APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of general biology with title “The Influence of Temperature to

Activity of Organism”, created by :
Name : Ummi Qalsum
Reg. Number : 091204174
Class : B (ICP)
Departement : Physics
Group : V (Five)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this is report accepted.

Makassar, December 2009

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

(Djumarirmanto, S.Pd) (Nirma Arsyad)

Nim.061404064

Known By
Lecturer of Responsibility

(Ir. Muh. Wiharto, M.Si)

NIP.132 006 81
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Temperature is one of the major environmental factors, which temperature
gives a different effect on different organisms in below. Compared with the
environment land, water environment has a temperature variation is relatively
narrow. Accordingly, the tolerance range of aquatic animals in also are relatively
narrow compared with land animals. Temperature is the environmental factor most
easily measured and often operate as a limiting factor. Temperature variability
ecological significance. Fluctuating temperatures 10-20oC with an average 15oC is
not the same effect on animals when compared with a constant-temperature
environment 15oC
Temperatures in aquatic environments are relatively narrow compared
with the mainland environment. Accordingly the tolerance range of aquatic animals
with temperature is relatively narrow. The types of invertebrates are generally less
resistant to high temperature.
Dissolved oxygen. Source of dissolved oxygen in water are:
a) Air through the diffusion and water agitation
b) Photosynthesis is influenced by plant density, amount of light, and duration of
illumination. Reduction of dissolved oxygen can be influenced by organism
respiration, decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, other gas reduction,
the release of dissolved oxygen that is automatically influenced by temperature and
degree of saturation. On the river by the rushing stream or river headwaters
Dissolved oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide content lower compared with the
river downstream. This because the downstream temperature increase that result in
reduced dissolved oxygen levels. In addition to temperature and speed of flow,
decomposition of organic detritus use of oxygen can affect dissolved oxygen levels.
Decomposition of organic detritus is more common in downstream areas river. To
learn of these situations it will be done this practicum units VII.
B. Experiment’s Purpose
Through this experiment, students are expected to compare the speed
of use of oxygen by the organism at different temperatures.
C. Experiment’s Benefit
By doing this experiment, students will be able to compare rate of
oxygen use by the organism at different temperatures.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

At temperatures close to the limit upper and lower limit of the tolerance range
of animals will experience stress physiological. Physiological stress occurs because
the animal was not has the ability to regulate body temperature well. Disadvantages
energy (cost) is high relative to regenerate (Kramadibrata , 1996).
Respiration
Photolytic oxygen evolution occurs in the thylakoid membranes of
photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four photons. Many steps are
involved, but the result is the formation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid
membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP via photophosphorylation. The O2
remaining after oxidation of the water molecule is released into the atmosphere.
Molecular dioxygen, O2, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms.
Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
during oxidative phosphorylation. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially
the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2880 kJ·mol-1
In vertebrates, O2 is diffused through membranes in the lungs and into red
blood cells. Hemoglobin binds O2, changing its color from bluish red to bright red.[19]
[45]
Other animals use hemocyanin (molluscs and some arthropods) or hemerythrin
(spiders and lobsters). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm3 of O2.
Water
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water
has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
The major chemical and physical properties of water are:
• Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at standard temperature and pressure. The
color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very light blue hue, although water
appears colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor is
essentially invisible as a gas.[10]
• Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent.
Substances that dissolve in water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases
– especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic
(water-loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g., fats
and oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances (Anonim, 2009).
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is probably the single most important water quality factor
that pond managers need to understand. Oxygen dissolves in water at very low
concentrations. Our atmosphere is 20% oxygen or 200,000 ppm but seldom will a
pond have more than 10 ppm oxygen dissolved in its' water. Dissolved oxygen
concentrations below 3 ppm stress most warmwater species of fish and
concentrations below 2 ppm will kill some species. Often fish that have been stressed
by dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range of 2 or 3 ppm will become
susceptible to disease (Anonim, 2009).
Oxygen dissolves into water from two sources: the atmosphere and from
plants in the water. The primary source of oxygen for a pond is from microscopic
algae (phytoplankton) or submerged plants. In the presence of sunlight, these
produce oxygen through photosynthesis and release this oxygen into the pond water.
At night and on very cloudy days, algae and submerged plants remove oxygen from
the water for respiration. During daylight hours plants normally produce more
oxygen than they consume, thus providing oxygen for the fish and other organisms in
the pond (Anonim, 2009).
Oxygen depletions are the most common cause of fish kills in ponds. Most
oxygen deletions occur in the summer months because 1) warm water holds less
dissolved oxygen than cool or cold water, and 2) because the pond's oxygen demand
is greater in warm water than in cold water. Fish kills from oxygen depletions can
range from "partial" to "total". In a partial kill the dissolved oxygen level gets low
enough to suffocate sensitive species and large fish, but many small fish and hardy
species survive. Most oxygen depletions cause partial fish kills; total fish kills are
relatively rare in recreational ponds except for those with extremely high fish
populations (>1,000 pounds/acre). The following are descriptions of the most
common types of oxygen depletions (Anonim, 2009).
Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of water measured on a
definite scale such as degrees Celsius (oC) or degrees Fahrenheit (oF). Water
temperature is a key regulator of natural processes in the aquatic environment. He
can control the physiological functions of the organism and contribute directly or
indirectly with other components of water quality affects aquatic quality. Controlling
water temperature and spawning Hatching, control activities, stimulate or inhibit the
growth and development; can cause death if the water gets hot or very cold suddenly.
Cooler water is typically hinder the development; more hot water is generally
accelerate the activity. Water temperature also affects various physical and chemical
reactions in the aquatic environment (Anonim, 2009).
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Date

This experiment’s is done at:
Day and Date : Wednesday, December 23th 2009
Time : at 13.30-15.00
Place : Laboratory of Biology
Faculty Mathematis and Science
Makassar State University
(at the 2nd east floor part)
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a) Stem thermometer
b) Stopwatch
c) 3 Becker Glass 1000 ml
2. Materials
a) 3 Goldfish
b) Ice Stone
c) Water faucet
d) Hot Water
C. Work Procedure
1) Becker provides 2 pieces glass or jar of water each normal and hot
water
2) In the first jar of water that is normally put a goldfish with a
temperature between 250 to 270
3) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a
goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes
4) In the second Toples enter a goldfish with a water temperature
between 370 to 400, allowing a goldfish doing so aglimasi goldfish
look calm at this cold water
5) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a
goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes
6) Removing a goldfish out of the jar first, then replace it with a third jar,
put ice cubes until the water temperature between 140 to 160
7) Entering a goldfish into a third jar, leaving a goldfish doing so
aglimasi goldfish look calm on the water this summer
8) Calculate the movement of operculum (opening and closing) a
goldfish in 1 minute for 5 minutes
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation Result
From the experiment, we can get the result such as :

a. Observation Table

Time (minute….) second

Becker Glass Average
1 2 3 4 5
Normal
256 359 479 573
Water
115
(250-270)
138 118 103 120 94
Celcius
Hot Water 263 375 443 613
(370-400) 122
135 128 112 68 170
Celcius
Cold Water 184 274 354 428
(140-160) 91
121 92 90 80 74
Celcius
B. Discussion

1) 1st Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having average operculum normal movement of 115

times per minute, with the minute details of the first 138 times for open-close, in
the second minute for 118 times the open-close, in the third minute of 103 open-
closing time, in the fourth minute for 120 times the open-closed, at five minutes
for 94 times the open-closed.

2) 2nd Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having an average movement of the fastest operculum

of 122 times per minute, with the minute details of the first 135 times for open-
close, in the second minute for 128 times the open-close, in the third minute of
112 times open-close, in the fourth minute for 68 times the open-close, at five
minutes for 170 times the open-closed.

3) 3rd Becker Glass

In this jar of goldfish having a operculum movement lowest for 91 times per
minute, which is the first of 121 minutes of opening and closing times, in the
second minute for 113 times the open-close, in the third minute for 101 times the
open-closed , in the fourth minute for 89 times the open-closed, at five minutes for
112 times the open-closed.

In general, fish have adapted to life at a certain temperature range. This range
varies from one species into another species. Although some species can tolerate a
certain latitude difference, so that, for example, allows the fish tropical regions have
different living conditions are combined in a fishbowl, but the supervision extra
careful to stay. Low temperature below normal can lead to fish having lethargi, loss
of appetite, and become more susceptible to disease. Fish should not be located in the
very cold temperatures only reason to save electricity. If a akuaris can not properly
care for fish, then he should not have to take care of fish altogether. ¨ In contrast to
the very high temperatures the fish can experience stress and even breathing can
cause permanent damage to the gills.

Increasing the temperature is sometimes necessary to increase the rate of

metabolism of fish so that the treatment is expected to help accelerate the healing
process of a disease, and / or accelerate the life cycle of a parasite that these parasites
may be expelled. However, keep in mind that the warm water terlalut the oxygen will
be less, therefore the intensity of aeration should be increased. Sudden temperature
changes can cause fish experience "shock". This often happens, especially when
entering a new fish into an aquarium where the temperature adjustment effort was
not done properly, or when adding new water that has not the same temperature.

If the fish get enough oxygen to live, so he could breathe well enough. Excess
oxygen has not necessarily "better." There are fish that live in hot water, cold water,
and everything in between. Some require lots of oxygen, some do not. Cold water
can carry more oxygen, but it does not mean better for the fish. Cold water holds
more dissolved oxygen than warm water, because the temperature increases, the
water will release some oxygen. The higher the temperature, the less dissolved
oxygen.

There are several factors that affect how much oxygen available for fish such
as the maximum amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water. solubility of oxygen
(solubility is the word we use for the maximum amount that can dissolve) increased
in cold water. Hot water can not hold as much oxygen as cold water. Have more
oxygen in the water can help the fish to breathe better. That is why the operculum
movement of a goldfish in hot water more quickly because the goldfish efforts to
find more oxygen to breathe while the operculum movement of cold water more
slowly because the need for oxygen available in more cold water.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclussion

From result of attempt, inferential that:

Environmental temperature changes affect the level of oxygen consumption
in fish, fish, room temperature is more optimal oxygen requirement that the
movement to open and close the operculum stable. Increasing environmental
temperature causes the solubility of oxygen (DO) in waters Dissolve Oxygen is
reduced, so that the organism needs water in this case to increase the oxygen the
fish operculum movement along more quickly, decrease in water temperature
can cause the solubility of oxygen in the water increases so that the organism
needs oxygen in in water decreases, this causes the frequency of rare opening
and closing in overculum fish.

B. Suggestion

For practican, be careful in doing this lab because it deals with living
environment temperature is used, so the effect will affect the sustainability of living
bodies.
For the assistant, practican properly noticed in doing the experiment so that
when there are mistakes can be corrected immediately.
 BIBLIOGHRAPY

Anonim. 2009. Aquatic Respiration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration

Anonim. 2009. Fish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#Fish

Anonim. 2009. Goldfish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish

Anonim. 2009. What is a goldfish.http://www.goldy.multiservers.com/

Anonim. 2009. http://dhamadharma.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/laporan-praktikum-

fisiologi-hewan-air-operculum-ikan-mas/

Anonim. 2009. http://deviansouisa.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html

Kramadibrata, I. 1996. Pengantar Ekologi Hewan. Fakultas FMIPA Institut

Teknologi Bandung.