FINAL DRAFT Aug 30, 2015 ‘THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia National Context Indonesia is a nascent yet stable democracy, the fourth most populous country in the world. It now has the largest generation of young people and the greatest number of working-age people in its history. Despite continuous, multidecade economic growth, approximately 11% of Indonesia's population is living below the poverty line. In the coming three decades, the population is expected to grow at 1% each year, creating the need for expanding employment ‘opportunities. To lift people out of poverty, the government is promoting economic development Projected to average al least 5% per year, in the hope that this will reduce the poverty rate to below 4% by 2025, AAs the largest archipelagic country in the world, with its intemationally recognized Archipelago Doctrine (Wawasan Nusantara), indonesia promotes its maritime vision through development Policy directives and strategies. Indonesia has a vital role to play in combatting global climate change, given its pivotal geographic position in the global ocean conveyor belt (thermohaline Circulation), and its extensive tropical rainforests, with their high biodiversity, high carbon stock values and energy and mineral resources. At the same time, Indonesia is vulnerable to natural Gisasters that will likely be exacerbated by climate change, especially in low-lying areas throughout the archipelago. Therefore Indonesia views integrated land- and ocean-based climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts as a critical strategic consideration in achieving climate resilience in food, water and energy. The Indonesian Constitution states, inter alia, that “every person shall have the right. to enjoy a good and healthy environment.” As climate change becomes a reality, Indonesia must continue to seek a balance between its current and future development priorities. Indonesia's strategic development goals, known as the Nawacita (or Nine Agenda Priorities), charts the transitional path towards realizing meaningful and long-term changes, aligning Indonesia's vision 2s 2 politically sovereign and economically setf-eliant nation with deep roots in its cultural identity. Nawacita's aspirations include protecting Indonesian citizens, encouraging rural and regional development, improving the quality of life for all citizens, and improving productivity and global competitiveness. These core goals are consistent with the national commitment to climate change resilience, where climate change adaptation and mitigalion are integrated, cross-cutting priorities of the National Medium-Term Development Plan. Indonesia's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) outlines the country's transition fo @ low carbon future by describing the enhanced actions and the necessary enabling environment during the 2015-2019 period that will lay the foundation for more ambitious goals beyond 2020, contributing to the concerted effort to prevent 2°C increase in global temperature. i aSFor 2020 and beyond, Indonesia envisions achieving archipelagic climate resilience as a result of comprehensive adaptation and mitigation programs and disaster risk reduction strategies. Indonesia has set ambitious goals for sustainability related to production and consumption of food, water, and energy. These goals will be achieved by supporting empowerment and capacity building, improved provision of basic services in health and education, technological innovation, and sustainable natural resource management, in complience with principles of good governance. Mitigation According to Indonesia's Second National Communication of 2010, national GHG emissions were estimated to be 1,800 MtCO,¢ in 2005. This represents an increase of 400 MtCO-e compared to 2000, Most emissions (63%) are the result of land use change and peat fires, with combustion of fossil fuels contnbuting approximately 19% of total emissions. Recent stakeholder concems have also raised questions about the contributions of fossil eneroy resource extraction to national GHG emissions from land use change. The Indonesia baseline uses the business as usual scenario of emission projections starting in 2010, based on historical trajectory (2000-2010), projected increases in the energy sector, and the absence of mitigation actions In 2009, Indonesia voluntarily committed to reduce emissions by 26% on its own efforts, and up to 41% with international support, against the business as usual scenario by 2020, assuming 7% annual economic growth. Beyond 2020, Indonesia envisions an even bolder commitment to emission reductions. As an expression of its previous commitmanis, the Government of Indonesia has promulgated relevant legal and policy instruments, including the national action plan on greenhouse gas emissions reduction, an inventory of greenhouse gases, and a national action plan on adaptation to climate change. In recent years Indonesia has taken significant steps to reduce emissions from Land Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in the forestry sector, by instituting @ moratorium on the clearing of primary forests, and by prohibiting conversion of peat land from 2010-2016. REDD+ has also been a priority initiative, implemented through Demonstration Areas (DAs) end voluntary initiatives throughout forested regions of the archipelago. Indonesia will protect its remaining forests by reducing deforestation and forest degradation, supporting ecosystem restoration and social forestry through the active particigation of the private sector, small and medium enterprises, and local communities - in both the planning and implementation stages. To achieve these targets, ¢ total of 12.7 million hectares of forest area has been designated for social forestry, ecosystem restoration, conservation and sustainable use, with strong emphasis on encouraging greater participation of the most vulnerable groups, especially adat communities and women. A landscape-seale and ecosystem management approach, emphasizing the role of sub-national jurisdictions, is seen as ertical to ensuring greater, more enduring benefits from these initiatives Energy resources have not been used efficiently in Indonesia because prices were kept artificially low through government subsidies. These subsidies have helped fuel an increase in energy use where average annual growth in energy consumption has exceeded average annual GOP growth. To overcome the above burden, the Government of Indonesia supports a mixed energy use policy, with at least 23% coming from new and renewable energy by 2025 2 XNIndonesia has also established the development of clean energy sources as a national policy directive. Collectively, these policies will put Indonesia on the path to de-carbonization. For the waste menagement sector, the existing Government of Indonesia commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are 48 M{CCe (26% scenario) and 78 MtCO;e (41% scenatio) by 2020. This will be achieved through the development of a comprehensive strategy to improve policy and institutional capacity at the local level, enhance management capacity of urban waste water, reduce landfill waste by promoting the “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’ approach, and the utilization of waste and garbage into energy production. The Business As Usual baseline was developed using projections from historical data and population growth, as well as estimates of future waste management practices, such as MDG targets for domestic wastewater treatment, consistent with Law 18 of 2008 regarding Waste Management. The Govemment of Indonesia is commitled to further reduce emissions by 2020 and beyond, through comprehensive and coherent policy development, institutional strengthening, improved financial and funding mechanisms, technology innovation, and sacial-cultural approaches. Based on available data from the country’s most recent emissions level assessment, the indicative unconditional reduction target is 29% of the business as usual scenario by 2030. To date, efforts to measure emissions have underscored the need for consolidating hoth methods and data sources, to ensure the high degree of accuracy needed for implementing the INDC, especially for the period beyond 2020 Adaptation As an archigelagic state with extensive low-lying areas, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. indonesia has already experienced extreme dimate events ‘such as floods and drought, and will likely see long-term effects from sea level rise. As the Indonesian population grows, climate change-induced natural disasters will impact 2 greater number of people and their assets, making it more difficult for them to rise out of poverty. tt is believed that climate change will increase the risk of hydro-meteorological disasters, which make up 80% of disaster occurrences in Indonesia. The poorest and most marginalized populations tend to live in high-risk areas thet are prone to flooding, landslides, sea level rise, and water shortages during drought. Most of these areas have experienced rapid urbanization, reaching 50% in 2010. The Govemment of Indonesia considers climate mitigation and adaptation efforts as an integrated concept that is essential for building resilience in safeguarding food, water and energy resources, and has made significant efforts toward developing and implementing a National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) which provides 2 framework for adaptation initiatives that has been mainstreamed into the National Development Plan, With the understanding that building resilience requires a continuous process, adaptation needs and costs for indonesia will keep growing as climate change continues. Therefore, Indonesia's primary adaptation goals are to maintain a strong national economy, ensure food security, as ‘well as protect people's livelinoods and welfare by building community and sectoral resilience. Adaptation actians will emphasize community empowerment, in order to increase resilience and Capacity in addressing the adverse effects of climate change. ‘Climate change presents significant risks for Indonesie’s natural resources that will in tum impact the production and distribution of food, water and energy. In order for Indonesia to reduce its vuinerabilily to climate change, it must strengthen its overall capacity for building resilience on economic, social, livelihood, landscape and ecosystem management. Adaptation actions beyond 2020 will be prioritized based on sectors of agriculture, water, energy security, forestry, maritime and fisheries, health, public service, infrastructure, and urban system. Indonesia is also committed to pursuing a convergent policy on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Planning Process The Goverment of Indonesia has demonstrated its strona commitment to institutional development by establishing the Directorate General of Climate Change, under the newly merged Ministry of Environment end Forestry. Established by Presidential Regulation No 16 cf 2015, the Directorate General serves as the national focal point for the Convention of the Parly (COP) of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC). In order to effectively coordinate ongoing relevant programs and processes being implemented by a variety of government sectors and stakeholders, the MoEF has also established an ad-hoc National Steering Council on Climate Change Te further strengthen institutional capacity, Indonesia has developed appropriate legal insiraments for environmental protection and management, spatial planning, energy, and coastal and small islands management. In addition to these legal instruments, Indonesia has created regulatory frameworks specifically on climate change mitigation, and the National Action Plan on Adaptation to Climate Change (RAN-API) which has been meinstreamed into the National Development Plan. In the preparation of the INDC, the Govemment of Indonesia has conducted consultations with various stakeholders representing academia, the private sector, and civil society organizations; these consultations have included workshops and consultations organized at both the national and local levels. The preparation of the INDG has also taken into account the Post-2015 ‘Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) particularly the following ‘+ Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts * Ending poverty «Promoting food security and sustainable agriculture Achieving gender equality Ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water ‘Access to affordable, reliable, and ranawable energy for all * Sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth = Resilient infrastructure ‘* Sustainable consumption and production patterns Conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources, Protecting, restoring and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, ‘sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss. \Strategic Approach Indonesia requires a comprehensive and thorough plan to effectively implement sustainable production and consumption patterns, benefiting from the traditional wisdom of our edat communities. Therefore, the strategic approach of Indonesia's INDC is predicated on the following foundational principles: + Employing a landscape approach:. Recognizing that climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts are inherently multi-sectoral in nature, Indonesia takes an integrated, landscape-scale approach covering terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems Highlighting existing best practices: Recognizing significant strides in multi-stakeholder efforts in combating climate change, Indonesia intends to scale up innovative climate mitigation and adaptation efforts by government, the private sector, and communities. * Mainstreaming climate agenda into development planning: Recognizing the importance of integrating climate change into development and spatial planning and the budgeting process, Indonesia will include key climate change indicators in formulating its development program targets * Promoting climate resilience in food, water and energy: Recognizing the need to fulfil the needs of a growing young population for food, water and energy, Indonesia will improve its management of naturel resources to enhance climate resilience by protecting and restoring key terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. During 2007-2014 the National Development Planning Agency reported that Indonesia had spent « total of about USD 17.48 billion for climate change adaptation, mitigation and supporting activities. Indonesia will continue to provide funding for the implementation of climate change actions and plans, allocating a total of USD 55.01 billion for the period 2015-2079. Indonesia will continue to set aside significant national funding for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions for the period of 2020-2030. In order to maintain consistent and credible accounting from the MRV perspective, Indonesia is establishing a national platform for GHG accounting, the National GHG Inventory Commission and National Registry, an independent body to verify the system used in national MRV. Indonesia's commitment to a low carbon future outlines enhanced actions and puts in place the necessary enabling environment for the 2015-2019 period that will lay the foundation for more ambitious goals beyond 2020. This would provide opportunities for building coherent actions at the national level, with particular emphasis on research, resource mobilization through parinerships, and international cooperation. The Indonesian Environmental Protection and Management Law of 2009 secures the legal framework io support 2015-2019 strategies and actions, which would serve as enabling conditions for long-term policy of 2020 and beyond However, to achieve long-term policy goals, a comprehensive legal harmonisation of all relevant matters related to climate change is seen as critical to meet the daunting challenges of climate change mitigation and adaptation.Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Unconditional Reduction Conditional Reduction Type Coverage Scope Indonesia has committed to reduce unconditionally 26% of its greenhouse gases against the business as usual scenario by the year 2020. The above commitment is a necessary prerequisite for embarking on 2 boléer commitment to further reductions by 2020 and beyond by outlining an emissions reduction plan using an evidence-based and inclusive approach. The commitment will be implemented through improved land use and spatial planning, energy conservation and the promotion of clean and renewable energy Sources, and improved waste management. As stated earlier, Indonesia is committed to reducing emissions by 29% compared to the business as usual scenario by 2030. Indonesia's unconditional reduction target, as stated above, should encourage support from international cooperation, which is expected to help Indonesia achieve a total of 41% reduction in emissions. This commitment has been demonstrated, among ation initiatives from other sectors, in the ongoing development of REDD+ since 2007, with bilateral fernational cooperation substantially contributing to emissions reduction efforts on LULUCF. Indonesia's commitment by 2020 and beyond regarding the additional 15% reduction target is subject to provision of a global agreement, with possible inclusion of bilateral agreements, covering technology transfer, payment for performance mechanisms, technical cooperation, and access to financial resources. Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline Nationwide with a landscape and ecosystem Management approach in both adaptation and mitigation efforts by employing subnational jurisdictional capacity Carbon Dioxide (CO.) Methane (CH,) Nitrous Oxide (N:0) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) \ Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Baseline Financing Fair and Ambitious Perspectives on Vulnerable Groups, including Gender and Adat Communities © Sulfur hexafluoride (SFs) BAU scenario of emission projections starting in 2010, based on historical trajectory (2000-2010), projected increases in the energy sector, and the absence of mitigation actions. For the period 2020-2030, Indonesia will continue to do its best to secure adequate national budget resources for the implementation of mitigation actions. Based on early assessment, the estimated abatement cost under the unconditional scenario is at least USD 12.98 billion in 2030. In order to achieve the target of 41%, additional international financing of at least USD 5.92 billion (abatement cost) in 2030 is required, With regard to adaptation activities, Indonesia will determine the total financial resources needed for 2020 and beyond, based on a thorough analysis of adaptation needs and with disaster risk reduction. Indonesia GDP grawth rate has siowed between 2010- 2015, from 62-85% per annum to only 4.0% (first quarter 2015). Indonesia's population has increased at an average rate of 1.49% during the period cf 2000- 2010, posing challenges for Indonesia in fulfilling energy demand, ensuring food security, and fulfiling livelihood needs. At the same time, poverty alleviation remains a challenge for indonesia, with 10.96% of the population stil living in poverty in 2014, and the unemployment rate at 5.9%, Despite the challenges common to other developing countries, Indonesia is committed to transition its current development pathway toward climate resilience in a phased approach. The pathway towards de- carbonizalion of the economy will be fully integrated into Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan for the period 2019-2024. These policies and actions include an emphasis on encouraging participation of the most vulnerable groups, including adat communities, the poor, and women, in order for the measures to be effectively implemented, and provide equitable benefits for all citizens. .Metric Applied Methodology for Estimating Emissions. Baseline Global Warming Patentiel (GWP) on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC's 4th Assessment Report Inventory is based on 2008 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories and the IPCC GPG for LULUCF INDC emissions from the lanctbased sector are estimated using the IPCC 2006. stock difference approach with country-specitic emission factors. Below- ground emissions from peat decomposition and peat fires have been included in these calculations. Carbon ‘accounting for peat fires is highly influenced by climatic events. All data will refer to the National inventory System of Greenhouse Gases (SIGN SMART), UNFCCC Biennial Update Report (BUR), and FREL-REDD+ document Assumptions used for baseline projection and policy sosnarics for the 2020 to 2030 period are © Long-term economic growth will still be constrained by ineffective land use governance, tenurial insecunty, inefficient energy consumption, and limited quality infrastructure connecting the archipelago, * GDP per capita, population growth, energy intensity, and value added influence the dynamic behavior of each sector and the economy. «Forward-looking emissions baseline projection in the energy sector includes the increase in domestic coal use, * Policy scenario for post 2020 in the eneray sector refers to Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2018-2024 and Nelional Energy Policy (XEN). * No change from other land use calegory to primary forest category. * No change from versa Lifetime production capacity is limited to 20 years in the industry sector. * Waste secior calculations will be carried out for domestic solid waste and industrial waste water. = Mitigation technology in policy scenarios is limited to feasible/commercial technology in the projection period. ‘© Emission factors for all sectors are assumed constant throughout projection period. ¥ jeral land to peat land and vice 8Measurable, Reportable, Verifiable (MRY) Coverage ‘+ Sectors/Source Categories + International Market Mechanisms Disclaimer Indonesia commits to periodically report on its greenhouse gases emissions from various sectors, including the status of emission reduction efforts and results to Secretariat of UNFCCC. Indonesia is currently preparing the Third National Communication Report (TNC), to be submitted by 2076. Indonesia will also meet its obligation to prepare the Biennial Update Report (BUR). According to the latest agreement with UNFCCC, Indonesia will report its mitigation actions covering REDD+ and non-REDD+ initiatives, along with other activities and potential actions. Energy Industrial Processes and Product Use Agriculture Land-use, Land-uise Change and Forestry Waste apnens Indonesia considers maritime emission sources will be important in 2020 and beyond Indonesia will meet its unconditional commitments regardiess of the existence of international market mechanisms. To meet its conditional commitments, Indonesia supports fully bilateral, regional and international market mechanisms that facilitate and ‘expedite technology transfer, payment for performance, technical cooperation, and access to financial resources to support Indonesia's climate mitigation and adaptation efforts towards a climate resilient future. This report reflects the most recent information and analysis by the Indonesian Government. We reserve the right to amend, edit, or make further adjustments to this document as additional information becomes available, including the results of evaluations of new initiatives, »Annex 4. Indonesia Climate Re: jonce Strategy Introduction The Government of Indonesia considers climate mitigation and adaptation efforts as an integrated concept that is essential for building resilience in safeguarding food, water and energy resources. Indonesia also views its development pathway towards climate resilience as consistent with its commitment to contribute to the global effort for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These globel agendes will be contextualized given Indonesia's unique archipelagic geography, and its position within the global ocean conveyor belt (thermohaline circulation) and its extensive tropical rainforests, with their high bicdiversity and high carbon stock value. indonesia is also a nascent yet stable democracy and the fourth mast populous country in the world, with the largest generation of young people and the most working-age people in Its history. Indonesia’s Vulnerability to Climate Change ‘As an archipelagic country with extensive low-lying and small island areas, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Indonesia has already experienced ‘extreme climate events such as floods and drought, and is anticipating long-term impacis from sea level rise. As the Indonesian population grows, climate change-induced natural disasters will affect @ greater number of people and their assets, making it difficult for them to escape poverty, Climate change is believed to increase the risk for hycro-meteorological disasters, which make up 80% of disaster occurrences in Indonesia. The poorest and most marginalized populations tend to live in high-risk areas that are prone to flocding, landslides, sea level rise, and water shortages during drought, As the country with the second longest coastline in the world, Indonesia faces a high risk of coastal inundation and sea level rise that may affect up to 42 million people fiving in low elevation coastal zones. Most of these areas have experienced rapid urbanization, reaching 50% in 2010. The vulnerability of Indonesia's coastal zone is also affected by the rate of deforestation and forest degradation, The loss of forest ecosystems leads to the loss of critical environmental services, providing for water catchment areas, preventing erosion and floods, and protecting against the loss of biodiversity In order for Indonesia to reduce its vulnerability to climate change, it must strengthen its climate fesilience by integrating its adaptation and mitigation efforts in development planning and implementation Xo Priority Actions for Climate Resilience 10In 2010 the Government of Indonesia pledged to reduce emissions by 26% (41% with national support) against the business as usual scenario by 2020. The current ‘administration, under President Joko Widedo, has determined priority actions within the national ‘Nawa Cita (Nine Priority Agendas) framework, which includes protecting Indonesie’s citizens, encouraging rural and regional development, improving the quality of life, and improving productivity and global competitiveness. These core missions ere consistent with the national commitment toward a climate change-resilient development path, in which climate change ‘adaptation and mitigation constitute an integrated and cross-cutting priority of the National Medium-Term Development Plan. The following priorities for enhanced actions in 2015-2019 will be fully integrated into Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan in 2020. Enabling conditions for climate resilience Indonesia's pathway toward climate resilience must be developed by building a strong foundation based on the follawing enabling conditions. * Certainty in spatial planning and land use * Tenutial security © Food security © Water security * Renewable energy Economic resilience Climate change presents significant risks for Indonesie’s naturel resources thet will in turn impact the production and distnibution of food, water and energy. As the population grows, there will be increasing pressures on Indonesia's already limited resources, As a response, Indonesia plans to build resilience into its food, water and energy systems through the following enhanced actions: * Sustainable agriculture and plantations * Integrated watershed management + Reduction of deforestation and forest degradation * Land conservation * Utilization of degraded land for renewable energy © Improved eneray efficiency and consumption patterns Social and Livelihood Resilience Climate change impacts the day-to-day lives of all Indonesians, but most severely Indonesia's most vulnerable populations. Climate change-induced natural disasters will impact 2 oreater number of people living below the paverty line, preventing asset accumulation. Rising food, water and energy prices, which often follow drought, floods, and other disasters, will drive the Poor further into poverty. Socio-economic disparity will potentially contribute to political instability 8 "1in regions most affected by climate change. To prevent further disparity, Indonesia plans to build, social resilience through the following actions: * Enhancement of adaptive capacity by developing early waming systems, broad-based public awareness campaigns, and public heaith programs; Development cf community capacity and participation in local planning processes, to secure access to key natural resources; « Ramping up disaster preparedness programs for natural disaster risk reduction; * Identification of highly vulnerable areas in local spatial and land use planning efforts. = Improvement of human settlements, provision of basic services, and climate resilient infrastructure development. ‘© Conflict prevention and resolution Ecosystem and Landscape Resilience As an archipelagic country with high biodiversity, Indonesia's highly diverse ecosystems and landscapes provide various environmental services such 2s watershed protection, carbon ‘sequestration, disaster risk reduction, etc. in order to build climate resilience, Indonesia must protect and sustain these environmental services by taking an integrated, landscape-based approach in managing its temestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. The following are ‘enhanced actions to support ecosystem and landscape resilience: * Ecosystem conservation and restoration © Social forestry * Coastal zone protection * Integrated watershed management + Climate resilient cities, 12Annex 2. Contribution-based References FORCLIME 2015. Recommendations and Key Messages for the Indonesian FREL Discussions. Presentation at the National Planning end Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 7, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia (GO!). 2015. Action Plan to Address Impact of Climate Change in Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Research and Development Agency under the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Contributing draft to INDC. Gol 2015. Approach and Policy Support to Achieve the INDC of Indonesia, The State Ministry of National Development Planning. Presentation at the National Dialog on INDC. August 12, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. GOI. 2014. Blue Print cn ONE DATA for Sustainable Development. The Presidential Unit for Monitoring and Control of Development. Contributing draft to INDC. Gol. 2015. Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Sector. Sub-directorate of Ecological Disaster and Climate Change Adaptation under the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Contnbuting draft to INDC. GOI. 2016. Environmental Pollution Management to Contribute Carbon Emissions Reduction Directorate General of Environmental Pollution end Degradation Control under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Presentation at the National Dialog on INDC, August 12, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia, GOI. 2015. Implementation of One Map Policy. The Deputy of Coordination of Infrastructure and Regional Development under the Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs. Presentation at the National Dialog on INDC, August 12, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. g 2015, Indonesia National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS): Support for MRV REDD+ and Credible FREL. Research, Development and Innovation Agency under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Presentation at the National Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Changs, August 7, 2016, Jakarta, Indonesia. Gal 2016. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Indonesia, The State Ministry of National Development Planning. Gol 2018. Key Points for the Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC) of Indonesia, Directorate General of Climate Change under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Presentation at the National Dialog on INDC, August 12, 2015, Jakarta, indonesia, GOI. 2015. Land Based Adaptation and Mitigation of the Climate Change. Adaptation and Mitigation Working Group under the Steering Council of Climate Change, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Contributing draft to INDC. GOI, 2015. MRV cf the National and Regional Action Plan on Greenhouse Gases Emissions Reduction. Directorate of Environment under the State Ministry of National Development 13 ‘Planning. Presentation at the National Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 10, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia GOI, 2018. MRV for Indonesia's INDC. Waste Management Working Group of the Steering Council of Climate Change under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. MRV Working Group contribution. GOI. 2015. Preparation of Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) of Indonesia. Directorate of Forest Resources Inventory and Monitoring under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Presentation at the National Planning and implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 7, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. GOl. 2015. Projection of Forest Emission. Directorate General of Forestry Planning and Environmental Management under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Presentation at the Netional Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 7, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. GOl. 2015. Waste Management Program Planning to Support Indonesia INDC. Waste Management Working Group of the Steering Council of Climate Change under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Presentation at the National Dialog on INDC. August 12, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia. GOI. 2015. Waste Management Program Planning to Support Indonesia INDC. Waste Management Working Group of the Steering Council of Climate Change under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Contributing draft to INDC. GO|. 2015, Status of MRV of Forestry Sector. Directorate General of Forestry Planning and Environmental Management under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Presentation at the National Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 10, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia, indonesia Energy Council, 2015. Toward CCS Development and Deployment: Associated Key Issues and Key Elements under the UNFCCC Decisions and Its Experts Meetings. Presentation al Indonesia CCS Workshop: The Role of CCS as Low-Carbon Energy Technology to Achieve Low Carbon Development Path, February 17-18, 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia Open Working Group for Sustainable Development. 2074. Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. UN General Assembly. P. Sari, Agus. 2015. Post-Transition Structure of REDD+ Financing Instrument. Contnbuting draft to INDC. Research Center for Climate Change. 2015. Forest and Non-Forest Emissions: Research and Knowledge Sharing. Presentation at the National Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 7, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia The National Centre for NAMA Development. (2012). Development of the Indonesian NAMAs Framework. Final Report for Bappenas supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft ‘li 14Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Agence Francaise de Développement (AFD). Jakarta, Indonesia World Resources Institute Indonesia, 2015. Data Integrity in Lend Based Emissions Accounting for FREL. Presentation at the National Planning and Implementation Coordination of Climate Change, August 7, 2015, Jakarta, Indonesia The Minister of Environment and Forestry. 2015. Anticipating Impact of El Nino to Food Security. Report of the Minister to the Limited Cabinet Meeting, August 6, 2018, Jakarta, Indonesia. The Institute for Sustainable Development and Intemational Relations and Sustainable Development Solutions Network. 2014. Pathways to Deep Decarbonization. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI). Indonesian chapter pp. 129-138, 15