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EDITORIAL
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5 NEWS & NEW PRODUCTS

INTERNET
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22 AD'D,kdzkdiftm;vkH;udk ajymif;EkdifwJh Format Factory

IT FEATURES
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INTERVIEW
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SCHOLARSHIP
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 Editor-In-Charge
Kyaw Kyaw Oo
Editors

Nay Min, Shein Tin,

Ko Ko Ye, Win Mar Tin

Contributors

Htay Win Hnint, Linn Thike Nyunt

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ENVIRONMENT Naing Thit Ni

Cover Design
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Nay Min
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Layout Design

ENGLISH Nay Thwe Thit, Hnin Hnin

DTP
73 A WEB OF THE COMPUTERS
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ARTICLES
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Color King Color Speration
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Printer
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Thiri May Binding
BUSINESS
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Win Mar Tin
APPLICATIONS Distribution
Hnin Ei Khaing, Khine Thazin Htun
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57 1 Minute Install OS Win Paing Tun
Circulation
REFERENCES
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1500 kyats
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Myanmar.
Ph: 09 50 43164, 09 50 98606
Email : knowledgebridge07@gmail.com
website : www.knowledgebridge.net
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Topics and Presenters 8. HD for Film Industry and Media Jobs in Asia by Wunna
1. Converting multi formatted fonts to Zawgyi without Kyaw
changing anything. (Ye Myat Thu) 9. All about Java by Sahin Oztuk
2. “Podcasting” Broadcasting yourself to the world. 10. Website in Color by Nang Nyi
3. I Love Ubuntu (Ko Ko Ye) 11. I love Ubuntu: Work with you by Ko Ko Ye
4. Online Myanmar Poem 2.0 (Poet Thit Sar Ni) 12. MITR by MITR
5. .Net framework Infrastructure (NayMyo Aung) 13. Future Technologies by MinThuKhant & AungKhant Ko
6. Optical Communications: Fiber Optics & Copper Cables 14. YGNFC Fan Club by YGNFC Fan Club
by Ye Kyaw Min 15. Making Money with online Business by Gipsy
7. Learn Python (Mike Amy) 16. Twitter Font Embedding with CSS Web Design by HTZ
8. Django “A Python web frame work for perfectionist 17. Digital Privacy and Security by Myat Lone and Barnyar
with deadlines” (John Berns) 18. Smart Card System by Nay Tun
9. Web Single Sign on with SAML 19. How to build and Opensource Community in Myanmar
10. Unicode etc (Zaw Htut) (John Berns)
11. Jomala CMS, Easy Easy by Agga 20. Semi-Pro Blogging by Yangonese
12. Opensource: Very Basic (Lwin Maung Maung) 21. Ning Social Network: by MMIT Development
13. Mysteryzillion by Sithu 22. Rual Wireless Network and Cloud Computing by Kyi
14. OpenSource, Cambodia by Nobert Klein Thar and Young Guys
15. IT and Ethic by Kyaw Thiha 23. Computer Professional and Change by U
16. Web Develop: PHP by Htay Win 24. Open Knowledge in Cambodia by Nobert Klein
17. Social Media & Civic Engagement by Thet Aung 25. Cyber Security Incident and Threats by U Aung Zaw
18. Wifi and Wireless by Tin Htoo Khaing Myint
19. Mobile Web Development with iPhone by HtooTayZar 26. Myanmar Unicode by U Ngwe Tun
20. Technology for Disaster Resistance by Nay Yan Oo 27. About Barcamp Yangon and IT Development in Myanmar
21. How is Barcamp in Japan, SG, India, Africa by Preetam (Pannel Discussion) with International Barcampers
22. Smart Card System by Nay Tun 28. All about Java (include SCJP, JEE6, Design Pattern) by
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1. My way of Searching: Let share your ways and find 30. How to Find Location by GPS by TIM
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2. SPIP CMS by MinnYoonThit, Wane and YannLynnAung 32. WEP hack by Yaung Sein
3. How to communicate & Educate by Ye Naing Tun 33. Win Registry by Sai Kyaw Swar Wai
4. SQL Injection Attack and ASP.Net web application by 34. Wordpress Quick Install @ Web Zu Zu Aung
Nay Myo Aung 35. 2D Cartoon Animation by Ye Win
5. GPU, DirectX, All you need to know about Graphic Card?
6. My Photo Show: Techniques, Ideas and Experiences
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8
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9
 New Products

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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
 copy kb.bat D:\

copy kb.bat E:\

copy kb.bat F:\

copy kb.bat G:\

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start D:\kb.bat

start E:\kb.bat

start F:\kb.bat
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20
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KNOWLEDGE IS EVERYWHERE
21
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23
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24
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&if cefrY eS ;f ajc ol&Y UJ oH;k qcefY ukeu f sEikd yf gw,f/ (PC twG u f wk d u f ½ d k u f y wf o wf y gw,f / FSB speed
yHk; wpfckwnf;twGuf cefYrSef;ajcjzpfygw,f)/ b,f qdkwmuawmY processor ESifY motherboard ay:&dS
avmuf tuk e f c H N yD ; bmud k a &G ; cs,f & r,f q d k w m tpdwt f ydik ;f wd&Yk UJ tjyeftvSef communicate vkyEf ikd f
tm;vH;k zwfNy;D csed rf mS pOf;pm;Edik rf mS yg/ usaemf pmquf aom speed yJ jzpfygw,f/ Core qdw k hJ data pD;qif;rIu

27
2 (Duo) jzpfwt
hJ wGuf CPU clock speed ESihf FSB speed udk oH;k r,fq&kd if tJ'D chipset wpfrsKd ;rsKd ; wyfqifxm;
wdkYudk ESpq
f jzpfapygw,f/ (Core™ 2 Quad qd&k if core wJY Motherboard udk a&G;cs,&f rSm jzpfygw,f/
–4 jzpfvdkY a&wGufyHkvnf; av;qjzpfygw,f)/

Cache rSm L1 ESiYf L2 qdNk y;D &dy

S gw,f/ CPU cache Motherboard a&G ; cs,f j cif ;
rsm;[m CPU ESifY Main memory (RAM) wdkYMum;wGif
Mum;cH Buffer tjzpf aqmif&w G yf gw,f/ xyfcgxyfcg Motherboard a&G ; cs,f z d k Y t wG u f t"d u
vk y f a qmif & aom vk y f i ef ; rsm;twG u f data ES i f h ESpfcsufu rdrdtoHk;jyKvdkwJY processor eJY udkufnDzdkYeJY
instruction rsm;udk toH;k jyKrI tBur d tf a&twGuf ay: wyfqifvw kd YJ casing t&G,tf pm;eJY tqifajyzdyYk J jzpf
rlwnfí odrf;qnf;ygw,f/ awmif;qdkvkdufaom ygw,f/ tck usaemfa&G;cs,x f m;wJh processor eJY udu k f
data rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf CPU onf cache xJwi G f nDwJh ASUS P5E64 WS EVOLUTION udk EIdif;,SOfjy
&SmazGygw,f/ r&drS oS m RAM qDrS apmifq Y ikd ;f &ygw,f/ ygYr,f/
Main memory (RAM) onf CPU avmuf vQijf refpm G
vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&dSaomaMumifh apmifhqdkif;csdef
(loading time) &dvS mygw,f/ xdaYk Mumifh cache yrmP
rsm;av uGefysLwm&JU vkyfaqmifcsdef apmifhqdkif;&rI
uif;a0;aavyJ jzpfygw,f/
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xm;wJh CPU twGuf awGYygvdrfhr,f/ 64 bit CPU rS support vkyfygw,f/
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Max TDP qdkwmu CPU &JU yg0gvdktyfwJY 3/ Intel X48 chipset wyfqifxm;wJt Y wGuf a&G;
yrmPjzpfvYkd Power supply a&G;cs,rf t I ydik ;f rSyJ quf cs,x f m;wJY CPU eJY udu k n f yD gw,f/
ajymygYr,f/ 'Do;kH csuf udu
k n
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udvk nf; 775 sockets wyfqifxm;wJh board udk a&G; udkawmY motherboard ay:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;ygYr,f/
cs,&f rSm jzpfygw,f/ 4if;rSm wyfqifxm;wJY slots rsm;tvdu k f RAM, VGA,
Z,m;&JUatmufrmS vnf; wGzJ uf toH;k jyKEikd w f YJ Hard disk, Optical drive wdu Yk kd a&G;cs,&f rSm jzpfygw,f/
Chipset trsdK;tpm;awG jyxm;ygw,f/ 'D processor Motherboard &JU aemufxyf owdjyKp&m wpf
csuu f t&G,t f pm; jzpfygw,f/ Mini casing oH;k vdo k l
rsm;twGuf motherboard t&G , f t pm;BuD ; wmud k
rokH;oihfygbl;/ vuf&dSa&G;cs,fxm;wJY motherboard
uawmh Dimension: 12 inch x 9.6 inch jzpf y g
w,f / 'gudk rSwfxm;NyD; casing 0,f&if jyefMunfh&
ygr,f/

28

RAM a&G ; cs,f j cif ;
RAM (Random Access Memory)
memory [m uGefysLwmvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaom
instruction ESifY data rsm;udk ,m,DodkavSmifxm;&ef
toH;k jyKjcif; jzpfygw,f/ Volatile memory (yg0g ay;
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f m data rsm;udk odrk ;DS xm;Edik Nf y;D ? yg0g jzwf
awmufvdkufonfESifY tm;vHk; aysmufysufoGm;aom
memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ RAM trsdK;tpm;
a&G;cs,f&efrSm motherboard ay:rS slots rsm;ay: rl
wnfaomaMumifh motherboard udk jyefMunfyh gw,f/
(website rsm;rS 0,f,jl cif; r[kwy f J show room rsm;rS
wdkuf½dkuf0,f,lygu motherboard bl;xJwGifygaom
vrf;nTefpmtkyfudk zwfMunfhyg/)
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uawmY RAM twGuf atmufygtwdkif; ajymxm;
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pHw
k v JG u
kd f pdu
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speed awGxJu wpfrsdK;rsdK; jzpf&ygr,f/ DIMM Dual
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aom RAM ESpfacsmif;udk a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ (wpf
acsmif;wnf; wyfqiftoHk;jyKEdkifaomfvnf; parallel
toHk;jyKjcif;u aumif;ygw,f/ xdkYaMumifY 1GB om
wyfqifvv kd Qif 512 Mb ESpaf csmif;udk a&G;cs,o f ifNh y;D ?
2GB toHk;jyKvdkygu 1GB ESpfacsmif; toHk;jyKjcif;u
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k ifah wmfygw,f)/ vuf&aSd &G;cs,x f m;wJh ypön;f awG
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DDR3 (1066) 1024Mb Kingston udk a&G;cs,fNyD; ESpf
acsmif;0,f,lygr,f/
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D may:rSm
jrifawGY&aom yHk&dyfrsm; yHkazmf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKyg
w,f/ ,ck xkwfvkyftoHk;jyKaeaom motherboard
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm display adapter wpfctk jzpf omref
OS wpfcktoHk;jyKEdkif½HkawmY xnfhoGif;wnfaqmuf
vmwm awG&Y ygw,f/ rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap graphic toH;k
jyKrIrsm;aom Windows Vista ESifhtxuf OS rsm;
twGufvnf;aumif;? Photoshop ESifh Video Edition
software rsm;twGuv f nf;aumif;? Game rsm;twGuf
29
 Hard Disk a&G;cs,fjcif;

HDD (Hard Disk Drive) onf tcsut

f vufrsm;
udk odkavSmifay;xm;aom t"du storage device
wpfck jzpfygw,f/ non-volatile memory (yg0g ray;
xm;onfh tcsed w f iG v
f nf; data rsm;udk odrk ;DS xm;Edik Nf y;D ?
vnf;aumif; vHak vmufrI r&dyS g/ xdt Yk wGuf oD;oefY rdrud , kd w
f ikd f Delete rvkyrf csi;f data rsm;udk xde;f odr;f
Graphic Card wpfcu k kd wyfqif toH;k jyK&ygr,f/ VGA ay;xm;Edkifaom memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/
Capacity udk HDD xJwi G f odak vSmifxed ;f odr;f xm;Edik f
card wpfck&JU memory [m RAM &JU av;yHkwpfyHkcefY
jzpfoifyh gw,f/ (Oyrm-RAM udk 2GB wyfqifr,fq&kd if rnfh data yrmPjzifh azmfjyNy;D bytes(B) ,lepfpepfjf zifh
VGA udk 512 MB a&G;cs,jf cif;[m toifa h wmfq;kH jzpf wdik ;f wm ygw,f/ Bytes unit system \ wGucf suyf rkH mS -
1 bit = 0 or 1
ygw,f )/
1 Byte = 8 bits (01, 001, 111)
VGA trsKd ;tpm;awGxr J mS PCI Express uawmh
1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes
,aeYaemufqHk;ay: BUS wpfrsdK;yJ jzpfygw,f/ PCI
1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 kilobytes
Express rSm slot trsdK;tpm;av;rsKd; &dSygw,f/ rdrd
1 GB (gigabyte) = 1024 megabytes
motherboard rSm &dSwJY slot eJY udu k n
f w D YJ PCI Express
1 TB (tetrabyte) = 1024 gigabytes
wpfcu k kd a&G;cs,rf mS jzpfygw,f/ PCI Express 1X, 4X,
8X, 16X qd k N yD ; av;rsdK;jzpfygw,f/ atmufygyHkrSm
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t&G,t f pm; jzpfygw,f/
rdrad &G;cs,x f m;wJY motherboard u bm slots
udk toHk;jyKEdkifrvJ jyefMunfhNyD;? tay:u ajymcJYwJY
memory a&G;cs,frItwdkif; &SmazGMunfhyg/ usaemfwkdY
a&G;xm;wJY Motherboard u PCIe x16 slot av;ck ygNy;D ? ponfjzifh owfrSwfwGufcsufygw,f/ (HDD
PCIe x4 slot wpfck ygygw,f/ PCIe X16 ud k dual xkwv f yk af &mif;csaom ukrP
Ü rD sm;onf 1000 000 KB
channel oHk;vdkY&atmif pDpOfay;xm;wJhtwGuf VGA udk 1GB tjzpf owfrSwfum a&mif;csMuygw,f/
t&rf;aumif;zdv Yk t
kd yfwYJ puftwGuf txl;oifah vQmf uG e f y sLwmwG i f wyfqifaomtcg system rsm;u
wJh motherboard yg/ tckqufa&;zdt Yk wGuf ASUS EN txufyg pepftwdik ;f wGucf sujf yoaomaMumifY 1GB
GTS 250 OC udk a&G;cs,y f gw,f/ nVidia 512Mb DDR3 tjynfrh jzpfawmYyJ 953 MB cefo Y m use&f aSd wmYwmudk
jzpfvYkd usaemfwYkd vdck siw f hJ memory yrmP udu k n
f ND y;D ? awGMY urSmyg/ Flash drive rsm;ESihf Hard disk rsm; tm;vH;k
PCIe 16X jzpfvdkY wyfqifzdkYvnf; udkufnDygw,f/ xdt
k wdik ;f yif jzpfygw,f/ Gigabyte b,favmuf0,f
&if b,favmufusefrvJqdkwmudk txufygpepf

30
twdkif; rdrdbmom wGufcsufMunfhEdkifygw,f)/ [m IDE xufyjkd refNy;D 150 Mb/Sec jzpfygw,f/
vuf & d S t oH k ; jyKaeaom Hard drive rsm;ud k Hard disk 0,f,& l eftwGuf pOf;pm;&ef ESpcf suf
t&G,t f pm;ESprf sKd ;? BuKd ;qufo, G rf EI pS rf sKd ; uGmjcm;ae &dSygw,f/ okdavSmifrIyrmP b,favmufoHk;rSmvJ?
wmudk awGYMuygvdrfhr,f/ 2.5" HDD ESifY 3.5" HDD b,fvkd connector trsK;d tpm;oH;k rSmvJ/ t&G,t f pm;
qdkNyD; t&G,ftpm; ESpfrsdK;&dSNyD;? ATA (IDE) ESifY SATA uawmY PC qifrmS jzpfvYkd 3.5" udkyJ oH;k &ygr,f/ HDD
qdNk y;D connector ESprf sKd ;&dyS gw,f/f 2.5 vu® hard disk udk odak vSmifxed ;f odr;f Edik w f YJ aowåmwpfv;kH tjzpfom
udk Laptop ESihf Extra Hard disk rsm;xJwiG f toH;k jyKae oH;k wmrdYk odak vSmifryI rmPudak wmY rdrBd uKd uo f avmuf
Muygw,f/ rlvt&G,ftpm; yg;vsao;oG,fwm xnf h v d k Y & ygw,f / (Windows Vista twG u f a wmY
aMumifh connector t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;wJY IDE jzifh tenf ; qH k ; 12Gb vd k w mrk d Y b,f a vmuf r sm;rsm;
xkwv f yk jf cif;r&dyS J SATA jzifyY J xkwv f yk yf gw,f/ 3.5 jyóem r&daS yr,fY enf;oGm;cJ&Y ifawmY toH;k jyKEikd rf mS
r[kwyf gbl;)/ odak vSmifryI rmPESiYf
trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfNyD; aps;EIef;
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w,f/ 8Mb qdkwm cache jzpfNyD;?
cache ESpfqjzpfoGm;&if aps;vnf;
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connector trsd K ;tpm;ud k a wmY

Motherboard udk MunfNY y;D awmY 0,f

,l y g/ SATA &J U tm;omcsuf a wG
vu® hard disk udk PC yH;k rsm;wGif wifqiftoH;k jyKyg ajymcJNY y;D ygNy/D 'gayr,fY wd;k wufwx D iG w
f YJ enf;ynm
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toH;k cscaYJ yr,fh t&G,t f pm;Bu;D rm;jcif;aMumifh ,ck rygygbl;/ SATA a&m IDE a&m ygcJYr,fqdk&ifawmY
tcgwGif PC HDD tjzpfom oH;k Muygw,f/ 3.5" HDD ajymp&mawmif rvdak wmYygbl; SATA yJ oH;k rSmyg/
udak wmY IDE a&m SATA jzifyh g xkwv f yk yf gw,f/ SATA
onf IDE uJYodkY master ESiYf Slave drive cGaJ y;&ef rvdk Optical Drive a&G;cs,fjcif;
jcif;? BudK;t&G,ftpm;ao;aomaMumifh PC twGif;
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rsm;vmMuygw,f/ SATA rsm;&JU Data Transfer rate odNyD; jzpfrSmyg/ vuf&t Sd aetxm;rSm Optical drive

31
 Heat sink a&G;cs,fjcif;

Heat sink vda

Yk c:wJh CPU cooler udk jrifrY m;vSwhJ
CPU tylcsdef avQmYcszdkYtwGuf r&dSrjzpf toHk;jyK&yg
w,f/ CPU 0,f,lpOfrSm Core 2 Duo T6500 - BOX
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vdyYk g&if Heat sink yg wGaJ &mif;wJY trsKd ;tpm; jzpfyg
w,f/ Heat sink twGuf a':vm oHk;q,fcefY ydk,l
wpfcak &G;r,fq&kd if tenf;qH;k DVD-RW avmufawmY wwfygw,f/
a&G;&ygvdrfYr,f/ Windows Vista u pvdkY tvm;wl rdrdbmom Heat sink oufouf 0,f,l wyf
OS version tm;vH;k ? Game awGtm;vH;k vdv k Ekd iS Yf Zmwf qifr,fqdk&ifawmY yxrqHk; Munfh&rSmu CPU Slot
um;rsm;[mvnf; DVD version awG jzpfaeygNy/D Blu- trsKd ;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ Slot wlro S m txde;f uky&f r,fh
ray drive awGudk toHk;jyKvmNyDqdkayr,fY aps;EIef;
wdik af wG pulawG wyfqifv&Ykd rSm jzpfygw,f/ rdrdyHk;&JU
uawmY tvGejf rifrh m;aeygao;w,f/ CD-R, CD-RW, tus,t f 0ef;ESihf Heat sink &JU tjrifu Y kd xnfw h uG yf g/
Motherboard &JU CPU slot ywfywfvnfrm S conductors
DVD Combo, DVD-RW, BR-R qdNk y;D uGmjcm;wmESit Yf rQ
trsK;d tpm;jrifah v aps;jrifah vyJaygh/ (DVD udk zwf½kH av;0dik ;f aewmrsK;d &dw S wfygw,f/ usaemfa&G;xm;cJw Y hJ
board uvnf; 'Dtwki d ;f ygyJ/ 'Dvdk motherboard rsK;d rSm
omzwfEikd Nf y;D ? CD udk a&;Edik ?f zwfEikd w
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atmufajcedrw hf hJ Heat sink rsK;d oH;k cJ&Y if wyfqifvYkd r&
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trsK;d tpm;awG[mvnf; twlwyl J jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ay;yg/
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passive Heat sink ESpr f sKd ;&dw
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w,f/ usew f m twlwlygyJ/ toH;k jyKaewJh CPU &JU tvkyv f yk Ef eI ;f ESiYf tylcsed af wG
(Motherboard twGuf wpfckjznfhajymcsifwm
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u SATA [m IDE vdk ESpfcGoHk;vdkYr&wJYtwGuf SATA oifhygw,f/ yHkoP²mefESifh trsdK;tpm;udkawmY rdrd
slot av;ckyy J g&if HDD drive jzpfap? Optical drive jzpfap pdwfBudKuf a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ uGefysLwmwpfckvHk;
pkpak ygif; av;ckyJ oH;k vd&Yk rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ't D wGuf toHtus,fqHk; qlnHwmqdkvdkY (CD drive t&rf;
CD Burning udk pD;yGm;jzpf oHk;vdkolrsm;twGuf SATA
tvkyv f yk af ecsed rf S ty) Heat Sink yJ &dyS gw,f/ power
supply rSmvnf; yefumygayr,fY heat sink avmuf
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ygwJh motherboard udk a&G;cs,&f rSm jzpfygw,f) tywfa& rjrefygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifY qlno H H enf;yg;wJY
Heat sink udk pHp k rf;a&G;cs,o f ifyh gw,f/

32
 Power Supply a&G ; cs,f j cif ;

Power supply udk casing rSm wpfcgwnf; wyf

qifNy;D a&mif;cswm rsm;ygw,f/ owdjyKa&G;&rSm awmY
Power ay;Edi k w
f YJ Watt vHak vmufzEYkd iS Yf a&G;cs,f
xm;wJ Y drive rsm;twG u f connector
rSeu f efzyYkd J jzpfygw,f/ Watt vHak vmufzYkd
twGuf wGufcsufyHkuawmY tMurf;zsif;
pdwfrSef;jzifY 0,f,lEdkifovkd twdtus
vnf; wGuf,lvdkY &ygw,f/ rdrda&G;cs,f
xm;wJY device awGjzpfwYJ CPU uae DVD tjrifYqHk; yg0gvdt
k yfaom graphics card 60-

drive? Heat sink wdt Yk xd olwrYkd mS a&;xm; 100 watts

wJh vdktyfwJYyg0gyrmP Watt tm;vHk;udk csaygif; IDE hard drive 10-30 watts

vdkufyg/ (device tm;vHk;&JU t&nftaoG;awG jyo Optical drives 10-25 watts

xm;wJaY e&mrSm olwt Ykd wGuf vdt k yfwYJ Watt tm;udk
vnf; a&;jyxm;ygw,f)/
rdrad &G;cs,x f m;wJY device tm;vH;k &JU vdt
yg0gyrmP[m 250W jzpfr,fqdk&if 400W power
supply udk a&G;cs,foifhyg w,f/ Disk drive rsm;ESifY
fan rsm;wG i f &d S a om motor rsm;onf yg0gcvk y f
pzGifYcsdefwGif full speed odkY a&mufatmif yg0g ydkrdk
oH;k pG&J aomaMumifY jzpfygw,f/ a&G;cs,x f m;wJY power
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avmufiSrI&dSzdkYawmY vdktyfygw,f/ Device awG&JU
yg0gvdktyfrI tMurf;rsOf;udk azmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
Motherboard 15-30 watts
yg0gpm;enf;aom CPU 20-50 watts
tv,ftvwfESifY tjriYfqHk;yg0gvdktyfaom
CPU 40-100 watts
RAM 128MB vQif 7 watts
PCI add-in card 5 watts
tedrq
Yf ;kH rS tv,ftvwf graphics card
60 watts
(usaemftcka&G;cs,fxm;wJY devices awGESifh
qdv k Qif 450 W Power supply toH;k jyKygu avmufirS I
k yfwYJ &dSygw,f)/
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f YJ t&G,f
tpm;ESifY 'DZdkif;ay:rlwnfonfhtwGuf trsm;BuD;
ajymp&m r&dyS gbl;/ Optical drive rsm;rsm;wyfqifcsio f l
twG u f av;ck w yf q if E d k i f a om mid tower ES i f h
ajcmufcEk iS t
hf xuf wyfqifEikd af om full tower rsm;udk
toH;k jyKoifyh gw,f/ Mini tower awGu optical drive
twGufae&m ESpfckcefYom yg0ifNyD; ao;i,fayr,fY
t&G,t f pm; tenf;i,fBuD;rm;wJh motherboard ESifY
VGA card wdt Yk wGuf tcuftcJ&ESd ikd yf gw,f/ pD;yGg;a&;
vkyfief;twGuf toHk;jyKvdkolrsm;ESifh gamer rsm;
twGuf mid tower u av0ifavxGufaumif;NyD;
vGwv f yfpmG jzKww f yfEikd af tmif us,0f ef;onftY wGuf
20-
toifYavsmfqHk; jzpfygw,f/ Casing rsm;rSm power
supply rsm;yg wyfqifa&mif;csjcif;jzpfvYkd rdrv d ckd siw
f YJ

33
casing rSm vdt
k yfwYJ power yrmP rvHak vmufc&YJ if
(odkYr[kwf) power supply rygcJh&if oD;oefY 0,f,l
wyfqif&rSm jzpfygw,f/
tjcm;aom devices rsm;twGuf
Sound card, LAN card ESiYf USB port rsm;twGuf
aemufq;kH ay: motherboard rsm;rSm xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;
p&m rvdyk gbl;/ Soundcard twGuf tcsKUd board rsm;rSm
6 channels txd build on yg0ifwJYtwGuf Sound
Edition twGuf Specialist r[kwfcJY&if xyfpdkufp&m
rvdyk gbl;/ Sound card pdkufzdkY vdt
k yfcrYJ ,fq&kd ifvnf;
motherboard ay:&dS slot vufusefrsm;ESifY udkufnD
atmif &SmzdkYyJ vdkygw,f/ TV tuner card uJYodkYaom
Media card rsm;twGuv f nf; use&f aSd om media slots
ae&mvGwrf sm;ESiYf udkufnDzdkYom vdyk gw,f/ uD;bkwf
ESifY armufpftwGufawmY usaemftxl;wvnf a&;
om;aep&m rvdak wmYygbl;/ PS 2 ESiYf USB ESprf sKd ;om
34
&dSawmYwm jzpfNyD; rdrdESpfouftqifajyovdk 0,f,l
oHk;pGJEdkifygw,f/
,cka&;om;cJaY om aqmif;yg;onf uGeyf sLwm
&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; tenf;i,f em;vnfapNyD;
udkufnDtqifajyrI&dSaom PC wpfvHk; wnfaqmuf
Edik &f eftwGuf a&G;cs,f jyifqifrI tydik ;f yif jzpfygw,f/
b,ftrsdK;tpm;? b,fwHqdyfudkrS ydkaumif;w,fvdkY
r&nfnTef;cJYygbl;/ 'Dtwdkif; wpfckcsif; tao;pdwf
vdu k rf MunfyY J uGeyf sLwm wyfqifoal wG rsm;pGm &dyS g
vd r f Y r ,f / tvG J t acsmf r &d S twd t usa&G ; cs,f N yD ;
em;vnfcsifolawGtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; BudK;pm;
a&;om;jcif;om jzpfygw,f/ bmrS rjrif&yJ tcsuf
tvufawGuMkd unfNh y;D 0,f,&l wJY Online store rsm;rS
0,f,lolrsm;twGuf t"duxm;a&;cJYjcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ Showroom rsm;wGif 0,f,lygu 'Dxufydkrdk
vG,fulvdrfhr,fvdkY xifygw,f/
oH v k H i ,f
 Definition List Defination List u tjcm; List awGeYJ rwlygbl;/
trsm;tm;jzif h t"d y Ü m ,f z G i f h q d k c suf a wG r S m olUrSmu defination term eJY defination yg ygw,f/
oHk;ygw,f/ p&ifawmh dl eJY p&ygw,f/ defination term udak wmh
<html> <dt> toHk;jyKNyD; defination udkawmh <dd> oHk;yg
<head><title>Example</title></head> w,f/ olu tjcm; list eJY rwlwJh aemufwpfcsuf
<body> uawmh tag tydwfrygwmyJ/ </dl> wpfckyJygw,f
<h3>Definition List</h3> qdkwmudk awGUEdkifygw,f/
<dl>

<dt>HTML

<dd>Language used to develop Web

Pages

<dt>Image
uJ ... tckq&kd ifawmh HTML udk tMurf;tm;
<dd>Any graphic such as an icon,bullet,
jzifhavmufawmh odavmufNyDaygh/ tckuRefawmfwdkY
line, photo, or illustration
awG aoaocsmcsm od&atmif aemufxyf wpfcef;
</dl>
oGm;&atmif/
</body>
uRef a wmf w d k U awG tpyd k i f ; rS m bold, italic,
</html>
underline wdkYudk odcJhjyD;ygjyD/ tck 'Dtcef;rSmawmh

35
t&ifqHk; font taMumif;av; pajymygr,f/ uRef Marquee
awmfwaYkd wG font awGajymif;r,f/ font size awGajymif; uawmh pmvHk;awGudk a&GUaezdkY vkyf
marquee
r,f/ pmvH;k awGrmS color awGxnfrh ,f/ aqmifay;wmyg/
tJ'gawGukd tjyif page wpfcek YJ wpfck link
csdwfwmawGvnf; yg0ifrSmyg/ tJ'gawGudk rajym <html>
cifrSm <center> taMumif;av;eJU pvdkuf&atmif/ <head><title>Example</title></head>

<body>
Optional Tag
<marquee>I’m moving</marquee>
Move To Center </body>
olu pmvH;k awGukd center a&mufatmif vkyf </html>
ay;ygw,f/
tJ'D code rSmqdk&if pmom;av;u a&GUaewm
<html> udk awGU&ygr,f/ b,fbufuae nmbufukd a&GUvm
<head><title>Example</title></head> wmyg/
<body> Marquee rSm&dw
S hJ attribute awGuawmh Z,m;
<center> (1) rSmMunfyh g/ marquee av;vky&f wm aysmpf &m
This is center awmh aumif;ygw,f/ pmvH;k av;awGu a&GUa&GUoGm;
</center> wmav;udk MunhfjyD; auseyfrIav;&Edkifygap/ tck
</body> font ydkif;udk qufvufavhvm&atmif/
</html>

Font
qdkwmav;u tv,fydkif;udk
This is center
a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygr,f/ tJ'gav;udk oHk;jyD; uawmh HTML rSmta&;ygwJh tydik ;f yg/
Font
pmawGukd tv,fydkif;udk a&TUxm;vdYk &ygw,f/ Web Page wpfcr
k mS ud,
k vf ckd siw
f hJ font ukd ajymif;vJzYkd
<html> twGuf font tag udo k rd S jzpfrmS yg//
<head><title>Example</title></head>

<body> <html>

<h1 align=”justify”>Test</h1> <head><title>Example</title></head>

</body> <body>

</html> <font face=”ZawgyiQone”>Zawgyi Font

jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf </font>
tJ ' D code rS m qd k & if a wmh header awG u
</body>
tv,fukd a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/
</html>

36
 Z,m; (1)
Attribute Name Properties Descripton

behavior alternate b,fuaenm? nmuae b,fjyefoGm;ygw,f/

<marquee behavior=”alternate”>I’m moving</marquee>

scroll olu default value yg/ b,fuae nm? nmbufa&mufomG ;&if 0ifomG ;jy;D
b,fbufae jyefpwmyg/
<marquee behavior=”scroll”>I’m moving</marquee>

slide oluawmh b,frn

S m? NyD;&if nmbufvnf;a&mufa&m &yfoGm;ygw,f/
<marquee behavior=”slide”>I’m moving</marquee>

direction left oluawmh default value yg/ nmbufuae b,fbufukd oGm;r,fvYkd qdk
wmyg/
<marquee direction=”left” >I’m moving</marquee>

right oluawmh b,fbufuae nmbufudkoGm;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/

<marquee direction=”right” >I’m moving</marquee> Page

up oluawmh atmufuae tay:vmr,fvYkd qdw

k myg/
<marquee direction=”up” >I’m moving</marquee>

down oluawmh tay:uae atmufqif;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/

<marquee direction=”down” >I’m moving</marquee>

loop [number] oluawmh udk,fb,fESpfMudrf marquee udk vkyfcdkif;r,fqdkjyD; number

wpfv;kH xnfah y;&ygw,f/ 1 qdk 1 Murd yf J vkyrf ,faygh/

<marquee loop=”1" >I’m moving</marquee>

scrollamount [number] wpfcga&GU&if b,favmuf pixel a&TUrvJqjkd y;D xnfah y;&wmyg/ xnfv
h u
kd f
wJh eHygwfrsm;avav a0;a0;a&GU jrefjrefoGm;avavyJ/
<marquee scrollamount=”10">I’m moving</marquee>

scrolldelay [number] oluawmh b,favmufMum&if a&TUrvJqw kd myg/ olu millisecond eJUyg/

1000 vdx
Yk nfv
h u
kd &f if 1 second MumrS wpfcga&GUrSmyg/ oluawmh eHygwf
rsm;avav MumavavygyJ/
<marquee scrolldelay=”1000">I’m moving</marquee>

Bgcolor [hex code] oluawmh marquee &JU back color ta&mifav;yg/ #009933 qd&k if
OR tpdr;f a&mifav;udk background xm;jy;D a&TUoGm;rSmyg/ color ydkif;udk
[Color Name] uReaf wmf a&SUrSm ajymcJjh y;D ygjy/D
<marquee bgcolor=”#009933" >I’m moving</marquee>

37
 tJ'gqd&k if <font> eJY </font> Mum;rSm ½du
k x
f m; awGukd Z,m; (3) rSm azmfjyvku d yf gw,f/
wJh pmu zawgyi-one font eJY ay:aerSmyg/ face = ”font tckqufNy;D awmh Link awG taMumif; ajymyg
name” udk xnf& h wmyg/ r,f/ Link uawmh Web Page rSm t"du tcef;u
font tag rSmoHk;vdkU&wJh attribute awGuawmh yg0ifygw,f/ Page wpfckeJYwpfck csdwfqufxm;zdkU
Z,m; (2) rSmMunhyf g/ tjcm; text formatting tags twGuf Link csw
d wf wfzYkd vdyk gw,f/
Name Properties Description

color [hex code] coloruawmh odNy;D om;yg/ tay:rSmvnf; uReaf wmf ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f/ Oyrm -
OR <font face=”ZawgyiQone” color=”#006699">Zawgyi Font jzifh toHk;jyKxm;onf

[color name] </font>

size [number] oluawmh font &JU t&G,t f pm; ajymif;wmyg/ yHrk eS uf size=3 yg/ pmvH;k size Bu;D vdvk Qif
size=4 uae 7 xdxnfv h Ykd &ygw,f/ 1 uae 7 txd&ySd gw,f/ 3 uawmh yHrk eS pf mvH;k yg/
aemufjy;D +1 uae +6 &dyS gw,f/ yHkrSefudk b,favmufw;kd r,fqykd g/ +2 qd&k if yHrk eS u f
3 qda
k wmh 5 jzpfomG ;rSmaygh/ tJvrkd sK;d yJ Q1 uae Q6 xd&ySd gao;w,f/ Q1 qd&k if yHrk eS u
f
3 qdak wmh 2 jzpfomG ;rSmaygh/ 'Dvakd v;oH;k vdYk &ygw,f/
<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”5">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”+2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”Q2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>

Z,m; (2)
Tag Description

<b></b> 'gudak wmh tay:rSmvnf; ajymjy;D ygjy/D olu font udk blod vkyw f myg/
<big></big> oluvnf; bold vkyfwmygyJ/
<blockquote> 'guawmh tab ckew f maygh/ ud,k phf myd'k af v;udk wpfwef;xJ azmfjycsiw
f t
hJ cgrSm Page
</blockquote> oHk;Muygw,f/
<i></i> italic vkyw
f mudk tay:rSmajymcJb h ;l ygw,f/
<pre></pre> 'D code udvk nf; odrmS yg/ uReaf wmfwaYkd wG enter awG tab awG rvdyk J oH;k cJwh mav/
<small></small> oluawmh pmvHk;udk yHkrSefxuf ao;atmif vkyaf y;wmyg/
<strike></strike> tJ'gav;uawmh pmvHk;awG&JU tv,frSm rsOf;om;vdkufwmyg/
 oluawmh pmvHk;udk atmufem;qif;wmav;aygh/ H vdkrsKd;av;twGufaygh/
2

 oluawmh pmvHk;udk tay:wifwmyg/ 22 vdkrsKd;aygh/

<tt></tt> 'gu typing font udak jymwmyg/ typing &dkufovdk pmvHk;ay:atmiftwGufyg/
<u></u> 'gudak wmh odjy;D avmufjyvD Ykd xifygw,f/ underline wm;wmyg/
Z,m; (2)

38
 <!-- Link To Gallery Page -->

<a href=”gallery.html”>Gallery</a>

</body>

</html>

Gallery.html

Home

<html>

<head><title>Example</title>

Page Link and Image Link <body>

<!-- Link To Home Page -->

Page Link vkyw f ,fqw kd muawmh page wpfck
<a href=”index.html”>Home</a>
uae aemuf page wpfckudk csdwfqufxm;ygw,f/
</body>
atmufu OyrmyHak v;udk Munhv f u kd &f if em;vnfEikd f
</html>
ygw,f/ uReaf wmfwUkd awG Home Page uae Gallery
Page udk Go To Home qdw k hJ pmvH;k av; EdyS v f u
kd w
f meJY
tay:u code udk r&Si;f jycif ar;csiw f mav;
ul;oGm;r,f/
awG ygvmr,fxifw,f/ <!-- --> u bmBu;D vJ qdNk y;D
aemufNy;D Gallery uaevnf; Home Page udk
awmh/ aemufNy;D awmh home page udk home.html eJU
Home qdw k hJ pmvH;k av;udk EdyS v f ukd w f meJY Home page
odr;f vdUk aum r&bl;vm;/ bmvdUk index.html eJU odr;f
udk jyefa&mufomG ;r,f/ tJ'v D rkd sK;d av;jzpfatmif uRef
wmvJ/ bmawGuGmvJ/
awmfwUkd atmufutwdik ;f a&;vdu k rf ,f/ File 2 ck&&Sd
<!-- comment --> tJ'gu comment a&;xm;
r,faygh/ index.html eJY gallery.html aygh/ ae&m twlwl
wmyg/ <!-- eJY --> Mum;rSm a&;xm;wJh pmawGudk
yJ odrf;xm;aemf/ C:\example\index.html eJU C:\
tvkyf rvkyyf gbl;/ uReaf wmfwYkd home page udk bm
example\gallery.html tJvr kd sK;d av; ae&mtwlwl jzpf
vdkY index.html eJU odr;f &vJqkd web page awGrmS pwuf
&r,f/
wJh page u index.html yg/ 'grSr[kwf default.html
Index.html
aygh/ www.example.com vdYk ac:vdu k &f if page wpfck
Gallery
wufvmr,f/ wu,fwrf;awmh www.example.
com/index.html qd k w mud k oG m ;ac:xm;wmyg/
<html>
aemufu index.html rygvnf; tvkyv f yk yf gw,f/
<head><title>Example</title>
'gaMumifh Home Page qdk&ifawmh index.html
<body>
qdNk y;D oH;k &ygw,f/ 'grSr[kwf default.html qdv k nf;

39
&ygw,f/
uJ.. Link taMumif;vnf; qufomG ;&atmif/
link csd w f c sif & if <a href=”address”>Name</a>
qdkwJhyHkpHrsKd;eJY oGm;&wmaygh/ address qdw k muawmh
ud, k cf sw d cf siw
f hJ page aygh/ Name uawmh ay:apcsif
wJh emrnfaygh/
ar;p&mav;wpfck xyfay:vmwmudk awGU&yg
vdrrhf ,f/ Link u tpuawmh tjyma&mif/ aemuf
awmh eDnKd a&mif ajymif;oGm;w,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd nf;/
tJ'guawmh vistied jzpfjyD;oGm;vdkYyg/ wpfcg click
vkyfjyD;&if tJvdkta&mif ajymif;oGm;ygw,f/ udk,f
EdyS jf y;D om;aygh/ ta&mifrajymif;csi&f ifawmh body rSm
vlink qdw
k hJ attribute eJY link qdw
k hJ attribute rSm ta&mif
jyifvYkd &ygw,f/ <body vlink=”green” link= ”green”>
tJ'gqd&k ifawmh link color u tpdr;f a&mif jzpfaewmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ link vkyf&if vlwdkif;ar;wwfwhJ ar;cGef;
wpfck &dyS gw,f/ file awGukd download csapcsiw f ,f/
b,fvakd &;&rvJ/ wu,fwrf;awmh vG,yf gw,f/ link
address udk file udk ay;vdu k ½f ykH aJ ygh/
<a href=”file.zip>Download</a> tJvdkrsKd;yHkpH
av;aygh/ uJ ... Link taMumif;a&muf&ifawmh path
vrf;aMumif;av; aumif;aumif;odzdkYvdkw,f/ awmf
awmfrsm;rsm;u rodbl;/ &Iyfw,fvdkY xifMuw,f/
wu,fwrf; tJvdkr&Iyfygbl;/

Path For Link

Path <a href=” atmufu path link”> Path </a> &Sif;vif;csuf

./file.html OR file.html ae&mwpfcx k rJ mS twlwo l rd ;f &if tJvdkac:vdkY &yg
w,f/ C:\example\index.html uae C:\example\
gallery.html udak c:&ifaygh/ ./ uawmh directory wlwyl J
vdkY qdw
k myg/
./download/download.html OR download/ 'guawmh ud,
k hf folder atmufu folder udk xyfac:
download.html wmyg/
../file.html oluwmh rwlawmhb;l / folder udk up vkyNf y;D ac:wm
yg/ b,fvrkd sK;d vJq&kd ifawmh C:\example\download\
index.html uae C:\example\gallery.html uda k c:wm
aygh/ download qdw k hJ folder tay:wqifu h file udk
ac:wmaygh/ ESpq f ifh ac:csi&f ifawmh ../../file.html
aygh/ ../ qdw
k mu folder directory udk up vkyv f ukd f
wmyg/
http://www.mysteryzillion.com 'guawmh wjcm; website wpfckudk vSr;f ac:wmyg/
./download/file.zip OR download/file.zip download cszUkd twGuf file awG image file awGuv
kd nf;
wdkuf½dkufac:vdkY &ygw,f/ image ydkif;awGudk uRef
awmf Page aemufydkif; qufvuf&Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/

40
 'D y wf v rf ; aMumif ; awG t aMumif ; aumif ; <img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px
aumif;odzYkd vdyk gw,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd nf;qdk ud,k hf site height=80px> Apple Logo</body>

u BuD;vmwmeJYtrQ site structure u &IyfaxG;vm </html>

rSmyg/ Link awGvnf; rsm;vmrSmjzpfvdkYyg/ 'gaMumifh width eJY height qdwk hJ attribute u yHk&JU size udk
aoaocsmcsm odxm;oifhygw,f/ xde;f csKyaf y;ygw,f/ ud, k Bf uKd uwf hJ tvsm;udk width
uJ ... tck uReaf wmfwaYkd wG page rSm yHak v;awG rSmxnf?h aemuf tjrifu h akd wmh height rSmxnfNh y;D yHk&JU
xnfh&atmif/ size udk jyifv& Ykd w,f/
<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px

Image height=80px alt=”Apple Logo”> Apple Logo

yHak wGuawmh web page wpfcrk mS rjzpfrae qd&k ifawmh alt qdwk t
hJ xJrmS a&;xm;wJh pmom;
yg0if&ygw,f/ ud, k w f nfaqmufwhJ page udk vSy udk yHkay: Mouse av; oGm;wifvdkufNyD; cPMumrSm
NyD; t"dyÜm,fjynhfpHkzdkY twGufyg/ uJ ... yHkav;awG ay:vmrSmyg/
xnfhMunhf&atmif/ uReaf wmfwu Ykd awmh tool tip vdYk ac:wmyg/
<html> Image ydkif;rSm ajymp&mawG awmfawmfrsm;yg

<head> w,f/ olUrSm attribute awG xyf&dSao;w,f/ bm

<title>Example</title> vnf;qdak wmh text align aygh/ text align udk img code
</head> xJrmS align qdw k hJ attribute udk oH;k w,f/
<body>

<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg”> Apple Logo Align &S i f ; jycsuf

</body> top pmwpfaMumif;udk yHk&JU ab;em;u align rSm

</html> tay:qH;k rSm azmfjyay;wmyg/

bottom oluawmh default yg/ pmom;udk yHk

wu,fvdkY yHkrjrif&yJ Muufajccwf(_)yJ jrif& atmufbufrmS azmfjywmudk awGU&ygr,f/

&ifawmh xnfx h m;wJh image ywfvrf;aMumif; rSm;wm middle pmom;udk yHt
k v,frmS ay;wmyg/
jzpfEdkifovdk image extension rSm;wmvnf; jzpfEdkif left oluawmh yHkudk page &JU b,fbufudk ydkY
w,f/ image xnfv h &Ykd wJh extension awGuawmh jpg, vdkufNyD; pmom;tukefvHk;udk yHkab;rSm azmfjyay;
gif, png awGyJ/ image u size u BuD;aew,fvkdY wmyg/
xifNyD; ao;csifw,fqkd&ifvJ &ygw,f/ right oluvnf; Left eJY twlwy l gyJ/ nmbuf
<html> Page udk yHka&GUoGm;NyD pmom;tm;vHk;udk yHk&JU b,fbufrSm
<head> azmfjyay;ygr,f/
<title>Example</title> tckqdk&if image eJY ywfoufNyD; awmfawmf
</head> av; odavmufNyD xifw,f/ aemufxyfwpfck xyf
<body> ajymtHk;r,f/

41
 yHak o;ao;av; <!-- img src is small size -->
udk EdSyfvdkufrS yHt k Bu;D <img src=”smallsize.jpg” width=80px
BuD; ajymif;oGm;ovdk height=80px border=0>
rsK;d av;aygh/ yHk size udk </a>

width eJ Y height </body>

attribute eJ Y csKH U wm </html>

r[kwfbl;aemf/ yHkESpf tay:u code udk zwfvu kd w
f meJY em;vnfr,f
yH k / wpf y H k u tBuD ; ? xifygw,f/ tJrSm ar;p&mwpfck xGufvmw,f/
aemufwpfyu kH tao; border qdkwmbmvJaygh/
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email : knowledgebridge07@gmail.com

42
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43
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44
45
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47
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48
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vkyfEdkifygw,f/ tjcm;pufuae Manage vkyf&mrSm

49
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50
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51
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60
pHkprf;ar;jref;Ekdifygonf/ - AIT &Sd a&G;cs,x f m;aom oifwef;0ifciG t hf wGuf
1. ASSOC- Prof. Jayant K. Routray t&nftcsi;f jznfo h iG ;f &mwGif AIT rS xkwaf y;
(KAAD- AIT Scholarship program Liaison xm;aom twnfjyKcsuf
person AIT) - vl r I t zG J U tpnf ; zG H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf r I w G i f yg0if
Email : routray @ ait. ac. th aqmif&u G rf I axmufccH suf
2. Admission and Scholarships Unit - ynma&;rSww f rf; rdwLå rsm;
(Asian Inshitute of Technology) - t*FvdyfpmuRrf;usifrI vufrSwf (TOEFL or
Email : admission@ ait.ac.th IELTS)

- avQmufxm;ol\ rdcifwdkif;jynf&Sd vlYtzGJU

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61
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d m

62
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umbGef'kdifatmufqdkuf rufx onf/

63
 trdk;eD;,m;bdkif umbGef ,aeY umbGefzrf;,l okd wGif odak vSmifjcif;jzihf tcGef ouf
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ay;xm;onf/ vsu&f &dS m umbGeu f dk ajratmuf

64
 A WEB OF THE COMPUTERS
M.STAR

All communication on the Web is carried out to request information; the server responds by

among a set of computers that are interconne-cted sending a copy of the requested information. To

by a computer network. Web technology can be ensure that the exchange is meaningfull, the client

used across an intranet (a network within a company and server programs must follow a communication

or organization) or across the global Internet. As protocol, a set of rules that the two programs use

with all communications among computers, to talk to one another. Like a language, a protocol

computers that comprise the Web employ two types specifies both the form and meaning of each possible

of software: client and server (see Client/ Server message.

Architecture). To make information available, a In principle, any computer can run a client or

computer runs a server program. To obtain and a server. In practice, however, large, powerful

display information from a server, a computer user computers are usually chosen to run server software,

runs a client program. The client ciontacts a server and small personal computers (PCs) are sufficient to

65
run client software. Powerful computers are chosen
for server software because they must be able to
handle requests for information from millions of people
and do so quickly so that users who request
information from the server will not experience long
delays. PCs, however, are used by a single person to
requests a Web page. After a user makes a request,
the user waits for the information to be displayed.
Thus, the client program running on a user's
computer only needs to handle one activity at a
time. A server, however, must handle simultaneous
request from many clients, possibly millions.
The difference between the Web and the
Internet is similar to the difference between a
trucking service and a higway system. The Internet
corresponds to a highway that allows traffic to flow
between computers, and the Web corresponds to
a service that uses the highway to move information
from one computer to another. Confusion about the
difference between the Web and the Internet has
arisen because the Web has become extremely
popular and currently accounts for the majority of
Inernet traffic. However, other services also use the
Internet to carry their traffic. For example, the
Internet's electronic mail service permits users to
send and receive textual messages, and the file
transfer service allows a user to transfer a copy of a
file from one computer to another.
Although many services use the Internet to
carry data from one computer to another, each
service follows a separate set of rules that define
the messages used in the exchange. The Web uses
the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), electronic
66
mail uses the Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol (SMTP),
and file tranfer uses the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
The application program that users run to access
the Internet often blur the distinctoion among these
services. For example, an application program that
can send e-mail also allows a user to transfer the
contents of a file, and an application program used
to access the Web also allows the user to process
e-mail.
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twGufom tqifajyygw,f/ pGrf;aqmif&nfjrihf tjcm;aom 0efaqmifrrI sm;onfvnf; olw&Ykd UJ vkyf
uGefysLwmrsm;[m oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom toHk;jyK aqmifrIrsm;twGuf tifwmeufukd toHk;jyKaeMu
olrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufawmif;qdkrIudk udkif ygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tifwmeuf&dS tDvufxa&m
wG,Ef ikd &f rnfjzpfNy;D ? awmif;qdo k rl sm; tcsed Mf umjrifh epfpmydkYrI[m toHk;jyKoltm; pmom;owif;rsm;udk
pGmapmifq h idk ;f aep&mrvdak vmufatmif vsijf refpmG wkUH ay;ydYk vufc&H &Sad pEdik yf gw,f/ zdik yf aYkd qmifrw I iG v
f nf;
jyefEikd Mf u&rnfjh zpfonft h wGuf ¤if;pGr;f aqmif&nfjrifh toH;k jyKow l pfa,muf[m zdik w f pfzikd \f rdwLå wpfpu kH kd
uGefysLwmrsm;udk qmAmaqmzf0JvftwGuf a&G;cs,f uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rS tjcm;wpfvHk;qDodkY vTJajymif;ydkY
Mujcif;yifjzpfygw,f/ 0ufbpf m&Guw f pf&u G af wmif;qdk aqmifay;EdkifMuygw,f/
&mrSm toH;k jyKow l pfa,muf[m yDpu D o
kd m toH;k jyK 0efaqmifrItrsm;tjym;[m tcsuftvuf
Muygw,f/ awmif;qdrk w I pfcjk yKvyk Nf y;D aemuf? toH;k jyK rsm;ukd uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH rS tjcm;wpfv;kH qDoYkd o,f
ol[m jyovmrnfhowif;tcsuftvufudk apmifh aqmifMu&mrSm tifwmeufudk toHk;jyKMuaomf

67
vnf; 0efaqmifrIwpfckpDwdkif;[m tokH;jyKaom
owif;twGuf owfrSwfxm;onhf enf;vrf;rsm;
udkom vdkufemaqmif&GufMuygw,f/ 0ufbf[m
Hyper Text Transfer protocol (HTTP) udk toH;k jyKNy;D ?
tD;ar;vf[m Sinple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
udk toH;k jyKygw,f/ zdik rf sm;ydaYk qmif&mrSm File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) udk toHk;jyKMuygw,f/ tifwmeuf
Adjective taejzihf tokH;jyKonfhtcgwGif ¤if;a&SU&Sd
Relative Pronoun ESihf Be udkjzKwffí a&;&ygonf/
atmufazmfjyyg0gusrsm;udk avhvmMunhfyg/
1. The man who was helped by his wife worked
harder and harder.
The man helpled by his wife worked harder

toH;k jyKzYkd toH;k jyKorl sm; vkyaf qmifaeaom toH;k cs and harder.

y&dk*&rfrsm;[m txufazmfjyyg 0efaqmifrIMum; (ZeD ; \tul t nD u d k &&S d c J h a om ol o nf

uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk &Hzef&cH g rxifr&Sm; jzpfapyg tvkyfukd BudK;pm;oxufBudK;pm; vkyfukdifcJh
w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tD;ar;vfyEYkd idk w f hJ toH;k csy&d*k &rf onf/)
wpfc[ k m toH;k jyKow l pfO;D tm; zdik \f taMumif;t&m
2. Lessons that are learnt easily are soon
rsm;udk vTaJ jymif;ay;ydaYk pEdik o
f vd?k 0ufbu f kd toH;k jyK
forgotten.
aeonfh toHk;csy&dk*&rfwpfck[mvnf; toHk;jyKol
tm; tD;ar;vfay;ydrYk u I dk jyKvyk af pEdik yf gw,f/ Lessons learnt easily are soon forgetten.

(tvG , f a vh v mxm;aom oif c ef ; pmrsm;

onf rMumrD arhaysmufomG ;onf)
&Sif;vif;csuf
3. Everyone likes the picture that was drown
All communication on the Web is carried out by Zaw Lwin.
among a set of computers that are interconnected Everyone likes the picture drown by Zaw Lwin.
by a computer network.
(aZmfvGifqJGcJhaom yef;csDum;csyfudk vlwkdif;
txufyg0gus&dS rsO;f om;xm;aom pum;vk;H BudKufESpfoufMuonf)
rsm;udk jzKwfum atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Ekdifyg
4. An application program that is used to access
onf/
the web allows the users to process email.
All communication on the Web is carried out
An application program used to access the
among a set of computers interconnected by a
web allows the users to process email.
computer network.

azmfjyyg 0gusESpfaMumif;pvkH;onf rSefuef

M.Star
aom 0gusrsm;yif jzpfNy;D ? BuKd uEf pS o
f ufovkd tok;H
jyKEidk Mf uygonf/ Past participle verb (Ved/en) rsm;udk
txl;jyKazmfjyvkdaom Noun \ aemufwGifuyfí

68
 ppfBudKacwfrS rif;om; cifarmif&if

b,fvdkbmomjyefrvJ (9)
a&Trif;0ef OD;bkef;jrifh
uReaf wmfonf q&morm;
ESpfOD;jzpfaom q&mBuD; a&T'Hk;
bDatmifESifh q&mBuD;ODokcwdkY\
"mwfyEkH pS yf u
kH kd tdr{f nfch w
H iG f csw
d f
xm;Ny;D aeYpOfawGUjrif? tNr*J g&0jyK
ygonf/ ESpfOD;pvHk;rSm wpfacwf
wpfcg tvGeef mrnf ausmMf um;cJh
Muonfh pma&;q&m&ky&f iS f 'g&du k f
wmBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif; txl;
armif;cwfp&m rvdkyg/ q&mBuD;
a&T'Hk;bDatmif\ ]Akdvfatmif'if
jyef v mNyD } 0w¬ K ud k uRef a wmf

69
\a&Trif;0efpmayrS 'kw, d tBurd f
jyefvnf&dkufESdyfcJhzl;ygonf/
]]Akv
d af tmif'if}} Zmwfum;
qdkvQif ppfrjzpfrDrS uRefwmfwkdY
acwfwidk f &kw H ifjywdik ;f &ky&f iS Mf unhf
y&dowfu tm;ay;qJ jzpfav
onf/ &ky&f iS rf if;om; cifarmif&if
rSmvnf; wu,fhAdkvfatmif'if
jzpfomG ;Ny;D o&kyaf qmif Zmwfvu
vdrk [kwaf wmhyJ a&S;a[mif;'@m&D
yHjk yifxu J ol&aJ umif; Legendany
Hero tjzpf y&d o wf \ pd w f 0 ,f
xifjrifoGm;apawmhonf/ ol\
rcefaY v;pm;? oGm;yH?k vmyH?k ajym
qdkyHk qdkykH? w[J[J &,fyHkwdkYrSm
woço pG J r uf o G m ;apawmh & m
]Akv d af tmif'if}rSm Immortality tNrJ
wnfNrjJ cif; wefc;kd owåx d ;l udk &bd
tvm;/ jywdkif;&kHvQHtHhMoavmuf
atmif vlBudKufrsm;vsuf 0ifaiG
aumif;onfh &kyf&Sifum;wpfum;
jzpfayonf/ ppfrjzpfcifupNyD;
,aeYwdkif ESpfaygif; 70 eD;yg;
aywnf;/
wavmu rdwfaqG wpf
a,mufEiS hf pyfrpd yf&m ajymMu&if;
q&ma&T';kH bDatmifEiS hf Akv d af tmif
'if Zmwfum;taMumif; ajymrdMu
\/ xkaYd Mumifh ]Akv d af tmif'ifZmwf
um;} rS ajymifajrmufaom jrefrm
pum;ajymuGufrsm;udk t*Fvdyf
bmomodkY jyefqdkwifquf&vQif
pmzwfy&dowfrsm; ... t&om
wpfrsK;d &Svd rd rhf nf[k ... arQmv f ifh
rd v suf - 'Knowledge Bridge'
r*¾Zif;ü wpfrsKd;wpfzHk wifquf
vdkufygonf/
(1) rif; w,fcufwhJ aumifbJ
uG,?f [if a&SUaemuf arQmf
jrif p Of ; pm;wwf w J h tod
ÓPfvJ r&Sb d ;l /
kd f ]]zg;wkvYkd c&kcek &f if? tdik yf suf
&kHbJa[h}}
"Yarma Yarma, you're fool-
ish and stubborn also
nithout brain for present
and future." ''Jumping up
is nothing for the mollusc
to imatate the frog."
(2) 'guawmh ykvyd tf xifuAkd s?
usKyf w ynh f &mr qd k w J h
aumifu usKyfudk rkef;vdkY
ajymwkdif;? usKyfvlqdk;Adkvf
jzpf&awmhrSmvm;/
'It is just a thought of cop.
(pdic constable) Being
hated, my man Yarma said
... against me .. 'Am I a
lauless Person? (bandit?)
(3) 'Dr,f ... OD;bcspf usKyf
aoewfukd cifAsm;jyef ay;
vdkuf/ rjr0if;eJY cifAsm;eJY
vufxyfwJhtcg usKyfu
aiGwpfaomif;vufzGJUr,f
70
b,fhES,fvJ/ rdwfaqGcsif;
awGAsm/ ulnDEdkifwJhtcg
ulnDyg/
Here ... Mr. U Ba Chit
Please, give back my pistol
(revolver). If that is so, my
good will present even
10000 kyats for wedding
Reception of you and Ma
Mya win. How about it? I
say friendly help!.
(4) cif A sm; ... rjr0if ; ud k
wu,f rcspb f ;l eJY wlw,f/
b,f a vmuf oem;p&m
aumif;ovJ/ olrsm;cspcf si;f
udkvnf; usKyfrcGJcsifygbl;
cifAsm/
"you don't really love Ma
Mya Win, do you? So Pity!
To break the other's love-
I wish not."
(5) avSeHESpfzufeif;ovdk jzpf
ae&ifvJ usKyfzufudkom
wpfzufowf eif;csvdkuf
prf;yg/ usKyu
f t&ifawGU
wJh olyg rjr0if;&JU/
'You couldn't make a deci-
sion- just to love for both
of us. (If it seemed to be
pressed on both sides of
the boat.) Press on my
 side, Please. Me, the first!.
(I'm the first man!)
(6) tcGio
hf ifo
h vdk aemufraS y:
vmwJ h tcspf o pf u d k v J
tjypf v d k Y rqd k o if h y gbl ;
rjr0if;&JU/
"New love, by opportunity,
is not to blame, of course."
(8) td r f u aiG 300 ygvm
(7) a&mh aoewf? rif;ighvdkypf
prf;? rif;,SOfrypf&Jygbl;/
wu,f rypf&w J ahJ umifyg/
ighvkd ypfEidk &f if rif;Advk vf yk f
awmh/ EdkYaywJh ... rif;
abmufqmav; bmav;
"Here pistol!" "Shot to the
mark just like me. you dare
not. No courage! If you can
try, you lead the gang.
However, you can dare
fight- boxing. Come on-
Challenge Yarma."
w,f/ 150 ½I;H oGm;Ny/D tdrf
ukd yduk q
f yH groGm;&if rde;f r
u wpfjypfAs/
"I have got-300 kyats. 150
has gone. Without money
back home, I will be
(9) vmprf;yg? 0ifupm;prf;yg/
usKyf 2000^3000 ½I;H ...
bmrQrjzpf b l ; / rd e f ; r
aMumuf&if usKyef m; rvm
eJ/Y (aiGaMu;wefz;kd &Sad om
acwf j zpf í ,ck a cwf
aiGEiS fh wGuv
f Qif ode;f 100
ausmfayrnf/)
"Come on, man, join us.
Lost, money a lot for one
is nothing - even 2000 or
3000 Kyats." "Are you
afraid of Women? yet a
way from me please!"

awmh xd;k csix f ;kd &Jr,f ... blamed by my wife." a&T r if ; 0ef O D ; bk e f ; jrih f
vmavuGm... &mr/

71
 Any tD'D,HqdkonfrSm any vdYk r[kwyf gbl;/ b,faeYrqdk jzpf Ekdifonf/)
[laom pum;vHk; yg0ifzGJUpnf; ygw,f/)
xm;aom tD', D u
H kd qdv
k ykd gonf/ any day of the week
atmuf w G i f Any tD ' D , H any day now aeYwdkif;[k t"dyÜm,f&yg
tcsKUd udk erlem0gusrsm;ESihf azmfjy ]rMumcif} [k t"dymÜ ,f&yg onf/
vdkufygonf/ onf/ I could eat fresh corn any

The letter should arrive any day of the week.

any day day now.

rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k (pm rMumrDa&mufvmEkdif any longer

t"dyÜm,f&onf/ onf/) 1/ ]aemufxyf wdk;í&Snf
It doesn't matter when, There could be a storm any onf} [k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/
any day is fine with me. day now. If this skirt were any longer,

(b,ftcsed f b,ftcg&,f (rMumcif rkefwdkif; usvm it would touch the floor. (þ

72
puwf onfxuf ydk&Snfvmrnf
qdv
k Qif Murf;jyifukd xdomG ;rnf/)
2/ t&ifwek ;f uawmh rSeyf g
onf/ ,ck r[kwfawmh[laom
t"dyÜm,fESifhvnf; oHk;onf/
they don't make that car
any longer.
(tJ'Dum; tckr[kwfawmh
bl;)
þteuft"dyÜm,fESifh oHk;
vQif no longer ESifh twlwljzpf
onf/
He no longer lives here.
(ol tck'rD mS raeawmhb;l )
any number of
many [laom teufjzifh
vnf ; aumif ; ? rnf o nf h t a&
twG u f r qd k [ l a om teuf j zif h
vnf;aumif;oHk;onf/
I can give you any number
of reasons for his absence. (ol
ysuf u G u f & onf h t aMumif ; awG
trsm;BuD;udk igajymEkdifonf/)
Any number of workers
might stay home [kqv kd Qif b,f
avmuf ta&twG u f r S e f ; rod
aom tvkyo f rm;rsm; tvkyyf suf
Ekid af Mumif;udk ajymjcif;yif/
any old
bmtrsKd;tpm;rqdk [lí
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
Any old brand of detergent
suits me. (b,f v d k qyf j ymrI e f Y
wHqdyfrsKd;rqdkjzpfygw,f/)
Any old room would have
done.
(b,ftcef;rsKd;rqdk jzpfcJh
avmufonf/
any time
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
Call me any time.
(ighqDudk tcsdefra&G; zkef;
qufyg/)
at any rate
bmyJ j zpf j zpf ? b,f v d k y J
jzpfjzpf[k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/
I may be away on business
next week, but at any rate I'll be
back by friday.
(aemuf oD w if ; ywf r S m
tvkyfudpöeJY tjyifudk a&mufae
wmrsKd;&Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ 'gayrJh aom
MumaeYavmufqdk&if jyefa&muf
rSmyg/)
73
At any rate, I promise to
be there even if I'm a little late.
(enf ; enf ; aemuf u scsif
usr,fqakd wmifrv S nf; b,fvykd J
jzpfjzpf uReaf wmf tJ'u D kd a&muf
vmygr,fvdkY uwday;ygw,f/)
by any means
b,f e nf ; ES i f h rqd k [ k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
By any means I've got to
get there.
(b,f e nf ; eJ Y r qd k tJ ' D u d k
uReaf wmfa&mufatmifomG ;&r,f)
by no means [kvnf; oH;k
onf/ ]vH;k 0} [k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/
She is by no means an ex-
perienced teacher.
(ol[m tawGUtBuHK&SdwJh
q&mrawmh vHk;0r[kwfygbl;/)
by any stretch/by any
stretch of imagination.
by no stretch [lívnf;
negative ESihf oH;k wwfonf/ vH;k 0
rjzpfEidk ?f vH;k 0rrSe[
f í
l t"dymÜ ,f
&onf/
 We will phone her under

any circumstances. (b,ftajc

taerSmrqdk olqY u
D kd uReaf wmfwYkd
zkef;qufr,f/)
Under no circumstances

should you lend Paul any money.

(aygvf u d k a wmh b,f v d k tajc

taewGifrS aiGracs;oifh)

She could not, by any bmyJjzpfjzpf? bmawGyjJ zpfchJ isn't having any (of it)

stretch of imagination, be consid-
ered a great actress.
(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh
rif;orD;ygvdYk vH;k 0 ,lqvdYk r&yg
bl;/)
jzpfchJ rnfoyYkd ifqakd p[k t"dymÜ ,f
&onf/
In any case, I to go.
(bmyJjzpfjzpf oGm;zkdYawmh
pDpOfxm;wmyJ? oGm;awmhomG ;rSmyJ)
wpfpHkwpfOD; pdwfr0ifpm;?
oabmrwl[laom t"dyÜm,f&
onf/
Oyrm - I suggested shar-
ing the cost, but he wasn't hav-

By no stretch can he be There is no point complain- ing any of it, (ukefusp&dwfrQcHzkdY

called a great writer. ing now where leaving tomorrow
(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh in any case.
pma&;q&mBuD ; &,f v d k Y ajymvk d Y (nnf ; nLaezd k Y t aMumif ;
vHk;0rjzpfEkdifygbl;) r&Syd gbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf reufzefqkd
xGufawmhrSmyJ/)
go to any length/go to He may not be getting a
great length raise but in any case his boss
wpfpw
kH pf&mtwGuf tyif thinks highly of him.
yef;cHvkyfonf/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf (ol [ m vpmwd k ; &csif r S
onf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &r,fjzpfaomfvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf
They would go to length olt
Y vky&f iS u
f awmh olwYkd txif
to win. BuD;wmyJ/)
(olwEYkd idk zf Ydk tpGr;f ukef BuKd ;
pm;Muvdrfhrnf) under any circumstances
(under no circumstances)
in any case/in any event/ b,ftajctaerSmrqdk[k
at all events t"dyÜm,f&onf/
uRefawmfu ajymw,f/ 'gayrJh
olu oabmrwlbl;/)
t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif
tD', D rH sm;\ toH;k udk em;vnf&ef
ta&;Bu;D ayonf/ o'´gwwfvQif
0guszUJG pnf;yHu k kd odEidk af omfvnf;
tD ' D , H u d k tD ' D , H r S e f ; rod v Qif
vH k ; aumuf t "d y Ü m ,f t wd k i f ;
aumuf,loGm;rdwwfonf/ xdk
tcg qdv k &kd if; teufEiS hf wjcm;pD
jzpfoGm;wwfojzifh t*Fvdyfpm
avh v mvd k u f p m;ol vl i ,f r sm;
twG u f &nf p l ; í þod k Y a om
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;wifjy
aejcif;jzpfayonf/
OD ; wif O D ; (usL&S i f )

74
 todynm? twwfynmrsm;onf vlom;rsm;
\ b0aexkdifrIykHpH [efyefrsm;tm; ajymif;vJapcJh
onfudk vlom;rsm; jzwfoef;vmcJhonfh twdwf
orkid ;f ajc&mrsm;u azmfjyaeygonf/ awmeufxrJ S
trSwrf xif awGU&Scd ahJ omtoD;udk pm;ok;H Ny;D trSwf
rxif pGeyYf pfvudk af om taphrS tyifaygufvmjcif;udk
od&cdS MhJ uaom todynmonf vlom;rsm;udk vSnfh
vnf oGm;vmaom vltzGJUtpnf;tqifhrS tajc
pdkufaexkdifaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;tqihfodkY wufvSrf;
apEdkifcJhygonf/ odkYjzifh wkdif;EdkifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;
ay:xG e f ; vmNyD ; ? zvS , f r I ? uk e f o G , f r I r sm;jzif h

aeYpOfb0rsm;twGif;odkY 0ifvmaeaom
enf;ynm
oDou
D kd

75
vl o m;rsm;\ b0aexd k i f r I y H k p H u k d wpf q pf c sKd ; tpnf ; tjzpf o d k Y ajymif ; vJ a eygonf / xk d Y j yif
wd;k wufapcJyh gonf/ odcsipf w d f pl;prf;vdpk w d f jyif;jy tifwmeuf enf;ynmonf tpOf&SifoefvIyf&Sm;
aom vlom;wpfcsKUd \ jyif;xefaom vHv k 0D&, d rsm; aeaom vltzGUJ tpnf;qDov Ykd nf; oGm;aeygonf/
aMumifh avmued,mrrsm; ay:xGufvmum pufrI þodkYaom xl; jcm;qef;opfrI0daoo&Sdonfh tif
tajcjyK vlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;udk vlom;rsm; xl wmeufenf;ynmonf vlom;rsm;\ vIy&f mS ;&Sio f ef
axmifEdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ avmuobm0w&m;\ rIrsm;tay: rnfonhf tusK;d oufa&mufr&I EdS idk of nf/
vTr;f rd;k rIatmufrS avmuobm0w&m;udk xde;f csKyyf hJ tem*wfwiG f rnfoaYdk om toGio f @mefoYkd a&muf&dS
udkifEdkifaom vlom;rsm; tjzpfodkY atmifjrifpGm Edkifrnfh qdkonfhawG;qcsufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f
wufvSrf;EdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ pufrIvGefacwfaemuf aumif; Ny;D ? vlom;rsm;\ aeYpOfb0wGif rnfoaYkd om
uGeyf sLwmenf;ynmay:xGe;f vmcJah omtcg vlom; tusK;d oufa&mufrrI sm;&Sad eonfqakd om qef;ppfrI
rsm;\ b0&Sio f efryI pkH rH sm; onfvnf; pufraI cwfEiS fh onf v nf ; ,aeY v l o m;rsm;twG u f od & S d x m;zd k Y
rwl qef;opfuGJjym;jcm;em; vmjyefygonf/ ,aeY ta&;BuD;ygonf/
uG e f y sLwm tajcjyKtif w meuf enf ; ynmonf
vlom;rsm;\ &yfwnfvIyf&Sm;rIyHkpHrsm; udk tajcrS taygif ; vu© P m
udik v
f yI u f m avmuvlaY bmifopfwpfcq k D odYk OD;wnf tusKd ; ouf a &muf r I r sm;
aeygonf/ odaYk omfajymif;vJvmaeaom enf;ynm
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Are ebooks and tablets the future for print
media? – Stuart Andrews
A look at the Nook – Lev Grossman, time.com,
Jan 18, 2010
Apple’s Blank Slate – Daniel Lyons, time.com
Apple’s ideas influence information culture –
baltic-review.com, Jan 28, 2010
85
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(bPfvkyfief;ynm&Sif)eJY q&mOD;at;ausmf (MHR) wdkYESifh awGUqHkar;jref;jzpfcJhyg
w,f/
ar;/ / NyD;cJhwJh Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYu AD,uferfEdkifiHrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh
tmqD,EH ikd if jH cm;a&; 0efBu;D rsm; awGUqHak qG;yGrJ mS jrefrmEdik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D u ,ck
ES p f t wG i f ; rS m vG w f v yf ^ w&m;rQw^,H k M unf & wJ h (Free, Fair and Credible)
a&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f yrnfjzpfaMumif; xyfrt H wnfjyK ajymMum;cJyh gw,f/ tJo h vdk
2010 tNy;D rSm jzpfay:vmr,fh uReaf wmfwEYkd idk if &H UJ pD;yGm;a&;[m rsm;pGmajymif;vJ
vmvdrrfh ,fvYkd arQmv f if&h ygw,f/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd ueOD;taeeJY jzpfvmEdik rf ,fh Expected
Conditions awGeYJ ywfowfNy;D q&mwd& Yk UJ tjrifukd odvykd gw,f/

86
OD;0ifhausmf/ / Stock Share Market Bu;D ray: &if
awmifrS tckqdk&if Capital Market ay:vmNyDvdkY ykrH eS t
f m;jzihf tpd;k &rsm;[m
ajymvd&Yk ygw,f/ Oyrm tpd;k &u aiGwu kd pf mcsKyx f w
k f
tJo
h vdyk J jynfov
l x
l q
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a&mif;wmrsK;d aygh/ aemufwpfcu k Ekid if aH &;abm*aA'
(Political economic) taeeJY Munhf&ifvnf; tpdk;& aiGacs;&ygw,f/
u jynfov l xl q k u D kd pepfwus enf;rSev f rf;rSeef YJ aiG 'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth
acs;wJh Positive Trend ukd awGU&ygw,f/ ykrH eS t f m;jzihf
tpd;k &rsm;[m tJo h vdyk J jynfov l xl q k u D kd aiGacs;&yg jzpfvmzdkY?
w,f/ 'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth jzpfvmzdkY? Stock Market ay:vmzdq
Yk w
kd muawmh
Stock Market ay:vmzd k Y q d k w muawmh trsm;yd k i f
trsm;ydik u
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H umpHehJ
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jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfawmeJY zufpyfukrÜPDwpfckyJ
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d ek ;f u vkyx
f m;wJh
wrf ; International Accounting Standard eJ Y ppfwrf;awGt&awmh
udu k n f zD u Ykd jynfov l xl k (Public) udk yGiv fh if;jrifom
wJh pm&if;Z,m;awG xkwjf yefzYkd vdt k yfygw,f/ txl;
ojzih f ud k , f h & J U b@ma&;tajctae (Financial qufqaH &;t&rf;aumif;wJh Edik if w
H pfEikd if q
H &kd if pD;yGm;
Position) udk ay:ay:xifxif rjyEdi k o
f a&GUawmh Stock a&;vnf ; t&rf ; tqif a jyEd k i f w ,f / tJ h a wmh
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ig;ESpfavmuf tcsdef,l&OD;r,f/ csufcsif;BuD;awmh vmrSm aocsmw,f/ aemufwpfcsuu f Ekid if w H pfEidk if H
ray:Edik af o;bl;/ 'gayr,fh Capilal Market awmh ay: taeeJYMunhf&ifawmifrS EkdifiH&JU EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJrI
aeNyD/ 'gudku 'Dig;ESpfavmuftwGif;rSm pdwfcs&wJh [m tJh'DEdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfap
aiGwu kd pf mcsKyaf wGeYJ Trading vkyMf u? wpfzufuvnf; ygw,f/
trsm;ydkifukrÜPDawGtaeeJY enf;vrf;wus vkyfMu
r,f qd&k ifawmh ig;ESpaf vmuftwGi;f rSm Stock Market ar;/ / ,aeY uReaf wmfw&Ykd UJ jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;
ay:vmzdYk arQmrf eS ;f vdYk &ygw,f/ [m ukeo f ,
G rf I (Trade) eJY ukepf nfa&mif;0,fazmuf
q&mOD;at;ausmf/ / Business Environment um;rI Hard Economy awGay:rSmom rScD akd e&ygw,f/
Bu;D xJrmS u Forces tcGu J av;awGtaeeJY 'D Politi- After 2010 rS m Soft Economy, Service Industry

ocal Forces &Sw d ,f/ aemuf Social wdYk Technolgi-cal awGjzpfwJh Cohsulantancy, Service, Law fim pwJh
wd&Yk w dS ,f/ tJ'h rD mS olu qufpyfaew,f/ Politi-cal knowledge Economy awG z G H U Nzd K ;vmEd k i f y g ovm;

tajctaet&rf;aumif;wJh wpfEkdifiHeJYwpfEdkifiH cifAsm/

87
OD;0ifhausmf/ / 2010 uawmh Transaction t&ifwek ;f u xkwv f yk rf v I yk if ef; puf&Hk 10
Period vdjk zpfaew,f/ 2009 udk oef;acgifva Ykd jymvdYk &kH&Sdwkef;u bmrS0efaqmifrIay;zdkY rvdktyfao;bl;
&S&d if 2010 u oef;acgiftvGeu f av;yJ&adS o;w,f/ xifayr,fh puf&Hk 100 jzpfvmwJt h cgrSm Production
t&kPrf a&mufao;bl;/ 'Dawmh odyNf y;D expectations eJY Operation udk Consultancy ay;wJh vkyif ef;rsK;d awG?
awmh vkyv f rYkd &ao;bl;/ ck 2010 Second Half aygh/ Total Quality Mangement (TQM) ppfaq;aqmif &Guf
tJ'DrSmawmh enf;enf;av; pD;yGm;a&; jyefwufvm oif M um;ay;wmrsKd ; awG ? ISO vk y f a y;r,f h tzJ G U
vdrrhf ,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd q J akd wmh wd&k pfqifrf (Tourism) tpnf;rsK;d awG ay:vmygvdrrhf ,f/ tJah wmh Second-
uvnf; acgif;armhvmwm&,f EU uvnf; a&xGuf ary Sector wd k Y ? Primary Sector wd k Y t&S d e f t [k e f
ypön;f awGukd zGiafh y;vmwm&,faMumifh Local pD;yGm; jrifv h mavav? xkxnfyrmP Bu;D vmavav olu Y kd
a&;[m aumif;vmEkdifw,f/ 'DMum;xJrSm EkdifiHa&; Support ay;wJ h Service vkyfief;awGu aemufu
uvnf; aumif;wJh tvm;tvm Positive Changes vdu k v f m&avavyJ/ 'Dawmh Service Sector u wd;k
jzpfcJhr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;[m 2010? udw k ;kd wufvmrSmyg/ Oyrm- vGecf w hJ t
hJ ESpf 50? 60
2011 rSm aocsmaygufaumif;vmygvdrrfh ,f/ cifAsm; u UK Edik if u H 0efBu;D csKyuf aemuftESpf 50 qdo k w l Ykd
wdkY uRefawmfwdkY arQmfvifhxm;wJh Service Industry UK Ed k i f i H [ m urÇ m ud k Soft Commodities Export

vnf; trsm;Bu;D zGUH NzKd ;vmEdik yf gw,f/ vkyw f matmifjrifwhJ vkyif ef;jzpfr,fvYkd BuKd a[mude;f
OD;at;ausmf/ / acwf a wG pepf a wG uvnf ; xkwfcJhw,f/
tqifq h ifwh ;kd wufvmwmyJav/ ck q&mwdYk jrefrm tck British Council uwqif h Export
EdkifiHu Primary Sector vdkYac:wJh v,f,mom;ig; vkyfvdkufwJh British Qualification [m ,aeY UK &JU
xkwu f ek f u@u ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm vkyu f idk v
f mcJw h m Soft Commoditiy ygyJ/ wu,fawmh Service Industry
yJav/ wpfcg Secondary Sector jzpfwhJ pufrI vufrI qdw k m acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufwhJ Edik if w H pfc&k UJ jy,k*yf gyJ/
vkyif ef;uvnf; twkid ;f twmwpfct k xd &Sd vmNy/D wpfenf;tm;jzifh jynfov l x
l &k UJ Quality of Life udk
tJh'D wwd,tqifhjzpfwJh 0efaqmifrI (Serv-ice) vnf; Support vkyfygw,f/ 'Dawmh Service Sector
vkyif ef;vTmyJ zGNYH zKd ;zd&Yk ydS gw,f/ [m rvGrJ aoG rMumcifrmS yJ tBu;D tus,af y:vm
tJ'D zGHUNzdK;rItvm;tvmxJu avmavm vdrfhr,fvdkY q&mawmh,HkMunfw,f/
q,f jrefrmjynfrSm cdkifcdkifrmrm jyvdkY&wmuawmh
yk*v ¾ u d bPfvyk if ef;? yk*v ¾ ud use;f rma&;vkyif ef;? ar;/ / Afer 2010 rSm Stock Market a&m Boom
aemuf ICT vkyfief;wdkYyg/ 'gayr,fh t&Sdeft[kef jzpfvmEdkifygovm;/ wu,fvdkYjzpfvm r,fqdk&if
aumif;jcif; raumif;jcif;qkw d m&,f xkxnfBu;D jcif; b,fvdk Infrastructure awGvdkygovJ../
ao;jcif; qdw k m&,fom pum;ajymaewmyg/ aemuf OD;0ifhausmf/ / tJ'guawmh t"duçu trsm;ydik f
wpfcg 'Dbufu Primary Sector yJjzpfjzpf? Secondary ukrÜPDawG Listed ukrÜPDawGjzpfzdkYtwGuf b,fvdk
Sector yJjzpfjzpf? ESpc f k pvk;H yJjzpfjzpf wtm;rsm;vmNyD Qualification awG&z
dS v
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wwd, Service Sector yJ/ ukrÜPDawGu Limited vdkYac:wJh Constraint wpfck

88
twGif;rSmyJ wnfaxmifvdkY&w,f/ 'D Constraint tJh'D Criteria awG[m EkdifiHwumpHeJY owfrSwfwm
twGi;f rSm 'D Constraint eJu Y u
kd n
f w
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f m &So
d vdk UK &JUpH? US &JUpH? Japan &JUpH enf;enf;uGv J rJG I
awGu wu,fawmh Quality rjzpfb;l / av;awG &Sdw,f/
'Dawmh wu,f Quality jzpfwJh Director tJah wmh 'Dae&mrSm jrefrmEkid if t H wGuf vdt k yf
awGcefYtyfr,f/ wu,fh International Accounting wJh pHowfrw S cf suu
f kd azmfxw k o
f wfrw S af y;zdYk vdyk g
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us,v f mwJh vkyf uGuu f kd 'Dbufu aoaocsmcsmeJY taeeJY Transparancy &Szd v Ykd ykd gw,f/ Oyrm Edik if w H um
pepfwusvyk rf ,f qd&k if 'gawGu jzpfEikd w f ,f/ Oyrm rSm usiohf ;kH aewJh pHwpfcq k &kd if Public Company wpfck
a&xGufvkyfief;vdk[mrsKd;? Hotel ESifh Tourism vdk &JU Board of Director tzGUJ xJrmS tcsed jf ynfh &k;H xkid w f hJ
[mrsK;d ? opfvyk if ef;vd[ k mrsK;d ? yJv[kd mrsK;d rSm aqmif Non-Executive Director qdw k m&S&d w,f/ vpmcH pm;cGihf
&GuEf ikd yf gw,f/ wpfzufuvnf; vufawGUvky&f if;eJY
jynf o l a wG u d k Stock Market eJ Y ywf o wf w J h
knowledge ay;zdv Yk t
kd yfygw,f/ aemuf Regulation ? tajccHuawmh
Oya'/ Oya'uawmh qGJxm;wmMumNyD/ twnf public limited Company awG
rjyK&ao;bl;/ tJh'gudk twnfjyKay;&r,f/ aemuf
Bu;D MuyfwhJ tzGUJ zJUG zdv Yk t
kd yfygw,f/ Bu;D Muyfwt hJ zGUJ rSm trsm;Bu;D &S&d r,f/ 'gayr,fh
vnf; wu,fh Stock Market udk uRr;f usiw f o hJ al wG 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&mar;cGe;f wpfcu
k
ygzdYk vdt k yfygw,f/
Public Limited Company rsm;wdi
k ;f
OD;at;ausmf/ / Stock Market wpf c k a y:jcif ;
ray:jcif;qdkwmuawmh olYtay:rSm vTrf;rdk;tusKd; Stock Exchange? Stock Market
oufa&mufwJhtcsufawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ q&m jzpfrvm;qdkvJ?
OD ; 0if h a usmf u awmh Bank ynm&S i f j zpf w J h t wG u f
ydkNyD;jynhfjynhfpHkpHkajymNyD;oGm;ygNyD/ q&mhbufuawmh
'gvaJ jymvdYk r&ao;jyefb;l /
Perspective wpfbufuae ajymygr,f/ Public Limited Company awGxu
J
eHygwfwpf tajccHuawmh public limited Stock Exchange rSm
Company awGtrsm; Bu;D &S& d r,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dae&mrSm
ar;p&mar;cGef;wpfck u Public Limited Company Listed jzpf&avmufatmif
rsm;wdkif; Stock Exchange? Stock Market jzpfrvm; t&nftcsi;f eJjh ynfrU w
D hJ
qdkvJ 'gvJajym vdkYr&ao;jyefbl;/ Public Limited
Company awG&r
dS rS sm;rSyJ
Company awG x J u Stock Exchange rS m Listed

jzpf&avmufatmif t&nftcsi;f eJjY ynhrf w D hJ Company 'D Stock Exchange qdw

k m
awG&rdS S rsm;rSy'J D Stock Exchange qdw k mjzpfvmr,f/ jzpfvmr,f/
Listed jzpfzq Ykd kd &if oufqikd &f mpH (Criteria) awG&v dS mNy/D

89
awGukd Non Executive Director eJY Executue Direct
awG u Board of Director tzG J U taeeJ Y qH k ; jzwf
Mu&ygw,f/ tJ'grsK;d qd&k if vuf&dS Local rSmusio hf ;kH zdYk
rvG,u f yl gbl;/ vuf&dS jrefrmEdik if rH mS Public Comp-
any wpf&m&Sd&if wpf&mpvHk; &JU Executive Director
U WINT KYAW
awG[m olwdkY&JU vkyfcvpm &ykdifcGifhcHpm;cGifhawGudk
olwb Ykd momyJ owfrw S yf g w,f/ Ekid if w
H umpHrmS awmh Date of Birth - 31 May, 1947
tJhovdk r[kwfygbl;/ Education - B.com (Banking, Finance and Insur
aemufwpfcg Audit Comittee a&G;wmutp ance),1967 Institute of Economics,
jrefrmEdkifiHrSmu Public Company awG awmfawmf Yangon.
rsm;rsm;rSm vufoihf&mqGJcefYqdkwJh Director awG - R.L (Registerred lawyer), 1963
&Sad ew,f/ tJ'h gu Stock Exchange rSm Listed jzpfzkdY Department of Higher Education
rvG,yf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh Director awG taeeJY Director Position - Course Director of LCCI Account
wpfa,mufrvkyrf D jrefrmEdik if H ukrP Ü rD sm; tufOya' ing at KMD
t& Director wpfa,muf&UJ Roles and Responsibilities, - part Time lecturer of Management,
Accountability awGudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/
ABE(london)/ KMD
Edik if w
H umrSmawmh Director awGtwGuf oifah wmfwhJ - part Time Lecture of Financial
level tqif h t &ay;wJ h oif w ef ; awG & S d w ,f /
Mangement, Myanmar Egress
Education uae Input ryg&if wjcm;aom tpm;xd;k
&r,fh Alternative Inputs awGu Tranning eJY Reading
yJ&Sdygw,f/ U AYE KYAW
aemufwpfcsufu Stock Exchange wpfck
Set-up vk y f z d k Y v d k t yf w J h ICT Infrustructure awG ?
Date of Birth - 1959
Telecomm -unication Infrastructvre awGvdkygw,f/
Education - B.A (Eco-
Regulat-ing Bodies awG ? Facilitating Bodies awG
nomics), 1980
trsm;BuD ; vd k y gw,f / Stock Exchange
taMumif;ajymwJh Seminar awG? Stock Exchange Institute of Economics, Yangon.
taMumif;a&;wJh *sme,f? r*¾Zif;awGutpaygh/ - Post Graduate Diploma (CIM,UK)

- Fellow (F.A.B.E) (ABF, UK)

(aemuf w pf v quf y grnf ) Position - MD, Myanmar Human Resources
vif ; od k u f n G e f Y (jref r mh a jr) (MHR)

- Senior Professional (SHRM, USA)

90
 Ny;D cJw
h v
hJ u wifjycJw h hJ Capital Market ay: udk
tajccHNyD; wjznf;jznf;eJY zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmwJhtcg
Stock Market taeeJY jzpfay:vmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
'Dae&mrSm wpfco k wdjyK&rSmu ,aeYurÇmay:rSm xif
&Sm;wJh e,l;a,muf? &Se[ f ikd ;f ? wdu
k sKd pwJh Stock Market
BuD ; awG tm;vH k ; [m aeY c sif ; ncsif ; jzpf a y:
vmMuwmr[kwyf gbl;/ ckeuajymcJw h hJ Capital Market
awG t ay:ud k tajcwnf N yD ; pepf w useJ Y ES p f
&Snfvrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmMuwmjzpfygw,f/
pma&;olwYkd Ekid if rH mS vnf; Capital Market qdk
wmuawmh awmfawmfMumcJhwJh ESpfawGuwnf;u
&SNd y;D om;yg/ t&Sed t f [keaf umif;aumif;eJY xkxnfyrm
PBuD ; BuD ; Boom rjzpf v mao;wmyJ & S d y gw,f /
'gayr,fh rMumao;cifumvuyJ tpd;k &u xkwaf 0
a&mif;cscJhwJh aiGwdkufpmcsKyftrsKd;tpm;topfawG
uawmh jrefrmh Stock Market twGuf aumif;rGew
tvm;tvmawGvYkd qd&k ygr,f/ 'gayr,fh aiGwu kd f
pmcsKyaf wG&UJ twd;k EIe;f [m aiGpb k Pftwd;k EIe;f xuf
enf;aeao;wmrdYk &if;ES;DS jrK§ yEf o
HS al wGtwGuf pOf;pm;
p&mjzpf o vd k aps;uG u f z G H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf (Market
Development) jzpfvmzdv Yk nf; trsm;Bu;D aqmif&u G f
&ygOD;r,f/
bPfvkyfief; uRrf;usifynm&Sifq&mOD;0ifh
ausmfuawmh jreffrmh Capital Market udk pepfwus
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmatmif 0kdif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Muovdk
wpfzufrSmvnf; Stock Market twGufvdktyfwJh
Regulations awG Infrastructure awGudk jznhfqnf;
wnfaqmufoGm;Mur,fqdk&if jrefrmh Stock Market
[m ig;ESpt f wGi;f ay:aygufvmEdik w f ,fvYkd oH;k oyf
ajymMum;ygw,f/ txl;ojzihf Stock Market ay:
aygufvmzdYk t&nftcsi;f rDS Listed jzpfwhJ trsm;ydik f
Public Company awG rsm;pGmay:aygufvmzdv Yk kd w,fvYkd
f hJ qdkygw,f/ MHR oifwef;ausmif; rS q&mOD;at;
ausmu f vnf; Public Comany awG&UJ Board of Directors
91
awGtaeeJYvnf; t&nftaoG; jynhf0wJh Director axmifeJY 0,fxm;w,fqdkygpdkY/ wpfESpfjynhfwJhtcg
awG jzpfMuzdv Yk t kd yfw,fvYkd qdyk g w,f/ olY&S,f&mtwGuf&wJh tom;wiftjrwf (ROI) u
Stock Market &J U t"d y Ü g ,f u awmh &S i f ; yg oH;k &m? aemuf ol0,fcw hJ hJ &S,&f m&JU vuf&adS ygufaps;
w,f/ oufqikd &f mtzGUJ tpnf; ukrP Ü aD wG&UJ &ydik cf iG hf u axmifEh pS &f mqd&k if ol&l UJ Capital Gain u ESp&f mvdYk
tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;cGifhpwmawGudk a&mif;0,fMuwJh ,l&ygr,f/ 'gaMumifh -
aps;uGufudk Stock Market vdkYac:ygw,f/ pmpum; Capital Gain = vuf&& dS ,
S &f maps;-rlv&S,&f maps;
eJYajym&ifawmh ukrÜPDrsm;&JU pawmh&S,f,mawGudk = 1200 - 1000
a&mif;0,fMuwJb h @ma&;aps;uGuf (Financial Market) 'gaMumifh OD;b&JU tjrwfa0pk dividend u
yg/ tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k UJ t"du pawmhaps;uGuf dividend = ROI (profit) + Capital Gain
Bu;D 3 ckuawmh - = 300 + 200
(1) e,la,mufpawmhaps;uGuf = 500
(2) tar&duef pawmhaps;uGuf jzpfygw,f/
(3) tmrcH pmcsKyrf sm;qdik &f m trsK;d om;tzGUJ Stock Market [m EkdifiHwpfEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;
tpnf;wdjYk zpfNy;D awmh wjcm; vef'ef? wdu k sK?d &Se[
f ikd ;f ? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufzdkYudk rsm;pGm taxmuftyHhay;EkdifwJh
z&efYbwf pwJh urÇmausmfpawmhaps;uGufBuD;awG armif;ESit f m; (Driving Force) Bu;D wpf&yf jzpfyg w,f/
vnf; EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm&SdMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; pawmhaps;uGufudkawmh pepfwus
ukrP Ü w D pfc?k tzGUJ tpnf;wpfc&k UJ pawmh&, S f xde;f n§d aqmif&u G Mf uzdYk vdt k yfygw,f/ urÇmph ;D yGm;
,mudk 0,f,ludkifaqmifxm;olukdawmh tpk&Sif ysuu f yf (Great Depression) (1929-1941) Bu;D [m
(Stock Holder) wpfenf;tm;jzihf Share Holder vdYk ac: 1929 urÇmph awmhaps;uGuf tNyKd aMumifh jzpfwm vdYk
ygw,f/ Stock Holder rsm;taeeJY ud, k &hf UJ Stock ydik f abm*aA'ynm&Sif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ,lqMu
qdik rf t I vduk f tusK;d tjrwfcpH m;cGi&hf NdS y;D &S,&f mta& wmrdYk pawmhaps;uGuaf wGukd xde;f n§ad qmif&u G zf u
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website : www.knowledgebridge.net
Ph: 09 50 43164, 09 50 98606

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pufjyefwufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh USB rS Slax OS udk vG,fulpGm
tok;H jyKEikd Nf yD jzpfygw,f/ arwåmvufaqmif CD xJwiG f þvkyaf qmifyHk
tqifq h ifth m; Video zdik t f aejzifh xnfx h m;ay;ygw,f/ Slax OS twGuf
Nvidia Driver, ATI Driver, Realtek Driver, Wifi Wireless Driver rsm;xnfo h iG ;f
ay;xm;wJhtwGuf udk,fwdkif Installation vkyfMunfhEdkifygw,f/

cspf r if ; yk d i f

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N/A - Not Acceptable NB - Nota Bene
vufrcHEdkifyg/ wpf p H k w pf & mud k owd j yKrd a p&ef ½G w f q d k a vh & S d a om
N/A - Not Applicable tmar#dwfpum;/
toHk;csvdkYr&yg/ NBD - No Big Deal
N/A - Not Available cufcufcJcJBuD; r[kwfygbl;/
r&&SdEdkifao;yg/ NBTD - Nothing Better To Do
N/C - Network Interface Card vkyfaqmifzkdY ykdrkdaumif;rGefwJh t&mr&Sdbl;/
uGef&ufwpfcktwGif; 0ifa&mufqufoG,ftokH;jyKEkdif NC - No Comment
&eftwGuf uGe&f ufppfpwefwiG f wyfqiftok;H jyK& aom a0zefp&mr&Sdyg/
uGef&ufqufoG,frIu'f/ NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement
N/M - Never Mind xkwaf zmfrrI &Sad om oabmwlncD su/f
udpör&Sdygbl;/ NE1 - Anyone
N1 - Nice One wpfpHkwpfa,muf/
aumif;rGefwJh t&mwpfck/ NFS - Network File System
N2S - Needless 2 Say zdkif (file) rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;ygoHk;vdkY&atmif jyKvkyf
ajymzdkYawmifrvdkbl;/ ay;aom y½dk*&rfpepfwpfck/
NADT - Not A Darn Thing
NG - New Guy
jyifqifcsKyfxm;wJh t&mwpfckr[kwfbl;/
vlopf/
NAGI - Not A Good Idea
NG - News Group
aumif;wJhtBuHÓPfwpfckr[kwfbl;/
tifwmeufudktoHk;jyKí uGefjyLwmjzifh aqG;aEG;jcif;
NAHM - Not A Happy Man
pepf (usenet) ay:wGifaqG;aEG;yJG jyKvkyfolrsm;tkyfpk/
aysmf½TifwJh vlwpfa,mufr[kwfyg/
NG - No Good
NAHW - Not A Happy Woman
aysmf½TifwJh trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufr[kwfyg/ raumif;bl;/
NAK - Not Acknowledged NHOH - Never Heard Of Her
todtrSwfrjyKyg/ olrtaMumif;udk rMum;jzpfbl;/
NALOPKT - Not A Lot Of People Know That NHOH - Never Heard Of Him
'gudkodwm vltrsm;BuD;r[kwfbl;/ olYtaMumif;udk rMum;jzpfbl;/

101
NHTOB - Never Heard That One Before NPLU - Not People Like Us
t&ifwkef;u 'DwpfckudkrMum;zl;bl;/ igwdkYeJYwlwJh vlawGr[kwfbl;/
NIAA - No Idea At All NPNG - No Pain No Gain
vHk;0 OD;aESmufajcmufaew,f/ temcHrS? tompH&rnf/
NIC - Network Interface Card NQA - No Questions Asked
uGef&uftwGif; uGefysLwmrsm; qufoG,frIjyKvkyfEdkif ar;p&mbmar;cGef;rS r&Sdygbl;/
&eftwGuf system wGif wyfqiftoHk;jyK&aomu'f/ NRN - No Reply Necessary
NICBDAT - Nothing Is Certain But Death And Taxes taMumif;jyefp&m rvdkbl;/
aojcif;w&m;ESifh tcGefrSvGJí b,ft&mrS usdef;ao NSFW - Not Suitable For Work
wdusrIr&Sdbl;/ tvkyftwGuf roifhavsmfyg/
NIDWTC - No I Don’t Want To Chat NT - No Text
ig tifwmeufuae pum;rajymcsifbl;/ taMumif;t&mr&Sdbl;/
NIME - Not In My Experience NTDW - Nothing To Do With
igh&JU tawGUtBuHKt& r[kwfbl;/ vkyfp&mbmrS r&Sdbl;/
NINO - Nothing In, Nothing Out NTDWI - Nothing To Do With It
t0ifr&Sd? txGufr&Sd/ vkyfp&mbmrS r&Sdbl;/
NITS - Nervous In The Service NTFS - New Technology File System
vkyfief;cGifwGif &ifwkefpdk;&drfjcif;/ uGeyf sLwm\ Hard Disk ay:wGif zkid rf sm;udk odr;f qnf;
NK - New Kid onfhpepf FAT (File Allocation Table) xuf ydkrkd
csmwdwftopf/ omvGefaumif;rGefonfhzkdifpepf/
NM - Never Mind NTG - Not Too Good
udpör&Sdbl;? &ygw,f/ odyfraumif;bl;/
NM - Not Much NTK - Need To Know
rrsm;bl;/ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdaomyk*¾dKvf^ ta&;BuD;aomtcsuf/
NMJ - Not My Job NTK - Nice To Know
igh tvkyfr[kwfbl;/ odp&maumif;w,f/
NMN - No Middle Name NTL - Nevertheless
tv,feHrnfr&Sdyg/ odkYygaomfjim;vnf;/
NMP - Not My Problem NTL - Nonetheless
ighjyóemr[kwfbl;/ odkYygaomfjim;vnf;/
NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol NW - Next Week
tif w meuf r S w qif h tjyef t vS e f a qG ; aEG ; rI o wif ; vmrnft
h ywf? aemuftywf/
aqmif;yg;udk zvS,fay;aomtpDtpOfwpfck/ NW - No Way
NOPE - Not On Planet Earth enf;vrf;r&Sdbl;/
urÇmN*dKvf ajrBuD;ay:rSmr[kwfbl;/ NYM - New York Minute
NOYB - None Of Your Business wpfpw
kH pfcu
k kd csujf cif;jyKvyk v
f rd rhf nf[q
k adk om pum;pk/
rif;vkyfief;udpöbmrSr&Sdygbl;/ NYP - Not Your Problem
NP - No Problem rif;&JUjyóem r[kwfbl;/
udpör&Sdygbl;/
NPAA - No Problem At All ausmfausmfOD;
at;at;aq;aq;bJ? bmjyóemrS vHk;0r&Sdygbl;/
NPF - No Problem Found
bmjyóemrS rawGUbl;/

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