
¬kMBg;RskaRtI¦ eTATl;nwgGtItraCaNacRkcm,a:
mansuT§EtCaCnCatiyYn mkrs;enABaseBj .
2-GnþraKmn_rbs;RbeTsyYnkñúgerOgraCvgSExñr
cab;BIK>s>1620-1775
vibtþiF¶n;F¶rd¾FMmYyEdlbNþal[CatiExµrcuHex
Say nigFøak;kñúgkNþab;
édbreTsenaH KWvibtþideNþImraCüsm,tþi .
vibtþienHekItmanCabnþbnÞab;\tQb;Qr
edayenAkñúgraCvgSa nuvgS ElgsÁal;bgb¥Ún

makµÜy »Buk kUn
KWKitEtR)afñaraCüsm,tþiCaFMerog²xøÜn .
bT]RkidæEdlBjacnÞ )anRbRBwtþ
eFVI[mans®gÁamkñúgRsuk nigvibtþiCafµIeTot
kñúgraCvgSCa»kasl¥sRmab;RbeTsyYnlUkéd
cUleRCotERCkkic©karépÞkñúgrbs;ExµrCaelIkdM
bUg .
k-RBH)aTecABjatU b¤ RsIFmµraCaTI2 ¬
K>s>1629-1634¦
RBHecABjatU
CabuRtc,gRBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI2
RTg;enAsagRBHpñÜs . RBH]T½yCaRBHbitula
nigCa ]braC)ankan;kic©karrdæCMnYsecABjatU .
kalenaHRTg;Kg;enAekaHeXøak
¬xSac;kNþal¦ehIyRBH]T½y Kg;enARkug]dugÁ.
ecABjatUsBVRBHT½ynwgGkSrsa®sþNas;
RTg;)anTuksñaRBHhsþCaeRcInkñúgvis½yenH.
RBHGgÁmanTMnas;CamYy«BukmakñúgerOgesñ
ha
eRBaHRBH]T½y)andeNþImykkSRtIbu)aövtICaK
UdNþwgrbs; RBHGgÁ
TMnas;enHekIteLIgenAqñaM1634 .
RBH]T½yxwgnwgRBHBjatUxøaMgNas;
edaymanCMnYyBIBYk B½rTuyhÁal;
RBH]T½yc,aMgCamYyBlatU
ehIy)an)aj;smøab;RBHGgÁEdlkMBugBYnenAelIc
ugetñat .
eRkayBIBjatUcUlTIvgÁtenAK>s> 1635
BjanU CaRBHbuRtC½yeCdæaTI2
nigCaGnuCBjatU )an esayraCükñúgRBHCnµ 23
RBHvsSaenARkug]dugÁmanC½y . kñúgrC
¢kalrbs;RTg;manclnabHe)arrbs;
ra®sþenARsukrlaMgeRKIl
EtclnaenHRtUv)anb®gáab .
eRkayBI)anesayraCümyyry³ enAqñaM1639
RBHBjanU RBHGgÁ)ansuKteTAeTot .
bnÞab;BIRBHBjanU
tamTmøab;raCsm,tþiRtUvfVayeTABjacnÞ
EdlCaGnuCeBA . b:uEnþRBH]T½y Edl
CabitulaCa]braC )
anbEgVrraCüeTAfVaybuRtxøÜneTAvij
¬bTumraCaGgÁnn; 1639-1641¦. kSRtGgÁ
enHCasVamIrbs;kSRtI
GgÁBjaCabuRtIC½yeCdæaTI2
nigRBHnagGgÁcUv .
kMhusrbs;RBH]T½y)anbegáIt[ manvibtþimYyya:g
FMkñúgraCvgSExµr .
eRkaymkRBH)aTBjacnÞ)annaMT½BmkeFVIKt;
RBH]T½ynigGgÁnn; ehIyeLIgesayraCü ¬1641-
1659¦ .
bT]RkidæxagelIenH
bNþal[ekItmanvibtþiCafµIeTotkñúgraCvgSExµr
Ca»kas[yYncUleRCot
ERCkkic©karépÞkñúgrbs;ExµrCaelIkdMbUg.
kMhusd¾F¶n;rbs;BjacnÞ KWenAqñaM1643
RTg;)anRbkan;yk sasna\søam
eday)anERbnamrbs;RTg;Ca GgÁcnÞGIuR)ahIum
eRBaHmankmøaMgBYkenHCYyRBHGgÁenHCa
»kasrbs;Gñkkan;sasnamham½t
ehIyeKk¾cab;epþImeXasnaCafµIkñúgRbeTskm<ú
Ca . EtkareXasna
enHBMuTTYleCaKC½yCadMukMPYneT.
karbþÚrsasnaenHeFVI[RTg;RbQmmuxcMeBaHka
rtva:RbqaMgrbs;ra®sþExµr nigraCvgSanuvgS .
BjacnÞ )anTarykdIéRBnKr
kMBg;RkbIBIyYnmkvij
EtGgÁcUv)aneFIVGnþraKmn_CafµI
edaysMuBnüareBl[yUrteTAeTot .
x-RBH)aTGgÁsUr b¤ brmraCaTI9 ¬ K>s> 1659-
1672¦
RTg;CabuRtRBH]T½y
enAeBlBjacnÞsmøab;«Bukrbs;RTg;
karsgswkCakarsMxan; . enAqñaM 1658
RBHGgÁnigRBHGnuC
GgÁtn;)ancat;m®nþI[eTAbBa©úHbBa©Úlra®sþC
a sm¶at;edIm,IsgswkBjacnÞ Et
s®gÁamenHminQñHmincaj;
naM[RBHGgÁrt;eTACMnYyBIGgÁcUv .
RBHnag)anTUnµanesþcTaMgBIrGgÁ[sMuCMnY
y BIRkugev: . karrt;rkCMnYyrbs;RBHraCaExµr
eFVI[esþcegVógman
»kasBRgIk\T§iBlrbs;xøÜncUlmkRbeTs Exµr
EdldUntayYnykcitþTukdak;CayUrmkehIy .
esþcéftug [elIkT½B3000nak; mkCYytamsMNUm

BresþcExµr ehIyRbyuT§KñaenARtg;)aero
T½ByYncab;)anBjacnÞ
dak;RTugEdknaMeTARsukyYn ÉGgÁGimCa
buRtRBH]T½yEdr
EtcUlédxagBjacnÞsøab;kñúgsmrPUmi . enAqñaM
1659 BjacnÞ k¾suKt.
dMbUgedIm,IsgKuNyYnEdl)anCYy
GgÁsUrpþl;siTÞidl;CnCatiyYnenAéRBnKr
[kan;kab;TwkdI esµIKñanwgsiT§iCnCatiExµr .
yYn)anbgçM[RBHGgÁcuHsn§isBaØamYy
RBmTTYlykyYnCaGaNaBüa)al nig
TTYlykCnCatiyYnnigcin3000nak;
[cUlmkenAkñúgRbeTsExµr . enAqñaM1672
buRtRbsarRTg;nam RsIC½yeCdæa ¬1672-
1673¦RtUvCakµÜybegáIt)annaMbkSBYkcUleFVI
Kt;RBHGgÁrYceLIgRKgraCü . EtbuRt
RbsarGgÁenH esayraCü)anEt5Ex
k¾GKÁmehsIGgÁsUr
namGgÁLIjúHjg;BYkcamCVasgswk)anvij .
K-GgÁCÍ b¤ RBHEkvhV‘aTI2 ¬ K>s> 1673-1675¦
RBHGgÁCabuRt GgÁsUr sñgraCübnþBIbita
edaytaMgraCFanIenA ]dugÁmanC½yman .
enAqñaM1673 RBH]PeyaraCGgÁtn;
nigGgÁnn;Edlrt;eTABwgyYnBImun
¬kñúgcm,aMg RBHramnig buRtRbsa ¦
enaH)annaMT½ByYn10000 nak;cUlmkRbeTsExµr
GgÁCÍnwksµanfaGgÁtn;Ca«BukmamkdeNþImra
CüBIxøÜn k¾naMT½Bc,aMgtTl;enAPñMeBj
EtminQñHmincaj; . GgÁtn;fyeTAlVaÉm
eRkaymkelIkT½BvayEbk bnÞayenAPñMeBj
ehIybMrugbgðÜseTAvayRkug]dugÁeTot
EtRbQYnehIysuKteTA .
cab;BIeBlenaH mkRbeTsExµrRtUvEckCaBIr ³
xaglic)an eTAGgÁCÍ xagekIt GgÁnn; . EteRkay
mkGgÁCÍk¾suKt .
kareFVIcm,aMgkab;smøab;KñaÉg
ecHEtbnþ\tmanQb;eLIy bgsmøab;b¥Ún masmøab;
kµÜy edIm,IEtraCsm,tþib:ueNÑaH .
eBlEdlGgÁCIsuKteTAGgÁs‘U ¬BjasUr¦ )
anbnþcm,aMgnwgGgÁnn; karRbyuT§
KñaekIteLIg enABjaB¤
GgÁnn;nigT½ByYnRtUvcaj;
rYcePoseTARsukyYnmþgeTot .
X-C½yeCdæaTI3GgÁs‘Ub¤ecABjasUr ¬ rC
¢kalTI1 ³ K>s> 1675-1688¦
eRkayBITTYleCaKC½y
RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCükñúgRBHCnµ 16
RBHvsSaenA]dugÁmanC½y . qñaM1682
GgÁnn;Edl)anePoseTARsukyYnenaH)annaMT½B
cincMNUlfµIenA dUéN ya:Dij nigT½ByYnmkvay
GgÁs‘U dMbUgvay)anextþRBHRtBaMg )asak;
ehIybgðÜsmkPñMeBj ]dugÁ .
T½BcinbraC½yrt;mkenAekaHEtg
Gs;EtBYkenaHcab;RBHmata ¬mñagéT¦

RBHGgÁeTAXMuTukenAeRCaycgVar EtBjahuk
eTArMedaH)anmkvij .
qñaM1683 GgÁs‘U yageTAKg;enA ]
dugÁmanC½y vij ehIyenAqñaM1684
GgÁnn;RtLb;mkBIRsuk yYn
eTAtaMgbnÞayenARsIsn§rehIynaMT½BcMruH-
ExµrcinmkvayenAPñMeBj EtbraC½y . qñaM1688
GgÁs‘U RbQYn k¾fVayraCsm,tþimkmata
GñkmñagéT ¬1688¦ .
g-rC¢kalTI2 ¬ K>s> 1688-1695¦
eBl GgÁs‘U
taMgbnÞayenAeRCaycgVarenaHGgÁnn;)anrt;eTA
sMuCMnYyT½ByYn 20000 nak;mkvay
PñMeBj EtRtUvraC½y
GgÁnn;)anrt;cUlbnÞayRsIsn§r .
eRkaymkQWRBHT½yeBk
k¾suKtkñúgRBHCnµayu37 RBHvsSa .
enAqñaM1690
yYn)anelIkT½BCaRTg;RTayFMmkKMramGgÁs‘
U ¬ebIRBHGgÁcg;rYceTasRtUvnaM
dgVay[esþcyYn
ebIBMuenaHeTT½ByYnnigvaylukPøam¦
edayxøac)at;bg;raCsm,tþi RTg;yl;RBmCUn
dgVayCa dMrItUc20 k,al mas100tmøwg
R)ak;500tmøwgCUneTAegVoghIuvhav .
edayehtuenHT½ByYn minvayExµreT
k¾dkfyeTAenARtg;)aero
ehIyCnCatiyYnmkrs;enAkan;EteRcIneLIg²elIdIEx
µr . enA qñaM1695 RBHGgÁdak;raCü[eTAkµÜy

KWRBH]T½yraCa ¬1695-1696¦ CabuRtGgÁCI .
c-rC¢kalTI3 ¬ K>s> 1696-1699¦
eBlRBH]T½yraCaesayTIvgÁt
GgÁs‘UTTYlraCüCaelIkTI3 . qñaM1697
RTg;manbMNgbRgYb bRgYmraCvgS k¾bBa
¢a[namWunnaMsYyGakrfVayesþcyYn
sMuRBHGgÁGimmkvij . eRkaymkRBHGgÁGim )
ankøayCabuRtsuNisarbs;RTg; . enAqñaM1699 ]
kja:nriTÞGimcUlcitþmYlbgáac;
nigjúHjg;m®nþIÉeTot² edIm,IelIktMekIgxøÜnÉg
EtRtUv)anRBHGgÁs‘UsþIbenÞasTUnµan
Rsab;Etm®nþIrUbenHEbrCamanKMnMu
gakeTArk CMnYyBIesþcyYn edayecaTGgÁs‘U
faykesomCamitþ . esþcyYn ehogtug
xwgehIyelIkT½BmkeFVI s®gÁamCamYyGgÁs‘U
EtRtUvbraC½y .
eRkaymkGgÁs‘Udak;raCüfVayRBHGgÁGimCabu
RtsuNisa ¬1699-1700¦ eRBaHRTg;eTAsagpñÜs
enAvtþeBaFimanbuNüextþeBaFisat;)an 3 éf¶
k¾lapñÜsmkTTYlraCüenA ¬1700-1702¦ enH CarC
¢kalTI4 rbs;RTg; .
3-sßanPaBvwkvrénneya)ay sgÁm
enAstvtSTI18
CMelaHkñúgraCvgSedIm,IdeNIþmraCbløgÁ½
enAEtbnþ . enAedImstvtSTI18
yYn)anrMelaPcUlkan;
kab;extþrbs;ExµrenAkm<úCaeRkamEfmeTot.
ÉesomvijenAeBjstvtSenH
k¾ekobsgát;xøaMgeLIg²Edr mkelIRbeTs
nigRbCaBlrdæExµr.
kñúgsßanPaBPaBvwkvr
esakesAexµAggwténvibtiþépÞkñúgenH
nigcMeBaHmuxTidæPaBGkuslbegIáteLIg
edayBYkRBHGgÁm©as;
RbCaraRsþExµrenAEtrkSaCMenO
nigTMnukcitþeTAelIRBHmhakSRtrbs;xøÜn .
kñúgsßan PaBEbbenH
RBHraCaeTaHbICamanGIVekIteLIgk¾eday
k¾enAEtbuKÁlBiessCaTIskáar³ CaesþccRkvaL
EdlBYkeKEtgEteKarBCaerogrhUtmk .
x-\T§iBlyYn nigesommkelIExµr
x-1-\T§iBlyYn
kñúgraCüRBHstßaTI2GgÁCI
Edl)ansñgraCübnþBIbitanamRBH)aTGgÁGim
BYklavCaeQøIyswkEdl enAextþsVayerog
naMKñab:He)ar ¬1730¦.
enHCa»kasmYyEdlyYnCYyeFIVGnþraKmn_
ehIyyk extþemsr niglg;ehar ¬1732¦ .
dUcenHyYn)ancuHmkxagt,Úgdl;TenøemKgÁehIy
. Éesomk¾cUl lukluykm<úCaEdr
ehIyelIkFmµraCa[esayraCüeLIgvij¬rC¢kalTI3³
1738-1747¦. eRkayBI
FmµraCasuKteTARbeTsCatimanPaBvwkvr.
bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)aneLIgesay raCü ¬rC¢kalTI1 ³
1747-1748 ¦. EtRBHstßaTI2 ehAyYn[CYy.
TB½ExµrTn;édyYnedjtamdl;]dugÁ .
høÚgGgÁTgk¾ePos xøÜneTAesom
ehIyRBHstßaTI2k¾)aneLIgesayraCü .
bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁTgRtLb;mkvij
ehIyeLIgesayraCübnþ ¬rC¢kalTI2 ³ 1756-1757¦.
b:uEnþhøÚgGgÁenH)anRtUv
RBH]T½yraCabeNþjecj edaysarCMnYyBIyYn .
eBlenaHyYnk¾)ankan;kab; ykextþRBHRtBaMg
nigextþXøaMg .
RBH]T½yEdl)anraCaeLIgesayraCü ¬1758-1775¦
ehIyk¾ [eKcab;ecABIrGgÁrbs;FmµraCabBa
¢ÚnmkRkug]dugÁ ehIyesþcmYyGgÁeTot
¬GgÁnn;¦ k¾rt;eTARbeTsesom
edaysarkarrYmKMnitrbs;namWunmñak; .
x-2-\Ti§Blesom esomBITisxaglic
enAqñaM1967
T½BPUmacUlQøanBanRkugGyuFüamþgeTot
eFIV[raCbuRtesþcesomrt;mksMuRCk
ekanenA]dugÁ. ecAhVayextþkUnkan;cin-
esommñak;eQµaH Bjatat )
anRbmUlbkçBYkvaykMeTcT½BPUma
ehIytaMgxøÜÜnCaesþc ¬RBHecAtatsIun¦ .
RBH]T½yminTTYlsÁal;BjatatCaesþcesomfIµeT.
Bjatat xwgk¾KaMRTGgÁnn;
RbqaMgnwgRBH]T½yvij . esombBa
¢ÚnT½Bmkvaylukkm<úCa
b:uEnþRtUvcaj;TB½Exµr .
eBlenaHRBHraCnKrmanPaBvwkvrxøaMg .
edIm,IbBa©b;karbgðÚÚrQamKñaÉg
RBH]T½yk¾dak;raCüfVayeTAKUrRbECg
KWRBHGgÁnn;¬1775-1779¦
esþcGgÁenH)anerobcMTb;Tl;nwgyYnPøam
eKsitkaMePøIgkinrMesv
nigeFIVbnÞayenAPñMeBj nig enAmuxkMBUl .
T½ByYnmYykgRtUv)anrujRcaneTAvij .
b:uEnþGgÁnn;EknT½BnigRbmUles,ógeTACYy
esomc,aMgnwglav .
kMENnenHeFIV[mankarb:He)arenAkMBg;sVay
edaymRnIþFM² bInak; eQµaH mU sU‘ nig
Ebn)ank,t;rYccab;esþceFIVKt; ¬1779¦ .
mUeLIgkan;GMNac
ehIy[buRtrbs;RBHGgÁ]T½ynamGgÁeGg
RBHCnµ7vsSaeLIgRKgraCü .
RBHGgÁeGgRtUv)anesomerobGOiesk
[esayraCüenAqñaM1794
[eFVICaesþcfµIénRbeTsExµr .
eRkaymkeBlT½BesomnigyYnkMBugc,aMgKñaelI
TwkdIExµr esþcesomekItviklcrit
ehIyT½Besomk¾dk fyeTAvij . m®nþImU RtUv
Ebn nigsU‘ sMlab; ¬1782¦ EteRkaymk
m®nþIsU‘k¾RtUveKsMlab;tmkeTot .
ÉEbnk¾ePosxøÜneTARsukesomnaMRBHGgÁeG
g nigraCvgSanuvgS eTACamYypg .
RBHGgÁeGgRtUv)anesomerobGPiesk
[esayraCüenAqñaM1794
[eFVICaesþcfµIénRbeTsExµr .
b:uEnþGMNaczitenAkñúgkNþab;édecAhvab:uk .
bnÞab;mkman
esþcsñgraCübnþKWRBHraCbuRtnamGgÁcnÞTI2
k¾TTYl)anGPieskenARsukesomEdrenA
qñaM1806 .
4-sßanPaBRbeTskm<úCakñúgstvtSTI19
muneBldak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;)araMg
k-
dMNak;kaleRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;semþcecAhVayb:uk
¬1897-1806¦
enAqñaM1796 RBHGgÁeGgRTg;RBHQYn
ehIyk¾dUcTIvgÁt . RBHGgÁeGg
esayraCü)an20qñaM
cab;taMgBIRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ7vsSa .
enAkñúgraCvgSBgSavtarBMu)anbgðajGIVCasñaR
BHhsßrbs;RBHGgÁCa dMukMPYneT .
eBlenaHesþcecAhVayb:uk
¬naykrdæmRnIþ¦)anRbwgERbgdwknaMRbeTseda
yBMu)anerobcMeRCIs
erIskSRtafIµ[eLIgRKgraCübnþeTAeToteT .
dMeNIrenHRbRBwtiþeTAedays¶b;es¶omBIeR
BaHesomEdlEtg EtRbkasxøÜnCaGñkkarBarrC
¢TayaT Exµr )anepJIcuthµayeTAecAhVayb:uk
EdlmanesckIþdUcteTA { [GeBa
¢IjRBHbrmsBRBHGgÁeGgeTARkug eTBburI
¬)agkk¦
edIm,IeFIVbuNüfVayRBHePøIgcMENkraCsm,tiþ
RtUvfVayRBHGgÁcn½Þ CaraCbuRtc,g[eLIg
RKgraCsm,tiþ Et[GñkecAhVa
sIþkarraCkarCMnYsmYyGenøIsin
eRBaHRBHGgÁcn½ÞenAkumarNas; . ebIRBH
GgÁcn½ÞvDÆnaeLIgkalNa
eyIgnwgerobGPieskRBHGgÁ[esayraCüsm,tiþCae
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rs;enAelITwkdIxøÜnkan;kab;suxRsYleTAehIyena
H
k¾minrvl;nwgkarkan;GMNacrbs;ecAhVayb:ukEdr
.
rIÉRbCaCnk¾mankarenOyht;
nigkareFVIswkdeNIþmraCbløg½Á
deNIþmGMNacpgEdr emdwknaM
enAes¶omeTAehIyenaH
RbCaCnk¾ecHEtrs;enAedays¶b;es¶omEdreTA .
rIÉBYkecAhVayextþ ¬esþcRtaj;¦
kan;EtÉkraCüeLIg²
edaymkBIKµanGñkdwknaMBitR)akd
eKeBjcitþnwgsPaBEbbenHNas; Bn§dareKmin
)ac; bg;[naykrdæmRnIþk¾eRscEteK .
enAkñúgsßanPaBd¾GnaFibeytüEbbenH
PUmiPaKxagekItRbeTs
ebIGaNÑammincUllukluyeT
k¾Kg;esomcUlykCaminxan .
b¤mYyk¾sMNagmYyrbs;km<úCaeTAvijeT
EdlRbeTsBIrRbkYtRbECg cg;)andUcKña
ehIyRKb;eBlevlaEtgEtsRgwáteFµjdak;Kña
tamdaneTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgskmµcg;elbRt )
ak;km<úCa
sßanPaBEbbenH)anbnþrhUtdl;eBl)araMgmkdl; .
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gÁvij ehIyRtUvqab; bBa¢Ún
T½B[eTACYyvayBYkPUma
EdlcUlmklukluyRsukesom .
elakcRkIEkb)andwknaMT½BmYymWiunnak;
eTAPøam edayeKniyayfaTB½ExµrBUEkGs©arü )
anvayT½BPUma[braC½y
ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTs km<úCavij
eBareBjeTAedayC½yCMnH.

kgT½Bmkdl;kEnøgBMuTan;RsYlbYlpg
Rsab;EtesþcGayuFüabBa¢a[ esþcecAhVay b:uk
bBa¢ÚnT½B eTACYyesþcya:LúgEdlsMuCMnYy .
kgT½BelIkenH)anecjdMeNIreRkambBa
¢arbs;]ja:vaMgLag . kñúg xN³EdlecAhVayb:uk )
ansþab;bgÁab;breTsdUcCaTaskrdac;éfø
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eKaledAenAeT,Iy
edaymankaryWty:avdl;eTACagBIrqñaM .
dUecñHeKalbMNgEdlb:gsßabna
cMNgTak;TgCamYy)araMgrbs;
semþcRBHGgÁDYg
dMbUgenHmin)anTTYllT§plGVIeT,Iy .
sUmbBa¢ak;fa GñkkarTUt)araMgeQµaH
saldWm:ugTIjI
EdlRtUveFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TVIbGasIuenH
Kwkñúg
eKalbMNgénkarbMeBjebskkmµmYycMnYnKW ³
1-RtUvcuHhtßelxaelI sn§isBaØamitþPaB nig
BaNiC¢kmµ CamYyRkug)agkk .
2-RtUveFVIdMeNIreTAkan; tMbn;TYr:an
enAevotNam
edIm,IeFVIkarRBmancMeBaHGaCJaFrRkugev:k
Edl )aneFVITukbukemñj
eTAelIBYkebskbBVCit)araMgenATIenaH .
3-edIm,ImkbMeBjebskkmµCam®nþIkugs‘ul
fñak;elx1 enARkugs‘agéh .
edIm,IbMeBjebskkmµenH[)anl¥
saldWm:ugTIjI RtUvmkQb;enAkm<úCa
ehIynaMykRBHetCKuN mIs eTACamYypg
sMrab;eFVICaGñkbkERbPasa
nigeFVICaTIRbwkSa . elak saldWm:ugTIjI
k¾manParkic© edaHRsayTMnas;bniþcbnÞÜc
rvagbBVCit)araMg nigRBHraCaExµrpgEdr .
enArvagBak;kNþal ¬18 ?¦ Exmifuna qñaM1856
elaksaldWm:ugTIjI k¾)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;
sigðbUrI ehIy)anmkdl;)agkkenAéf¶ TI9 Exkkáda
qñaM1856 nigenAéf¶TI15 ExsIha qñaM1856 elak
saldWm:ugTIjI)ancuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØa
mitþPaB nigBaNiC¢kmµCamYyesom .
kñúgGMT,úgeBlEdlelaksaldWm:ugTIjI
sñak;enAÉRkug)agkk
esom)andwgGMBIKMeragénkarQb;
sMctrbs;elaksaldWm:ugTIjI
enARbeTskm<úCanaeBlxagmux .
edayesomP½yxøac)at;bg;karRtYtRta
rbs;xøÜnmkelIRbeTskm<úCaenaH
eK)aneRbIRKb;meFüa)ayeFVIy:agNaedIm,I[elaks
aldWm:ugTIjI sñak; enARkug)agkk[)anyUr
ehIyeqøot»kaseBlenaH esom)anbBa
¢Únm®nþIrbs;eKCasMgat;[mkkan;raC
vaMg]tþúgÁ
edIm,IsþIdak;karekobsgát;elIsemþcRBHGgÁDYg .
kñúg»kassñak;enARkug)agkkrbs;elak
saldWm:ugTIjI BYkemdwknaMesom )
anxitxMTak;TajTwk citþelaksaldWm:ugTIjI
edaymanerobcM BiFIbdisNæarkic©
nigBiFICb;eolgy:agKRKwkKeRKg . kareFVI
EbbenHTMngCaesom eKcg;[)ansMercnUv
bMNgBIry:agrbs;eK KW ³ TImYycg;
[RbeTskm<úCaenACa
cMNuHRbeTsesomteTAeTot
nigTIBIrcg;eRbIR)as;RbeTs)araMg
sMrab;eFVICakMEBgkarBarTl;nwgRbeTs
evotNampg nigeFVICakUnCBa¢IgsMrab;[man
tulüPaBCamYynwg\T§iBlRbeTsGg;eKøspg .
enAéf¶TI21 ExkBaØa qñaM1856
elaksaldWm:ugTIjI
k¾)anecjdMeNIrBItMbn;)a:kNamtamnava
mYyeQµaH m:arsU ¬Marceau¦
ehIyenAeBlEdlelaksaldWm:ugTIjI
ecjdMeNIrBIRkug)agkkmkenaH
RBHraCaesom)anesñI
sMu[CnCatiExµrcMnYn9nak; )
anrYmdMeNIrmkCamYyedayR)ab;fa
CnCatiExµrTaMgenH
suT§swgCaGñkbMerIraCbuRténRBHraCaExµr
Edlesom)ancab;xøÜnTukCayUrmkehIy
ehIy\T,ÚvenHBYkeK
TaMgenHmanesckþInwkrlwkdl;RsukkMeNIt .
enAéf¶TI7 Extula qñaM1856
elaksaldWm:ugTIjI k¾)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;kMBt
. eBlenaHelak saldWm:ugTIjI
mankarPJak;RsT,aMgkaMgy:agxøaMg
edayehtufaCnmñak;kñúgcMeNamCnTaMg9nak;
Edl )
aneFVIdMeNIrmkCamYyenaHKWCam®nþIesom
EdlRtUvTTYlParkic©esIubkarN_sMgat;BIKNRbti
PU)araMg nig
caMraraMgcMeBaHskmµPaBKNRbtiPUenH
ERkgmanTMnak;TMngGVIsMxan;CamYyExµr .
enAeBlEdlelaksal dW m:ugTIjI mkdl;kMBt
eK)aneFVIbdisNæarkic©
nig)anCUnBt’mandl;elaksal dWm:ug TIjI
faRBHraCa RTg;yagecjBIraCFanI]tþúgÁ
eq<aHmkkan;kMBtehIy .
x-3-karKMramkMEhgrbs;esommkelIRBHGgÁDYg
Rsab;EtmanRBHraCsarmYyrbs;semþc
RBHGgÁDYg RtUv)anmk; dl; kMBt .
tamry³RBHraCsarenH)an[dwgfa
RBHraCamin)anyagmkeT
BIeRBaHRBHGgÁekItbUsRTnic
b:uEnþRTg;k¾)anRtasbgÁab;[BYknahµWnm®nþI
nigBYkraCbMerICaeRcInnak;
edIm,I[mknaMelaksal dWm:ugTIjI
eTAkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ . eBlenaHsemþc
RBHGgÁDYg RtUv)anesomeFVIkar
KMramkMEhg nigbMPitbMP½y eday
RBHGgÁ)anTTYlraCsarmYyc,ab;BIRkug)agkk
Edltamry³raCsarenH
RBHecAesommankarecaTRbkan; mkelIRBHGgÁ
edayeRbIBaküeBcn_F¶n;²mann½yesµInwgk,t; .
CamYyenaHEdr
RBHraCaesomk¾)anepJIraCsarmYyepSgeTotmk[e
laksaldWm:ugTIjI eday)an R)ab;fa
elaksaldWm:ugTIjI GacRbKl;esckþI
TukcitþeTAelI eGEv:k mIs
edIm,IeFVIkarcrcaCamYyRBHraCa Exµr
EtelaksaldWm:ugTIjI
hak;manPaBGl;EGkkñúgerOgenH . enAéf¶TI14
Extula qñaM1856 manBYk nahµWnm®nþI
nigraCbriBarCaeRcIn
edayrYmmanTaMgdMrIcMnYn200 )
aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;kMBt . enAéf¶TI15
Extula qñaM 1856
eKk¾)ansMEdgKarvkic©cMeBaHm®nþIkarTUt)a
raMg elaksaldWm:ugTIjI .
elak saldWm:ugTIjI )
anEføgsunÞrkfamYyenAcMeBaHmuxbNþa
m®nþIExµr sþIGMBIb¤T§anuPaBénRbeTs )
araMg
karykcitþTukdak;rbs;RBHecAGFiraC)araMgcMeB
aHRbeTskm<úCa nigesckþIRtUvkarnUvkarsßabna
TMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr .
edaynahµWnExµrBMumansiT§iGVIkñúg
kareFVIkarcrcaenH elaksal dWm:ugTIjI )
anerobcMtak;EtgGtßbT GnusBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ
nigsasna rYccuHhtßelxaEtmñak;Ég . elak
saldWm:ugTIjI
k¾)ansresrlixitmYyc,ab;bEnßmeTot
sMrab;fVaysemþcRBHGgÁDYg
edIm,IsMEdgnUvkar
esaksþay nigsMuGP½yeTas
edayKat;min)aneTAKal;RBHGgÁedaypÞal; .
enAéf¶TI16 Extula qñaM 1856
elaksaldWm:ugTIjI k¾)aneT,Ig
navaeQµaHm:arsU
ecjBIkMBteTAkan;RbeTsevotNam edIm,I
bMeBjebskkmµfµImYyeTot .
bnÞab;BIenaHebskbBVCitBIrrUbmannamfa
EGsERts nigGUsUT,I ¬Père Ausssoleil¦ )an
TTYlParkic©naMykGtßbTGnusBaØaenHeTAfVay
semþc RBHGgÁ DYg enAraCFanI]tþúgÁ .
bBVCitTaMgBIrrUb )
anesñIsMucUlKal;RBHraCaedaypÞal;
edaysvnakarBiess . b:uEnþenAkñúgRBHraCsvna
karTTYlenHman
karcUlrYmBIraCvgSanuvgSExµrTaMgmUl
layT,Medaym®nþIesomCaeRcInnak;
CaBiesscarbursesom Edl RtUvelaksaldWm:ugTIjI
)anbeNþjecjBIkMBt nigecAhVayextþ)at;dMbg
Edlesom)anbBa¢Ún[mk kan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ
edIm,IsþIbenÞassemþcRBHGgÁ DYg .
semþc RBHGgÁ DYg
EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüBIm®nþIesom
nigmankarPitP½ypgenaH )an
bdiesFminRBmCYbpÞal;CamYynwgbBVCit)araM
gTaMgBIrrUbenaHeT nig)anRbkasfa
RBHGgÁBMumanGVIEdl RtUvlak;elomeT .
dUecñHsemþc RBHGgÁ DYg
min)anT,ayRBHhsßelxaelI GnusBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ
nig sasnaenaHeT,Iy .
RBHGgÁDYg
nigR)ak;kak;

VIII-beTskm<úCaeRkamrbbGaNaBüa)al)araMg
1-
sßanPaBRbeTskm<úCakñúgtMNak;kaldMbUgénGaNa
Büa)al)araMg
k-sn§isBaØaqñaM1863
)araMg)ancab;epþImRKb;RKgGMNacenAkñú
gRbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM1863
enAeBlEdlRBHmhakSRt neratþm )
ancuHhtßelxadak;RbeTskm<úCaeRkamGaNaBüa)
alrbs;)araMg . enAkñúgGtßbTkic©RBmeRBog
enH man19maRta maRtaTI1 )anniyayfa
{ RBHecAGFiraC)araMgRBmTTYlykRbeTskm<ú
Cadak;eRkam GaNa Büa)al)araMg } . )
araMg)anTTYlsiT§iEtgtaMgkugs‘ulrbs;xøÜn
EdlenAkñúgraCaNacRkExµr mantYnaTICam®nþI
Can;x<s; nigd¾sMxan;mñak; .
tamry³kic©RBmeRBógenH )
aneFVI[PaKIxagkm<úCa)at;bg;kardwknaM
neya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ eday ÉkÉg
KWkMBg;Epkm<úCaTaMgGs;RtUvebIkcMhsRm
ab;k):al;CMnYjrbs;)araMg
Blrdæ)araMgmansiT§ieFVIdMeNIr edayesrIeTA
RKb;TIkEnøgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
nigeFVICMnYjedayesrI .
rIÉPaKI)araMgTnÞwmnwgenH
k¾mankatBVkic©KaMBardl;RbeTskm<úCanUv
{reboberobryesckþIs¶b;es¶óm
nigkarBarkm<úCanUvral;rUbPaB
lukluyBIsMNak;xageRkA } .
CafñÚrnwgkarkarBarBIsMNak;)araMg
km<úCa)an)at;bg;esrIPaBneya)aykar breTs .
enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBóg )ancg¥úlbgðajCaGaT×fa
{ KµantMNagRbeTsNamYymansiT§isßitenAelI
TwkdIkm<úCa edayBMumankaryl;RBm
BIsMNak;GKÁeTsaPi)al )araMgenARkugéRBnKr
nigrdæaPi)alRbeTs km<úCaeLIy}.
bnÞab;BIkm<úCa)ansßitenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al)ar
aMg Gs;ry³eBly:agyUr eKhak;dUcCaBMuTan;
eXIjman\T§iBlGVIxøaMgkøa
b:HBal;dl;RbB½n§CaRbéBNITMenomTMlab;énT
Mnak;TMngneya)ay esdækic© sgÁm
enAkñúgRbeTsenAeLIyeT . sßanPaBEbbenH
edaysarEtCatMbUgeLIy)araMgBMu)ancat;Tukkar
cUlkan;
kab;RbeTskm<úCaedIm,IRbPBesdækic©enaHeT
b:uEnþvaRKan;EtCaTItaMgyuT§saRsþkñúgkarRb
kYtRbECgmYy enAelI
sklelakCamYynwgGg;eKøs
edIm,IRKb;RKgRbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .
x-karKMramkMEhgrbs;esom
kic©RBmeRBogesom-Exµr
cMENkÉrdæaPi)alesomvij
minsb,aycitþeRkayBI)andwgfa
RBH)aTneratþm)ancuHhtßelxaelI
sin§isBaØaenH)anxitxMeRbIR)as;\riyabfraraMg
nigBnül;dl;RBHmhakSRt
GMBICMenOminc,as;las;rbs; )
araMgmkelIkm<úCa .
minEtb:ueNÑaHBYkm®nþIesom)anEføgKMramk
MEhgRBHmhakSRtfa RbeTsesomnwg
GacEtgtaMgb¥ÚnRbusrbs;RBH
mhakSRtneratþm[eT,IgesayraCüelIRbeTskm<úCa .
BaküKMramkMEhg
TaMgenH)aneFVI[RBHmhakSRtmankarPitP½yy:a
gxøaMg BIeRBaHmáúdraCü
nigeRKOg\sSriyysmhakSRt km<úCa
RtUv)anEfrkSaTukenARkug)agkkRBmTaMgc,ab;
epSg² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkaresayraCürbs;
mhakSRtkm<úCa mankar
Cab;Tak;TgeTAnwgRbeTsesom .
edaysarbBaðaenHehIy)anCaenAéf¶TI1 ExFñÚ
qñaM1863
RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkic©RBmeRBogmYy
Casm¶at;CamYyRbeTsesom Edlman11maRta .
xøwmsarenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH
RBH)aTneratþmRtUv TTYlsÁal;faCamhakSRt
nigCaRbmuxrdæeBjc,ab;énRbeTskm<úCa
ehIyraCaNacRkkm<úCasßitenAkñúg
sßanPaBCaGnisSrPaB ¬CaraCaNacRkcMNuH¦
rbs;RbeTsesom .
tamry³sn§isBaØaenH
Rbmuxrdæénkm<úCaGacmankarEtgtaMgeT,Ig)an
RtUvEtmankarGnuBaØatBI Rkug)agkk .
tamesckþIEføgénkic©RBmeRBogenHEdr
RBHmhakSRtRBH)aTneratþm
RtUv)at;bg;siT§iTaMg Gs;elIextþ)at;dMbg
nigGtItRkugGgÁr
minEtb:ueNÑaHesom)anBRgIksiT§iRkesabykextþ
eBaFisat; nig kMBg;s<W eTot
RbsinebIRBHmhakSRtkm<úCamankarRbRBwtþm
in)anl¥CamYyRbeTsesom .
eRkayBIrdæaPi)al)araMg)aneFVIsc©ab½nelIsi
ni§sBaØa
sþIBIGaNaBüa)al)araMgenARbeTskm<úCa na
éf¶TI8Exemsa qñaM 1864 elakT,aRkg;DIEyr )
anfVayB½t’manenHdl;RBH)aTneratþm
ehIybnþmkBiFI bþÚrÉksarsc©ab½n)anRbRBwtþ
eTAenAéf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM1864 .
enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHedaymankar
sMrbsMrYlCamYyRbeTsesom
GMBIbBaðaEdndImYyPaKénRbeTskm<úCa
Edlsm,ÚreTAedayePaKpl dMNaM
CaBiessdMNaMRsUv dUcCaextþ)at;dMbg
GgÁresomrab RtUv)at;bg;Føak;eTAkñúgédesom .
K-kic©RBmeRBogrvag)araMg-esom
sþIBIbBaðaRbeTskm<úCa
bBaðakarRKb;RKgRbeTsExµr
edaymankarRbTajRbTg;Kñarvagesom
nig)araMgGMBIbBðakm<úCaenH eBlenaH
rdæaPi)al)araMg)ansuxcitþeFVIkarsMrbsMrYlCa
mYyRbeTsesom kñúgkarcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØa
mYyenAqñaM1867 .
tamry³xøwmsarénsn§isBaØaenH
lkçxNÐTaMgT,ayénkic©RBmeRBogrvagRbeTsk
m<úCa nigRbeTsesom Edl)ancuHéf¶TI1 ExFñÚ
qñaM1863 RtUv)anbdiesFecal .
tamry³kic©RBmeRBogenH
RbeTsesom)anyl;RBmCapøÚvkardl;siT§irbs;RbeT
s)araMg cMeBaH
rbbGaNaBüa)alrbs;xøÜnenAelIRbeTskm<úCa
ehIykñúgkartbsñgcMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal;enHvij
RbeTs esom)anTTYlextþ)at;dMbgnigGgÁr .
dUecñHsßanPaBneya)aysgÁménRbeTsExµrnaeBle
naH sßitenA eRkam\T§iBlrbs;)araMgpgnigesompg
Edl)araMgnigesomeK)aneFVIkarEbgEckTwkdIEx
µr eday)araMg )ankat;
TwkdIExµmYyEpñk[eTAesom
extþ)at;dMbgnigtMbn;GgÁr .
2-
sßanPaBRbeTskm<úCaeRkayBIFøak;eTAeRkamGMNa
cénGaNaBüa)al)araMg
eRkayBI)ankan;kab;TwkdIRbeTskm<úCaehIy
)
araMgk¾)anxitxMCMruj[mankarerobcMRbB½n§
RKb;RKg rdæ)alfµImYy
EdlRbB½n§énkarRKb;RKgenHBMuesµIPaBrvag)
araMgnigExµr eday)araMg)anekgykplcMeNj
y:ageRcInBIExµr .
kñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;)araMgenHEdr
edaysMGageTAelIsn§isBaØaqñaM1863
sþIBIGaNa
Büa)al)araMgelIRbeTskm<úCa . enAqñaM1904 )
araMg)anbgçM[esomRbKl;TwkdIenAPaKxageCIg
mandUcCa extþmøÚéRB sÞwgERtg [mkExµrvij
ehIyenAqñaM1907 )
araMgbgçM[esomRbKl;TwkdIPaKBay½Bü
manextþ )at;dMbgnigGgÁr Edl )araMg)an kat;
[xøÜnenaH [mkRbeTsExµrvijEdr
cab;BIeBlenaHehIyEdlman
karkMNt;RBMEdnrvagExµrnigesom . )
araMg)aneFVIkarkMNt;RBMEdnmanEtenAPaKxa
glic nigxageCIgCa mYyEtRbeTsesom
cMENkenAPaKxagt,Úgvij )
araMgBMu)aneFVI[manRBMEdnBitR)akdeT
eRBaHenAPaK
xagt,ÚgCaTwkdIEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtaeday
)araMgRsab;eTAehIy .
y:agNamij
Cabnþicmþg²enAkñúgdMeNIrbegáItshB½n§\NÐÚ
cinrbs;)araMg nigkarRbwgERbgedIm,I
QøanBanenAkñúgtMbn; )
araMgk¾)andak;CakmµviFImYyEdlTak;TgnwgbB
ðaaesdækic©km<úCa edIm,IpSarP¢ab;eTA
nwgesdækic© em:RtUb:UlI
ehIykmµviFIenH)ankøayCakmµviFITImYyrbs;)ara
MgenAkñúgkarRKb;RKgkm<úCa . )araMg )
anBRgwg
GMNacrbs;eKd¾rwgmaMcMeBaHkmµviFIrenH
EtenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCanaeBlenaHrcnasm<½n§
GgÁkar
sgÁmenAmanlkçN³CaRbéBNITMenomTmøab;y:a
grwgmaMenAeT,Iy .
eTaHbIkalBImuneBl)araMgcUlmk RBH )
aTGgÁDYg)an
RbwgERbgeFVIkMENTRmg;mþgehIyk¾eday
k¾eKsegáteXIjFatumYycMnYnCa
RbéBNITMenom TMlab;enAEtbnþteTAeTot
rhUtmkdl;dMNak;kaleRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;)araM
g . edaysarEtkRmit CIvPaBd¾Tn;Tab
cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa)anfycuHedaysnSwm²
muneBlEdl)araMgcUlmkdl; mancMnYn
RbEhl1lannak;b:ueNÑaH . kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH
GMNacmUldæanEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
)anQr Car)aMgmYyy:agrwgmaMkñúgkareFVI
kMENTRmg;sgÁmenH .
eKyl;fa kMENTRmg;rbs;)araMgvaRKan;EtCa
{ sßanPaBmYyEdlExµrminRtUvkar }
eRBaHkmµviFIenH
nwgmincuHsRmugnwgrcnasm<½n§sgÁmCaRbéB
NITMenomTmøab;rbs;ExµreLIy .
TnÞwmnwgenHEdreKyl;fa mun
nwgmankardak;luy
edIm,IeFVIvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
RtUvTamTar[mankarbegáIteLIgnUvrcnasm<½n§
esdækic©sgÁmmYyfµITaMgRsug
EdlenHGacbgðajeGayeXIjnUvplRbeyaCn_rbs;BY
knieyaCik nigpþl; briyakasl¥
edIm,IdwknaMesdækic©RbeTs .
RBHraCRkwtüqñaM1877 )
annaMmknUvGtßn½yFMeFgenAkñúgsßanPaBBlr
dærbs;km<úCaKWdl;GñkEdl eFVI
´beRmICaTaskrGs;mYyCIvit .
GñkNamYyEdlsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBCa´beRmIeK
edaysarkarCMBak; bMNuleK
GacmansiT§iesrIPaBeLIgvij
edayeFIVkarkat;bMNul .
enAkñúgRBHraCRkwtüenH k¾)anniyay
pgEdrGMBIsiT§ikñúg
karbegáItRKYsarcMeBaHGñkNamYy
EdlRtUvenAeFVICa´beRmIeKyUrGEgVg .
RBHraCRkwtüqñaM1877
k¾dUcCakarRbwgERbgkMENTRmg;sgÁm
RbkbedaylkçN³RbéBNI TMenom
Tmøab;rbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYgEdr
BMu)annaMmknUvbMErbMrYlGVIenAkñúgsgÁ
mkm<úCaCak;EsþgeT . eTaHCay:agenHkþI
ktþacaM)ac;nUvbMErbMrYl
dl;b£sKl;enAkñúgRbeTs
RtUv)anyl;nwgRtUv)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIsMNak;
BYkeGlIt Exµr dUcCaRTg;sIusuvtþi
kñúgzan³CamnusSTIBIrenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaM
gfa { sMeNIrbs;)araMgGMBIkareFVIkMEN
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EdlsßiteRkamkardwknaMrbs;er:sIudg;)araMg
enAraCFanInigenAtamextþ .
eK)anbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKgy:agtwgruwg
eTAelIskmµPaBrbs;m®nIþraCkar
edaydak;tYnaTImux garrebob
erobryc,as;las;kMNt;RBMEdnGP½yÉksiT§irbs;B
YkeK kareRbIGMNacrbs;
m®nþIRbEmRbmUlePaK plBIRbCaCn
EdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIyRtUv)anlubbM)at;ecal .
edaysarEtmankMENTRmg;enAelIRbB½n§Bn§dar
karbegáIteLIgnigkarBRgwgc,ab;kmµsiT§ienAelI
dIFøI
nigkarlubbM)at;ecalRbB½n§TasPaBenAkñúgRbeT
s)an RtUvERbRbYlrcnasm<½n§dl;b£sKl;)anelc
eLIgenAkñúgCYrmhaCn
nUvRsTab;m©as;kmµsiT§dItUc²
EdlkñúgenaH)anecjmkBIRsTab;munehAfa{GñkCa
} nigBIRsTab; {éRkA }nig {´kñúg}.
enAelIvis½ycitþsaRsþsgÁm
k¾mankarERbRbYleRcInNas;Edr .
karbegáIteLIgnUvkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøInaM
[mankarlubbM)at;meFüa)ayCaRbéBNITMenomT
møab; kñúgdMeNaHRsayrvagm©as;dI
edaybegáIteLIgnUv RbB½n§c,ab;
Edl]btßmÖdl;sßanPaBsgÁmRbkbedayÉkraCüniges
ßrPaB CaBiesssRmab;m©as;dItUc² .
ral;bMErbMrYlTaMgenH
reboberobryépÞkñúg)annaMmknUvGtßn½ymYyc
MnYn
Edlbnþicmþg²)anCMruj[ km<úCacUlrYmenAkñúg
RbB½n§BlkmµGnþrCatinigenAkñúgRbB½n§TIpS
arsklelak . {pSar} enAkñúgrgVg;énRbB½n§
fµI)anERbkøayeTACamCÄmNÐlbMErbMrYlTaM
gRsugenAkñúgsgÁm .
karbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKgrbbGaNaniKmniym
enAkúñgRbeTskm<úCa )
aneFVI[RbB½n§RKb;RKgCa
RbéBNITMenomTmøab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaE
RbRbYlTaMgRsug . TMnak;TMngluy-
TMnij)ansßitenAkñúgsßan
PaBRKb;RKgmYyenAkñúgcitþsaRsþ
nigTMnak;TMngsgÁm .
sßanPaBenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa elak A. Forest )
anKUs bBa¢ak;rYcehIyfa
{hak;dUcCamanRbB½n§BIrTMnas;nwgKña)anmk
dl;ehIy)anb:HTgÁicKña} . eday
sarEtkarb:HTgÁicKña
esdækic©ksikrhak;dUcCasßitenAkñúgsßanPaBBIr
y:ag . müa:gsßitenAkñúgsßanPaB
RKan;Et]btßmÖxøÜnÉg
ehIy)ancUleTAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar
edaybegáIt[manTMnijCaGgár nigeBat .
b:uEnþmüa:gvijeTot
edIm,Ilkçnþik³sRmab;CIvitksikr
citþsaRsþrbs;BYkeK RbePT\riyabfenHRtUv)an
ERbRbYlticNas;
TICnbTenAEtsßItenAkñúgsßanPaBmYykñúgRbéB
NITMenomTmøab;y:agsIuCMerA .

CalT§plenAkñúgkareFVIkMENTRmg;eTAelIvis½
yksikmµ karelceLIgRbeTsenAelITIpSarGnþrCati
enAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa)anbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§ "Hybrid"
plitplTMnij-FmµCatienAkñúgplitkmµksikmµ
Edl)anTTYl
eCaKC½yCagRbB½n§CaRbéBNITMenomTmøab;
. edayQrelIeKalkarN_RbB½n§fµIenH enAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa)anbegáIteLIg
esdækic©ksikry:agFMeFgEdleFVIskmµPaBCalkç
N³FmµCati nigBak;kNþal FmµCati
¬manTMnak;TmngplitkmµTMnij
sRmab;tMrUvkarTIpSar¦ EdleFVIeLIg
{edIm,Ikarrs;enAy:ag samBaØmYYy
b:uEnþsßiteRkamRTg;RTay\T§iBlRTg;RTayepSg²
enAkñúgrgVg;esdækic©TIpSar eFVI[eKlk;nUv
ksiplEdlCapliplcaM)ac;rbs;eK}.
enAkñúgRbB½n§ {Hybrid}
EtgEtekIteLIgnUvTMnas;rvagksikrnigBYkQµÜjcg
karR)ak; ebIniyay kñúgRTwsþIesdækic©vij
KWrvagplitkmµGn;fyenAkñúgTICnbTnigGñkEdl
manCagenAkñúgRbB½n§mUlFnniym TIRkug .
enAeBlenaHenAkñúgesdækic©ksikmµelceLIg
nUvdMeNIrvivtþénPaBxusKñaBIrénkmµsiT§i
ksikrenA
tamTICnbTelceLIgnUvkmøaMgsIuQµÜleFIVERs
EdlelceLIgCaBiess
enAkñúgRsTab;RbCaCnRkIRkEdl KµandIFøI .
TMnas;TaMgenH)anelceLIgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úC
akan;EtxøaMgeLIg bnÞab;BI)araMg)ancakecj
BIRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1953 ehIy)ankøayeTA
CabBaðamYyy:agF¶n;RbQmmuxnwgGñkkan;GM
Nackm<úCa .
IX-
RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgdMNak;kalts‘UedIm,IÉkra
CüCati
nig snñisITTIRkughSWENv
sþIGMBIbBaða\NÐÚcin qñaM1954
1-bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin nig
rNsirüExµr\sSr³kñúgkarts‘URbqaMgnwgrbb
GaNaniKmniym)araMg kñúgRbeTskm<úCa
RbvtþisaRsþTMnak;TMngrvagRbeTskm<úCa
nigRbeTsevotNam
CaRbvtþisaRsþmYyeBareBjeTA
edayPaBeRKatRKatcm,aMgsIusac;hutQamKña\tQ
b;Qr . mkdl;Bak;kNþalstvtSr_TI19 RbeTs
km<úCaPaKxaglic
éndgTenøemKgÁRtUvesomratt,at
rIÉPaKxagekItRtUvevotNamratt,at .
muneBl)araMgmkdak;GaNaniKmenAkñúgRbeTsk
m<úCa
kgT½BénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)aneFVIkar
vaylukcUltMbn;kUsaMgsIunEtRtUvbraC½y . )
araMg)anbBa©b;s®gÁamrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
edayyktMbn; kUsaMgsIun
CaTwkdIGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜn . enAqñaM1949 )
araMg)aneFVIesckþIseRmccitþCaGtþenam½ti
RbKl; TwkdIkUsaMgsIuneTA[GMNac)avday-
evotNam edaymanGMNHGMNagfa
RbCaCnExµrrs;enAtMbn;enaH
mancMnYnticCagevotNam ¬RbCaCnExµrman
cMnYnRbEhl 600Ban;nak;¦.
rdæGMNac)a:rIs)aneFVIesckþI seRmccitþenH
BMu)aneGIeBIdl;TsSn³Catirbs;RbCaCnExµr
nigedayKµan)anTaMgeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYy
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
EdlCaRBHmhakSRtenARBHraCaNcRkkm<úCaen
AeBlenaHpgEdreT .
CaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy
TMnas;bBðaaTwkdIenH)aneFVI[mans®gÁambgð
ÚrQamKña\tQb;Qr rvag
RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsevotNam .
braC½yrbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
CaBiessenAstvtSr_TI19 KWCa
søaksñamRbvtþisa®sþd¾CUrct;bnSl;Tuk[RbCaCn
km<úCa .
RbCaCnevotNam)anbnþkarcUlmkrs;enAelI
TwkdIkm<úCa
swgRKb;TIkEnøgmunsm½yGaNaniKm
nigsm½yGaNaniKm)araMg .
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RbCaCnevotNam
RbkbrbrGaCIvkmµCaQµÜj kmµkrcmáarekAs‘U
nigGñkensaT . minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaH
BYk)araMg)aneRCIserIs
RbCaCnevotNamCaeRcIn
[eFVIkarkñúgeTsaPi)alGaNaniKmniymenAkñúgR
beTs km<úCa
edaymineGIeBIBITsSn³Catirbs;RbCaCnExµreLIy .
k-bkSkMumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin
enAPUmiPaKevotNamxageCIgmanKNbkSkumµú
ynIsþþ nigminEmnkumµúynIsþþCaeRcIn Edl
manTisedAts‘UedIm,IékraCüCatidUcKña .
GgÁkarGñkCatiniymts‘URbqaMgnwgvtþman)ara
Mg EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yeRcInCageK KWKNbkS
kMumuuynIsþ\NÐÚcindwknaMedayelakhUCImij
¬Ho Chi Minh¦. hUCImijmankMeNItenArvagqñaM1890
kñúg RKYsarRkIRkmYykñúgextþEg:Gan ¬Nghe An¦
natMbn;kNþalénRbeTsevotNam . enAqñaM1911
elak )
aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TVIbGWr:ubedayeFVICa
GñkbeRmICUtsMGatbnÞb;tUc²énnava .
enATIRkug)a:rIs elak)an
gakmkCab;Tak;TgkñúgerOgneya)ayvij.
enAkñúgsnñisITsnþiPaBenAEvrés ¬The Versailles peace
Conference¦ elak)aneLIgEføgGnusSrN³
¬kMNt;ehturMlwk¦
mYyedaysMu[RbeTseRkamGaNaniKm TaMgLay
Kb,ITTYl)ansiT§iRbCaFibetyü
[dUc²KñaeTAnwgsiT§iEdleKRbKl;
[dl;RbeTsTaMgLay enAGWr:ubdUecñHEdr
b:uEnþelakBMu)anTTYleCaKC½yeLIy .
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlenATIRkug):arIsenaH
hUCImij )anbþÚrgakeTArklT§i ma:kSniym
¬Marxism¦vij ehIy)anP¢ab;xøÜn
CamYynwgKNbkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg .
enAqñaM1923
elak)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkugmU:sÁÚ
edIm,IsikSalMGitBIviFIeFVIbdivtþn_
ehIybnÞab;elak eTAkan;RbeTscineTot .
kñúgqñaM1925 rUbelak
nigCnCatievotNamxøHeTotEdlsñak;enARbeTscin)
anrYmKñabegáIteLIg {smaKm yuvCnbdivtþn_}
¬Association of Revolutionary Youth¦ mYy
nigsarB½t’manmYyeTotman eQµaHfa{yuvCn} .
enAqñaM1930
smaKmenH)ancUlrYmCamYynwgKNbkSkumµúy
nIsþþevotNamepSg² eTotTaMgGs;
edIm,IbegáItCaKNbkSkumµúynIsþFMmYyeQµaH
KNbkSkumµúynIsþþ\NÐÚcin ¬Indochinese Commu nist Party
¦ sresrkat;fa "I.C.P" .
KNbkSkumµúynIsþþ\NÐÚcinenH )
andak;kmµviFIneya)ayBIry:agKWeKaledACatiniy
m edIm,IEsVgrk
ÉkraCüPaBnigeKaledAkumµúynIsþþ
edIm,IeFVIbdivtþn_sgÁm .
maKa’neya)ayrbs;hUCImijKWBüayamdeNIþIm
ÉkraCü[)anCamunsin ehIybnÞab;mkeTIbdak;bBa
¢ÚllT§kumuynIsþCaeRkay .
edIm,IdeNþImÉkraCüenH [)an
hUCImijRtUvEtrYmshRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkGñk
Catiniym minEmnkumµúynIsþÉeTot
nigBYkbBaØv½nþ eTotpg
ehIyk¾RtUvkar[mankarKaMRTBIRbCaksikrnigB
YkkmµkrpgEdr edaysnüaeFVIkMENTRmg;dIFøI
nigbgálkçxNÐ kargar[)anrwtEtl¥RbesIreLIg
b:uEnþeBlxøHmaKa’neya)ayrbs;KNbkSenHsgát;F
¶n;Et
eTAelIkareFVIbdivtþn_sgÁmniymEtb:ueNÑaH.
enArvagqñaM1936 nigqñaM1939
enAÉRbeTs)araMgcab;epþImmanrdæaPi)almYydw
knaMedayRkum rNsirSRbCaCn ¬Popular Front¦
EdlGnuBaØat[manesrIPaBxagEpñkneya)ay)an .
enHCaRKadMbUg bMputehIy
EdlKNbkSkumµúynIsþþcin
nigKNbkSkumµúynIsþþÉeTot²RBmTaMgKNbkSC
atiniympgenaH
GaceFVIskmµPaBerog²xøÜn)anedaycMh
nigRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;eTotpg . b:uEnþenA
qñaM1939 s®gÁamelak elIkTI2)anpÞúHeLIg
ehIyrdæaPi)al)araMgrMlayKNbkSkumµúynIsþþ\N
ÐÚcinecaleTAvij hamR)ammin[ ecjesovePA
nigsarB½t’man nigcab;
cgsmaCikKNbkSkMumuuynIsþCag 2
Ban;nak;eTotpg.

emdwknaMKNbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin
EdlenAesssl;)anrt;eKclak;xøÜnmþgeTot
ehIy)anRbkas karts‘ÚurMedaHCati
rIÉkmµviFIbdivtþn_kumµúynIsþRtUvrg;caMrhUtd
l;eRkayeBlevotNam)anTTYlÉkraCüsin .
hUCImij)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTscinedIm,Ir
g;caM»kasl¥
eFIVkarvayRbyuT§CafµIeLIgvijmþgeTotRbqaMg
nwg )araMg .
x-\T§iBlneya)aybkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcinmkelIclnats‘U
rMedaHCatienAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
enAqñaM1930
bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)anbegáIteLIg
EdlmansmaCikCaBYkkumµúynIsþmansBa¢ati
evotNam rs;enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgbI evotNam Lav
km<úCa
manTisedArMedaHRbeTsCatiBInwmGaNaniKm
niym)araMg edayQrelITsSn³samKÁIGnþrCatiniym
.
b:uEnþFatuBitTsSn³samKÁIGnþrCatiniymrbs;bkS
kumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin
sßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkkumµúynIsþevo
tNamrYceTAehIy BIeRBaHenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§
dwknaMrbs;BYkGaNaniKmniym)araMg
TaMgRbeTskm<úCa k¾dUcCaenARbeTsLav
manbuKÁlikCaCnCati evot NamrYceRsceTAehIy .
EdaymanmUldæandUcxagelIenH
k,alma:sIundwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin man
eKalkarN_BIry:agenAelITisedAneya)ayrbs;xøÜn ³
1-karksagrdæ\NÐÚcinEtmYy
EdlenAkñúgenaHmanRbCaCnevotNameRcInelIslb
; ehtudUecñH
evoNam
nwgmaneRbóbeTAelIvis½yneya)ayCaBiesselIkard
wknaM .
2-karksagrdæshB½n§
EdlmanÉkPaBelITsSn³vis½y neya)ay
nigmenaKmviC¢a .
enAqñaM1935
KN³kmµaFikarmCÄwmbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)
aneFVIesckþIseRmccitþCaBiessmYy Edl
manGtßn½yfa ³
{bnÞab;BIpþÜlrMlMnwmGaNaniKmniym)araMge
nAkñúg\NÐÚcin)an ehIyRbCaCn\NÐÚcin
mansiT§iseRmcvasnarbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg
RsbeTAtameKalbMNgrbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg
RsbeTAtam eKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn .
RbCaCn\NÐÚcinmansiT§ibegáItrdæshB½n§
b¤begáItrdæGFibetyüPaBrbs;xøÜn eday
mansiT§icUlCasmaCik b¤enAeRkARbB½n§.
bnÞab;BICb:un)anmkkan;kab;\NÐÚcinenAqñaM1
941
bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)aneFVIkarERbRbYlTise
dA rbs;xøÜnmYycMnYn.
edIm,I[karts‘UrMedaHCati)ankan;EtFMTUlay
RbeTsnImYy²RtUvbegáItrNsirSrbs;xøÜn .
enAqñaM1942 kñúgRbeTskm<úCa)anbegáItrNsirS
{Exµr\sSr³} rIÉRbeTsevotNam)anbegáItrNsirS
{evotmij} . KalBI qñaM1936
edayGnuelamtamesckþIseRmccitþrbs;bkSkumµúyn
IsþGnþrCati ¬kMumInETn¦ )
anbegáIteLIgnUvrNsirS
RbCaCati\NÐÚcin{rNsirSÉkPaBCatiRbCaFibetyü\
NÐÚcin} . rNsirSnImYy² énRbCaCati\NÐÚcin
bnÞab;BI)anBRgwgkmøaMgrbs;xøÜn)anehIy
eKmanbMNgbRgYbbRgYm
rNsirSRbCaCatibegáItCa
{rNsirSÉkPaBénRbCaCati\NÐÚcin} .
enAcugqñaM1944 bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin )
ancab;epþImbegáItkgT½BCati
enARbeTsevotNam . naniTaXrdUv énqñaM1945 )
ancab;epþImeFVI)atukmµenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaHé
nRbeTskm<úCa . enAExsIhaqñaM1945
enARbeTsevotNam
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin )
anpÞúHnUvkarbHe)ary:agxøaMgehIyenA éf¶ TI2
ExkBaØa)anbegáIteLIgrdæÉkraCümYy
{saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyü evotNam}.
BYkcinCatiniym
Edlkankab;PUmiPaKxageCIgénRbeTsevotNam
nigBYk-Gg;eKøs )araMg Edl )ankan;kab;
PUmiPaKxagt,Úg)aneBIbRbTHRbyuT§Kña
edIm,ITwkdIGaNaniKmniymrbs;xøÜn . evotNam
RtUvkarcaM)ac;sm¶MbegáIkmøaMgrdæGMNacfµ
I EdleTImEtnwgekIteLIg . enAqñaM1946
s®gÁamts‘UedIm,IÉk raCüCati)anpÞúHduHdal
eLIgRKb;TIkEnøg
énépÞRbeTsehIycab;epþImraldalcUleTAkñúgTwk
dIkm<úCa.
neya)ayeyaKyl; ¬Compromise¦
rbs;RBHmhakSRtkm<úCa)aneFVI[)araMgkk;ekþA
CaxøaMg
nigcg;eFVIshRbtibtþikarCamYyraCrdæaPi)al .
enAqñaM1947
rdæsPaCatikm<úCa)anGnum½tykrdæFmµnuBaØ
TI1 rbs;RbeTs ehIy)anRbkastamRkwtüc,ab ;
{RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa}.
rNsirS {Exµr\sSr³}
BMuTan;)anksagmUldæanrbs;xøÜn[rwgmaMeT .
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday eRkamkar dwknaM
rbs;bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin rNsirS {Exµr\sSr³} )
aneFVIskmµPaBy:agskmµ . kgT½BCatievotNam
xageCIg)ancUlmkdl;RbeTskm<úCa
EdleFVI[karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgBYkGaNaniKm
niym)araMgkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg .
enAGMLúgqñaM1947-1948
eday)anTTYlkarKaMBarBIkmøaMgkgT½B
evotNamrNsirS {Exµr\sSr³} )
anksagmUldæanrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa .
enAcugqñaM1949 kgT½BExµr\sSr³ )
anBRgIktMbn;kan;kab; rbs;xøÜnenAépÞdI1PaK3
énépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl EdlmanRbCaCn
cMnYnRbEhl1lannak;rs;enA .
edayeBIbRbTHnUvRBwtþikarN_y:agenH
nig)araMg)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógmYye
nAqñaM1949 manGtßn½yfa
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa Cardæ
ÉkraCümYysßitenAkñúgshB½n§)araMg .
enAqñaM1950 RbeTscin
nigshPaBsUevot)anbegáItTMnak;TMng
karTUtCamYysaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam .
RbeTscinnigsUevot)anpþl;CMnYyeyaFadl;evot
Nam
CaeRcInedIm,IeFVIkarRbyuT§RbqaMg)araMg.
edayeXIjsßankarN_fa )
araMgnwgGs;GtßiPaBrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg\NÐÚcin
Caminxan ehIyenaHenA ExemsaqñaM1950
enAkñúgRbeTkm<úCa
BYkExµrts‘UedayGavuF)anR)arB§eFVImITij
tMNagRbCaCatimYyeRkam kardwknaMrbs;rNsirS
{Exµr\sSr³}.
enAkñúgmITij)aneFVIjtþisþIBIÉkraCüCati
nigbegáIt {rNsirSÉkraCü km<úCa}
EdldwwknaMeday ExµrkumµúynIsþ TU samut nig
sWg g:ukmij ehIykMNt;TisedAts‘U ³ {BRgwg nig
BRgIks®gÁamQøb begáItnigBRgIk kgT½B>>>
begáItGMNacneya)ayts‘URbqaMg}.
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa )
anbegáItkariyal½ybkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin nig
begáItKN³kmµaFikarkmµkrkm<úCarbs;bkS.
enAExvicäika qñaM1950
BYkkumµúynIsþ)anQanCMhanfµIrbs;xøÜn
edIm,IBRgwgclnaeqVgniymenA \NÐÚcin ³
enAevotNamxageCIg)anR)arB§mhasnñi)attMNagr
NsirSRbCaCati evotNam km<úCa nigLav enAkñúg
TisedAbRgYb bRgYmeFVICaGgÁkarEtmYy.
enAeBlEdlenAkñúg\NÐÚcinElgenACaGaNaniKm
EtmYy rbs;)araMg enAkñúgmhasnñi)at elIkTI2
naExkumÖ³ qñaM1951
bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)aneFVIesckþIRbkas
rMlaybkS . b:uEnþTnÞwmnwgKñaenH
bkSkumµúynIsþenAtamRbeTsnImYy²RtUv)anbeg
áIteLIg. enAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCaeK)anbegáIteLIgenAExmifunaqñaM1951
KW {bkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa} .
knøgmk)anmYyEx eday eyaleTAtameKal
KMnitrbs;evotNam )
anbegáItsnñisITsamKÁIRbCaCati\NÐÚcinenARbe
TsevotNam
EdlcUlrYmmandMNagCasmaCikCarNsirSÉkPaBC
ati .
enAkñúgsnñisIT)anGnum½tibegáItshB½n§RbCa
Cati evotNam km<úCa Lav
EdlmanTisedARbCaCati\NÐÚcin
nwgeFVIkarts‘UrYmKñaCayUrGEgVgenAelIRKb
;vis½y edIm,IkMeTcBYkGaNaniKm
niym)araMgrYmKña .
2-neya)ayrbs;semþcRBH)aTRBHneratþmsIhnu
edIm,IÉkraCüCati
¬ éf¶TI9 Exvicäika qñaM1953 ¦
enAcugqñaM1944
bkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin)ancab;epþImbegáItkgT½
BCatienARbeTsevotNam . nani
TaXrdUvénqñaM1945 )
ancab;epþImeFVI)atukmµenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaHé
nRbeTskm<úCa . éf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM1945
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
rdækar)araMg)anRtUvCMnYsedayrdækarCb:un
eBlenaHkgkmøaMgeyaFa)araMg)anRtUv
cab;XMuXaMg . enAéf¶ TI12 ExmIna
KWmanry³eBlbIéf¶bnÞab;BICb:un)ancUlmkkan;k
ab;RbeTskm<úCa semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )
anecjpSayRBHraCRkwtüsþIBI
karbdiesFecalnUvkic©RBmeRBógTaMgGs;
EdlmankarcuHhtßelxaCamYyRbeTs)araMg .
enHCakarRbwgERbgelIkTImYyrbs;RBHmhakSRt
edIm,I ÉkraCüCati b:uEnþÉkraCüBMu)anTTYl
sÁal;tampøÚvc,ab;edayrdæaPi)alCb:uneT .
éf¶TI14 ExsIha qñaM1945
edaymankarKaMRTBImCÄdæanGñkneya)ayCb:un
pg enARbeTskm<úCa)anbegáItrdæaPi)almYy
EdlmanelaksWg g:ukfaj;eFVICanaykrdæm®nþI .
bnÞab;BICb:un)ancaj;enAkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI
2mk
sPaBkar)anERbRbYly:agqab;rh½senAkñúg
\NÐÚcin. enA éf¶TI23 ExkBaØa
GgÁPaBénkgT½B)araMgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;]tþ
mesnIydWehaÁl nigkgT½B Gg;eKøs )
anvaycUlkan;kab;TIRkugéRBnKr .
GnþraKmn_EbbenH)anrIksaydl;RbeTskm<úCa .
GgÁPaBénkgT½Belatq½Rteyag)araMg )
ancUlmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBjtampøÚv Gakas .
tambBa¢arbs;]tþmesnIy)araMg LWEKøk sWg
g:ukfaj; nigsmaCikénrdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜn)an
RtUvcab;XMuXaMg .
cab;BIeBlenaHmkclnats‘UrMedaHCatirbs;BYk
{Exµr\sSr³} kan;EtmanPaBxøaMgkøaeLIg
edayman
karKaMRTBIkmøaMgT½BevotmijEfmeTotpg .
edIm,IeCosvagBIs®gÁambgðÚrQamKñamYy
EdlmansßanPaB minesµIkñarvagRbCaCnkm<úCa
CamYynwgkgT½BmhaGMNac)araMgRbkbedays
BVavuFTMenIb² semþcRB)aT
neratþmsIhnu)aneRCIserIsyk
maKa’kic©RBmeRBógsMrbsMrYlCamYynwgBY
kGaNaniKmniym)araMgedIm,I ÉkraCüCati .
y:agNamijkic©snüa
beNþaHGasnñmYy)araMg)andak;
[rdæaPi)alkm<úCafµIedaybgçMkúñg qñaM1946 .
enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógenH
RbeTskm<úCa)aneRbIR)as;nUvsV½yPaBxagkñúg
b:uEnþTMnak;TMngxag
KtiyutþiCamYy)araMgRtUvQrelImUldæanénsn§is
BaØaqñaM1863 nigGnusBaØaqñaM1884 .
dUecñHÉkraCürbs; km<úCakñúgqñaM1945
BMusßitenAelImUldæanNamYyeLIy .
karts‘UedIm,IÉkraCüCatirbs;RBHmhakSRt
RtUv)ancab;epþIm BIelxsUnüeLIgvij .
RBHmhakSRtRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
BMuTTYlsÁal;saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam
enAkñúgsßan PaBshB½n§\NÐÚcinEbbenHeLIy
RBHGgÁ)anbnþneya)ayCamYy)araMgteTAeTot .
TnÞwmnwgenHkarbegáIt
sm<½n§PaBRbCaCn\NÐÚcin )
aneFVI[karvaylukrbs;kgT½BevotNam
nigkgT½B{Exµr\sSr³} kan;Etman
snÞúHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg .
haNUy)anTTYlsÁal;KN³kmµakarCatibeNþaHGas
nñkm<úCa kñúgzan³CardæaPi)al
Rsbc,ab;rbs;km<úCa . TnÞwmnwgenH
eyIgGaceFVIkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarGnum½timYy
rbs;snñisITshB½n§ EdlmanesckþIfa
{samKÁIénRbCaCnTaMgbI RbeTs evotNam Lav
km<úCa ksageLIgelIeKalkarN_ s½µRKcitþ
smPaBCYyKña
nigeKarBGFibetyüPaBKñaeTAvijeTAmk
manTisedArYmkMeTcBYkGaNaniKm
niym)araMg
edIm,IsmiT§iplÉkraCüPaBsRmab;RbCaCnTaMgbI
RbeTs}.
smT§iplfµImYyEdlsemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
TTYl)anenAkñúgdMeNIrQaneTArkÉkraCüPaB
eBjeljTak;TgeTAnwgsn§isBaØaqñaM1949 .
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )anmanbnÞÚlfa
{eday)an eRCIserIsmaKa’mYy
edayminCMruj[RbeTsrbs;´Føak;kñúgpøÚv
EdlGacbNþal[søab;edayGsnþisuxbgðÚ Qam
EdlnaM[vinasdl;RbCaraRsþrbs;eyIg
b¤k¾enAkñúgsm½<n§PaBNamYy
b¤karcUlédCamYyBYk evotNam evotmij
¬EdlminsUvmaneRKaHfñak;¦ enaH
´RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIsn§isBaØafµImYyedIm,IrM
edaHkm<úCa edayTajc,ab;BIPaB
enAkñúgGMNac)araMg
nigedIm,Is<anmYyrvageRtIy
¬EdlRtUve)aHbg;ecal¦ GaNa Büa)al nigeRtIy ¬Edl
RtUveTA[dl;¦ ÉkraCüTaMgRsug}.
eRkamkarCYy]btßmÖBIsMNak;kgT½BevotNam
clna {Exµr\sSr³} )anBRgwgkmøaMg TnÞwmenH
manbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCaedIrBIeRkayCab;
Canic© . enAqñaM1952
kgT½BExµr\sSr³)aneTIbRbTHRbyuT§ CamYy
kgT½BRBHmhakSRt .
edayyl;eXIjfa
minGacbnøayeBlyUrteTAeTot)an
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu k¾)aneFVI
esckþIseRmccitþenAqñaM1953
{RBHraCbUCnIykic©edIm,IÉkraCüCati
{kñúgTisedAedIm,ITamTarBI)araMgnUv
GFibetyüPaBeBjelj
niigkarTTYlsÁal;tamc,ab;nUvraCrdæaPi)alrbs;RB
HGgÁenAelIqakGnþrCati .
{RBHraCbUCnIykic©}
rbs;RBHGgÁ)anRbRBwtþeTAedayeCaKC½yenA
Extula eday)ancuHhtßelxasþIBIkar
RbTanfVaynUvraCGMNacGKÁembBa
¢akarCan;x<s;enAelITwkdIkm<úCa .
3-karts‘URbqaMgnwgBYkeqVgniym
nigdMeNIrQaneTAkan;snñisIT
naTIRkughSWENvqñaM1954
éf¶TI8 ExFñÚ qñaM1953
RBHmhakSRtsemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )
anyagcakecjBIraCFanI eFVI
dMeNIreTAkan;extþesomrab
EdlCakEnøgcab;epþImdwknaMerobcMRbtibtþikar
swkRbqaMgnwgBYkeqVgniym ¬ :clna
Exµr\sSr³}¦.
enAkñúgCYrrNsirSenHmansøabeqVgRbkbedaykm
øaMgrwgmaM KWdwknaMedayBYkkumuynIsþ
EdlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcin.
cab;BIqñaM1951 mk
BYkkumµúynIsþExµr)anbegáItbkSRbCaCn
bdivtþn_km<úCa .
clnats‘UrMedaHCatienAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa )
anvivtþeTAedaymanTMnak;TMngedays¥itrmYteT
Anwg clnarMedaHCatievotNamnigLav .
edayeyageTAtamesckþIseRmccitþ
énkarRbCMueBjGgÁrbs;KN³
kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcinelIkTI
6 ¬Exvicäika qñaM1939¦ nigelIkTI7 ¬Ex]sPa
qñaM1941¦ BYkkumµúynIsþ kmµaPi)al
kgT½BRbCaCnevotNam)aneFIVskmµPaBKaMRT
dl;kgkmøaMgGñkts‘UExµr ¬eqVg niym¦
enAkñúgsRgÁamQøbRbqaMgnwgBYkGaNaniKm
niym)araMg . dl;qñaM1950
kmøaMgGñkts‘UExµr)aneFVI
skmµPaBenAkñúgRKb;extþ
TaMgGs;énRbeTskm<úCa. enAExemsa qñaM1950
eRkamKMnitpþÜcepIþmrbs; {Exµr\sSr³} )
anR)arB§eLIgnUvsmaCtMNagkm<úCa
EdlkñúgenaHeK)aneRCIserIsKN³kmµkarrNsirS
ÉkPaBCatieRkamkardwknaMrbs;RbFanTUsamut .
smaCk¾)ancat;taMgpgEdrnUvKN³kmµkarrMedaH
Cati kNþaleRkamkardwknaMrbs;sWgg:ukmij .
enAExmIna
qñaM1951)anekaHRbCuMtMNagrNsirSrMedaHCa
ti énRbeTsTaMgbI km<úCa evotNam Lav
Edl)anbRgÜbbRgÜmRbCaCnénRbeTsTaMgbI
enAkñúgkar ts‘URbqaMgnwgsRtUvrYm
KWGMNacGaNaniKmniym)araMg.
GgÁRbCuM)aneFIVesckþIseRmccitþbegáItrNsirS
ÉkPaBRbCaCn\NÐÚcin.
Exµr\sSr³ )
anedIrmuxeKenAkñúgclnats‘UrMedaHCati
edayGavuFenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . BYkGñk
ts‘UExµr\sSr³ )
aneFVIskmµPaBeXasnaya:geBjTMhwgGMBITsS
n³tsU‘rMedaHCati CaBiessenAkñúgCYr ksikrExµr
. k¾b:uEnþedayyl;faclnaExµ\sSr³
GacFøak;eTAeRkamGMNacén\T§PlkumµúynIsþe
naH
RBHmhakSRt)andwknaMeFVIskmµPaBCabnÞan;
edIm,Ie)assMGatkmøaMgExµr\sSr³
EdlmanBYkevotmijenA BIeRkay .
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anBRgIk
nigBRgwgkarRKb;RKgrdæ)al
eyaFaenAelItMbn;TaMgLayNa
EdlsßiteRkamkareFVIskmµPaBBItMNagBYkExµr
\sSr³ . Gñkkan;GMNac
Exµr)anerobcMRbtibtþikarbegáItkgkmøaMgRbCa
Cnksikr
CaBiessenAtamextþTaMgLaytamRBMRbTl;én
RbeTskm<úCa
EdlCamUldæarbs;kgkmøaMgExµr\sSr³ .
Ca]TahrN_ dUcmanenAkñúgextþtaEkv manRbCa
CncUlrYmrhUtdl;eTA282Ban;nak; extþkMBg;cam
BI30-40Ban;nak; extþkMBt30Ban;nak; . TisedAén

Rbtibtþikar
enHsMxan;KWRbEmRbmUlRbCaCnBIextþdac;Rs
yal mk[rs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;kg kmøaMg
exmrPUminÞ .
enAtamPUmiXMuEdleKbegáItTaMgenH
eK)anerobcMkgkmøaMgsnþisux {kgsV½yRtaN} .
tamTamTarÉkraCüedayGavuFkarTUt
EdlsemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )
anykeTAeRbIedIm,Itam
TarÉkraCüBI)araMgenAkñúgdMeNIr
{RBHraCbUCnIykic©}
man\T§iBly:agxøaMgenAkñúgCYrmhaCn
\LÚvenH)an køayeTACaskmµPaB
swkRbkbedayeCaKC½yelIBYk{Exµr\sSr³} .
RBHmhakSRtenAkñúg»kasts‘UedIm,I ÉkraCü
k¾min)anbdiesFpgEdr
eTcMeBaHeCaKC½yrbs;Exµr\sSr³
Edl)anbegáIttMbn;rMedaHenAelITwkdI
2PaK3énRbeTsTaMgmUl
ehIyEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYnBak;kNþal .
elIsBIenHeTAeTot semþc RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )
anTTYlsÁal;fataMgBIqñaM1949
mkenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
eK)anbegáIttMbn;RKb;RKg
rbs;clnats‘UrMedaHCati
EdlBYk)araMgminGacTaMgb:HBal;dl;BYkenHpg
. bnÞab;BIExvicäuika qñaM1953 enA
kñúgCYrraCvgSanuvgSExµr
man\riyabfkññúgPaBCasRtUvkan;EtxøaMgeLIgc
MeBaHBYkExµr\sSr³enAkñúgkar ts‘UedIm,I
ÉkraCüCati .
RbtibtþikarRbqaMgnwgBYkExµr\sSr³
RtUv)aneKdak;eQµaHfa{samKÁI}
Edlcab;epþImBIéf¶TI17 dl;TI30 ExFñÚ qñaM1953
dwknaMedaysemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
edaypÞal;CMnYjkarrbs;RBHGgÁ
enAeBlenaHKW vresnIyÉkln;nl;
¬eBlenaHCaembBa¢akarRbcaMextþ)at;dMbg¦
cUlrYmkñúgkarerobcM KMerag
dwknaMRbtþibtþikaredayvresnIyÉk dab QYn
vresnIy Ék ega: h‘U nigvresnIyRtI But qay .
tMbn;Rbtibtþikarswk EdlsMxan;CageK
enARsukkan;TU extþ )at;dMbg.
enAkñúgRbtibtþikar {samKÁI}
cUlrYmedaykgT½BCaticMnYnBI 4-5Ban;nak;
embBa¢akarkgT½B)araMg
bMeBjnaTIiCaRbwkSanigkgkmøaMg
sµ½RKcitþrbs;RBHmhakSRt {kgCIvBl}
EdlmancMnYnRbEhl 700 nak;.
\LÚvenH
eyIgBinitüemIlRbvtþikgkmøaMgsµ½RKcitþrbs;R
BHmhakSRt . enAkñúgkgkmøaMgsµ½RKcitþ man
RkumbursehAfa {kgCIvBl} nigRkumnarIehAfa
{narIkøahan} )
anRtUvcab;epþImbegáIteLIgenAkñúg qñaM1953
kñúg»kas{ RBHraCbUCnIykic©}.
cMnYnkgT½Bsµ½RKcitþrbs;RBHmhakSRt)anekI
neLIgy:agxøaMg kñúgdMNak;kal ExcugeRkay
muneBlTTYl)anÉkraCü
KWenAeBlEdlenAkñúgCYrmhaCn)anpuseLIg
nUvqnÞ³ts‘Ucab;GavuFkñúg
édRbqaMgnwgrbbGaNa niKmniiym.
y:agNamijeRkayExvicäika qñaM1953
kgkmøaMgsµ½RKcitþBMu)anrMsayeT
b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijRBHmhakSRt
rwtEtBRgwgEfmeTot . enAqñaM1954
kmøaMg{CIvBl}
TaMgGs;)anekIneLIgrhUtdl;eTA300Ban;nak; .
RBHmhakSRtcg;bgðaj[eXIjfa
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
BYkExµr\sSr³BMumanRbCaRbiyPaBeT
minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaH)anRtUvkgkmøaMgmhaCn
RbQmmuxRbqaMgEfmeTot .
RbtibtþikardwknaMeday
RBHmhakSRt)anRbRBwtþeTAkñúglkçN³dutkMh
wg Cati eRkambdarBRgwgTwkcitþesñhaCati
nigÉkPaBCati .
enAkñúgskmµPaBneya)aysgÁmenAeBlenaH
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRkumRbkan;lT§iRbCaFibe
tyü niym
gaynwgRtUvTTYlkarraraMgBIsMNak;rbbGaC£aR
BwtþniymxøaMgNas;

edaysarEtkitþis½BÞRBHmhakSRt
{yutþiFm’nigxøaMgkøa}.
enAkñúgsnñisITkaEstTak;TgeTAnwglT§plRbt
ibtþikar {samKÁI} RBHmhakSRt)aneFVIkarkt;
smÁal;fa { Rbtibtþikar)ancab;epþImeLIg
bnÞab;BI)araMg)anRbKl;GMNaceyaFaTaMgRsug
mk[raCrdæa Pi)alkm<úCa
edIm,IbgðajBiPBelakTaMgmUl[eXIjfa
rbbraCaniymkm<úCa minRtwmEtmanclnats‘U
edIm,IÉkraCüCatib:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþeyIg)anbMeBjnUvlkçnþik³epSg²eTot)anEf
meTotpg EdlmanEcgenA
kñúgkarTTYlÉkraCüCati} .
lkçniþk³mYykñúglkçnþik³y:ageRcInenaHKWkarts‘
UrbqaMgnwgBYkeqVgniym Edl
RBHGgÁ)ansnüafa
nwgdwknaMneya)aytwgruwgCaTIbMput.
rhUtdl;karcab;epþImsnñisITnaTIRkughSWEN
v karRbQmmuxKñarvagkgT½BraCrdæaPi)al
nigkgT½B Exµr\sSr³BMu)anbBaÄb;eT .
RBHmhakSRt)andak;kmµviFIlubbM)at;clnats‘Ueq
Vgniym [)anTaMgRsugBI
eRBaHRBHGgÁRBYy)armÖ
cMeBaHkarrIkraldal\T§iBleqVgniym
enAkñúgRbeTsnaM[menaKmviC¢abdivtþelc
eLIgCaerOgmYyRBHmhakSRtP½yxøacCaTIbMp
ut .
sRmab;kmøaMgts‘UExµr\sSr³eRkamkardwknaMrb
s;bkS RbCaCnkm<úCa
karts‘UedImI,ÉkraCüCatiBMuTan;bBa©b;enAeLI
yeT BIeRBaHRbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúgsmaCik
PaB)araMgenAeLIy müa:geTotRbeTsevotNam
nigLav
EdlCaGñkrYmGavuFCamYyKñaBuMTan;)anÉkra
Cü enAeLIy .
enAeBlenaHEdrkgkmøaMgExµr\sSr³)anRbwg
ERbgrMxandl;raCrdæaPi)alenAkúñgkarekNÐ
RbmUlRbCaCn [cUlkñúgkmøaMgCIvBl.
cugqñaM1953 edImqñaM1954
CadMNak;kalmYyEdlclnakgT½BQøbExµr\sSr³ )
aneFVIskmµPaB enAelIeBjépÞRbeTs
CaBiessenAkñúgextþéRBEvg extþsVayerog
extþkMBg;qñaMg extþeBaFisat; extþRkecH
extþkMBt . enAExemsaqñaM1954
kgT½BExµr\sSr³
rYmCamYynigkmøaMgT½Bevotmij )
aneFVIkarvayluk
y:agxøaMgeTAelIextþkMBg;cam extþRkecH
extþsÞwgERtg extþkMBg;FM .
karvaylukrbs;Exµr\sSr³ nig evotmij
enAelITwkdIkm<úCaenAeBlenaH
manTisedAkat;pþac;min[kgT½BCMnYyrbs;)araM
g Gacman
lT§PaBeFVIGnþraKmn_eTAelIsmrPUmi
eDonebonPU
BIeRBaHebIKµanGnþraKmn_BIkgT½B)araMgeT
enaHkgT½BraC rdæaPi)alminGacTb;Tl;
nwgkgT½BExµr\sSr³ nigevotmij)aneLIy .
edaysarkarvayluky:agxøaMgkøa
BIsMNak;kgT½BExµr\sSr³
nigkgT½BevotNamxageCIgenAelI TwkdIkm<úCa
dUecñHéf¶TI23Exemsa qñaM1954
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)andak;jtþiefáaleTasdl;skmµP
aB QøanBanrbs;evotNammkelIkm<úCa
mYyc,ab;CUncMeBaHGgÁkarshRbCaCati .
4-snñisITRkughSWENv
éf¶TI26 Exemsa qñaM1954
snñisIT)ancab;epþImfñak;rdæm®nþIkarbreTs
EdlkñúgenaHcUlrYmeday tMNagBIcMnYn19
RbeTsdUcCacRkPBGg;eKøs shPaBsUevot
shrdæGaemrik )araMg saFarNrdæ RbCamanitcin
nigRbeTsBak;B½n§mYycMnYneTot .
enAkñúg»kasBiPakSabBaða\NÐÚcin )
ancUlrYmeday rdæm®nþIkarbreTsGg;eKøs )
araMg shPaBsUevot shrdæGaemrik cinRbCamanit
saFarNrdæRbCa Fibetyü evotNam raCaNacRkLav
raCaNacRkkm<úCa nigGMNac)avdayevotNam .
KN³RbtiPU énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCadwknaMeday
elak sm sarI
EdlkñúgenaHmanrdæm®nþIkarbreTselak eTB pn
rdæm®nþIkarBarCatielakjwúk CULúg nig
CYrGñkdwknaMrdæmYycMnYneTot .
eTaHbImankarTamTarBIsMNak; shPaBsUevot
nigsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüevotNamy:agNakþI
tMNagclnats‘UrMedaHCatiExµr\sSr³
BMu)anRtUveKGnuBaØat
[cUlrYmkñúgsnñisITeT.
enAkñúgdMeNIrsnñisITnaTIRkug hSWENv
eK)ancuHhtßelxaelIÉksarmYycMnYn
EdlkñúgenaH Tak;Tgnwgkm<úCadUcteTA ³
- kic©RBmeRBóg
sþIGMBIkarbBaÄb;bT)aj;KñaenAkñúgRbeTskm<
úCa.
- esckþIRbkasrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
GMBIsiT§irbs;Blrdæ nig kare)aHeqñat.
-
esckþIRbkasrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaTak;TgeTAn
wgsm<½n§PaBeyaFa Tak;TgeTA
nwgmUldæanT½BbreTs nig
karCYy]btßmkmøaMgeyaFaBIbreTs.
- esckþIRbkasBIrbs; raCrdæaPi)al)araMg
sþIGMBIkardkkgT½B)araMgecjBITwkdI
RbeTs\NÐÚcin nig eKarBdl;ÉkraCü
GFibetyüPaBénRbeTsenAkñúg\NÐÚcin.
-
esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;tMNagshrdæGaemricsþIGMB
I\riyabfrbs;xøÜnTak;nwgkic©
RBmeRBóghSW ENv.
- esckþIEføgkarN_biTsnñisIT.
enAelIkic©RBmeRBógenH
mankarTak;TgeTAnwgkarbBaÄb;skmµPaBeyaFa
enAkñúgenaHRbeTs km<úCa)ancuHhtßelxa
edayGnurdæm®nþIkarBarCatisaFarNrdæRbCaFibe
tyüevotNam ¬ta KYg b‘Åy?¦
EdltMNag[GKÁembBa¢a karkgT½BCatievotNam
nigkgT½BExµr\sSr³
nigrdæm®nþIkarBarCatiraCrdæaPi)al km<úCa
jwúk CULúg kñúgnam tMNag[GKÁembBa¢akar
Can;x<s;kgT½BCatiExµr ¬kgT½BexmrPUminÞ¦.
eday GaRs½yeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBógenH
skmµPaBb:HTgÁicKñaedayeyaFaRtUvbBaÄb;en
AelITwkdIkm<úCaTaMgRsug cab;BIéf¶TI7
ExsIha qñaM1954 .
kic©RBmeRBóg)anniyayGMBIkardkkg
T½BbreTsecjBITwkdIkm<úCa. kgT½B)araMg
nigkgT½B evotmij RtUv
EtdkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa[Gs;enAkñúgkMLúg 90
éf¶bnÞab;BIcab;
epþImsuBlPaBkic©RBmeRBóghSWENv .
cMeBaHkmøaMgkgT½BExµr\sSr³RtUvrMsaykñú
gkMLúg30éf¶ .
TnÞwmnwgenHEdrraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )
aneFVIesckþIRbkassþIBIkarFanadl;GtItGñkcUlrY
mclnats‘U Fanadl;siT§iBlrdæ karBarCIvit
nigRTBü sm,tþi
nigFanadl;siT§IénkarGnuvtþesrIPaBRbCaFibetyü .
raCrdæaPi)al)aneFVIkarGHGagcMeBaH
esckþIseRmccitþrbs;xøÜnfa
{RbCaBlrdækm<úCaTaMgGs;rYmrs;enAkñúgshK
mn_CatiEtmYy edayKµankar Rbkan;BUCsasn_

nigFanadl;RbCaBlrdækm<úCaTaMgGs;
kñúgkareRbIsiT§inigesrIPaBrbs;xøÜn dUcmanEcg
kñúgc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ} .
edayeyageTAtammaKa’GPivDÆn_snþiPaBvUbnIy
kmµenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Edlman
EcgkñúgesckþIseRmccitþ
snñisITnaTIRkughSWENv
enAkúñgRbeTskm<úCa)anRbRBwtþeTAenAkare)
aHeqñat Caskl enAqñaM1955.
enAkñúúgesckþIRbkasbiTsnñisIThSWENv
smaCikTaMgGs;)anRbkassþIGMBIkatBVkic©rbs;
xøÜn eKarB dl;GfFibetyüPaB ÉkraCüPaB
ÉkPaBCati
nigGFibetyüPaBrbs;RbeTsenAkñúg\NÐÚcin .
snñisITenARkughSWENv )
ankMNt;nUvdMeNIrrIkceRmInxagneya)ayCaRbvt
þisaRsþfµIrbs;RbeTs km<úCa .
km<úCa)anBRgwgeKalCMhrrbs;xøÜnenAelIqakG
nþrCati GFibetyüPaB nigkitüanuPaBesñhaCati
matuPUmirbs;xøÜn .
karRKb;RKgcMeBaHkarGnuvtþbMeBjlkçnþik³
tamkic©RBmeRBógsþIGMBIbBaðakm<úCa
eK)an begáItKN³kmµkarRtYtBinitüGnþrCati ¬The
International Commission for Controle- ICC¦ Edlkñúg
enaHcUlrYmedaytMNagBIRbeTs\NÐa kaNada
nigb:ULÚj . TnÞwmnwgenHEdr
eK)anbegáItKN³kmµkar rYmExµr-evotNam
eRkamkarRtYtBinitüXøaMemIlBIsMNak; ICC
KN³kmµkarmankargarCaBiessBinitüemIl
skmµPaBénkardk
kgT½BbreTsecjBITwkdIkm<úCa .
RbFanKN³kmµkar)anEtgtaMgvresnIyÉk ln; nl;
TIRbwkSavresnIy RtIRsI sam:n. PaKIevotNam
dwknaMeday egVóg faj;sug . enAkñúgExsIhaKN³
kmµkar)ancab;epþImbMeBj
kargarrbs;xøÜnenAéf¶TI18 Extula qñaM1954
kgT½BCatievotNam)andkecj
TaMgRsugBITwkdIRbeTskm<úCa
kúñgGMLúgExsIha-kBaØa
kgT½BExµr\sSr³)anrMsay . éf¶TI12 Extula
qñaM1954 RBHmhakSRt)anRbkas
elIkElgeTasdl;GñkcUlrYmclnats‘U
RbqaMgnwgraCrdæaPi)al.
X-
RbeTskm<úCatMNak;kaleRkamrbbsgÁmraRsþniy
m ¬K>s>1955-1970¦
1-karbegáItrbbsgÁmraRsþniym
enAéf¶TI22 ExmIna qñaM1955
semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu )
aneFVIesckþIRbkassþIGMBIkarbegáIt GgÁkar
neya)ayfµI .
enAkñúglkçnþik³énGgÁkarenH)anniyayfa
TisedArbs;GgÁkar {begáItbuKÁlsµ½RKcitþ
edIm,IbuBVehtuCatirYmsmaCikGgÁkarÉkPaBKñ
aCaFøúgmYyesµaHRtg;
minEmnedIm,IrkcMeNjpÞal;xøÜnenAkñúg
sm<½n§PaB ExµrenaHeT ksagsgÁmRbCaFibetyü
nigsmPaB ehIysþarRbeTsCatieLIgvij Edlman
RbvtþisaRsþ d¾x<g;x<s;rbs;xøÜntaMg
BIGtItkalmk.
sgÁmRbwgERbgsþarmatuPUmiedaymanTwkcitþP
kþIPaB cMeBaHCati sasna RBHmhakSRt .
sgÁmRbwgERbgelIkkm<s;kRmitCIvPaBRbCaCn
CMruj[manvDÆnPaB sgÁm esdækic©
vb,Fm’>>>> GgÁkarsgÁmrbs;eyIg
karBarÉkPaBCatinaMeTArkPaBd¾l¥RbéB
EdlCaRbéBNI TMenomTmøab;
qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvGtItd¾Gs©arüenAkñúg
TMnak;TMngd¾s¥itrmYtBIry:agKW sasna nig
RBHmhakSRt}.
enAkñúglkçnþik³
sgÁm)ankMNt;katBVkic©smaCikrbs;GgÁkardUct
eTA ³ {mincUlCasmaCikbkS neya)ayNaeLIy
eFVIBlkmµGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ
edIm,IseRmc[)anTisedArbs;GgÁkar
TnÞwmnwgenHman CMhrCaBlrdæs¥ats¥M vin½y
nigPkþIPaBcMeBaHRbCaCn}.
GgÁkar {sgÁmraRsþniym}
EdlsemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )
anbdiesFmin[ehAfa {bkS} RBHGgÁ )
anRbwgERbgbegáIt[eTACaGgÁkarmhaCnd¾FME
tmYy. enAkñúgxN³enH semþcRBH)aTneratþm
sIhnu manTisedA
bBa©b;RbB½n§neya)ayBhubkSenAkñúgRbeTs
ehIybegáItnUvRbB½n§TMnak;TMngmYy
CMnYsvij EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCarab;ryqñaMmkehIy KW {RBHmhakSRt-
RbCaraRsþ} CMnYs {GKÁmKÁúeTsn_-mhaCn}
enAkñúgTisedAlubbM)at;ecal[Gs;BYkkñúgnambk
Sneya)ay nigsPatMNag raRsþ .
TisedAGgÁkarneya)ay {sgÁmraRsþniym}
lubbM)at;[Gs;nUv\T§iBlbkSneya)ay CaBiess
BIkmøaMgeqVgniymkñúgCYrksikr
EdlmanRbmaN90° éncMnYnRbCaCnTaMgGs; .
dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa TisedArbs; {sgÁmra®sþniym}
Tak;TajmhaCnedIm,IraraMgdMeNIrclnabdivtþn_
nigbgásßanPaBmYyedIm,I
BRgwgTMnak;TMngRBHmhakSRt-RbCaraRsþ}
[kan;EtrwgmaMeLIgvij .
2-neya)ayénrbbsgÁmraRsþniym
enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarCaeRcInrbs;semþcRBH)aT
neratþmsIhnu
GMBITisedAneya)ay{sgÁmraRsþniym}
EtgEt)anKUsbBa¢ak;dUcteTA ³
- bdiesFRbB½n§BhubkS
EdlnaM[manGesßrPaBneya)aysgÁm.
- edIm,Ism<½n§PaBCati.
- manGarmµN_esñhaCati
nigPkþIPaBcMeBaHRbéBNITMenomTmøab;.
- ts‘URbqaMgnwgGMeBIGyutþiFm’
nigGMeBIBukrlYy bkSBYkniym.
- edIm,IvDÆnPaB
{lT§iRbCaFibetyüsRmab;RbCaCn}.
-
maKa’d¾cm,gedIm,ITTYl)annUvTisedATaMgen
HKWPkþIPaBcMeBaH {RBHmhakSRt nig sasna}.
eyIgKYrEteFVIkarkt;smÁal;Edrfa
enAelI)avcna )ansresrfa {Cati sasna
RBHmhakSRt} Edl
CamUldæansRmab;skmµPaBTaMgRsugrbs;GgÁk
ar {sgÁmraRsþniym}
ehIyEdl)anbegáItGgÁkarenHeLIg
CaelIkTImYyeRkamRBHraCtRmiHsemþcRBH)aT
neratþmsIhnu .
rIÉKURbECgd¾sMxan;rbs;RBHGgÁKW
RkumGñk RbCaFibetyü
EdlsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBkMENTRmg;lkçnþik³rbs;
bkS Edl)anGnum½tenAkñúgmhasnñi)at qñaM1955
ry³eBl2Ex
muneBlbegáItGgÁkarneya)ay{sgÁmraRsþniym} .
enAkñúgenaHlkçnþik³rbs;
KNbkSRbCaFibetyü)anbgðaj[ eXIjnUvTisedArbs;
KNbkSKW {beRmICati sasna RBHmha kSRt
enAkñúgTwkcitþeKarBdl;rdæFmµnuBaØ .
enAkñúgkarGHGagrbs;semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhn
u RBHGgÁ)anbegáIt eLIgnUvRTwsþI
{sgÁmniymEbbRBHBuT§sasna}.
y:agNamijRTwsþIenH)an ekIteLIgeRkayeBl
{GgÁkar neya)aysgÁmra®sþniym } )
ancab;bdisn§ieLIgbnþic .
etImkBImUlehtuGVI)anCaGgÁkarneya)ay
{sgÁmraRsþniym} )
ankøayCaGgÁkarmhaCnmYy y:agFM
cab;taMgBIéf¶EdlxøÜn)ancab;bdisn§i?
CakarBitNas;ehIyKµanGVIRbEkk)aneT
enHmkBIkitüanuPaBrbs;semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIh
nu EdlCaGñkdwknaMGgÁkarenHedaypÞal;
ehIyEdleKEtgEtehAfa {bitaÉkraCüCati}
nigGtItRBH mhakSRt . enAkúñgGgÁkarneya)ay
{sgÁmraRsþniym}
semþcRBH)aTnratþmsIhnu)anKitTukKW tYnaTI
emdwknaMRtUvmanTMnak;TMngCaBiess .
cUlCasmaCik {sgÁmraRsþniym}
mann½yfaeKminRtwmEtKaMRT dl;kmµviiFI
neya)ayGgÁkarb:ueNÑaHeT
ehIyTnÞwmnwgenHk¾RtUvmankareBjcitþcMeBa
Hemdwk naMpgEdr.
ksikrcUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁkarneya)ay
{sgÁmraRsþniym}
edaysareKmanGarmµN_CaRbéBNI
TMenomTmøab;
enAkñúgTMnak;TMngy:ags¥itrmYt
eTAnwgbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;semþcRBH)aTneratþmsI
hnu . dUecñHsgÁmraRsþniym
CashKmn_CatiEdlbegáItenAkñúgkRmitmYyPkþIP
aBcMeBaHemdwknaM CabuRtrbs;RBH mhakSRt

ehIyCaGtItRBHmhakSRteTot . kñúgxN³enH
BYkRbqaMgEdlmincUleTAkñúgskmµPaBGgÁka
r enH )ann½yfamankRmitmYyCa
skmµPaBRbqaMgnwgRBHmhakSRt.
cab;taMgBIéf¶EdlGgÁkar {sgÁmraRsþniym} )
ancab;bdisn§imk smaCikPaBrbs;GgÁkar)anekIn
eLIgy:agelOn .
cUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁkarmanBYkEdlKaMRTneya)
aysemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu manTaMg
BYkvNÑ³KhbtIrs;enAkñúgvaMg nigCYrbkStUc²
EdlKµansgÇwmC½yCMnHenAkñúg»kase)aHeqña
txagmux ehIy\LÚvenHsuxcitþ)at;bg;]tþm
PaBrbs;xøÜnedaybþÚrnwgTItaMgGMNac .
CalT§pleyIgeXIjbkS neya)ayCaeRcIn )
andYlrlMCabnþbnÞab; dUcCa ³
-KNbkSRbCaFibetyüCati nig
KNbkSeCaKC½ytMbn;|san)ancab;epþImdYlrlM
enAExemsa qñaM1955.
-KNbkSkMENTRmg;sgÁmExµr )
anrlayenAEx]sPa
-
KNbkSRbCaCn)ancab;epþImrlayenAExmifuna
mansmaCikKNbkSRbCaFibetyümYycMnYndUcC
a ³elak swum va:r elak sWn san elak Eb:n nut
k¾)ancakecjmkcUlrYmkñúgGgÁkarneya)ay
{sgÁmraRsþniym} Edr . GtItemdwknaMKNbkS
esrIniym GñkGgÁm©as;nrinÞedt )
ancUlrYmkñúg{sgÁmraRsþniym}
eTaHbIemdwknaMfµIrbs;bkSenH elak nal Epøg
¬eBlenaHCardæm®nþI RksYgsaFarNkar¦ )
anbdiesFcUlrYmkñúg{sgÁmraRsþniym}k¾eday .
karcUlrYmkñúg {sgÁmraRsþniym} BIsMNak;
smasPaBKNbkS
epSg²KñaEdlsßitenAkñúgRsTab;sgÁm
epSg²KñaEdrenaH )
anbegIátnUvpÞaMgTsSnIyPaBmYy
manlkçN³RbqaMgKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgrgV
g; shKmn_EtmYy.
GñkEdlKaMRTy:agskmµ
eTAdl;GgÁkarneya)ay {sgÁmraRsþniym}
EdrenaHKWBIsMNak;buKÁlik m®nþI
kariyal½ysIuvilTaMgCan;TabTaMgCanx<s; .
Rkumm®nþIraCkarTaMgenH
ehIy)anbþÚrpþac;nwgTsSn³
semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu
ehIyEdlCakmøaMgmYyeFVI[sßanPaB
GgÁkarneya)ay {sgÁmraRsþniym}
manPaBrwgmaM .
enAmnÞIrrdæ)alextþnImYy² )
anTTYlkatBVkic©eXasna[GgÁkarneya)ay
{sgÁmraRsþniym} nigerobcMkt;RtabBa
¢IGñkcUlrYm . KN³kmµkarmUldæanrbs;
{sgÁmraRsþniym} )anRtUvbegáIteLIgeday
GaRs½yeTAnwgkarEbgEckTwkdIrdæ)alenAkñúg
RbeTs .
edaysarEtskmµPaBkargarm®nþIraCkarRKb;
RsTab;Can;fñak; )
aneFVI[smasPaBsmaCiksgÁm)anekIneLIgy:agelO
n . {sgÁmraRsþniym} )an
pSBVpSayRKb;TIkEnøg
TaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTs .
y:agNamijCaFmµtaecAhVayRsuk b¤emXMu )
ankøay eTACaRbFanEpñkrbs;GgÁkar
neya)ay{sgÁmraRsþniym}
enAkñúgtMbn;rbs;xøÜn .
dUecñHcab;taMgBIéf¶Edl {sgÁmraRsþniym} )
ancab; bdisn§imk sßab½nrdænigshKmn_)aneFVI
skmµPaBcUlKña . sRmab;Gñkneya )
ayKµanbTBiesaFn_kñúgCYr ksikrExµr
EdlPaKeRcInCaBYkGPirkSniym
nigmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgrbb buKÁlniym
EdlCaRbéBNITMenom
Tmøab;ExµrCayUrNas;mkehIyenaH
BYkeKEdlEtgditCab;kñúgcitþ Canic©fa
Canic©CakalKWCatMNagrbbraCaniymnigCati
BYkeK)ancUlCa
smaCikGgÁkarneya)ay{sgÁmraRsþniym}Edr .
dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa
vtþmansemþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
enAkñúgk,alm:asIundwknaM{sgÁmraRsþniym }

KWCaesckþI
TukcitþmYyy:agFMcMeBaHGgÁkarenH .
manktþamYyeTotEdl{sgÁmraRsþniym}
manRbCaRbiyPaBenAkñúgCYrRbCaCn
edaysarmankar KaMRTedayhirBaØvtßú .
eKminTamTar[smaCikrbs; {sgÁmraRsþniym}
cMNayluycUlkñúgfvikaGgÁkar eT .
cMNUlfvikarbs;GgÁkar{sgÁmraRsþniym} )
anmkBIkarlk;eqñatCatiBIFIbuNüepSg²
kar]btßmÖBI rdæaPi)al
nigGñkmuxGñkmat;kñúgsgÁmExµr .
emdwknaM {sgÁmraRsþniym}
RtUv)aneFVIkareRCIserIsCaerogral;qñaMBIKN³k
mµkarkNþalBIkñúg cMeNam 16nak;.
semþcRBHneratþmsIhnuCaRbFanGgÁkar{sgÁmra
Rsþniym} elak swum va:r CaGKÁel xaFikar .
saxarbs;GgÁkar)anRtUvbegáIteLIgenAtamextþ
Rsuk nig XMu. edayGaRs½yeTAnwglkçnþik³ rbs;
{sgÁmraRsþniym}
kñúgmYyqñaMRtUvbegáItsmaCGgÁkarmþgy:agti
c ¬smaCCati¦. smaCdMbUgbg¥s; EdlcUlrYm
manEtsmaCikrbs;GgÁkarenHEtb:ueNÑaH )
anRbRBwtþeTAenAéf¶TI13 ExmifunaqñaM 1955 .
3-karbegáItkmµviFIneya)ayGBüaRkwt
kmµviFIneya)aykarbreTsénRbeTskm<úCa
manmUldæanecjmkBIkic©RBmeRBógRkughSWE
Nv naqñaM 1954 .
enAkñúgesckþIRbkasbiTsnñuisIThSWENv
tMNagraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)aneFIVesckþIRbkasfa
{raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa minpSarP
¢ab;eTAnwgkic©RBmeRBógNamYyepSgeTot
ebIsinCakic©RBmeRBógenaHtRmUv
[rdæaPi)alkm<úCa
RtUvEtcUlrYmeTAkñúgsm<½n§PaBeyaFa
EdlmineqøIytbeTAnwglkçnþik³rbs;GgÁkar
shRbCa
Catirbs;km<úCaBMuRtUv)anTTYlkarKMramkME
hg
minGnuBaØat[sg;mUldæanT½Brbs;mhaGMNac
NamYytaMgenAelITwkdIkm<úCa}.
esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³elIkTImYy
rbs;semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
sþIGMBIlT§PaBrbs;km<úCa
edIm,IRbkan;ykkmµviFIneya)ayGBüaRkwt)aneFV
IeLIgenAkñúgExvicäika qñaM1954
bnÞab;BITsSnkic©enAÉ RbeTsPUma .
esckþIRbkaspøÚvkarEdlmanGtßn½ysþIGMBIkarG
num½ti ykneya)ayGBüaRkwtmanenAkñúg
sunÞrkfarbs;naykrdæm®nþI Eb:n nut naéf¶TI23
ExFñÚ qñaM1954 Edl)anpSaytamviTüú
enAkñúgenaH manGtßn½yCaGaT×fa
{km<úCaRbkan;
ykneya)ayGBüaRkwtenAkñúgs®gÁamRtCak;}.
fVIt,itEtsPaBMuTan; [sc©ab½n
eTAelIkmµviFIneya)ayenHk¾eday
esckþIRbkasrbs;naykrdæm®nþI Eb:n nut )
anRtUveKTTYl sÁal;CapøÚvkar .
elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAeBlenaHsemþc
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
rYmCamYynwgGñkenACMuvij manelak sm sarI
elak eTB pn elakEy:m sm,Úr manTisedA
sMxan;eTArkshrdæGaemric nig)araMg .
enAkñúgenaHsemþcRB)aTeratþmsIhnu
Bnül;CaeRcInGMBIktþacaM)ac;edIm,ITTYl)anC
MnYyBIbreTsnadMNak; kaldMbUgbnÞab;BITTYl
)anÉkraCü
edaysarEtPaBTn;exSayénesdækic©RbeTskm<úCa
. elak v> Eb‘rEQt ¬W.Berchhett¦ )ansresrfa
{rdæaPi)alkm<úCaBMuEdlmanlT§PaBRKb;RKge
TAelIFnFan RbeTsCati)aneLIy
eK)anTukvasnaesdækic©Cati
[sßitenAkñúgsPaBpSgeRBgenAkñúgsßanPaBexÞc
xÞaM edaysarrbbGaNaniKmniym} .
shrdæGaemrikCaRbeTsTImYy
Edl)anpþl;CMnYYyesdækic©
nigeyaFaeTAdl;RbeTskm<úCa . enAcugqñaM
1954 )
ancab;epþImkic©RBmeRBógsþIGMBICMnYyshr
dæGaemrikenAelIvis½yeyaFa . shrdæ
Gaemrik)anRbwgERbg
eRbICMnYyesdækic©edIm,IbegáItKMnabdl;km<ú
Ca enAeBlNaEdlRbeTsenHBMuRBm
GnuelameTAtamneya)ayrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgtMbn; .
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ankøay
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1956 42/0 68/8 18 31/2 61
1957 21/8 56 17/1 44 38/9
1958 20/6 53/3 18 46/7 38/6
1955- 157/6 68/4 70 31/6 223

1958
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enAtamRBMRbTl;énRbeTsTaMgBIrcMnYn
29elIk .
rIÉsPaBkarN_enAtamRBMRbTl;nwgéfk¾dUecñH
Edr viT§½gSnaeyaFaBMu)anbBaÄb;eT
cab;BIExmIna dl;Ex]sPa qñaM1958
kgT½Béf)aneFVI skmµPaBcMnYn9
elIkrMelaPelITwkdIkm<úCa .

RbeTskm<úCa )
anbnþGPivDÆn_TMnak;TMngCamYynwgRbeTss
gÁmniym . CMhand¾sMxan;enAkñúgTis
edAenHenAExkkáda qñaM1958
km<úCa)anbegáItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYynwg
saFarNrdæRbCamanitcin . CakarBitNas;ehIy
shrdæGaemriknigRbeTselakxaglic )
aneqøIytbedayskmµPaBCaGviC¢manCa
fµImþgeTotenA
elIkenHeK)anRbkasGMBIkarkat;bnßyCMnYymkel
IRbeTskm<úCa .
cMNgTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYynwgsaFarNrdæ
RbCamanitcin )
aneFVI[pÞúHeLIgnUvviT§gSnaCabnþbnÞab;
tamRBMRbTl;CamYynwgéf nigevotNam .
enAcugqñaM1958 rdæ GMNacéfnigevotNam .
enAcug qñaM1958 rdæGMNacéf
nigevotNamxagt,Úg)anbiTRckRBMEdnCamYy
nwwwwgRbeTskm<úCa
nigeFVIkareLamB½T§skmµPaB
esdækic©CamYynwgkm<úCa . enAExvicäika
qñaM1958
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)anpþac;TMnak;TMngkar
TUtCamYynwg RbeTséfCabeNþaHGasnñ .
emdwknaMkm<úCa)an
degðayehA[manGnþraKmn_
BIsMNak;GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati
eday)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúg lixitrbs;xøÜnfa
karpþMúT½BéfenAtamRBMRbTl;CamYynwgRbe
Tskm<úCa KWCakarKMramkMEhgdl;snþiPaB
kñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_TaMgmUl .
edayqøgkat;sßab½nGaC£akNþalrbs;
GgÁkarshRbCaCati vivaTkm<úCa-éf )
anRtUvsMrbsMrYlCabeNþaHGasnñ .
KMnabBIshrdæGaemrik éf
evotNamxagt,ÚgmkelIRbeTs km<úCa
edIm,I[bdiesFkmµviFIneya)ayGBüaRkwt
ehIypSarP¢ab;xøÜneTAnwgbøúkesGatU
BMu)anTTYllT§pl GVIeT .
sßanPaBkan;EttwgEtgEfmeTot
enAeBlEdlraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )
ancuHhtßexaelIkic©RBmeRBog BaNiC
¢kmµCamYysaFarNrdæ RbCaFibetyüevotNam .
7-kardYlrlMénrbb {sgÁmraRsþniym}
k-braC½yelIvis½yesdækic©
enARbeTskm<úCaqñaM1969 )
ancab;epþImedaykarP£ak;dwgxøÜnGMBIbraC½y
Epñkesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú
rbs;rbbdwknaMRbeTs .
dUecñHRbeTskm<úCa)ankøayeTACaRbeTskMBu
gQaneTArk]naPivDÆ ¬RbeTs
Edlmanzan³CivPaBGñkRsukenATab¦
edayehtuCIvPaBénplTunxagksikmµnigxagEr:enAti
cnigGPivDÆn_ xagksikmµminTan;RKb;RKan; .
»nPaBfvika)aneLIgBI 400 lanerolenAqñaM1968
dl; 465 lanenA qñaM1969

nigRbEhlCaeLIgx<s;CagBI 1Ban;lanerol .
plitplksikmµKµanrIkceRmIn ehIylT§PaB
kñúgkarnaMecj enAEtTabCagkareRKagTukCamun
.
karRKb;RKgEpñkesdækic©
EdlrdæeFVICatUbnIykmµ
KWCaRbPBEdlekIterOgGaRsUvminecHcb; ehIy
GMeBIBukrlYy)ansMEdgeLIgCacMh
nigraldalrhUtdl;GñkEdlenAekokCMuvijRBHRbmu
xrdæ . sRmab;
BYkGñksegátkarN_EdldwgmunemIleXIjfa
RbeTskm<úCa)anedIrtampøÚvEtmYydUcCaRbeT
s\NÐÚensIu eRkamkar
dwknaMrbs;elaks‘UkarNUEdr .
BYkGñkÉkeTsrbs;km<úCa
nigBYkGñkCMnajkarbreTsEdlRtUv)ansYreyabl;su
T§Etmaneyabl; y:agCak;lak;
nigCaÉkcä½nÞdUcKña .
eKRtUvEtcat;karCabnÞan;kñúgkarerobcMeLIgvijT
aMgRsugxagEpñk esdækic©nighirBaØvtßú
kat;bnßykarcMNaysRmab;skmµPaBepSg²
bBa©b;nUvkarcMNayeday\tRBagTukCa munkar
cMNaytamTMenIgcitþ
nigykmuxmkmat;RbmUlpþMúkarRbwgERbgTaMg
Gs;eTAelIplitkmµksikmµ .
b:uEnþmunkarerobcMeLIgvijenHcab;epþImpþl;Ep

øpáa caM)ac;eKRtUvBwgEp¥kelICMnYy
b¤karx©IR)ak;BIRbeTseRkA edayxanmin)an.
anTTYlsÁal;CaelIkdMbUg
nigCasaFarN³BIPaBF¶n;F¶rénsßan
PaBesdækic©RbeTsnaeBlenaH .
b:uEnþRBHGgÁ)anrkSaTukerOgenH
CaBiessRBHGgÁ)anEsVgrkedayqab;
rh½snUvRbPBFnFanEbøkxusBIFmµta
kñúgkareFVIhirBaØb,TaneLIgvij .
tamkar[eyabl;rbs;BYkGñk
man])ayxilxUcRBHGgÁ
edayGnuBaØat[ebIkkasIuNUFMmYyenATIRkugP
ñMeBj . CnCaticinenAkñúgm:akav mYyRkumEdl
RtUvcUlh‘unCamYynwgRBHGgÁm©as;
nigm®nþICan;x<s;CaeRcInrUb )
anTTYlra:b;rgeFVIkarerobcM
nigkarRKb;RKgkasIuNUenH
edayRtUvbg;Bn§[rdækñúgmYyéf¶1250Ban;rol
¬25Ban;duløa¦.
kñúgmYyry³eBlb:unµanExdMbUg
R)ak;cMeNjBit
R)akdBIEl,gsIusgKWERbRbYlBIcenøaH 150Ban;
nig 200 Ban;duløakñúgmYyéf¶ ehIyeRkay
mk)ansßitenAefr RbEhl80Ban;duløakñúgmYyéf¶ .
eday KitBIkargb;nwgEl,gsIusgrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa
nigdUcRbCaCnTaMgGs;enAGasIucugbUBa’Edr
karepþImKMnit
enH)aneFVI[RsTab;RbCaCnEdlminsUvsm,Úrluuy
kak; rwtEtcuHrkEfmeTot
nigeFVI[briyakassgÁmmYy EdlF¶n;F¶reRsc
eTAehIyrwtEtdundabCagmuneTAeTot .
bnÞab;mkkñúgkarRbemIlemIlGnaKtEvgq¶aymYy
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu k¾)ancab;epþImeRbI
neya)ayxitCitcUlKñaCamYyshrdæGaemrik
EdlRtUvcat;TukCaGñkeRsacRsg;bNþaRbeTsttiyel
ak EdlxVHxatluykak; .
TMnak;TMngkarTUtEdlkat;pþac;enAéf¶TI03
Ex]sPa qñaM1965 )anRtUverobcM
[maneLIgvijnUvéf¶TI11 Exmifuna qñaM1969 .
lixitGeBa
¢IjtampøÚvkarmYy[mkeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTs
km<úCa)anRtUvbBa
¢ÚneTAelakRbFanaFibtInicsun
enAbNþaéf¶cugeRkayénExkkádaehIyesckþIbgÁab;
bBa¢a
dac;xatmYyRtUv)ankMNt;eFVIsarB½t’manTaMg
Gs; riHKn;GMBIneya)ayGasIurbs;shrdæGaemrik .
nig niyaytictYctamEdl
GaceFVI)anGMBIkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;kg
GakascrN_GaemrickaMgenAtamtMbn; RBMRbTl;
.
RsbCamYyKñaenH TMnak;TMngkm<úCa-
shPaBsUevotk¾)anekInrwtEtxøaMgEdr .
enAExemsaman
KN³ebskmµmYy)anRtUvbBa
¢ÚneTAkan;TIRkugmUsÁÚ
edIm,IsMuCMnYycaM)ac;bMputmYyEpñksMPar³
swkrYmpSMnwgkar x©IR)ak;
CayfaehtumYykñúgry³eBlyUrpg .
b:uEnþBYkemdwknaMrbs;sUevot)anbgðaj[eXIjPa
BsÞak;esÞIr y:agxøaMg
CaBiesskñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;navavWuEdt¬naval,at¦b
MBak;edayGavuF)alIsÞIk nigPaBminc,as;las;
kñúgkarpÁtpÁg;GavuFnigRKab;rMesv
EdlGacykmkeRbIR)as;edIm,IvayRbyuT§nigBYkG
ñkbHe)arkuMmuuynIsþ.
enATIRkugeb:kaMg
eK)antamdanRbkbedaykarykcitþTukdak;
nigRBYy)armÖGMBIkarFøak;cuHén
sßanPaBEpñkesdækic©
nighriBaØvtßúenARbeTskm<úCarYmTaMgkartR
mg;TisfµIénneya)ayrbs;semþcRBH)aT
neratþmsIhnu . ebskmµrbs;BYkGñkbec©keTscin )
ansakl,gerobcM[manNþab;Fñab;tictYckñúgdMeNI
r
RbRBwtþeTAnwgkarRKb;RkgeragcRknanarbs;rdæ
Edlpþl;edayRbeTscin
nig)ancakecjeTATaMgbraC½y
edaysarkarminsþab;bgÁab;
nigGsmtßPaBrbs;bNþaRbFanGKÁnaykshRKaskm
<úCa . eTaHbIy:agNa k¾eday
rdæaPi)alcin)anrMlwkCaeRcInelIkeRcInsarfa
xøÜnGacyl;RBmpþl;R)ak;km©ImYycMnYnkñúgr
y³ eBlEvg
edayKµanykkarR)ak;nigKµanlkçxNÐdl;RbeTskm<
úCa .
edIm,InwgseRmckñúgerOgenH
rdæaPi)alcin)anrg;caMnUvkarmkdl;rbs;elak sWn
san CaeTsa Pi)alFnaKarCati
nigCaGñkcrcaEdlKYr[cab;citþrbs;RBHRbmuxrdæ
km<úCa . b:uEnþsemþcRBH)aTneratþm sIhnu
sÞak;esÞIrRBHT½yy:agxøaMg
kñúgkarTTYlyksMeNIenH
edaymankareCOCak;kñúgRBHT½yfa Gacnwg
maneRKaHfñak;
EdleFVICakUnbMNulrbs;RbeTscinkumµúynIsþ .
rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)ansMuCMnYyBIrdæaPi)al)ara
Mg rdæaPi)al)araMgk¾)anbeBa©j[dwgfa
xøÜnGacyl; RBmpþl;nUvR)ak;km©I
edayykkarminhYsehtumYysRmab;kareFVI[seRmc
BitR)akd nUvkmµviFIGPivDÆn_ Cak;lak;mYy .
cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdreRKagTuk KW123
lanRhVg; . b:uEnþPaKI)araMg)anRcanecalkaryl;
RBmpþl;R)ak;km©IenH edayyl;faPaKIkm<úCa
BMu)anbgðajGVIVCaPaBCak;EsþgNamYyesaH
edIm,IerobcM
BiPakSaBITRmg;EbbbTepSg²GMBIbBaðaenH .
tamkarBitKWTal;Etmkdl;ExkumÖ³ qñaM1970
eTIbKN³ RbtiPUmYyrbs; rdæaPi)alRkugPñMeBj
eFVIdMeNIeTAkan;TIRkug)a:rIs
edIm,Icab;epþImcrcaBIkarx©IR)ak;enH.
ebIniyayBIkñúgRbeTsvij
RbEhlCanwksgÇwmbnßykarRbqaMg
CMTas;nwgRBHGgÁxøHy:agehacNas;k¾edayEp
ñkEdr
ehIyRBmCamYyKñaenaHbMeBjcitþGñkKaMRTR
BHGgÁPaK eRcInBYkKhbtIeFVICMnYj
Edldak;kþIsgÇwmTaMgRsugrbs;BykeK
elICMnYyd¾sem,ImmYyrbs;shrdæ Gaemrik
GmedaykarhUrcUly:ageRcInrbs;vinieyaKTunÉkCn
pg . kñúgmCÄdæanTaMgenHk¾dUcCaenAkñúg
kgT½BEdr
EdleKniyayafaRbeTsLav)anTTYlCMnYyRbEhl
200landuløar kñúgmYyqñaMBIshrdæ Gaemrik
nigCb:un)aneFVI
vinieyaKrab;rylanduløarenARbeTséf
RbeTsm:aeLsIu nigRbeTs\NÐÚensIu .
ehtuGVI)anCaBMumankar
vinieyaKenAkm<úCa?}.
enARkugPñMeBjsgÇwmBI
{karvilRtLb;rbs;BYkGaemrickaMg}
enAeBlxagmuxqab;²eFVI[ GñkmanpÞHsEm,gbegá
InéføQµÜlPUmiRKwHrbs;BYkeK
nigcab;epþImsßabnaPUmiRKwH
fµIeTotrYceRsceTAehIy .
x>karbþÚrTisedAneya)ay
karpøas;bþÚr\riyabfd¾xøaMgkøarbs;emdwknaMrb
b {sgÁmraRsþniym} bgðaj[eXIjfa dMNak;
kalcugeRkay semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
EsVgrkkMEpgkarBarxøÜnBIsMNak;bøúksþaMniy
mEdlRBHGgÁKit
faGacCaeRKaHfñak;sRmab;rbbRBHGgÁticCagBI
xageqVg .
CalT§plkarvaylukeTAelIkmøaMgbHe)arenA
kñúgRbeTs)annaMmknUvkarEbk)ak;épÞkñúgrbs;
GgÁkar {sgÁmraRsþniym}
neya)ayh‘¿uB½T§skmµPaBsemþc
RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu mansPaBkan;EtxøaMgeLIg .
enAeBlEdlkmøaMgRbtikmµRbqaMgrbbneya)ay
kan;EtxøaMg karecjmuxBICYrembBa
¢akarkgT½B
EdlmanninñakarshrdæGaemrikk¾kan;EtxøaMgNas
;Edr . CamYynwgembBa¢akar
eyaFaenAkñúgTisedAenHEdr)ancUlrYmeday
BYkm®nþIraCkareGlIt nayTunkuMR)aD½r
nigBYkQµÜjkNþalEdl )
ane)assMGatpøÚvrbs;xøÜneTAkan;GMNac .
enAkñúgsßanPaBd¾sµúKsµajenH
shrdæGaemrick¾)ancab;epþImBinitüsareLIgvij
nUvCMhrrbs;xøÜnenA
kñúgTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkm<úúCa .
edayGaRs½yeTAnwgbMErbMrYlmYycMnYnkñú
g TMnak;TMngCamYynwgBYkevot kug
nigBYkevotNamxageCIg
nigbMErbMrYlsßanPaBneya)aybeRmI[BYksþaMn
iym EdlmanTisedA neya)ay xitCitshrdæGaemrik .
enAExemsa qñaM1969
shrdæGaemrik)aneFVIesckþIRbkasGMBI
{karTTYlsÁal; nig eKarB dl;GFibetyüPaB
ÉkraCüPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdIkm<úCa} .
enAkñúgCYrGñkdwknaMRbeTskm<úCaenAeBlen
aH )
anTas;ETgRbEkkEvkEjkGMBIbBaðamaKa’sRmab
; karGPivDÆn_esdækic©Cati .
BYkninñakarsþaMniymEdlkan;dMENgTTYlxusRt
Uv enAkñúgkariyal½yrdæ)al
k¾)anTamTar[BinitüeLIgvij
nUvKMrUkMENTRmg; qñaM1963-1964
nigkmµviFIesdækic© {sgÁmniym
BuT§sasnaExµr} . cab;BIqñaM1968mk
raCrdæaPi)almaneKalCMhrcMeBaHneya)ayesdæki
c© enAkñúgkmµviFI {TsSn³fµI}.
enAkñúgenaH)anerobcMbriyakasl¥sRmab;kareFVI
vinieyaKBIbreTs .
enAExmIna qñaM1969
edaymankarkgVl;kñúgkarjaúMg[estviman
nigRksYgkarbreTsGaemrik
manCMenORbesIrCagmuncMeBaHkarerobcMTa
MgLayrbs;RBHGgÁ
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu)ancab;epþIm
eFVIyuT§nakary:agxøaMgmYy
RbqaMgnwgkareRCotcUlnigkartaMgenA
rbs;BYkevotkugnigevotNamxageCIg
kñúgTwkdIrbs;km<úCa .
yuT§nakarenH)anbnþeFVIedayKµanQb;p¥akrhUt
mkdl;éf¶rdæRbharrbs;]tþmesnIy ln; nl; .
enAéf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM1969
kñúgsnñisITkaEstpSaytamviTüú
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )ancg¥úl
bgðajcMeBaHmuxsaFarNmtiBiPBelak
GMBIkareRCotcUlkan;EteRcIneLIgrbs;BYkevotk
ug nigevotNamxageCIg mkkñúgTwkdIrbs;km<úCa
nigbgðajtamry³EpnTIlMGitmYy
¬EdlRBHGgÁ)an[eK
e)aHBum<pSayenAeBleRkay¦
GMBITIkEnøgtaMgenArbs;kgT½BTaMgenaHkñú
gTwkdIrbs;km<úCaeTotpg . bnÞab;
mkRBHGgÁ)anCMrab[dwgCapøÚvkarfa
RbeTskm<úCanwgminCMTas;eLIy
ebIsinCahVÚgynþehaHTmøak;RKab;
Ebkrbs;GaemrikvayRbharRtwmEt {TICMrk}
EdleKTTYlsÁal;b:ueNÑaHenaH . TIbBa
¢akarénkgT½BGakas shrdæGaemrik
mineqøótTajKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarpþl;ePøIgébtgeLI
y b:uEnþcab;BIéf¶TI18 Exemsa dl;14 ]
sPashrdæGaemric )anbBa
¢ÚnynþehaHTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn

mk)acerayemSAKImICMruHsøwk eQImkelIcmáar
ekAs‘UCaeRcInkEnøg.
enARkugPñMeBjeKdwgfa BYkembBa
¢akarkgT½BnigBYkGPi)alextþCab;RBMEdn
nigBYkGñkenAeRkam
bgÁab;GñkTaMgenaHmYycMnYnFM )
anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_y:agsem,ImBIvtþmanrbs;kgT
½Bevotkug nigevot NamxageCIg
tamry³karRbmUlBn§BIsiT§ikan;kab;mYy
nigtamry³karrksIurt;Bn§mYy . karrksIuenH
eTaHCa)anTTYlsÁal;edayBYk
GaCJaFrRBMEdnk¾eday
k¾RtUvbgçMbg;Bn§mYysRmab;bNþa\sSrCnén
rdæaPi)al Edl
ra:b;rgcat;taMg[eKkan;muxdMENgdEdl .
k¾b:uEnþenAlMdab;x<s;bMputénesnaFikarrbs; ln;
nl; nigrdæaPi)al
plkMérEdlTTYl)anBIkarpÁt;pÁg;Psþúta
nigsmÖar³swk
Edldwkqøgkat;ykeTA[ rNsirSrMedaHCatimancMn
YYn eRcIn sem,ImNas;.
enAEx]sPa semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu
EdlminKitKUBITidæPaBEpñkhirBaØvtßúTak;Tgn
wgbBaðaenH )anecaT
Rbkan;BYkevotNamsgÁmniym
GMBIeKalbMNgvatTImkelIRbeTskm<úCa .
BYkemdwknaMRkug haNUy
nigrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNamxagt,Úg )
anepJImkRBHGgÁnUvsarlixitKYr[kk;ekþAbMput
eday bBa¢ak;GHGagCafµIBIkareKarB
rbs;BYkeKcMeBaHbUrNPaBEdndIRBHraCaNacR
kkm<úCa . bnÞab;mkenA Exmifuna
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu )ancat;viFankarepSg²
edIm,IkMNt;RBMEdncMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;es,óg
nigkardwknaMsMPar³
qøgkat;sMedAeTAkan;tMbn;rMedaHnanaenAevot
Namxagt,Úg BIeRBaHtamRBHGgÁman bnÞÚlfa
BYkkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
Edlts‘UkñúgéRBsuT§EtbMBak;GavuF nigdak;
[mankarRtYtedayevotkug .
karERbRbYlCalMdab;enHRtUv)anvinicä½yfa
manlkçN³KYr[RBYy)armÖbMputeTIb Huynh Tan Phat
nayk rdæm®nþIénrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñ
evotNamxagt,Úg
EdleTIbbegáItfµI²)anseRmccitþmkeFVITsSnkic©
mitþPaBCapøÚvkarmYy enARkugPñMeBjBI
éf¶TI30 dl;éf¶ TI5 Exkkáda qñaM 1969.
vij tan;pat
maneKalbMNgsÞamsÞg;eKalbMNgepSg²rbs;
semþcRBH)aTneratþmsIhnu nigBYk emdwknaM
km<úCaedayRbwgERbgEklMGTMnak;TMngepSg
² EdlEkERbGVIminc,as;las;[)anRbesIreLIgvij.
TaMgsgxagmansßanTUterogxøÜn
mankarsresIrsunÞrkfa
nigesckþIEføgkarN_epSg²EdlGHGagCafµInUv
samKÁIPaB
EdlminGacsabsUnü)anrvagRbeTskm<úCa
nigevotNambdivtþn_ . eRkaymksemþcRBH)aT
neratþmsIhnu )anmanbnÞÚl[dwgmñak;mþg²fa
TsSnkic©enH)anTTYlbraC½yedayBYkkumµúynIs
þevotNam
\suT§EtmanKMnitminl¥
EdleFVI[RBHGgÁKµanCMenOTukcitþesaH
nigKµanPaBKYrsmrak;Tak;eToteLIy .
RBHRbmuxrdærbs;km<úCa )
ancab;epþImeLIgvijCamYykarRbuugRby½tñxøH²
nUvkarvayRbhareday
BaküsMdIRbqaMgnwgRbeTscin
niglT§ikMmuynIscintaMgBIeBlEdlbdivtþn_vb,Fm
’rbs;cin )ankøayeTACa
karGMBl;kñúgRBHT½yrbs;RBHGgÁ .
eKdwgfaTMnak;TMngExµr-cin
BMuRtUv)ankat;pþac;enAExkBaØaqñaM1967 eT
edaysarkarsRmbsRmYly:agxøaMgrbs;naykrdæm®
nþI CUeGn Lay . b:uEnþtaMgBIeBlenaHmk
eTaHbIman karpøas;bþÚr
sarlixitd¾kk;ekþAbMputCapøÚvkark¾eday
k¾TMnak;TMngTaMgenHenAEtditdamedaykarmi
nTuk citþEdr . {lT§iem:Aniym}
EtgEthamXat;Canic© ehIyBYkGñkniymliT§iem:A
b¤xøHRKan;Etsnµt)an
RtUveFVITukçbukemñjnigRtUv)ancab;dak;Kuk .
b:uEnþrdæaPi)alRkugeb:kaMg
BMu)anelIkeLIgkartva:bnþicesaH eLIy
eTaHCaeRkApøÚvkark¾eday
cMeBaHviFankarBiessEdlGaccuHsRmugKñatictY
cTaMgenH edaysarmena seBa©tnamitþPaB
EdlsemþcRBHRbmuxrdænigrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenA
EtGnuvtþbnþ .
XI- CnbTExµrdMNak;kals®gÁamsIuvil ¬1970-

1975¦ nigkarFøak;cUl
eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦
1-rdæRbharln; nl; sirimt³ nig
neya)ayksikmµénrbbsaFarNrdæExµr
enAkñúglkçnþik³énkarelceLIgnUvGesßrPaB
nigsßanPaBkan;Etlg;eRCAeTA²éns®gÁamsIuvil
enA kñúgRbeTskm<úCa )
anpÞúHeLIgkareFVIrdæRbharéf¶TI18 ExmIna
qñaM1970. CalT§pl semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )
anRtUvcakecjBIGMNac ]tþmesnIy ln; nl;
nig]tþmesnIy sirimt³ )ancUlkan;GMNac
CMnYsvij. enAkñúg»kasrdæRbharenH
kgT½BCatiminRtwmEtCa]bkrN_sRmab;deNþImG
MNacenaHeT ehIy
k¾mantYnaTIRKb;RKgGMNacneya)ayEfmeTot.
enAeBlEdlBYkeK)anelcmuxmat;enAelIqakneya)ay
eK)anRbkasnUvkic©snüarbs;eKmYycMnYndUcC
a³
-enAelIvis½yneya)ay ³
TamTar[bBa©b;nUvPaBGnaFibetyüPaBenAkñ
úgsgÁm nigerobcM[
manreboberobryeLIgvij.
-enAelIvis½ysgÁm ³
erobcMsgÁms¥ats¥MedaylubbM)at;
[Gs;nUvGMeBIBukrlYy CaBiess enAkñúg
CYrm®nþIraCkarfñak;dwknaM.
CalT§plkic©snüaenH )
anRtwmEtelIRkdasEtb:ueNÑaH. GnaFibetyüsgÁm
GMeBIBukrlYy bkS BYkniym.l. )
anbnþrhUtdl;rbbenHdYlrlMenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa
qñaM1975.
enAkñúg»kasmunrdæRbhar )
anelceLIgnUvbBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgfvikasRmab;]b
tßmÖdl;kgT½B. TsSn³pÞúyKñarvagln; nl; sirimt³
CamYynwgsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
enAkñúgkarEbgEckfvikaCati edIm,I ]
btßmÖdl;kgT½B)ankøayeTACasBaØamYyeFVI[m
ankarGak;Gn;RsBn;citþ
CaBiessenAkñúgCYrembBa¢akar.
semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkgT½BBMu)andwtdl;d
Uc ln; nl; nig srimt³ eT BIeRBaH
RBHGgÁEtgEtmanTisedAneya)aymYy
EdlerobcMeLIgedayGaRs½yeTAnwgkitüanuPaB
niglkçN³kar TUtrbs;RBHGgÁpÞal;. müa:gvijeTot
semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )
ankat;fvikacMNayeTAelIkgT½BCajwk jab;
CaBiessenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1963-1965
enAeBlEdlshrdæGaemrik)anbdiesFpþl;CMnYy]btß
mÖ dl;eyaFa ehIykñúg»kasenaHEdr
fvika]btßmÖrbs;kgT½BRtUvkat;bnßycMnYnBIrdg
. kñúgxN³enH)anb:H
Bal;y:agxøaMgdl;karrs;enArbs;embBa¢akarkgT½B
.
CamYynwgRkumembBa¢akareyaFa
BYkGñkneya)ayeGlItmYycMnYnFM
k¾)anriHKn;dl;neya)ay
rbs;semþcRBHneratþmsIhnuEdr
ElgKµanRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgdMeNaHRsaybBaða
esdækic© nigenAkñúgkar
Rbkan;ykneya)ayGaCJaRkwtniym ¬authoritarianism¦ nig
mhicäita.
enAelIqakGnþrCati bnÞab;BIrdæRbhar
shrdæGaemric)anrYtrHeFVIesckþIRbkasKaMRTdl
;rdæaPi)al ln; nl; nigsirimt³ . CayUrNas;mkehIy
shrdæGaemrikBMueBjcitþnwgneya)ayrbs;semþcR
BH neratþmsIhnu CamYynwghaNUyeLIy .
enAeBlenaHEdr saFarNrdæRbCamanitcin
k¾)anRbugeRbób erobcMKaMRTdl;rbb ln; nl;
nigsirimt³Edr
BIeRBaHCayUrNas;mkehIyeKFøab;manTMnak;T
MngCamYynwg Kña. munrdæRbharmYyqñaM ln;
nl; )aneFVITsSnkic©enAÉRbeTscin. ln; nl;
eFVITsSnkic©CapøÚvkarenATI Rkugeb:kaMg nig
TIRkugkVagcUv
EdlCakEnøgkb;saksBdUntarbs;xøÜn. ln; nl;;
RbEhlCa)ansnüadl;em dwknaMcinmYYycMnYn
ehtudUecñHehIyeTIbRkugeb:kaMgRtUvkarKityUr
TMraMnwgeFVIesckþIseRmcCacug eRkay
eRCIserIsyksemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu vij
Edl)anRtUvecjBIdMENgenAéf¶TI18-mIna-1970 .
TnÞwm
nwgenHevotNamxageCIg)ansMEdgnUvkarKaMR
Tdl;GtItemdwknaMkm<úCay:ageBjTMhwg
taMgBIeRkayéf¶eFVI rdæRbharPøam.
rdææm®nþIkarbreTsevotNam egVógkUfac; )
aneFVIkarcgcaMGMBIRBwtþikarN_enaHenAqña
M1978 fa {enAeBlEdl ln; nl; )anpþÜlrMlM
semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu eBlenaH
cin)ansMu[evotNamKaMRTdl; ln; nl;
minEmnsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnueT.
éf¶TI20ExmInaqñaM1970 naykrdæm®nþI pam
va:n;dug )an eFVIdMeNIreTAdl;TIRkugeb:kaMg
ehIy)anBiPakSaCamYynwgsemþcRBHneratþm
sIhnu. semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )
anR)ab;pamva:n;dugfa ebIevotNamKaMRT
enaHcink¾KaMRTEdr.
esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu
naéf¶TI23ExmIna¬kñúgcMeNamcMNucTaMgR)a
M¦cin )anBnüareBleFVIesckþIKaMRTrhUt
dl;éf¶TI5 emsa
Edlyl;RBmEtelI4cMNucEtb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ
cinBMuKaMRT ln; nl; eT.
enAkñúgbMErbMrYl\riyabfrbs;cinmkKaMRTs
emþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
rwtEteFVI[sPaBkaN_enAkñúg
TIRkugPñMeBjmansPaBtwgEtg.
mUldæansgÁmrbbfµIEdlmanRsTab;GñkTIRkugfñ
ak;kNþal BYkKhbtI kariyal½yniym
BYknayTunkMuR)aD½renAmankmøaMgTn;exSa
y enAeLIyedIm,IRKb;RKgsßankarN_enAelI
épÞRbeTs. ksikrExµrminRtwmEtTTYlykrbbln; nl;
nigsirimt³ enaHeT enAkEnøgmYycMnYn)anelc
LIgkarbHe)arKaMRTdl;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu.
éf¶TI26 mIna manRbCaCnRbEhl25
Ban;nak;enAkñúg extþkMBg;cam )
anbHe)arRbqaMgnwgkareFVIrdæRbhar.
eRkaymkBYkeK)aneFVIXatelItMNagGñkkan;GM
Nac rbbfµI Edl)aneTAdl;TIrYmextþ
BYkbHe)ar)andeNþImykrfynþehIyeFVIdMeNIrtR
mg;mkRkugPñMeBj.
sßanPaBEbbenHEdr)anelceLIgenAkñúgextþtaEkv .
enATIenHRKan;Etkñúgry³eBlBIréf¶
BYkkgkmøaMg
Rbdab;GavuFrbbfµI)ansmøab;ksikrcMnYn100
nak; nigrab;rynak;rgrbYs .
kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’RbeTs kñúg extþéRBEvg
nigsVayerogk¾elceLIgnUvclnabHe)arRbqaMgnwg
karFVIrdæRbharEdr . ksikrnaMKñaeFVVIdMeNIr
eTAkan;TIRkugPñMeBj b:uEnþRtUvkgkmøaMg
Rbdab;GavuF)aj;smøab;y:agkacsahav.
karbHe)arrbs;RbCaCn
bgðaj[eXIjnUvsßanPaBTn;exSayrbs;rbbfµI
Edlkñúgry³eBld¾xøI)an )
at;bg;nUvkarKaMRTnUvtamTICnbTénRbeTskm<
úCa .
CakarBitNas;ehIyGVIEdlksikr)aneXIjeRkABIkar
eFVIrdæRbharpþÜlrMlMsemþcRBHneratþmsIhnu
eKKµaneXIjGVITaMgGs;eRkABIkarGt;Xøanrbs;
ksikrenAEtbnþ
nigGMNacfµIBMuTan;eXIjmankmµviFIc,as;las;en
AeLIyEdr .
kmµviFI {TsSn³fµI}
EdlerobcMeLIgedayBYkGñkkan;GMNacrbbfµI
enAkñúgTisedARbqaMgnwgkmµviFI
semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu ¬sgÁmniymBuT§sasna¦
nwgmanTisedAbeRmIplRbeyaCn_[RsTab;RbCaCn
TIRkug nigBYknayTunkMuR)aD½rb:ueNÑaH.
enAkñúgenaH)anniyayGMBIesrIPaBplitkrÉkCn
kareFVIÉkCn PavUbnIykmµeTAelIshRKasrdæ
karcUlrYmrbs;km<úCaeTAkñúgclnaGgÁkarhirBa
ØvtßúGnþrCati . Gñkkan;
GMNac)anRbkasGMBIesrIPaB
nigGP½yÉksiT§irbs;nieyaCikbreTs)anGnuBaØat[b
egáItFnaKarGnþrCati nigRkumh‘unnIhr½N
Gah½rNCafµI.
2-sßanPaBneya)ay esdækic© énrbbsafarNrdæExµr
enAkñúgvis½yksikmµ rdæaPi)al ln; nl; )
aneFVIesckþIRbkaskmµviFIneya)ayrbs;xøÜn
Edlman
lkçN³EfrkSaKMrUcas;CaRbéBNITMenomTmøab;
dUckalBIsm½ysgÁmraRsþniymEdr. ]TahrN_
kareRsac
RsBRtUvEtGaRs½yeTAelImeFüa)ayrbs;ksikreday
pÞal;enAelIRbB½n§eRsacRsBtUc² ehIyk¾mankar
cUlrYmBIsMNak;rdæaPi)al
nigCMnYYyBIxageRkAenAelIRbB½n§FM²
elIkkMBs;brimaNplitplksikmµ eday
GaRs½yeTAnwgkardak;CIr
TisedAeRbImeFüa)ayfµIedIm,IEfrkSaRsUv.l.
eK)andak;kñúgkmµviFIneya)ay ksikmµpgEdr
KWdegðayehAksikr[cUlrYmkñúgkmµviFI
{maKa’eTAkan;vDÆnPaB}.
enAkñúgesckþIRbkaskmµviFI
CaBiess)anniyayGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_énshkrN_.
karsnüaEtmYy Kt;cMeBaHksikr
manEtBaküfa{témøesßrPaBnigkarFanaTIpSarsRm
ab;ksipl}. CalT§pl karbMeBj nUvkmµviFI
Edl)andak;cuHdUc)anniyayBIxagelI enAqñaM
1972 edaymanTisedARbmUlpl[)an 3 lan 320
Ban;etanRsUv
edayGaRs½yeTAnwgkarbegáItTinñplBI 1/20
etankñúg1hicta [)andl;1/32 etankñúg1hicta
BMu)anseRmcdUcbMNgeT.
cMeBaHbBaðasMxan;Tak;TgeTAnwgTICnbT
km<úCa manbBaðadIEdlRtUveFVIGaCIvkmµ nig
bBaðaRKb;RKg dIFIø. bBaðaTaMgenH
enAkñúgkmµviFI{TsSn³fµI}
BMumanniyayGVITaMgGs;. sUm,IEt
bBaðad¾RsYcRsavenACnbT
dUcCakarykkarR)ak;d¾x<s;eTAelIkarCYldIeFVI
GaCIvkmµ k¾BMueXIjmanniyaypgEdreT
bBaðaR)ak;bMNul ksikr
viFankarCYldIRbkbedayyutþiFm’
karpþl;\NTanCatidl;ksikr
k¾rdæGMNacBMumaneGIeBIerOg enHEdr .
ebIKµankarkMNt;neya)ay[)anc,as;las;CMuvijbBað
aCab£sKl;TaMgenHeT enaHeKminGac
eFVI[manesßrPaBneya)ay nigedaHRsayTMnas;
EdlCamUldæanénvibtþikm<úCa)aneLIy .
taMgBIsm½y sgÁmraRsþniymk¾dUecñHEdr
eKBMuGacedaHRsaybBaðaksikr)aneT
edayKµankmµviFIc,as;las;edIm,ICaviFan
karedaHRsaykñúgbBaðaenH .
BYkGñkkan;GMNacfµIecHEtGHGagfa
karbHe)arrbs;ksikrbNþalmkBIkar
GuCGalBIsMNak;BYkkumµúynIsþevotNamxageC
Ig cMeBaHbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarrs;
enArbs;RbCaCn pÞal;eKBMu)annwkKitdl;eT .
viTüúPñMeBj)anpSayesckþICUndMNwgCapøÚvk
arfa {karbHe)arrbs;ksikr
KWCalT§plénskmµPaBcak;rukBIsMNak;BYkevot
kug b¤mnusSEdlmanTsSn³dUcBYkevotkug} .
TaMgenH RKan;EtCakarPrxøÜnÉgeT
enAeBlGñkkan;GMNacfµIBMuTTYlsÁal;nUv)atu
PaB Cab£sKl;

EdlnaM[mankarbHe)arBIksikr
dUecñHeKKµanP½BsMNagnwgTTYlkarKaMRT
BIksiikrenACnbT)aneLIy . enAeBlenaHEdr
sßabnik{TsSn³fµI}
hak;bIdUcCavaytémømindl;GMBIGarmµN_KaMR
Trbs;ksikr cMeBaH semþcRBHneratþmsIhnu
EdleTaHbIenAkñúgsßanPaBy:agNak¾eday
ksikrmYycMnYnFMenAEtcat;TukCa {semþc«}
CaRBHmhakSRtEdlGacFanadl;RbéBNITMenomT
møab; sasna nigÉkraCüCati . eTaHbI
mankarxMRbwgERbgy:agNakþI
Gñkkan;GMNacfµIBMu)anRbCaCnPaKeRcInTTY
lsÁal;tamc,ab;eT ehIyBYkeK )
andak;kmµviFIneya)aymanTisedAcg;beRmIesckþI
RtUvkarrbs;ksikr
b:uEnþhak;dUcCadac;q¶ayBIesckþI
RtUvkarrbs;ksikr
TaMgenAelIkarbMeBjkargarksikmµ
k¾dUcCaenAkñúgsßanPaBsgÁmxusKña
BIsMNak; CnbT nigTIRkugkan;EtxøaMgeLIg .
taMgBIyUrNas;mkehIy muneBleFVIrdæRbhar
elak h‘U yn; nigelak h‘U nwm k¾Føab;ykbBaða
TIRkugnigCnbTmksikSaEdr . ]TahrN_
GñkRsavRCav)anniyayfa RkugCaRbePTmüa:g
Edlman lkçN³CBa¢k;ykGs;GVI²BICnbTExµr CBa
¢k;ykminRtwmplcMeNjenaHeT nig CBa
¢k;yknUvplitpl caM)ac;EfmeTot .
dUckarbgðajEbbenH eyIg)aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;rYc
eTAehIy enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM50-60
TMhMEdlCnbTpþl;
[eTATIRkugeRcInCagGVIEdlTIRkugpþl;[vij .
sßanPaBRbqaMgnwgGñkTIRkugmanlkçN³
xøaMgkøaCayUrNas;mkehIy
taMgBIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM60mkemø:H
enAeBlEdlcab;epþImkarbHe)ar rbs;RbCaksikr
eBlenaHehIyEdlGñkkan;GMNac)aneRbIkgT½B
EdlmkBITIRkugeTAeFVIkarb®gáabBYkeK
y:agkacsahav .
Gñkkan;GMNac)anbegáIt {RkumskmµPaB}
EdlecjBICYrGñkTIRkug ehIy)anRtUvbBa
¢ÚneTAtMbn; ksikrbHe)ar. enAniTaXrdUv
qñaM1968 manRbCaCnRbEhl15Ban;nak;
enAkñúgTIrYmextþ)at;dMbg)an
cUlrYmy:agskmµkñúgkarb®gáabBYkbHe)ar.
enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam tambTbBa
¢arbs;ecAhVayextþ eK)an
b®gáabBYkbHe)ary:agkacsahav.
PaBsRtUvrbs;ksikr
cMeBaHGñkTIRkugmankMritkan;EtekþAeLIg²
ehIymüa:geTot TidæPaBKmøat
énsßanPaBCIvitrbs;GñkCnbT
nigTIRkugmanKmøatkan;EtxøaMgeLIgEdr
EdlelIsBIsßanPaBkñúgTMnak;TMng
rvagmnusSCatimYydUcKña.
sßanPaBTMnas;KñarvagRbCaCnTIRkug
nigCnbT )anRtUvBYkkumµúynIsþykeTA
eRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIkareXasnay:agskmµ
edayGHGagfa
TMnak;TMngénkarrs;enAkñúgTICnbT
KWCavb,Fm’ Exµr
ehIyRtUvTTYlrgnUvkarKabsgát;BIsMNak;CIvitTI
Rkug EdlCavb,Fm’minEmnrbs;CatiExµr Edlman
TisedAcg;kMeTc vb,Fm’Exµr. TMnas;GñkERs
nigGñkRkug)ankøayeTACakarsgswkKñaenAkñúgs
gÁmExµry:ag kacsahav.
kñúgxN³enH
enAkñúgkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaCnenACnbTcMeBaH
GñkTIRkug )anRtUveKcat;TukfaCa sRtUvrbs;eK
CaGñkCiHCan;CnbTExµrCamnusSEdlmansBa
¢atiCaExµr
b:uEnþBMumanGVIl¥dl;ExµreTeRkABIkar
rs;enAGaRs½yEtkarCBa
¢k;QamBIsMNak;ksikrenAÉCnbT
nigTTYlykvb,Fm’breTs.
rbb ln; nl; )
anRbwgERbglubbM)at;nUvPaBxusKñarvagCnbT
nigTIRkug. enAExkkádaqñaM1970
eK)anbegáItRksYgGPivDÆn_shKmn_EdlmanTise
dAbegáIt {karBiPakSaCamYynwgksikr>>>}.
edIm,I seRmc[)annUvkmµviFIenH
eK)anRbEmRbmUlbBaØav½nþTIRkug
EdlenAkñúgenaHmanPaKeRcInCaRKUbeRgón
nisSit ehIy)anRtUvbBa¢ÚneTACnbT
edIm,IbegáIteLIg
{TMnak;TMngRbkbedaykareyaKyl;Kñarvagksikr
CamYynwgrdæaPi)al}. sßabnikTsSn³ enHKW
elakhgS Funhak; )ansresrfa
enAkñúgdMeNIrRbRBwtþ
eTAénkarBiPakSaKñaenHEdr . elakhgS Funhak; )
ansresrfa {edIm,IbegáItkarBiPakSaKñaenH[)an
RtUvEtyl;
[c,as;faGVICaesckþIRtUvkarrbs;ksikrsamBaØ
ehIyminRtUvmanTMnak;TMngCamYyBYkeK
kñúg enaHmanrdæaPi)aleT
bBaðasMxan;KWRtUvbegáItsßanPaBénkareCOCa
k;KñaeTAvijeTAmk . enAeBltMNag
rbs;eyIgEsVgyl;
nigkMNt;GVICaesckþIRtUvkarrbs;ksikr
RksYgRtUvEtCYydl;BYkeK b:uEnþminEmnCa
kar]btßmÖmYyEdlGaceFVI[ksikrx
¢ilRcGUsenaHeLIy .
kar]btßmÖRtUvEtkøayCakardas;stiGarmµN_
kargarrbs;eK[kan;EtskmµEfmeTot
edIm,IelIkkm<s;sßanPaBsmÖar³rbs;xøÜn}.
kmµviFIepSgmYyeTot
EdlRksYg)andak;cuHsRmab;Pñak;garrbs;xøÜn
EdlRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan; CnbT
KWRtUvEtEsVgrk[eXIjskmµCnmankarTTYlxusR
tUvx<s; Edl)anRtUvRbCaksikrdéTeToteKarB
nigRsLaj;rab;Gan
ehIyeRbImeFüa)ay[eKCYyKaMRTeFVIskmµPaB

edIm,IBRgwgGMNac\T§iBl nigkitüa
nuPaBrdæaPi)alenAtammUldæan.
enAkñúgsßanPaB
s®gÁambgðÚrQamenAkñúgRbeTstMbn;eRkamka
rRKb;RKgrbs;Tahan ln; nl;
TTYlkarvaylukBIsMNak;BYkExµrRkhm
nigkgT½Bevotkug
ehIytMbn;TaMgenHkan;EtrYmtUceTA²y:ag elOn.
dUecñHesckþIsgÇwmcMeBaHeCaKC½yeTAelIk
mµviFIGPivDÆn_shKmn_BMumansl;GVIeToteT.
TIbMput
kmµviFIenHhak;dUcCaKMeragbeRmI[plRbeyaCn
_rbs;BYkkumµúynIsþeTAvijsarBt’man)ancuHpSa
yfa man
bBaØv½nþrab;Ban;nak;)ancakecjBITIRkugPñMeB
jrt;eTArs;enAÉCnbT. CalT§pl enAExtula
qñaM1971 KWmanry³eBl 1 qñaM3Ex
bnÞab;BIkmµviFI)anRtUvGnum½tenAtamCnbT
enAkñúgextþenAsl;EtbuKÁlik 109nak; b:ueNÑaH
EdlkñúgenaHPaKeRcInCaRKUbeRgónRtUv)anbB
a¢ÚnmkBIsalaenATIRkug nigsaRsþacarü
mhaviTüal½yepSg².
cMnYnGñksµ½RKcitþenAtamextþmanTMhMepS
g²KñaehIy EdlkñúgenaHCamFümmin elIsBI6nak;
rIÉkñúgextþkMBg;cam kMBg;s<W taEkv >>>
mancMnYnticCagenH. manEtkñúgextþsVayerogeT
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gedIm,ITak;TajRbCaCn[KaMRTGMNacPñMeBj.
sar Bt’man)ancuHpSayfa
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nisSitmkBIPñMeBjcMnYn94 nak;
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CnbT.
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kñúgGMLúgqñaM1970-1972
ehIy)aneFVIkargaredaymankmµviFI
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dar
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uniym
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Gs;Kñars; enAedayesµIPaBKña.
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eKbBa¢ÚnmkBIPñMeBj. minRtwmEteRbI
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bgçM EdleFVI[RbCaCn {xøacrGa}.
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sMPar³k¾mankarxVHxatxøaMgNas;Edr
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AelIGñkNamYy Edr. ]TahrN_enAqñaM1971
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b:ueNÑaH KWesµInwg18lan650Ban;erol.
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kargard¾sMxan;EbbenH)aneT.
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ebItamBinitüemIleTAGñkkan;
GMNacPñMeBjGs;sgÇwmfanwgGacTTYl)alEpøp
áaBIkmµviFIenH.
enAkñúgkMLúgeBlBIrqñaM1970-1971
enAelITwkdIkm<úCa)aneFIVskmµPaBRbyuT§
RbqaMgnwgTahan ln; nl;
edayTahanevotNamxageCIg nig evotkugCag bI
kgBlFM rYmCamYynwgT½BExµrRkhm ehIy
eK)anRKb;RKgTijdIRbmaN70°
KWCaTwkdICnbTERscMkar .
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edIm,IEsVgrkkarBiPakSaKñanwgksikrmankarlM)a
k nigceg¥ótcg¥l;. ehtudUecñHehIyrdæa
Pi)alPñMeBj )
andak;kmµviFIbegáIttMbn;CMuvijTIRkugPMñeBj
nigtMbn;CMuvijTIrYmextþdéTeTot[køayCatMbn;
snþisuxRbkbeTAedaykareFVIRbBlvb,kmµelIvis½
yksikmµ CameFüa)ay]btßmÖRsUvGgárdl;CnePos
xøÜnrab;Esnnak; Edlrs;enAeBareBjTIRkug.
W.Showcroos )ansresrfa
{ExdMbUgbnÞab;BIkareFIVrdæRbharmanksikrrab
;Ban;nak;)ancak ecjBIPUmikMeNIt
ehIyRKan;EtenAcugqñaM1970
RbCaCnraCFanIPñMeBj)an
ekIneLIgcMnYn2dgmancMnYn 1 lan2Esnnak;}.
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xtþ enAkñúgenaHmanPaKeRcInCaksikrEdl )
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rbs;xøÜn müa:geTotedImI,
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¬salaeronenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaHBMumaneT¦.
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faCakarePosxøÜneKcecjBIBYkkumµúynIsþ
nigBYkevotkugQøanBan
edayeKmincg;rs;enACabeNþaHGasnñ
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kMENTRmg;eKobsgát;RbkbedayPaBkacsahav
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n BYkkMumuuynIs )
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ug)at; dl;ksikrRkIRkEdlKµandI.
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mkBICnbTExµrdUcRKab;ePøógBIsMNak;kgkmøa
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nigkgT½BrdækarevotNam xagt,Úg.
ehIyTIBIrmanRbCaCntictYceT
EdleKcecjBIBYkkumµúynIsþ.
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shrdæGaemric)aneFVIskmµPaBkan;EtxøaMgeLIg
enAelIsmrPUmikm<úCa edayeFIVkar
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bIynþehaHykSFun B-52 EfmeTotpg. tamTinñn½y
rbs;elak W.Showcross ebIenAkñúgqñaM1970
8°énkarehaHehIr
Tmøak;RKab;EbkenAelIsmrPUmi\NÐÚcin
manTisedAmkTmøak;elITwkdIkm<úCa
¬rYmCamYynwgynþehaHFunF¶n; B-52 ¦
luHmkdl;edImqñaM1971
karTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelITwkdIkm<úCa )
anekIneLIgy:agxøaMgrhUtdl;14°.
karTmøak;RKab;EbkminRtwmEt
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sanénRbeTsb:ueNÑaHeT dUcCatMbn;tam
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evotNamrhUtdl;RBMRbTl;Lav k¾b:uEnþ
eK)anTmøak;RKab;Ebk
eTAelItMbn;EdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAkuHkr
minq¶ayb:unµanBITIRkugPñMeBj. elak W.Showcross
k¾sresr EfmeTotfa {enAcugrdUvekþAqñaM1970
PUmiPaKy:agFMénRbeTskm<úCa)anERbkøayCat
Mbn;ePøIgeqHeday esrI
EdlCakEnøgBYkGakasyanikGacTmøak;eTAelIeRs
cEtcitþ}.
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aneFVI[xUcxatdl;ehdæarcnasm½<n§ksikmµy:agd
MNM EdleFVI[ksikrrab;mWunnak;
cakecalPUmiRsukrbs;xøÜn.
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RbB½n§esdækic©TMnak;TMngTIpSarkMBugEtR
tUv xUcxatnigFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg
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dUcCarcnasm<½n§TMnak;TMngesdækic©ksikmµ
BYkQµÜjkNþal EdlBMurt;
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b:uEnþTIbMputk¾RtUvkat;pþac;TMnak;TMngCa
mYynwgTIRkugedaysarkgT½B evotkug
nigExµrRkhm)anvaypþac;pøÚvTMnak;TMngCMn
Yjk¾RtUvkat;pþac;TaMgRsugEdr.
TMnak;TMngTIpSarRtUvxUc
xatexÞcxÞaMTaMgRsug
BMumanTMnijksikrEdlRTaMts‘Urs;enAkñúgRsuk
PUmirbs;xøÜn GacRbkbrbrdaMduH)anRtwm
EtesckþIRtUvkarrbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH.
RbB½n§hirBaØvtßúenAkñúgRbeTs)anRtUvFø
ak;cuHTaMgRsug. ]TahrN_enAqñaM1974
fvikaCatirbs;rdæa Pi)alPñMeBjmancMnYn 71
Ban;lanerol rIÉcMNUlmanEt23 lanerolb:ueNÑaH
edIm,IbMeBjkgVHxat fvikaCatirdæaPi)alPñMeBj )
aneRbImeFüa)aye)aHBum<luyb®gÁb;Etmþg.
luy)anERbkøayeTACaRkdas
KµantMélrIÉRbB½n§TMnak;TMngesdækic©TIpS
ar)anERbkøayeTACa RbB½n§mYyEbbFmµCati.

enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH
RbB½n§ksikmµenAkñúgRbeTs
sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBmhnþrayy:ageBj TMhwg .
kalBImunminyUrb:unµanenAkñúgextþ)at;dMbg )
anRtUvkat;bnßydIERseFIVGaCIvkmµcMnYn2/5d
g kñúg GMLúg 2 qñaM
ehIykñúgsßanPaBenHrcnasm<½n§plitkmµksikmµ
RtUvxUcxatGs; esdækic©enAkñúgextþ)anFøak;
dl;kMritTabrab;stvtSfyeRkay. ]TahrN_
enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1969-1970
enAkñúgextþ)at;dMbg)an
eFVIERsenAelIdI474Ban;hicta luHmkqñaM1970-
1971 manRtwmEt242Ban;hicta ehIyqñaM1971-
1972 enAsl;Et180 Ban;hicta.
ebIeyIgeRbóbeFobeTAqñaM1911
extþ)at;dMbg)aneFVIERselIépÞdI 122 Ban;hicta.
ebIeyIgBinitüemIlelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUlRKan;Ete
nAqñaM1970 EtmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH eXIj fadI
ERs)anfycuHdl;cMnYnmYyRbkbedayP½ynþray.
enAkñúgqñaM1969-1970 TUTaMgRbeTs)aneFVI
ERsenAelIépÞdI122 Ban;hicta.
ebIeyIgBinitüemIlelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl
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qñaMb:ueNÑaHeXIjfadIERs)anfycuHdl;cMnYnm
YyRbkbedayP½ynþray. enAkñúgqñaM1969-1970
TUTaMg RbeTs)aneFVIERselIépÞdIsrub 2 lan
488 Ban;hicta luH mkdl;qñaM1970-1971 enAsl;Et
880 Ban; hictab:ueNÑaH.
dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa
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mYyqñaMEtb:ueNÑaH enAelIdIERs
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RsUv)anERbkøayeTACaGNþÚg
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edaysarkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk.
y:agNamij KMeragrbs;rdæaPi)al ln; nl;
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sipl
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a CatMbn;eCosvagBIkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk
nigkarBar
min[BYkkumµúynIsþlukluycUlmk)aneXIjfaKMera
genH)anelcrUbrageLIg.
edayGaRs½yeTAnwgKMerag
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1970 manTisedA
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BIrsMxan;².
tMbn;mYyEdlCiteTATIRkugCageK)an[eQµaH fa
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enAkñúgextþkNþal kMBg;cam taEkv nig
kMBg;s<W.
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EdlmanTTWg RbEhl10KILÚEmRt
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manGtßRbeyaCn_CaExSRkva:t;karBarsnþisux
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GMNacPñMeBjmanTisedAbegáIttMbn;ksikmµRb
kbedayRbsiT§PaB EdlGac manlT§PaBpÁt;
pÁg;RsUvsRmab;RbCaCnCitbIlannak;
Edlmkrs;enApþMúKñakñúgrdæFanIPñMeBj.
épÞdItMbn;ksikmµTaMgBIrkEnøgenHman240
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eTotRbCaCnrs;enACaFmµtaenAeLIy
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xatenAeLIyeT. enAkñúg tMbn;
snþisuxmanRbCaCnrs;enARbEhl Ca 623Ban;nak;
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ebIsinmYyhictaGacTTYlpl)anCamFüm1/663etan
enaHnwgGacpÁt;pÁg;Ggár[ RbCaCn)anCamFümk
ñúgmYyéf¶420Rkam .

edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða
eK)anKitdl;karelIkkMBs;TinñplRsUvRKb;hicta .
enAkñúgÉksarkmµviFI
GPivDÆnv_vis½yksikmµ )ancg¥úlbgðaj[eXIjfa
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vijeT .
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bMErbMrYlEpñkesdækic©kñúgtMbn;rMedaHqñaM197
0-1975
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enAelITwkdIkm<úCa)aneFVIskmµPaBRbyuT§Rb
qaMg nigTahan ln; Nl;
edayTahanevotNamxageCIg nig
evotkugCagbIkgBlFM
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eK)anRKb;RKgTwkdIRbmaN70°
KWCaTwkdICnbTERscMkar. eK)andwgehIyfa
enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1970-1971
enAelITwkdIEdlBYkkumµúynIsþ
nigBYkevotkugRKb;RKgBMumanelceLIgnUvkM
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ehIyeFVIkarEbgEckdl;ksikrRkIRkEdlKµandI.
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shrdæGaemrik)aneFVI
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a
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km<úCa)anekIneLIgrhUtdl;14°.
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km<úCa ¬1970-1972¦
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k¾BMuTan;mankitüanuPaBenAkñúgCYrksikrEdr
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. BYk{GcinþPaB} RCulniym)an
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MngTIpSar kalBIenAkñúgRbCMubkSExkkáda
qñaM1971 . b:uEnþkmµviFIBYkeK {GcinþPaB}
BMu)anTTYlkarGnum½tieT .
enAkñúgtMbn;BYkkumµúynIsþRKb;RKgdMNak;
kalqñaM 1970-1972 neya)ayksikmµrbs;BYkExµr
RkhmmanTisedAeFVIy:agNaedIm,IbMeBjesckþIR
tUvkarksikrRkIRk nigGñkKµandIFøI
eK)aneFVIkarpSBVpSay
neya)ayEbbenHBaseBjtMbn;rMedaH.
tamBaküsMdIrbs; eGog sarI enAedImqñaM1980 fa
enAkñúgtMbn; rMedaHeyIgkat;bnßyBn§dar50°
ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgdMNak;kalmunéf¶TI18
Exemsa qñaM1970. ksikr
mYycMnYnEdl)ancUlrYmy:agskmµ
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gGs; . meFüa)ay mYyepSgeTot
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r KWkarlubbM)at;ecalbMNulcMeBaHGñkrk
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nigBYkk,t; edIm,IykeTAEbgEck[RbCaCn Edl
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km<úCaenAmantictYcenAeLIykþI
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hmRbkasfaCadIFøIrbs;BYkk,t; ehIyRtUvEtRbKl;
[eTA GñkNa
Edlcg;eFVIGaCIvkmµenAelIdIenaH .
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edaysarEtBYkExµrRkhmmankarKaMRTBIsMNak
;ksikrenAkñúgtMbn;rMedaH
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rcnasm<½n§dwknaMmankmµaPi)al
nigBRgIkkmøaMgT½Brbs;BYkeK .
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an[dwgfaTMnak;TMngrvagkmµaPi)al
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nigsamBaØ.
kmµaPi)almankatBVkic©karBarRTBüsm,tþiRbCa
Cn minRtUvsIusMNUksUk)a:n;BIRbCaCneLIy.
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kñúgqñaM1970-1972
enAkñúgTMnak;TMngCamYynwg
RbCaCn)anpøas;bþÚr\riyabTCaeRcInNas;
enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab;eTot . enAdMNak;kalenaH
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¢aRbCaCn EdlmanGtßn½ysßitenARtg;fa
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CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;mUldæanedaHRsaynUvral;
bBaðaenAcMeBaHmuxRbCaCn¦. enAeBlEdl
ksikrelITMnb;CIkRbLay
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmk¾cUlrYmCYyy:agmmajwk .
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ehIycUlrYmedaysµ½RKcitþbMeBjkargareday\tKit
éfø nigCaBiessCYydl;ksikr NaEdlRkIRk .
ktþaepSgmYyeTotenAkñúg ¬TsSnviC
¢aRbCaCn¦
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RbCaCnenaHKW ¬karCYydl;ksikrBIkar
b¤manCMgW¦. ral;skmµPaBkmµaPi)al
nigsmaCikrbs;xøÜn BYkExµr
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ehtudUecñHehIyneya)ay CamYyRbCaCn
nigbeRmIRbCaCnmanRbsiT§PaBx<s;
kñúgxN³enHBYkkumµúynIsþExµrTTYlnUvkarRs
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Gtßn½yénBaküesøakGMBIbdivtþn_sgÁmniym.
cab;taMgBIqñaM1970 dl;Bak;kNaþalqñaM
1972 luyRtUv)aneKenAcayenAeLIy buKÁlik
b¤em bBa
¢akarExµrRkhmmñak;²TTYl)anR)ak;RbmaN 130-
150 erolkñúgmYyEx enAéf¶muneTotedaysarEt
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g
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nwm nig exov sMpn eTAkan;semþcRBHneratþm
sIhnu )an[dwgfa
BYkeKbdiesFminTTYlykR)ak;ExeT.
buKÁlikkmµaPi)alrbs;eyIgRKb;Can;fñak;
eFVIkarRbyuT§RbqaMgy:agGg;GacKµanGñkNa
mankaresaksþay
edaymin)anTTYlR)ak;ebovtþn_enaHeT
elIsBIenHeTot eKeFVIBlkmµ nigmanPkþIPaB
edIm,ImatuPUmi KµanKit GVIeRkABIenHeT .
tamlkçN³Cak;EsþgeyIgeXIjfa
karpøas;bþÚrsßanPaBbuKÁlik
kmµaPi)alBYkExµrRkhm
[eTACakar]btßmÖEbbGn;fymanlkçN³CaFmµCati
minRtwmEtCalkçnþik³caM)ac;enaHeT
b:uEnþCaCMhan
EdleK)anKitTukCamunrYceRsceTAehIy .
XII- RbeTskm<úCaeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
1-karerobcMneya)ayesdækic© sgÁm
rbs;BYkExµrRkhammunqñaM1975
edaysarEt)ankarRKb;RKgTwkdImYyEpñkFMénR
beTs BYkExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImGnuvtþeTAtam
KMeragrbs;xøÜn
eFVIkMENTRmg;elIrcnasm<½n§esdækic©
TMnak;TMngrdæ)al
nigRbB½n§neya)ayenAkñúgRbeTs.
enABak;kNþalqñaM1973
eK)aneFVIkarEkTMrg;rcnasm<½n§rdæ)alenAkñú
gRbeTssaCafµI edaylubbM)at;

ecalnUvRbvtþisaRsþRbéBNITMenomTmøab;
ehIybegáItRbB½n§rdæ)alPUmiPaKFM²dUcCa ³
-PUmiPaKbUBa’man extþsVayerog éRBEvg
kMBg;cam nig RkecHEdlCaextþ
manRBMRbTl;Cab;nwg
RbeTsevotNam.
-PUmiPaK]tþr
latsn§wgenAelITwkdIextþkMBg;FM esomrab
¬mYyEpñk¦ ]tþrmanC½y nigbnÞayqµar.
-tMbn;EdlkñúgenaHmanextþeBaFisat;
esomrab éb:lin nig )at;dMbg
RtUveKrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúg
PUmiPaKBay½Bü.
-
PUmiPaKBiesseKrab;bBa©ÚltMbn;TaMgLayNaE
dlenACab;raCFanIPñMeBj.
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rYmeTAedayextþTaMgLayEdlsßitenAPUmiPaK]t
þr nig|sanénRbeTs manextþ
mNÐlKIrI rtnKIrI sÞwgERtg nig RBHvihar .
enAkñúgPUmiPaKnImYy²RtUv)anEbkEckCatMbn
; ehIyEdlRtUvEbgEckCaRsukeTot RsukpþúMeTA
edayXMu rIÉXMupþMúeTAedayPUmi .
enAkñúgPUminImYy²
dwknaMedayKNkmµkarPUmi
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smaCik . smaCikKN³kmµkarPUmiTTYlxus
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vb,Fm’.
kMENTRmg;rdæ)al )
anbegáIteLIgnUvmUldæanénneya)aypþac;kar
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kMENTRmg;elIvis½yepSg²eTot eBalKWksikmµ.
ksikmµRtUvEtkøayCamUldæanénRbB½n§esdækic
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y edIm,IeFVIkMENTMrg;rcnasm<½n§
esdækic©ksikmµenAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugEtRtUv
exÞcxÞaM rYceRsceTAehIy.
sBaØaNdMbUgbg¥s;Edlbgðaj[eXIjfa
BYkExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImdkxøÜnfyBIkmµviFI
RbCaPifut TsSnviC¢aRbCaCn
edIm,ITTYl)annUvkarKaMRTBIsMNak;RbCaCne
nAcugqñaM1972 KWenAeBlEdltMbn;
mYycMnYnenAPUmiPaKnIrtI )
ancab;epþImkmµviFIfµIenH .
BYkExµrRkhmdkhUtykRsUvTaMgGs;
cMeBaHRKYsar NaEdleFVIelIskarkMNt;enH
b¤dkhUtykdIEdlelIsyk
eTA[GñkNaEdlmandIticCag b¤mYyRbKl;
dIenaHeTA[shKmn_RbCaCnepSg²eTot
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GgÁPaB smUhPaB
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enAkñúgPUmienaH.
CIvPaBrbs;emdwknaMGgÁPaB smUhPaBrdæ)al
RtUv)anTTYlkar]btßmÖCaeRKÓg]bePaKbriePaK.
CMhanfµIenH)ancab;epþImenAEx]sPa
qñaM1973
enAeBlEdlKN³mCÄwmbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
Gnum½tnUvesckþIseRmccitþsþIGMBIsmUhPavU
bnIykmµenAkñúgCnbTExµr .
enAkñúgesckþIseRmcenHmanbMEr
bMrYly:agxøaMgenAkñúgneya)ayksikmµ KW
dIFøI BYkk,t; nigBYkm©as;dIFM²
Edl)andkecjCayUrNas;mk
ehIyenaH)anpþl;eTA[ksikr
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nigCamUldæanmYyd¾CaTIsgÇwmsRmab;BRgwg
neya)ay nig esdækic©RbyuT§RbqaMgsRtUv .
eRkABIkarGnum½tRbKl;dIeTA[smaKmn_smUhP
aB enAkñúgesckþIseRmc rbs;bkS k¾)anKUsbBa
¢ak;GMBIkarksagsm,tþismUhPaB
nigkareFIVCatUbnIykmµenAelIcMkarekAs‘U.
cMNucepSg²eTotKW
mankarhammin[manRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnenAelIdIFøI
nigkareRbIR)as;luyenAkñúg GgÁkarshKmn_CnbT
beNþjQµÜj nig
GñkensaTCnCatievotNamecjBITwkdIkm<úCa .
dUecñHEl,genAkñúgneya)ayksikmµedIm,IyutþiF
m’
beRmIkar[ksikrtamEbbRbéBNITMenomTmøab;
taMgBIyUrmkehIy
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BYkExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImkmµviFIedIm,IseRmc
nUvTis edAneya)ayrbs;xøÜn
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CamYynwgGVIEdlFøab;manBImunmkTal;EtesaH.
2-C½yCMnHéf¶17 Exemsa
nigkarCMelosRbCaCnecjBITIRkugPñMeBj
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;emExµrRkhm
RbeTskm<úCa)ansßitenAeRkamkardwknaMénbdiv
tþn_d¾eXareXA
edaysarEtsßanPaBkumµúynIsþ)anRKbdNþb;
edaysarEtsßanPaBkumµúynIsþ)anRKbdNþb;edays
arkar eFVIbdivtþn_rbs;kMlaMgExµrRkhm
edIm,IdeNþImykkarRKb;RKgenAkñúgqñaM1975 .
ehIyEdleBlenaH )
aneFVI[RbeTskm<úCa)anERbnUvrUbragepSgmY
yeTot EdlBiPBelakcat;TukfaCarbb]Rkidækmµ
RBmTaMg eFVIsßanPaBesdækic©km<úCa
RtUv)anGnuvtþn_eTAtamEbbEpnénkarRKb;RKgf
µI . enAkñúgExemsa qñaM1975
eRkayBIkarvayrMedaHrbs;ExµrRkhm)ankan;kab;
TIRkugPñMeBjehIyenaH
BYkvak¾)andak;nUveKaledAfµImYy
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mtamEbbEpnfµICamYynwgkarsþareLIgvij
nUvRbB½n§esdækic©
tamEbbEpnkarrbs;karRKb;RKgrbs;BYkeK
edayeFVIkardak;ecjnUvyuT§saRsþénkarGPivDÆ
RbB½n§esdæ
kic©tamry³karBRgwgEpñk]sSahkmµFuntUc
nigEpñksib,kmµEdleRbIedayéd . edayehtuenHehIy
eTIbBYkeKmanviFankar
eFVIkarCMelosRbCaCn[ecjBIkñúgRKb;extþRkug
[eTArs;enApþMúKñatammUldæan
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edIm,IeFVIkarGnuvtþnUvEpnkaryuT§saRsþrbs;B
YkeKedayeRbIkmøaMgRbCaBlrdæpÞal;Etmþg.
dUcEdlelak eGog sarI
EdlCaemdwknaMExµrRkhmmYyrUbEdrenH)anb
Baa¢k;[dwgfa { enAkñúgrbbenaH
ksikmµKWCaktþasMxan;kñúgkareFIVkarEkERbn
UvsßanPaBRbeTs
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tamry³Epñkksikmµ
edIm,IeFVIkarksagnUvEpñk]sSahkmµ
edIm,ICYybeRmIdl;karGPivDÆEpñkksikmµ}.
3-neya)ayRKb;RKgénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
eRkayBIkarRKb;RKg)annUvTIRkugPñMeBj
enAkñúgéf¶TI17 emsa 1975
ehIyenHedIm,IeFVIkarGnuvtþ
nUveKalkaresdækic©xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn
edayminBwgEp¥kelICMnYyBIbreTsenaH
kmøaMgExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarCMelos
RbCaCnCag 2lanRKYsar
enAkñúgTIRkugnigextþepSgeTot
edaybgçM[BYkeKpøasbþÚrTIlMenAeTArs;enA
tamtMbn;CnbT kñúgeKalbMNgmYyeTotenaH KW
edIm,I[RbCaCnTaMgGs;rs;enAtamEbbCaRbCaCn
CnbT mankarGnuvtþkargaresµIPaBKña
edIm,IRbqaMgnwgPaBTMenIbkmµénlkçN³TIRku
g EdlBYkeKRbqaMg dac;xat .
skmµPaBkMeTcTIRkug
ksagesdækic©KµanTIpSareKsegáteXIj
enAeBlEdlBYkExµrRkhmbeNþj
RbCaCnecjBITIRkug eK)andutRkdasR)ak;ecal
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¬bg;Rkhm¦.
eTaHbICaKµanGVImkKMramkMEhgBYkeK)ane
hIyk¾eday
BYkExµrRkhmenAEtRbwgERbgbgðajeKRKb;Kña
[ eXIjfa
BYkeKnwgkMeTc[dl;TIbBa©b;nUvsøaksñamrbbc
as;edIm,Ikat;pþac;[Gs;BIsgÁmGn;fy.
éf¶TI25-26 emsa qñaM1975
enATIRkugPñMeBj)anR)arB§smaCCativismBaØ
EdlkñúgenaHeK)an
RbkasCapøÚvkarnUvC½yCMnHrbs;BYkkumµúyn
IsþExµr . enAkñúgsmaCCati
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RbeTskm<úCanUvshKmn_ÉkPaBCati
EdlnwgksageLIgelImUldæansmPaB
nigRbCaFibetyü BMuman vNÑ³CiHCan;

nigGñkEdlRtUveKCiHCan; KµanGñkman
KµanGñkRk TaMgGs;KñaRtUvEteFVIBlkmµ .
eRkABIkmµviF RbkbeTAedayPaBrevIrvay
dac;q¶ayBIsßanPaBBitCak;EsþgenHmk
eKBMueXIjmankmµviFIGVIc,as;las;
edIm,IksagRbeTseTAéf¶GnaKteLIy .
CakarBitNas;ehIy
eBlenaHRbEhlCaeKKitfamincaM)ac;
ehIyemIleTAeRBaHeTAéf¶mux
eKnwg)anBiPakSaenAkñúgkarRbCMubkS
EdlkñúgenaHmankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;
elxabkSBIRKb;tMbn;enAkñúgRbeTs
nigtMNageyaFa . enAkñúgsnñisIT b:ul Bt )
aneFVIsunÞrkfa eday)an
eFVIkarEbgEckTisedAsMxan;²cMnYn 8cMNuc
enAkñúúgneya)ayBYkExµrRkhm
dMNak;kaleRkays®gÁam.
- CenøósRbCaCn[ecjputBITIRkugTaMgGs;
- kMeTcecalral;rUbPaBTIpSar
- kMeTcecalRkdasR)ak;rbs; ln; nl; nig
bdiesFmineRbIR)as;RkdasR)ak;Edl )
ane)aHBumÖ rYcehIy RkdasR)ak;bdivtþn_
b¤luyrMedaH.
- lubbM)at;rbbskþiPUmiraCaniym.
cMeBaHRBHsgÇBuT§sasnaRtUvbgçM[eFVI
ERs cMkar

- erobcMbegáIshkrN_RbmUlpþMúfñak;x<s;
[eBjépÞRbeTs edaybegáIterag)ayrYm
- beNþjCnCatievotNam[Gs;BIRbeTskm<úCa
- dak;kgT½B[dl;RBMRbTl;
CaBiessRBMRbTl;Cab;nwg RbeTsevotNam.
enAkñúgsunÞrkfarbs; nYn Ca
mnusSTIBIrenAkñúgCYrbkS
manesckþICaBnül;Gtßn½yénsunÞkfarbs; b:ul Bt .
nYn Ca )aneFVIesckþICaGaT×fa
ebIeyIgminlubbM)at;TIpSar nig RkdasR)ak;ecal
enaHeyIgmin GaclubbM)at;ÉkCn)aneT.
BIeRBaHenAkEnøgNamanluynwgmanpSarTIenaH
nwgmanmnusSEdlsm,Úrluy RTBüsm,tþi.
eyIgRtUvEtkMeTcrbbÉkCnrbs;ÉkCnminRtUvman
enAkñúúgsgÁmeyIgeLIy.
enAkñúgTMnak;TMngkmµviFIvDÄPaBesdækic©
nYn Ca )anRbkasfa
karksaglT§isgÁmniymenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa
nigBwgEp¥keTAelIvDÄnPaBvis½yksikkmµ
nig]sSahkmµ. eyIgnwgeFVI[vis½yksikmµman
TMenIbkmµkñúgry³eBl 10-15 qñaM
edayerobcMRbB½n§EckcayTwkeCOnelOn
mankarCIkRbLayeBj épÞRbeTs.
y:agNamijkmµviFIenH)anRtUvcab;epþImtaMgBIq
ñaM1976 rYYceTAehIy.
enAcugExemsa qñaM1975
RbCaCnTIRkugPñMeBjCagbIlannak;)ancakecjeT
Akan;TICnbT. kar beNþjRbCaCn[eTAkan;TICnbT

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wmRtUveT eKRtUv edIrkat;ePøóg kat;xül;
eRkamkMedACag30GgSa énExecRt>>>.
eRkaymk b:ul Bt )anGHGagfa
neya)ayCMelosRbCaCnecjBITIRkug)anRtUvcab;e
pþImtaMgBIC½yCMnHemø:H .
RbCaCnrab;mWunnak;)anedIr
cakecjBITIRkugPñMeBjeTAkan;PUmiPaK]tþr
niritI nigbUBa’énTIRkugPñMeBj
CaTwkdIRKb;RKgedayrdæ)al eyaFa
Edl)anvaylukrMedaHTIRkugPñMeBj .
emExµrRkhm)anR)ab;eTARbFansßanTUt su‘yEGt
qñaM1976 fa
BYkeyIgBMumanmFüa)ayCak;edIm,IdwkCBa
¢ÚnmðÚbGahar[RbCaCnenATIRkug
dUecñHmeFüa)ayCak;Esþg
KWRtUvCenøósRbCaCn
Edlrs;enATIRkueTAkan;kEnøgEdlmanGahar .
BYkGñkTIRkugRtUvEtecHruHrandIFøI
ecHbgábegáInpl nwgksagFarasaRsþ
KWkarCIRbLay elIkTMnb;edayédrbs;BYkeK .
kareFVIy:agdUecñH
KWCaneya)ayBRgIkdIksikmµ[)anCaGtibrma .
karCenøósRbCaCnBInIrtIeTABay½Bü
BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhmGcinþPaBRCulniym
yl;eXIjfa PUmiPaKBay½Bü EdlmanextþeBaFisat;
nig)at;dMbgCatMbn;d¾FMsRmab;bgábegáInpl
ehIyBYkemdwknaM
fñak;kNþalEdlmanemPUmiPaK mYl sm,tþi
Edlmin)aneFVI[seRmc EpnkarmhaelatepøaH
mhaGs©arü rbs;eK dUecñHBYkGcinþPaB )
ankab;smøab;RbCaCn
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Ca
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üCMnYsvij .
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edIm,IerobcMKMeragkmµviFI
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qñMa1975 . enAcugExkkáda qñaM1975
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edvIt ecnl½r )anmanmtifa {edaysarEtPaBGab;GYr
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa)aneFIV[eKePøcEpnkarbY
nqñaM} . y:agNamijÉksar
epSg²)anbgðaj[eXIjfaenAqñaM1976 1977 1978
GMNacfñak;elI)anTamTar[GMNacmUldæan
bgðajnUvlT§pl
Edl)anbMeBjeTAtamKMeragEpnkar.
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ehIysmøab;ecalenAqñaM1978
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; rdæaPi)al
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nwgRtUv BRgIkplitplksikmµ[)ancMnYnBIrdg.
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sMxan; nigkar BRgIkplitpl
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100landuløa .
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eTAtamkmµviFIEpnkarbYnqñaM.
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RsUv1lan 620Ban; etan mYyPaKFMRtUv)anbBa
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plitRsUv)anenAkñúgqñaM1977 eyIgKµaneT .
b:uEnþtYelx eyIgGac):an;sµanRbEhlBI 700-900
Ban;etan . karvaytMélenH
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nigextþeBaFisat;)an[plRsUv 13Ban;etan.
dUecñHehIyebItamEpnkar
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900Ban; etanRsUv . eTaH
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s[eXIjfa
manTsSn³pÞúyKñaeTAnwgeKalCMhrmCÄwmbkS
xøaMgNas;. ehIyenAqñaM1977
eKsegáteXIjmanbMErbMrYl
ebIenAedImqñaMviTüúnigkaEstbkS
Tg;bdivtþn_)aneXasnafa
eKbMeBj)antamEpnkarEdl)anGnum½t
enAqñaM1976 edIm,ITTYlplRsUv3etankñúg1hicta
enAelIERs[plmþgkñúg1qñaM nig6etan elIERs[pl
RsUv2dgkñúg1qñaM.
b:uEnþbnÞab;BImankarcab;cgenAExmInaqñaM19
77 enAkñúgCYrkmµaPi)albkS nigembBa
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kMBugCYbRbTHkarlM)ak
bBaðaEdlFMRtUvEsVgrksRtUvépÞkñúg
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clacl
nigCaPñak;garbs;evotNamenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
. enAedImqñaM1978 emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an
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RKb;TIcMgay)aneFIVskmµPaBenAkñúgshkreyIg
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aPi)alrbs;eyIg BMu)anykcitþTuk
dak;eTAnwg)atuPaBEdlbgáPñak;garsRtUv.
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kardwknaMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
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nnak;.
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RsTab;mnusS
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CabBaðamYyecaTy:agxøaMg enAkñúgsgÁmeyIg .
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¢abeRgónmnusS
[ecHsgS½yedIm,IEsVgrksc©³Fm’ .
b:uEnþkñúgsgÁmeyIgsgS½yCaCMgW
eRBaHeKsgS½y eRBaHcg;p©aj;p©al
b¤cg;bMpøajeTAvij . enAkñúgCMnan; b:ul Bt
karsmøab;edaysgS½yGs;eRcInNas;BIeRBaHeKma
nBakü esøakfa {suxcitþRcLM kMu[ElgRcLM } .
XIII-saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigrdækm<úCa
K>s> 1979-1993

RbeTskm<úCa)anqøgputBIrbbkab;smøab;KñaÉgG
s;ry³kal 3 qñaMR)aMbIEx nigémÖéf¶ ¬éf¶TI17
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rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
k¾)anbegáIteLIgna éf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979
edaymankarCYy]btßmÖBIkmøaMgkgT½BevotNa
m.
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enAExmkra qñaM1976 elakhU‘ nwm
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rYmCati km<úCa )anecjmuxRbqaMgnwgbu:l Bt.
enAExmIna qñaM1976 RbCaCnenAcMkarhøÜg
nigenAextþesomrab )
anTamTar[temøIgkRmitCIvPaB
nig[RKYsar)anrs;enACYbCMuKña >>>.
enAedImExmkra qñaM1977 RbCaCn
enAextþesomrabPaKxageCIg
nigenAextþ)at;dMbg )
aneRkakQreLIgbegáItCaclnaRbqaMgnwgBYkbu:l
Bt ehIyenAExmIna nigemsa qñaM1977
RbCaCnenAextþkMBg;FM mNÐlKIrI
kMBg;qñaMg nigenAcMkarhøÜg k¾ )
anbegáItclnaRbqaMgBYkbu:l Bt Edr.
mhasnñi)attMNagkgkmøaMgrMedaHRKb;tMbn;T
UTaMgRbeTs
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;GñkesñhaCati)an

ebIksm½yRbCMuenAéf¶TI2 FñÚ 1978

kñúgmUldæanrMedaH. eBlenaH
mhasnñi)at)anseRmcCaÉkcänÞbegáIt
rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa
nig)ane)aHeqñateRCIstaMgKN³kmµaFikarmCÄw
mrNsirS Edlmansma
Cik14 rUb kñúgenaHelak ehg sMrin CaRbFan.
mhasnñi)at)anGnum½tkmµviFIneya)ayrbs;rNsirS
CamaKa’Parkic©nigeKalkarN_se®gÁaHCati
dUcteTA ³ eKarBqnÞ³ nigeKalbMNgrbs;RbCaCn
pþÜlrMlMBYkRbtikiriyabu:l Bt EdlCaXatk
nigksag RbeTskm<úCaRbkbedaysnþiPaB ÉkraCü
RbCaFibetyü GBüaRkwtü nigsm,ÚrrugerOg.
2-C½yCMnHéf¶TI7 mkra 1979
nigsßanPaBsgÁmkm<úCa BIqñaM1979-1989
edaymanCMnYyBIkgT½BevotNam
kgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaH
Catikm<úCa )an
eRkakQreLIgvaykemÞckgT½Bbu:l Bt
nigrMedaHRbCaCn nigTwkdI.
cab;taMgBIcugExFñÚ 1978 rhUt dl;éf¶ TI7 mkra
1979
RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl)anrMedaHTaMgRsugBIr
bbRbl½yBUCsasn_bu:l Bt.
eRkayéf¶rMedaH 7 mkra 1979
RbCaCnExµr)anrYcputBIrbbbu:l Bt
Rbl½yBUCsasn_ ehIy )
annaMKñavilRtLb;mkkan;RsukkMeNItvij.
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annaMKñaePosxøÜneTA kan;RBMEdnéf.
BYkeKrs;enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜn
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.
eBlmkdl;RsukkMeNIt GñkxøH)anCYbbgb¥Ún
b¤«Bukmþay GñkxøHeTotBMu)anCYbeT
BIeRBaHbgb¥Ún «Bukmþayb¤sac;jati )
ansøab;)at;bg;TaMgRKYsar
xøHsøab;Gs;TaMgBUCEtmþg .
RbCaCnEdlmkdl;Rsuk
kMeNItPaKeRcInCa®sþIemma:y ekµgkMRBa
nigmnusScas;Cra. BYkeKmanEt)atédTeT
BMumaneKa RkbI reTH ngÁ½l rnas;
sRmab;eFVIERscMkar nigbgábegáInpleLIy
eRkamrbbRKb;RKgfµIenHk¾)anerobcMbegáIt[ma
n CaRkumsaKÁIbgábegáInpl .
RkumsamKÁI b¤RkumRbvas;éd
CYysRmalbnÞúk®sþIemma:y ekµgkMRBa
nigmnusScas;Cra eRBaH
BYkeKKµan]bkrN_bgábegáInpl.
enAtamPUminImYy² eKEbgEckCaRkum
ehIykñúgmYyRkummanRbmaN Ca 10 RKYsar .
cMnYnsmaCikkñúgRkumERbRbYleTAtamcMnYn
smaCikRKYsar ¬kUneRcInb¤tic¦. cMENkkmøaMg
GUsTajsMxan; KWman eKa RkbI Edlesssl;BIrbb
bu:l Bt sRmab;P¢Ürras; dwkCBa¢Únes,ógGahar
nigplitplepSg² . tameKalneya)ayrbs;rNsirS
RkumsamKÁIbgábegáInplénRbCaCnkm<úCa
enAqñaM 1989 k¾)anbþÚrBIRkumsamKÁI
Rbvas;édeTAm©as;karTaMgRsugkñúgkarerobcM
TMnak;TMngEpñkplitkmµ nig rbesdækic©fµI
edayQaneTArkrbbkmµsiT§iÉkCnvij .
3-rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKg
enAsm½ysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
RksYgsMxan;²RtUvkan;kab;edayGñktsU‘cas;²
enAPUmi
PaKbUBa’ BiessmkBIextþkMBg;cam sVayerog
nigGñkEdl)aneTAhat;eronenARbeTsevotNam
eRkay
snñisITRkughSWENvqñaM1954 .
GñkTaMgBIrRkumenHmanzan³Cardæm®nþI
nigmantYnaTIkñúgsßab½nrdæsMxan;
dUcCa RksYgmhaépÞ RksYgkarBarCati
b¤kñúgCYrKN³kmµaFikarRbCaCnbdivtþextþ-
Rkug . eRkaymk
edaysnþisuxkñúgRbeTsmanlMnwg
eKcab;KitBIsmtßPaB ¬cMeNHdwg
¦b¤CMnajrbs;m®nþIcas;²EdlenA
esssl;BIsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym nigsm½yln; nl;
dUcCavisVkr nisSitkñúg nigeRkARbeTs
sa®sþacarü kmµkrbec©keTs >>>.
mnusSsMxan;²enAkñúgrdæaPi)aleBlenaHman elak
hu‘n Esn elak Ca suIm nig elak ehg sMrin
CaGñktsU‘EdlecjBIvNÑ³kmµkr ksikr.

enAkñúgsm½ysaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
manGgÁkarsMxan;²4 ³
- KNbkSRbCaCnbdivtþkm<úCa
dwknaMedayGKÁelxaFikar Eb:n suvNÑ
GtItExµr\sSr³ Edl)an eronsURtRTwsþI
kumµúynIsþenARbeTsevotNamxageCIgnaqñaM19
54. enAExFñÚ 1981 tMENgGKÁelxabkS
RtUvbþÚrmkelak ehg sMrin .
KNbkSRbCaCnmankariyal½yenARKb;extþ-Rkug .
RkumRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþ
b¤RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI
Edlmanrdæm®nþIcMnYn 17 rUb .
RbFanRkumRbwkSa
rdæm®nþI KWelak Eb:n suvNÑ
Edlkan;tMENgrhUtdl;qñaM1981 eTIbelak can; suI
¬CaGtItExµr\sSr³ hat; eronenAhaNUy¦eLIgCMnYs
. RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI
manmuxgarya:gsMxan;kñúgkareFVI[seRmcTisedA
sMxan;²rbs;bkS .
karRbCMurbs;RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI
RtUvkMNt;ya:geTogTat;
edIm,Icat;viFankarrdæ)al ya:gc,as;las;
sRmab;rdæm®nþIykeTApSBVpSaytamRksYg
mnÞIrnana kMu[GnuvtþxusTisedA . enAral;
eBlRbCMutMNagRksYgnImYy²
RtUveLIgraykarN_bgðajGMBIsmiT§pl
nigbBaðaepSg²EdlekItman .
rdæaPi)alkm<úCaeBlenaH manRksYgksikmµ
RksYgGb;rM RksYgkarbreTs RksYgsuxaPi)al

nigRksYg vb,Fm’nigBt’man .
cMENkÉRksYgEpnkar eTIbnwg
begáItenAqñaM1981
edIm,IerobcMKeRmagEpnkarsþar
esdækic©CatieRkayBIkarcb;sRgÁam .
-RkumRbwkSardæ manelakehg sMrin
CaRbFan .
GgÁkarenHmantYnaTIeFVIkarvinicä½yelIbBaðac,
ab; rbs;rdæ dUcCaerobcMRkmRBhµTNÐ
nigEkERbeTasRbharCIvitCaedIm .
-rdæsPaCati mansmaCik 117 rUb
EdlekIteLIgedaykare)aHeqñatenAEx]sPa 1981 .
kar RbCMusPaelIkTI1 )
anRbRBwtþeTAenAExmifuna 1981
edIm,IeRCIserIsRbFansPa KN³rdæm®nþI
nigRkum RbwkSardæ .
BIéf¶TI29 dl;éf¶TI30 Exemsa qñaM1989
rdæsPa)anebIksm½yRbCMuvisamBaØmYy
edIm,IBinitürdæ FmµnuBaØeLIgvij
edIm,IbþÚreQµaHsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
eTACa rdækm<úCa RBmTaMgbþÚrTg;Cati
nigePøg CatipgEdr.
enHCarbt;Rbvtþisa®sþfµIrbs;RbeTskm<úCa
Edl)anlubbM)at;eTasRbharCIvit nigTTYlRBH
BuT§sasna Casasnarbs;rdæ.
c,ab;karBarkmµsiT§iÉkCn

nigTIpSaresrIRtUv)anbegáIteLIg .
rdæFmµnuBaØ )anEcgfa RbeTskm<úCa
CaRbeTsGBüaRkitünigmincUlbkSsm<½n§ .
müa:geTot neya)ayrbs;bkS
RbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa nigrdækm<úCa
k¾)aneFVIkMENTRg;CaeRcInenAkñúgvis½yneya
)ay k¾dUcCavs½yesdækic© rbs;xøÜn
eday)anCYbeFVIkarcrcaKñaCamYyKNbkSRbqaM
gbIeTot EdlkMBugtsU‘enAtamRBMEdn Exµr-éf
edIm,IQaneTArkkarpSHpSaCati
nigbRgYbbRgYmCati .
4-
sßanPaBesdækic©énrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
RbeTskm<úCa
CaRbeTsBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmµEbbyfapl ¬
BwgEp¥kelIFmµCati ¦ . RbCa CnExµr 90 °
RbkbrbreFVIERscMkar
dMNaMksikmµEdlsMxan;CageK
KWdMNaMRsUv. enAqñaM1988 plRsUv man 2
700 000 etan ehIy)anekIneLIgdl; 3 000 000
etanenAqñaM1990 . RbCaCnmñak;)an
TTYlplRsUvCamFüm 350 KILÚRkam .
mhasnñi)atbkSelIkTI5 )ankMNt;viFankar 3
ya:gkñúgplitkmµes,óg KWBRgIképÞdIksikmµ
begáInrdUvdaMduH nigRbBlvb,kmµ.
eRkABIdMNaMRsUv
enAmandMNaMepSg²eTotdUcCa dMNaMes,óg
nigdMNaM ]sSahkmµ.
dMNaMTaMgenHminRtwmEt]btßmÖkñúgRsukeT
EfmTaMgnaMecjeTAeRkARbeTseTotpg.
taragplitplRsUv ekAsU‘ nigensaTRbcaMqñaM
qñaM plensaTRtI¼ plitplekAs‘U¼ plitplRsUv
qñaM qñaM ¼qñaM
1979 KµantYelx KµantYelx 265 220
1980 20 000 1 300 etan etan
1981 etan 4 000 etan 1 715 310
1982 51 600 7 000 etan etan
1983 etan 9 000 etan 1 489 610
1984 68 714 13 400 etan etan
1985 etan 17 640 etan 1 989 200
1986 68 260 24 500 etan etan
1987 etan 25 000 etan 2 039 190
1988 65 126 32 000 etan etan
etan 1 258 250
67 577 etan
etan 1 789 490
73 621 etan
etan 2 086 080
74 154 etan
etan 1 813 350
77 393 etan
etan 2 700 000
etan

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rh½snUvcMkarekAs‘Ucas;
ehIy)andMeNIrkardaMfµIbEnßmeTotcab;BIqñaM
1985 . cMkarekAsU‘enAextþrtnKIrI
kMBg;esam kMBg;cam RkecH RtUvTukecal
xVHkarEfTaM . bu:Enþcab;BIqñaM1985 mk
rdæaPi)al)anRbKl;[
rdæGMNacextþkan;kab; EfTaM
nigeFVIGaCIvkmµ.
GaCIvkmµeQI
CaEpñkmYymankarrIkceRmInxøaMg
ehIykøayCamuxRBYjd¾sMxan;mYykñúgcMeNa
mmux RBYjTaMg 4 énesdækic©Cati.
eRkayéf¶rMedaH ¬7 mkra 1979 ¦
karensaTRtITaMgTwksab TaMgTwkéRb
rIkceRmInKYr[kt;sMKal;
GacedaHRsayCIvPaBCUnRbCaCn
nigGacnaMecjeTAlk;enAbreTs)anmYy
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dUcCaensaTRtIenArdUvRtIBg edayeRbI]bkrN_
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cab;kUnRtIeFVIGaCIvkmµxusc,ab;.l.
5- neya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati
eRkayeBlrMedaHRbeTsCati
[rYcputBIrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_
Rkumkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anrt; cUléRBtsU‘
ehIybgáGsnþisuxdl;RbCaCn nigsgÁmkm<úCa .
edaymankar]btßmÖKaMRTBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alcin
kumµúynIsþ kgT½Bkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüGacTb;
Tl;nwgkmøaMgrdæaPi)al nigkgT½BevotNam)an .
Rkumkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anshkarKñabegáItrNsi
rS mYyEdldwknaMedaysemþcneratþm sIhnu .
GgÁkarshRbCaCati )
anRbKl;Gasn³km<úCa[eTArNsirS enaH
eFVI[RbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYnFMpþac;TMnak;T
MngCamYyRbeTsenA\NÐÚcin. TnÞwmenaH
enAqñaM1984 TMnak;TMngeTVPaKIcin
nigGaemrik QancUldl;karcrcaCamYyshPaBsUevot
EdlRbRBwtþeTAnaTIRkug hSWENv ¬1985 ¦.
TMnak;TMngGaemrik shPaBsUevot
fVIt,itEtBMuTan;)anedaHRsaybBaðaFM²k¾eday
k¾cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk
sPaBkarN_neya)ayenAkm<úCa)anvivtþeTAmuxCa
lMdab;KYr[kt;sMKal;. enAEx vicäika 1984
RbeTsGWrubxaglic CaBiessRbeTs)araMg )
anerobcMKeRmagkarCYbcrcarvagsemþc neratþm
sIhnu
nigtMNagrdæaPi)alénsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úC
a. bu:Enþ KeRmagenHRtUvGak;xaneTAvij
edayrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæRbCamanitcin
nigRkumExµrRkhmminyl;RBm.

enAqñaM1985
sPaBkarN_neya)ayenAGasuI)anebIkTidæPaBfµI
GnueRKaHdl;karcrcasnþiPaBenA km<úCa .
eBlenaH
manEpnkarbnßyry³eBlénkardkkgT½BevotNamecj
BIkm<úCa . dUcenHkgT½B
evotNamRtUvdkecjBITwkdIkm<úCa[Gs;enAqñaM
1990.
enAqñaM1987
mankarCYbKñafñak;kMBUlrvagshrdæGaemriknig
shPaBsUevot . ehtukarN_enaH )
aneFVI[sPaBkarN_neya)ayenAkm<úCakan;Etmanl
kçN³RbesIreLIg . RbeTsGWrubxagliccg;[man
karCYbcrcapÞal;rvagPaKICemøaH
KWrdæaPi)alRtIPaKIkm<úCaCamYyRbeTsevotN
am
edaydak;lkçxNÐ[ dkkgT½BevotNamecjBIRbeTsk
m<úCa eTIbcab;epþImcrca
nigedaHRsayedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
enAqñaM1987 semþcneratþm sIhnu )
anRbkaslaecjBItMENgCaRbmuxrdæaPi)alRtIPaKI.
neya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati
nigsMeNIsnþiPaBrbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úC
a )andak;ecjenA
ExsIha nigExtula 1987
edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHneya)ayenAkm<úCa
rvagrdæaPi)alnigsemþcneratþm

sIhnu RBmTaMgbdibkçepSgeTot. enAéf¶TI29

kkáda 1987
TsSnkic©CapøÚvkarrbs;rdæm®nþIkarbreTs
\NÐÚensIu
enARbeTsevotNam)anBiPakSaelIrUbmnþénkarCY
bKñarvagKUvivaTExµrTaMgGs;CaBIrdMNak; ³
1-karCYbKñarvagPaKIbdibkçExµrTaMgBIr
2-karCYbKñarvagbNþaPaKIExµr
nigRbeTsBak;B½n§
edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaneya)ayenAkm<úCa.
enAéf¶TI2 FñÚ 1987 mankarCYbKñaelIkTI1
rvagsemþcneratþm sIhnu nigelak hu‘n Esn ehIy
enAéf¶TI4 FñÚ 1987 naTIRkugEhVGg;tadWn½r
RbeTs)araMg mankarcuHhtßelxaRBmeRBóg
nigcrcark dMeNaHRsayenAkm<úCa.
snñisITkMBUlénbNþaRbeTsGas‘annaéf¶TI14-15
ExFñÚ 1987 )ansEmþgkar GbGrsaTr
cMeBaHkarCYbKñarvagsemþcneratþm sIhnu
nigelak hu‘n Esn.
vKÁTI2 énkarCYbKñarvagsemþcneratþm
sIhnu nigelak hu‘n Esn enAéf¶TI21-22 Exmkra
1988 naRbeTs)araMg
min)anecjesckþIRbkasrYmNamYyeLIy.
PaKInImYy² RbkasedayELkGMBI
lT§plénkic©crcasemþcneratþm sIhnu )
anlubecalkarCYbelIkTI3 enARkugBüúgya:g
kUer:xageCIg na Exemsa 1988 elIkTI4
naExvicäika 1988 enARbeTs)araMg nigelIkTI5
enAedImqñaM1989 naTIRkugjÚ edlI RbeTs\NÐa .

CamYyenaHEdr evTika hu‘n Esn-sIhnu )
anRbRBwtþeTACabnþbnÞab;enATIRkug)a:vI hSa
karta ¬\NÐÚensuI ¦ tUküÚ nig)a:taya:
edIm,IEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayneya)aymYysRmab;Ce
møaHenAkm<úCa .
bnÞab;BIsm½yRbCMuelIkTI1
énsnñisITGnþrCatisþIBIkm<úCa enAéf¶TI30
Exkkáda dl;30 sIha 1989 enARkug)a:vI
EdlmanRbeTs)araMg nig\NÐÚensuI CashRbFan
PaKIExµrTaMgBIr)anQandl;kar
RBmeRBógKñamYy
edIm,IbegáItRkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s; ¬Supreme
National Council : SNC ¦ enAéf¶TI10 kBaØa 1990
EdlrYmmansmaCikTaMgGs;cMnYn 12 rUb
kñúgenaH 6 rUb mkBIPaKIrdækm<úCa nig 6
rUbeTot mkBIclnatsU‘RtIPaKI
¬RBHGgÁm©as;neratþm rNriT§ )
anTTYltMENgCaRbFanKNbkSh‘Vúnsuinbuic
CMnYs RBHbitaEdlRtUvKg;enACaGBüaRkit ¦.
RkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s; )
anekaHRbCMuelIkTI1 enATIRkug)agkk ehIy 5
elIk eTotCabnþbnÞab;enARkug)a:vI jÚvy:k
hSakarta )a:taya: nigeb:kaMg eday)anyl;RBm
enATIbMputTTYl yksemþcneratþm sIhnu
[dwknaM RkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;.
sm½yRbCMuelIkTI2
énsnñisITGnþrCati)anRbRBwtþeTABIéf¶TI21
dl;23 tula 1991 enArdæFanI saFarNrdæ)araMg.

PaKIbdibkçExµrTaMg 4 ¬rdækm<úCa
hV‘únsuinbuic rNsirSrMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr
nigPaKI km<úCaRbCaFibetyü-ExµrRkhm ¦.
kñúgnam RkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;
EdldwknaMedaysemþcneratþm sIhnu )
ancuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991
elIkic©RBmeRBógsþIBIdMeNaHRsayneya)ayrY
ménCemøaH enAkm<úCa nigelIÉksarBIreTot
KWTI1 kic©RBmeRBógTak;TgnwgGFibetyüPaB
bUrNPaBEdndI GBüaRkit PaB
nigÉkPaBCatikm<úCa nigTI2
esckþIEføgkarN_sþIBIkarsþarnigksagRbeTskm<ú
CaeLIgvij EdlehAfa kic©RBmeRBógRkug)a:rIs .
RbeTsEdlcUlrYmman 18 RbeTs KW GU®sþalI
Rb‘uyeN kaNada cin yUehÁasøavI
shrdæGaemrik )araMg \NÐa \NÐÚensuI Cbu:n
Lav ma:elsuI hVIlIBIn Gg;eKøs sigðbUrI éf
shPaBsUevot nigevotNam
RBmTaMgmanvtþmanrbs;elakGKÁelxaFikarGgÁk
arshRbCaCati nig
tMNagclnamincUlbkSsm<½n§pgEdr .
kic©RBmeRBógRkug)a:rIs )anEcgCaGaT×fa
RkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;
CaGgÁkarRsbc,ab;EtmYyKt; nigCaRbPBGMNac
Edlkan;kab;GFibetyünigÉkPaBCatienAkñúgsm½y
Gnþrkal . smaCikTaMgGs;
rbs;RkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;RtUvsnüafanwgero
bcMkare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’
EdlCamUldæanén
karbegáItrdæaPi)alRsbc,ab;fµImYy .
enATIbMput
kic©crcarksnþiPaBrvagPaKICemøaHExµr
naTIRkug)a:rIs )anTTYllT§plya:gl¥RbesIr
edaytMNagPaKICemøaHcab;édKña
yl;RBmeFVIkare)aHeqñatCasklEdlmanGaCJaFrbe
NþaHGasnñénGgÁ karshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa
¬United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia : UNTAC ¦
emIlkarxusRtUv naEx]sPa 1993.
kare)aHeqñat)anRbRBwtþeTAedaymanKNbkScM
nYn 20 cUlrYm.
eTaHbIRkumExµrRkhmeFVIBhikar
mincUlrYmk¾eday
k¾kare)aHeqñat)andMeNIrkartamkareRKagTuk.
sPaFmµnuBaØ)anbegáIteLIg edayman
semþcbvresdæa sWn san CaRbFan. bnÞab;mk
rdæFmµnuBaØmYyRtUv)anGnum½tenAéf¶TI24
kBaØa 1993 edaymansemþc Ca suIm
CaRbFanrdæsPa
nigraCrdæaPi)almYyk¾)anRbsUteLIgedaymannay
krdæm®nþI BIrrUb KWsemþcRkumhøÜg neratþm
rNriT§ Canaykrdæm®nþITI1 nigsemþchu‘n Esn
Canaykrdæm®nþITI2. BI qñaM1993
mkdl;bc©úb,nñ

RbeTskm<úCa)ankøayCaRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
CafµImþgeTot.
RbkarKYr[kt;sMKal;
KWraCrdæaPi)al)anRbQmmuxnwgtMbn;GbKmn_
mYycMnYn EdlExµrRkhm kan;kab; .
RbeTsCatienAEtmans®gÁamrauMér: Gsnþisux
GsßirPaBneya)ay . EtedaymankarGnuvtþ
eKalneya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati
enATIbMputvibtþiTaMgenaHRtUv)anedaHRsay .
kare)aHeqñatCasklerobcM edaykm<úCaxøÜnÉg )
anRbRBwtþeTAenAéf¶TI26 kkáda 1998
ehIyraCrdæaPi)alGaNtþiTI2 k¾RtUv)anRbsUt
eLIgenAéf¶TI30 vicäika 1998 Edlmansemþc hu‘n
Esn Canaykrdæm®nþI .
cab;BIqñaM1998
mkRbeTskm<úCamanÉkPaBCati sßirPaBneya)ay
KµantMbn;GbKmn_ RbCaCnTU
TaMgRbeTs)anesckþIsux nigsnþiPaB .

ÉksarBieRKaH
-Rtwg ga ³ Rbvtþisa®sþExµr PaK1 nigPaK2
PñMeBj 1973
-edvID qaNÐl½r ³ Rbvtþisa®sþExµr
bkERbCaPasaExµreday Cin cnña R)ak; suvNÑara:
>>> PñMeBj 2005
-RBHraCdMeNIr RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu ]byuvraC
esþcyageTAkan;RbeTscin saFarNrdæ
RbCamanit ExkumÖ³ qñaM1956
-mIEsl RtaeN ³ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCa
BIbuBVsm½ydl;s>v>TI8 PñMeBj 1996
-sUr eGO ³
RbvtþiRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaCamYyGNÑamni
gesom cab;BIs>v>TI16 PñMeBj 1995
-RksYgGb;rMCati ³
RBHraCBgSavtarénRbeTskm<úCa
RBHbrmraCvaMg 1952
-mIeheyv y>y> ³ RbvtþisegçbénRbeTskm<úCa
bkERbedaybNÐitLúg esom mU:sÁÚ 1985
-rs; c®nþabuRt ³ Rbvtþisa®sþExµr PaKTI1
¬PaKerOgniTannigtamry³silacarik¦ 1997
-GadWma:r LWEkør ³ Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa
BIs>v>TI1 rhUtmk bkERbedayeTB em:gXan
2005

-\nÞ »msaem:g ³
kRmgRbvtþisa®sþénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
2003
-RhVg;sV½r bu:gsUd_ ³
RbvtþisegçbénRbeTskm<úCa PñMeBj 2007
-edob supl ³ rbbsgÁmraRsþniym 1955-1970
PñMeBj qñaM2005
-Briggs, L. P., The Ancient Khmer Empire, 1951
-David Chandler, A History of Cambodia, 1991
-David Chandler, The Tragedy of Cambodian History, 1991

K RmgÉksar Rbvtþisa Rsþén Rbe TSKM Úca

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kRmgÉksarRbvtþisaRsþénRbeTskm<úCa

dl;qñaM1888 elak eCm (L. Jamme) )anmkeFVIkMNay

EdlmandUcCaEpøRBYj EpøsnÞÚc m¢úl

vijpgEdr . TaMgGñkRbvtþisaRsþcin nig

Canayksala)araMg cugbUBa’RbeTs ( Lécole Française

tamBgSavtarlag rbs;cin )an[dwgfa

sutßama:BUr:a (Tha ton) nig TYns‘an; (Tenas serim)

sMN)a:haMg eRKÓgRkGUb Pøúk dMrI nigeBRC

elak ekg v:an;sak;

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k¾)anyl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;elak Etienne Aymonier

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