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T*fH ` 6

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ssTTr\T b+<{ |j >|& | s> < k~+#Te&+
d+ | C <e u>keTT\T e&+ nys+.

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<e |<q &e+&> e]+~.
sh s< sD KsT u< +<<. sh s< sD+,
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eX m+H eq~.
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n s+>\ <>\T ZbTHsTT. |yT s+>+
bT | u T s + > + q, | u T <>\qT
+{sD y>+> |]bTq~. n_e~ |sT sT\qT
ueTT\ qT+& >+{ ydTHsT. <[T\ q y~
ms\ ndH ueTT\qT L& |uT ueTT\ #|
|uTyT >T+E+Tq~. >e\ >e\ |\T

sd T \T> es T T Hs T . n \ |< \
&>+& { sT<> $L& sDyT.
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e+ |<\ eT< #T|&TTHsT. eTq y eTq
+&T b&TdTHsT.
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]swH\T sTTe+& < me] ]swqT e<+ ]
+ eTT+<T=dTHsT. Te+{ VH y<q\ yqT,
<e\ yqT n>es <TsV+s X\T b<+
eVdTq b\\T eHsH~ yde+. y] <eT+ <[,
VQqT\ ]CswH\ eTT|> |]D$T+#&yT <T,
n \ |<\ qT < rdT+~. <s |uT
| C e s $< H\| q , b\ \ key<
>T+]|q, VQC d+d\ nqTL\ $<H\|q
bs{ |<\+<] + e+& b\esZ\T #dT q
~.
eq @ \+ nsTTH |<] sD+ nsTTq
esZ <|& $<H\| bs&+<T |<\+ + y*!
\yT |<] sD+ <T. esZ deyT |<]
sD+. \eed esZ deC b&TTq~. esZ <|&
es+> n \ |<\qT + e+&
b\\T \T |qTTHsT. \qT esd
|<\+ + y*. |uT s+> |y{]+#+&
<$T+#*. |yTs+>+ L& ]swH\qT neT\T
#j\ &e+&T #j*.
eTTK+> ke nD y , nHj
>TsTq <[, VQqT\ ]swqT =qk+#\,
|{w+> neT\T #j\ m\T>#{*. eTVjTT&T
Cse|P <eTd] dk< de+ k|+q
d|+sT 24 qT+& 30 es |#s +<H se\T
k+#\ d| (m+m) q&y d +< |<X sh $T{
|\T|dTq~. d+<s+> du\T, d<dT\T sV+#*.
dV |+uH\T, +s $yV bV+ ~s
se\T #|{\ sTTq~.

T*fH ` 6

q&yd

||+# key< d+u+ u>yT #H k es |q+

#H H{ kw*w <X+> u$dTq y sTT+
b < T . kw & e { b \ u eq
|]$T+<T. ns=s> eq = n q jT+`jT
+<\T L& sTT< ueq =qk>TTHsTT. eT]=
X\T d+XjT y<+ eHsTT. @< $<+> w|& #HqT
kw*dT <X+> eTT q$T, eT XDT\qT q$T<eT
|jTdTq sTT+{ |\L, +<\L, X\L #H
e+ esd> sa\\TsTTdTq~. |&T eTs |< C
sa\ +~. n< #H k es{ d+u+!
1929 H{ eTVe+<+ nyT] bs+uyT
jTs|tqT d+ eTT+#+~. n~ yTT<{k] ds y|
||+# ] d+u+> #] |s=+~+~. H{
k$jT{ jTjTH n{ ] d+u <s+>
e+&>*+~. n+<T H{ >D+ <sq+.
1929 d+u+ T eTT+<T j |T&
< sC\ b]X$T T\ |eD e+< nqT+f
1933 H{ sTT D+#sTT. 1929 H{ T\
nyT] 65% _H 86% s 66% bH 77%
|&bsTT+~. k$jT{ jTjTH b]X$T
201% |]+~. e\+ H\T> ee~ s{+|
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k$jT{ sc n~ d+u <]rjT<T.
1929 H{ eTV e+< n+ eTT+<T |T&
< < X \ n~ | < q s D +. y |
||+#y| ] d+u+ k$jT{ scqT qeP_
&bsTT+~. eTsy| n< \+ k$jT{ jTjTH
dw+q n~ L& < d+u+ b\T #jT<T.
|> |\ Jeq |eD\qT |++~.H{ #H |]d
~qyTq~.
kw*w <X\ <X |\ neds\qT rs b
|~ |D[ <yTq $<q+ sb+<TT+~.
n+<T m+ me ksTT |], n+ me>
|\+<] d$Tw Jeq |eD\T |sT>TsTT. n~
kw*dT<X\ |\ u #q ksTT |sT>T<\ L&
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|D[ sV ] eed n |\TksT. n+{ #
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d+u #$#d ~X q&TdTq~. {e\ #H k
es{ d+u+ n+<T= <sq+!
#{ ybs+ (k es{) nH~ |T&<
] eed jTT dV \D+. |T&< <X+
jTT d+|< e~, j\ k es{ d\T
=\<> e+{sTT. C k m+J\T yde u
edT d+|<\ =\<\T <T. b<$T es, ~rjT
es nqT <+< esT |T&< ] eed
dVJeq+ #ksTT. j <X\ ] eed\ e~,
j \qT =\e& ~rj T e s { q T =\< \ T>
|]>D+# b|~ |T&< eed e+T+~.
~q+> |\+<] d$Tw neds\ b|~ >\ kw*dT
<X\ ] eed\ sT sV <+< es $<q+
e+&<T. nd\T #{ ybsyT <>! n<= p<>=+&
ybs+. XeTqT n<q| $\Te <s b<$T es
=\>=&TTq |T&< <X\H XeT |yTjT+
#{ybs\T L& =qk>TsTT. kw*w <X\ u
d+|<qT dw+# |jT XeTqT =\>=&+
s<eT+~. n+f, de |yTjT+ n<q| $\TeqT
<|& #jT&eTH~ e+&<T. n~ # ~rjT es{
nsTTq #{ybs+ (k es{) e+&<T. 1929 H{
eTVe+<+ nyT], jTs|t <X\ k esT
|qeTjsTT. y{ ] eed\ wsY es d\T
=\eH\T> e+&$. k*H H+ H{ k$jT{

jTjTH jTT ] eed sTT+{ k esf

e. H{ #H ] eed kes | kq+
e+~. nsTTH n~ sTT+ kw*dT ] eed>H
=qk>TTq< $Xd+#&+ ueT eyT. <+f,
nydy yde+> |#s+ #d ydeTeT+~.
2008 d|+sT nyT] k es |q+
q ||+# ] d+u+ *+<. < nyT] ]
d+u+> |\e&+ L& *+<. {e\ #H k
es |q+ ||+# ] d++> esTTq |]d
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||+# |T&< ] eedqT d+ |u$+ #d
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m+C eT]jTT Hwq km+C (|)\T eqf, #H
L & c+| T k m +C eT]j T T w+C H k
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b<q, #H c+|T k m+C e+~. #H k
es{ $\Te 2014 qe+sT H{ #d <<|
H\TZqs {*jTH (4.48) nyT]H &\s #]+~. n+f
s+&Tqs @ us<X .&.|. deq eTqe! #H
&| <<| deqeTqe. ~ ||+#+H s+&e
n|< k $\Te>\~. k d+|< 80%<q+ e>
|yT eT<T|<sT\<. B{ XeT |yTjT+ eT]jTT
yde u edTd+|< |yTjT+ p<>=+& ybs+

|. |k<T
# H d e + m+{ eTV e]> y| + +<
u<|&TT+~. ~ @ ke eed \DeTH~ L&
*>ZH nseTeTq~.
H{ #H ] eed e~. j\ =\<>
u$+|&TTq k esT {e\ \+ |qeTe
e#sTT. #H 12`6`2015 qT+ kes |q
eT+ k+~. n~ 9`7`2015 esL #H k m+C
30% |qyTq~. ~ <<| 1929 H{ eTV e+<+
\+ nyT] ke s |q + e+{<. #H ]+#Tq
}V dsZ+ | L*bsTT+~. u edT d+|<
d+u+<++& ]+#Tq $T< es{ eed (k
esT) | yT&e |L*+~. L*bTq |jT
ysD d+ #H |uT+ ss\ sD #s\ #|{+~.
$< + > n~ | k b\T | & T T +& > H eTT# >
eT&Tys\T seTT+< 27`7`2015q eTs m$T~qs
X+ k ybs+ |qyTq~. \& ~rjT es
p<>=+& ybs+H sTT+{ |H\ #T e+T+~.
#H k es |H eTT+<T y{ e~ L&
my. 2014H #H k $\Te n+eTT+<T
@&~ b* s+{+|+f $T+ |]+~. 2015
C |q+ s L& 2013 H{ ksTT+f +
meksTTH k es{ d+|< e+~. |T&<
eed y~ \D yTq k q |H \T #H ] eed
H&T n+s> eTjsTT. 2014 #H eT<s>
eT<T|<sT\T meksTT eT<T||{sT. MsT n|\T
#d eT<T| |{q u>+ L& |sT>T e+~. k es
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sTD>d ] ]eed =qT>\T XMT< re
<Twue+ *dTq~. #H H&T @&T eT+~ |>
wsTes{ eT<T|<sT\T+&+ $djT+ *dT+~.
ey\+ | @{ du |qsT<sD <s eTdT
b du |sT>T<\ X + H&T w es{
eT<T|<s |sT>T<\ X +#&+ sT>TTq~.
H{ +| kw*dT ] eed> |]DeTe

d+# e~ d> |]>D+#&+~. H{ +|

|T&< ] eed> |]DeTe e~ d>
|]>D+#&TTq~. #H C k es |q+
e\ ~y rd H&T dTesT s+&Tqs eT+~ k
ybs+ qT+ @+> w$T+#sT. B {, #H ]
eed $s> \D\qT ns+ #dTe#T.
#H bs+uyT 24`8`2015 q ||+# k
es d+u+> (u eT+&) e]q |]DeT+ e\
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s bj T \ d T es T eT& T qs s \
deq$T~. us<X+ k es @&T \\ s\
k $\Te $sbsTT+~. u+usTT k m+C H{
k k+< |s+ = bsTT+T Z +#T $T+#T
<Te+<\ s\ $\Te ZbT+~. |sT>T<\ L&
sTT< d+ e]dT+~. 2008 H{ ] d+u+ L&
us<X k d+|< sTT+ksTT ~>Cs<T. n+<T
u s < X | eT< s > eT< T | <s T > T +& \ T
u<T+THsT. #H 3.2 {*jTH &\s k
d+|< $s bsTT+~. yTT+ ||+# k d+|< <T
{*jTH &\sT qwb n+<T #H y{ 65% (3.2
{ &) qwbe&+ >eTHs+. & +> >T+&\T
u<Te& sDyTq us<X k d+|< >TZ<\ (7
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&\sT (3 \\ syy\ &\sT) qwb, usY e\+
11y\ &\s| eyT qwbsTT+~. n+f usY
+f #H eTT|sT me qwbsTT+~. X\ d
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usk d+|< FDI. eTT#Te |+&, s d+k>
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eT<T|<sT\ y{ e> e+~. ~q+> #H
80% kd+|< eT<s>, k<sD eT<T| <sT\<.
n+f 3.2 {*jTH &\s 2.56 {*jTH &\sT (2
\\ 56 y\ &\sT uss { &u\\
s\T) #H bs de+ qwbsTT+~. Bqs+ #H
de+ m+ meksTT =qT>\T X sTT+<
ns+ #dTe#T.
s+ s> \D+ | s> s+ < y<Xd+
#TT+~. k es |q+L& yde ] eed
jTT uV+ \D+ eyT. nd\T s> s\
s>+& uV\D * jT+D #dH |*+
e+&<T. y~ s\q ke eed eT* esT
MT< <s|&TT+~. #H |uT+ #|{q jT\
yde |*\e<T. C |Ceds\ $T+
n~ H{ #H m<Ts=+Tq C ] d+u
yde sD+. + #b\+f , |+|D eT<
ysT<yT +<T sD+.
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n|< ] eed> e+&~. s, bH\qT n~> $T+
H&T nyT] s s+&e n|< ] eed> m~+~.
n+ +& # XeT X <s ||+# b]X$T |esY
VC > #H m~+~. eTTK+> <TdT\T, m\, <sY,
bs, {yu # m>TeTT\ ||+# esqT
eTT+#TTq~. ||+#+ n|< 10 |]XeT\
]+{ * n|< <sT> |s=+~+~. (#H
y] 85 qT\qT >, +&j e\+
8 qT\ < > Z s e+& + > e THs + ) {y u
|]XeT sy @+& + |<kq+ e+f, H&T nyT]
bH\ s eT&kH m~+~. $<o ybs+
1988 e+< _*j T H &\s T + f , 2003 | ~ s
|sT>T<\ {*jTH &\s #]+~. n~ H&T eTs |~sT
|] dTesT H\T>T {*jTH &\s #]+~.

($T> e# d+)

T*fH ` 6

q&yd

us<X+ \+`esZ+`u$T d++<\T`|]cs\T

us<X n~s e]& ] 68 d+\T nsTT+~.
\+ <X+ n s+>\ n_e~ >=|> ]+<
b\\T u\T }<TTHsT. e~sT us de+
eT]+ $ddT+< b\\T |< |< |{dTHsT.
nse\d`nsukeT #qyT \eed ydy\T
b\\T #|< $sT<+> eHsTT.
y\ d+\T> }] <s+> n+sy> <[T\T
eHs T . H { n+sy >H # & & T T Hs T .
n+sH |+q d+<s + n> \ <TsV +sT\T
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eqsT\|q ~|+ #sTTdTq n>\ ukeTT\T
<[T\qT y{#] #dy>, Tud\T> #dT+
y] n $<\ nD|&TTHsT. #qyT \eed
<[T\T eTw> \ +H, #s&T u$T y\
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XS<T\qT n+ s+> +#ysT. XeT #d <s
b{ + # & n + < T ss Z y T q j T e\T V +<
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m+=+ u$T d+b~+#THsT. us<X+ qTq
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|&e> |& e+&~. M{ XS<T\T L& |y+
d<+ #jT&+ bs+_+#sT. eekjT+ $d+ neTq
=\~ XeT $d |]+~. n+<Te\q eekjT+ n_e~
#+<&+ XS<T\ XeT X eT]+ me> =\>=T
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X S < T \T>, | + # e TT\T>, n+sy > V +< e
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deyX+ &e+&.
eekjT |+\ HeT e| eT<T <s\T |+q
yqTy+H msTe\ +|\T <s\T |+#&+ e\q s+>+
re+> qwbTHs, KsT\ us+ |] bTq<
|uT+ s+> $H\T, msTe\T, |sT>T eT+<T\T
50% d_&| ds|s #j\ sh |uT &e+&
#d rs++~.

sh+ @C b+\ s\T, n+Ty<T\T

re+> |*bTH sh |uT+ eT sqT
eeV]dTq< y+H @C b++ y<ks\T
yTsT>T |] nedsyTq eT+<T\T ds|s #j\
&e+& #d+~.
\+>D sh+ b&T ueTT\T d+ +<q
#dTq ~yd\| {sYmdt |uT+ <&T\T #d neT
dT\T HsTT+#& AIKMS K+&++~. ~yd\
k>T ueTT\ |{\T y\ &e+& #d+~.
2009`13 d+\ $<TT ds|s KsT\T n<q+>
7200 s\T |]>jTH H|+ |dT+ $j>
<s T \| n< q | u s + y j T { sh | u T +
|PqTe&+ <sTDeT shsesZ+ u$++~.
sTe ~s sT`L deTd\| sh y|+>
eT+& \ +<\ s + s +< q s e \qT
#|f + <T sesZ\T dq<+ y\ sh ses+Z
rs++~.
wsYu> $<TY neTsMsT\ 28.8.15q d+|+
\b\ AIKMS XDT\ sh sesZ+ |\T|+~.

@...m+.mdt eTVdu\ T
$jTq>s+ : n\ us sT`L d+|T+ $jTq>s+
=e\d eT+&\ eTVdu >dT15, 2015q =e\d
eT+&\ +<+ mH.J.z VAyT ]+~.
eTVdu @...m+.mdt sh $T{ duT\T {.|wt
e{&sT. @...m+.mdt |D[ \\ >T]+
$e]+#sT. s+< s+> deTd\qT, eekjT
L\ <Td $e]+#sT. d+|T+ b<\T
<eTT&TuT eT+&\+ > 5 d+\T> #dq w
>T]+ ]bsT #sT. du d.|. (m+.m)
q&yd sT|q $XK s<] y.=+&jT,
.m|t.{.jTT |<q s<] .eT\jT,
nsTD<jT $XK HjTs\T .s\, <[
$eTT HjT\T mdt.$.seTD eT d+<X\qT
#sT. eT+&\ eTVdu 9 eT+~ L&q eT+&\
$T{ mqT+~. du 100 eT+~ sT`L
|<T\T VsjsT.
f* : n\ us sT`L d+|T+ l+
f* &$H eTVdu 29`7`2015q ue[
]+~. d+<s+> d+|T+ n<\T +&
|wt d+|T+ C+& m>TsyXsT. du bs+u+
k+|, s|*, >+>es+ eT]jTT <X+ s |C

<e\ neTsTq MsT\ X<+* |T{d s+&T

$Tc\T eTq+ b{+#sT.
eTVdu d.|. (m+.m) q&yd $.$.mdt @]j
$ T{ d u T \T, d j T sY Hj T \T y . =+& j T
bs+u|Hd+ #ksT. jTq e{&T m nH
y>H\T #d n~s+ eq H{ +<, sh |uT\T
|\ q VMT\qT >*=~d, > |uT\ |C
es $<H\H ne\+_dTHjTHsT. b\\ $<H\
e\ |+ ueTT\T HXqyT +&+\ d+ key<T\
MT< <s|& d *dTHs nHsT. suTq
$HXs |]XeT\ es+> \yTq |C <e
]+#\HsT.
|wt e{&T n~se]& ] 68 d+\T
nsTTH |\ Jeqd yTsT>T|&<, y~> s+>+
V\T #dT+THs y<q e+ #ksT. |C
||Tq <sH b\\ $<+ds $<H\qT \Te]+#
>\eTHsT.
Msq n< &T>, Xe s<]> yTT+ @&T>TsT
duT\ f* &$H $T{ mqTHsT.
l+ : @...m+.mdt l+ &$H eTVdu
5`8`2015q s s eT+& \ + d + > T | s + ]+~.
eTT+<T> XeTJe\ msC+&qT @...m+.mdt n<\T
{.|wt $w]+#> du Vsq |<T\+
neTsMsT\ $|e CVsT #| X<+* |T{+#sT.
eTV d u @.. .m+.mdt $ T{ d u T \T
_.udsse n< eV+#> {.|wt bs+u|Hd+
#ksT.
|wt e{&T <X, sc @ b b*+H
|\ eT[ deTd\T |]cs+ <, <X+ <]<+,
sT<>+, *#e\T, s+> V\T |#T|]>jT
y<q e+ #ksT. n b\T ukeT, & sTy,
key< nqTL\ $<H nqTd]+ <X y]
jT<#> <|&TTHjT, |\ |<] < sDeT
#bsT. k+|, s|* eTMsT\T n+~+q bs
d] d]+ ysT #|q u |jT+#\HsT.
+ du .m|t.{.jTT n<, s<sT\T
\+sE, +, |.z.& qsY wyD,
nsTD<jT n<\T m+.eTXsse ~sT\T
|d++#sT. _.udsse n<&T>, mdt.d+
s<]> l+ &$H $T{ mqTHsT. du
nsTD<jT sT\T $|e ^\T \|+#sT.

~yd\ nq+ |&TTq u&=+&qT > H{

ee<

bsr|s+ .{.&.@ eTT+<T ~yd\ <s

$j T q> s + bs r| s + eT+& \ + @C
b+yTq T<TsTy& |+#sTTr u&=+&qT >H{
d+ |uT+ bs nH & s=s{ +|
E +~. $wj <|{ >TT #|&T +&
+< q \ $s T < + > p H \ 29, 30 B \
|C_bjT dsD sV+#& n~sT\T, +|
jeq+ |jT+#sT. |C_bjT dsD >T]+
|+#sTTr >e #{+| yd |\ *jTCjT<T.
n> ys |\ $wjT+ |{+#<T. nsTTH
|C_bjT dsD sT>TTq $wjT+ \TdT=, 30 e
Bq &..|+ |C_bjT dsD +T q&|&
eq n~ s T \qT | \T \Bd @.. .m+.mdt
< s + +< q # k s T . u& =+& e
JeH<seT, =+& >H{ d e T\T
HXq+ nejT, >+ E e& |jT+q|&T
eT+ esd |uT+ yq Z |&T eTs m+<T
E dTHs n~sT\qT \BksT. ~yd\ +<q

y] de<q+ #| |C_bjT dsD $s$T+

n~sT\T yq ysT.
u& =+& # T n d M T| + T< T s T y&
|+#sTTr, nqdu< |+#sTTr\ >e\T HsTT.
>e\+{ q{ 90`95 X + ~yd
J$dTHsT. Ms+ u&=+&qT <s+> #dT=
TTHsT.
|&T ~yd\T, s |<\ JeH<syTq
u&=+&qT >H{ yd Ms+<s s&Tq|&
TsTe sT. n<$<+> >H{ e\
<yTq <[ \Tw+ y<\&TT+~. <[ >*qT,
y>T\T, #sTe\ {qT *d \TweTesTT.
>* |*H, { H |\T nH s>\ u]q
|&sT. n> <[ k>T ueTT\T, \ |&
n$ #e&T ueTT\T> e]bsTT |+\ ~>T& eT+>
ZbT+~.
{ nqs\T *+ ~yd\ TsTe

<rd >H{ d+ u&=+& @ +| E

ee< , bs +| =+&| q E\qT y+H
s<T#j\ |uT &e+& #d >dT 7 e Bq
@.. .m+.mdt Hj T + 250 eT+~ ~yd \ T
bsr|s+ .{.&.@ bC n~] |dT eTT+<T <s
#ksT. ~yd\ +<q |dT qT+& bC n~]
jT{ e ~yd\T q yTyTTs+&+ d]+#sT.
MT J$\ +~ * +# >H { @sT
s>+& #kq, y+H |uT MT sT|q y~+
MT HjT+ ]> #kq ~yd\ deT+ VMT
#sT.
<s se @...m+.mdt s<sT\T
y \ >& w , | . eT* , X~ ]
m+.|Ps#+<, $T{ duT\T seTT, eTT\T
eT]jTT |.z.& sh b<s\T |.seTD ~sT\T
HjT+ eV+#sT.

T*fH ` 6

q&yd

10

$jTe++> ]q |&m dtjT sh $< ` yC s> T \T qs

|>o\ |CkeT $<] d+|T+ (|&mdtjT) sh
$< y C s > T \T d| + s T 12,13 B \
$jTy& +b\ #+<XKsY |k< q>sY (&=+&
seTT\T D eT+&|+) $jTe++> ]>sTT.
sh+ #+<uT n~s+ #|{ $<] <e\|
b<+ y|Tq w |]dT s< s>T\T
]>sTT. d|+sT 12q <jT+ |&mdtjT sh n<\T
m.s$#+< _|&* C+&qT $w]+#sT. $$<
\ qT+& Vsq |<T\T $<] neTsMsT\
H<\ CVsT n]+#sT. nq+s+ |<T\ du
bs + u y T + ~. | & m dt j T T sh | < q s < ]
mdt.syVH $<] <eT+ ndTe\T udq $<]
neTsMsT\ d+| rsH |yX|{sT. |<T\T
s+&T $Tc\T eTq+ b{+ y\T n]+#sT.
|&mdtjTT sh n<\T m. s$#+< n<q ]q
bs + u d u m| t { j T T sh n< \T | . | k < T
bs+ubHd+ #d V+< X\ #T V+<
<eq, eT u e+& n|eT+ y*q
u< V+<Te\ MT< +<HsT. = k+ <X\
n q, k + eT u # d n| w q T
eT>T+Tq |]d V+<eT se+&
#&*q u< L& V+<Te\ MT< +<HsT. V+<
<e&T sT| y+q us*<s s+&T eT\ #+~
+&>, ~q+> jT| +s, eT+s $yV\T
#dT q jTTer jTTe\| V+<T X \ T <&T\T #jT &+
>eTHseTHsT. n+u<sY ]+>{H |Tq+<TL,
u<s eTsDq+s +<qT K+&+q+<TL V+<T
X\T <& #jT& |k<T K+&+#sT. qs+< <u\sY,
>$+< |HsY, \TZ e+{ VTy<T\qT V #jT&
K+&+#sT. y| yTH +&j H<+ = <>\T
}]d eTsy| q <>\qT }&>=&TTq y& |uT
$<H\T sT<> eTTqT+<T res+ #dT+<HsT.
e+< ms\T nedsyTq s< d+ \ ms\T
d]dTq #+<uT |uT $<H jTq ss |{sT .
]wX] V |<q s&q |Hb useqT
s+#+<T yT T+u <q| |]Vs+ #*+|H
d<|&TTq uT |uT <T |k<T K+&+#sT. #]
s#q, bs+X V+<T |yX+ #dTq |jT\qT
$<]+ es+#\ |\T|#sT.
\+`eT+ XdjT ne>Vq nH dTqT d|
(m+.m) q&yd sh n~s |~ y.k+ese
u~+#sT. us<X+ #qyT> |sTbsTTq
\eed es+> bs+ #j\HsT. \, eT
sV de+ d+ $<sT\T <$T+#\ |\T|#sT.
| & m dt j T T sh Hj T \T sY . s T | se n<
eV+#sT.
kw*+ ` b<$T bs\T nH dTqT @m+mdt
sh |<q s<] m+.<TsZ|k< u~+#sT. ndeq\T
d e T d e C k~ + # & kw * y T @
esZeTHsT. d, e> d+|<qT de|s+ #jT&+
<s eyT esZ sV de+ @s&TT+<HsT. ~
esZbs{\ <s eyT k<eTeT+<HsT.|&mdtjTT
HjT&T .uds n< eV+#sT.
sD+ ` |$<q+ nH dTqT jT|t{jTT sh
X~ ] j T T.y + f X s s e (j T T.$.) u~ + #s T .
sD |{w+ #dT $<] deTd\| eT]+>
< $T+#\Hs T . n+< T d + q s# s D qT
s b+~+# T y\ | \ T| #s T . | & m dt j T T sh
HjTT\T _.d< n< eV+#sT.
s+&esE $<s+> |]dT\T ` sy\T nH
dTqT #s H>sTq $X $<\jT+ #sT\T nT
qsY uc u~+#sT. |+# H{ $< Hs&+
<HsT. bs\qT { |{+#&yT H{ $< \DeTHsT.
eqd k d+ \T L& &+#&+ <HsT.

e{&TTq b nT qsYuc
s+\ d+, esT\ d+ $<sT* re+> s=s{
X\\T V +d d T H j T y < q e + # X s T .
$<s + > + nd \ T $<s T \ T V \T m+< T
sT>TTHj |uT\T de<q+ #b\HsT. |y{
$X $<\j\ e\ |uT $< seTeT+<HsT.
$<s+> deTd\| deTso\ <e\qT $<sT\T
sV+#\HsT. |&mdtjTT sh HjT\T .uwD+
n< eV+#sT.
CrjT ` n+srjT |]dT\T ` sy\T nH
n+X m|t{jTT n<\T |. |k< u~+#sT.
nq+s+ ]q qs $<s+> |]dT\T,
|uT\ yK] >T]+q #s| |&mdtjTT sh
|<q s<] mdt.syVH |yX|{sT, |<T\T
#s n+ #TsT>Z bZ eT n_bj\qT,
d#q\q n+~+#sT. n<esZ+> d+|T+ sh
Hj T \T sY . s T | se, .u d sY , _.d < \ T
eeV]+#sT.
qs = rsH\qT @ ^e+>
y~++~. |eTTK VTy<T\T, nuT<jTy<Tq
<u\sY, |H, \T]Z\qT eTH<T\T V #jT&+
n+ <TssZ+. |y{ jTe]{\ _\TqT s<T#j*.
Vd $<sT\ yTdt, k{ #\qT |+#*. s=s{
X\ sT>TTq V\qT |uT+ y]+#*.
n+u<sY ` \T>T e]{ |yX\qT =qk+#*.

s+>qT n]{*. m| | < y*. s+<,

sjT\deT\ | usT\T @sT #j*. &{z
|+<\| usY d+\T #jTe<T. |uT d
VdqT myjTe<T. nq+s+ sh $T{ |dt uss
m+| @ ^e+> ]+~. sh b< \T>
sY.sT|se, dVjTs<]> .udsY, X~]>
.uwD+\T mjsT. u$wY se\ qs
|\T|+~.
d]j n+sT<+ sD+> z& |e<\ eTsD+
||+# ys|]q eT& u\T&T nyH ds+
nsTD<jT sese \|+q >jT+ |<T\qT
+&|{++~. s+&T sE\ bT dV]+q
sV \ , | C d + | \ y] | < T \T
$| y _ e +< H \T * bs T . sV \ s T | q
d|(jT+.jT) q&yd b q>s s<] .b]
e{&sT. es> nsTD<jT sT\T \|+q
dyT b qs eTTd+~.
s+&T sE\ bT ]q dT\T $<sT
d]+bsTT. #s $\Tyq eT d#q\q, d\V\qT
n+~+#sT. $<] <e\| |uT s+<+, bdT\
nD yK ] =qk>TTq H|< + u$ wY $<] <e
res+ #d+<T q |D[qT sb+~+#Te&+
s>T\T <V<|&sTT. $<sT #H d]
|+b+~+#+<T |]+#sTT.

$jTe+yT q $< d+d\ sh y| +<

$<s+> deTd\qT |]cs+ #j\, >dT7q
]q shy| $<d + d \ +< $j T e+ y T + ~.
|&jTdtjTT, mdt.m|t.. d+|\ sh $T{\ |\T| yTs
shy|+> $<d+d\T +< sV+ |<sq\ `
<s\T sV+#sT.
$jTy& |uT jTdt.sY.sY. d.$.sY
X\qT +< #d |<sq sV+#sT. |&jTdtjT
sh n< \T m.s $ # + < , mdt . m| t . sh s < ]
mdt.qsYeTV< e{&T deTd\T |]cs+ #jT+&
# + < u T | u T + d + e >*=~ d + <
$eT]+#sT. +< |&jTdtjTT q>s n<\T C.nX,
b<\T .sCwt, dVjT s<] _.X+dH HjT\T
H>+<, |uT,m# Ud+, sw ~sT\T bZHsT.
|eT ><e] +< |X++> ]+~.
T{sTT>&+, +>s& >&+, =ePsT, &|*>&+,
@\sT, &$H\ +< #d |<sq\T sV+#sT.
|&jTdtjTT sh |<q s<] mdt.syVH e{&T
$<sT\ d+e $d]+ d+>|PsY, bH\ |sq\
|C<H #+<uT <T]j>+ #dTH& $eT]+#sT.
seT+ |&jTdtjTT n<\T .uwD+,
|<q s<] .cs& bZHsT. =ePsT
eTV], &|* >&+ s|X+sY, @\sT s$,

seTd], $H< ~sT\T +< HjT+ eV+#sT.

s T ><e] neT| s + , H & ,
eTTeTes+, seT#+<|s+, <se+ ~s &$q
+< jT|<+> ]+~. |&jTdtjTT n<\T
#+<XKsY, |<q s<] sY.sT|se,
b<\T _.d<, dVjT s<] .$.seTD, HjT\T
lqT ~sT\T bZHsT.
s\T $<d+d\ +< $jTe+yT+~.
s\T {H, <, q+<\, q+~=sT, m$T>qsT,
eT+\jT+, qZ+& ~s b+ $<d+d\T
eT|&sTT. |&jTdtjTT s<] .udsY, n<\T
sCw,t b< \T .eT*UsTH , .XKsY, dV jT s<sT \T
.z+sY, .qswt #], mdt.m+& s| ~sT\T HjT+
eV+#sT.
&| b<TsT, &| {qT, s+|,
s&sT b+ $<d+d\ +< $jTe++>
]+~. .syTwt, zTw, |.H>sE, {.H>sE
~sT\T HjT+ eV+#sT.
l+ +< $jTe+yT+~. $<d+d\
+< nq+s+ {H |<sq sV+#sT. |&jTdtjTT
HjT\T .|<e, $jYTesY, ], |wt
~sT\T HjT+ eV+#sT.

T*fH ` 6

q&yd

11

>w 6 #T+&sT |T q sdq >

#T+&sT <[T\| n>\ |+<sT <& #d
k+q eTsDVAeT+ ] 24 d+\T |PssTT+~.
d+<s+> <[T\| <&T\qT sdd, \ $e\
es+> bs&\ >w 6q sdq se\T
#|{\ d|(m+m) q&yd sh $T{ |\T|d
s|+ |#T]++~. |\T| yTs |\T# sdq\T
]>sTT.
$XK| + : $XK ]q V s + > d u
y.=+&jT (d.|. (m+.m) q&yd $XK
s<]), m+.\ (|.z.& sh |<q s<]),
eT\jT (.m|t.{.jTT $XK |<q s<]),
m+.<eTT&TuT (@...m+.mdt sh $T{ duT\T),
.s$ (m+.mH.mdt.mdt) $XK q>s n<\T)
mdt.$.seTD (<[ $eTT HjT\T), J& ksjT (|C
Hd de+), dHsjTD (eTq u$T |
d+b<\T) ~sT\T |d++#sT.
e\T e{&T eTq<X+ y\ d+\ qT+& <[T\|
V\T, n#s\T sT>TH eHjT, {e\ M
eT myHjT, # d+|Tq\T y\T>T se&+
< #bsT. V+< uVDjT ueC qsqsq
J]+#Tq n>\ <TsV+sT\T <[T\ eTqTw\T>
>T]+# s]+ <&T\T #d V\T #dTHs,
<TsV+sT\ <|& b\esZ > H&T sT\T L&
|&T rsT\ sdTHjT y<q e+ #ksT.
#T+&sT <[T\| ]q qsyT<+ <[, $|e X\
eTT+<T eTsk] \s\H mC+& eTT+<T +<
# b s T . <| & b\ \T e T # eT + , \+
jTT<\ |T= eT \| <|&, <sH\T
kdTHjT, B m<Tsy\+f <|& eed
s*+# esZbs{\qT ]+#\, esZbs{\
u>+> \ s\H bs{\T *| k+#\ #bsT.
eed esT u>+>H \eed L& HXq+ #jT e#
#| n+<T $|e, <[, |Ck$T X\T eT\
|<\ #q+ s*+ d+|T{ bs{\ dq<+ #d
w k+#\ ssT. nsTD<jT sT\T yT&
.s\, y+\, u\H>eT ~sT\
+<+ b&q $|e, <[ ^\T |\qT THsTT.
du 200 eT+~ |\T VsjsT.
$jTy& : sh $T{ |\T| yTs $jTy& q>s
$T{ <s+ <[T\| <&T\qT K+&d >w 6q
du ]+~. q>s HjT\T |. |k<se n<q ]q
du q&yd q>s s<] . b] e{&T
eT + | H< T \| @s & \+ eTqTw \qT y s T
#dTq<HsT. eTqT <sXg+ |sT k>TTq \
$e es+> bs&\HsT. n>es\T, ~|
X\T eT ] <|& jTT<+> |j>|&TTq
\ ywe\qT |+ bwdTHjTHsT. esZ bs{\
bT \ s\q =s, <[, VQqT\| <&T\
es+> |<\+ +> bs&\ |\T|#sT.
du |&T sh n<s\T >+>uy, |&mdtjTT
sh n<\T m. s$#+<, bsV\ d+|T+ HjT\T
sY. l<sY |d++#sT.
seT+& : #T+&sT, s+#&T, |~]|+, y+|+
~s qsyT< |Tq\T <T de+ L& =qk>&+
d>TZ#sTTq $wjTeT, $ jTT> \|+# $<+>
< [ T \qT, n & T > T esZ \ y] V \T # j T & +
>sjTeT b|dsY m+&] dT<sY nHsT. s+&
]q du jTq e{&sT. #T+&sT qsyT<+ ]
H{ 24 d+s\T nsTTq|{ 24 y\ d+ s\T>
qsyT<+ k>TT+< y<q e+ #XsT. ~| esZ\
ys T # d <& T \ & u eT\eT, n+< T ]
ndeq\ es+>q, \ s\q d+ |<\+
+> bs&\ m+&] |\T|#sT. du &sY
#q XKsY e{&T b*T\T |* \T>,

eT\T>, b+\T> $u+ b*dTHs, n+<T +~

\| <&T\T sT>TTHjT $eT]+#sT. du
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T*fH ` 6

q&yd

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