qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 114-119

nino vaSaymaZe

pirveli sabWoTa arCevnebi quTaisis mazraSi

(1922 wlis Tebervali)

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

dapyrobiT bolSevikurma ruseTma samxreT kavkasia kvlav Tavisi gavlenis
qveS moaqcia. dasavluri orientaciisa da garkveuli demokratiuli
institutebis mqone qveyanaSi avtoritaruli reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi yalibdeba.
sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamocxadebuli saqarTvelo
mxolod simbolurad warmoadgenda damoukidebeli statusis mflobels.
iseTive Zalauflebis mqone iyo xelisuflebis umaRlesi da adgilobrivi
organoebi _ revoluciuri komitetebi. `revkomebis sistema, romelic
saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mmarTvelobis
gardamaval formas, Zalismieri meTodebiT ikafavda gzas. misi moqmedebis
organizaciuli formebi da meTodebi atarebda brZanebiT xasiaTs,
romelTa Sesruleba savaldebulo iyo rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo
organizaciebisTvis" (m. naTmelaZe, al. dauSvili, 2004, gv. 21).
sabWoTa istoriografiaSi aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT revkomebis
Seqmna da maTi uflebamosilebis vadis gaxangrZliveba adgilobrivi
specifikiT iyo gamowveuli. `revkomebma moamzades niadagi da Seqmnes yvela
piroba imisTvis, rom sabWoebs, rogorc qveynis uSualo baton-patronebs,
daekavebinaT TavianTi adgili da muSaTa klasis diqtaturas mieRo Tavisi
uflebrivi da kanonieri gamoxatuleba" (u. baxtaZe, 1960).
revkomebma marTlac moamzades `niadagi" okupirebul saqarTveloSi
xelisuflebis gadasacemad fasaduri legitimaciis mqone organoebisTvis
_ sabWoebisTvis. bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis
momentSi qveyanaSi sabWoebi ar arsebobda. `1917 wels Seqmnili sabWoebi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis wlebSi gauqmebul iqna da maTi
adgili daikava xelisuflebis konstituciurma organoebma rogorc
centrSi, ise adgilebze" (v. guruli, 2003, gv. 111). ruseTSi bolSevikuri
gadatrialebis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, jer
amierkavkasiis masStabiT da Semdeg saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis realobaSic, qarTvelma menSevikebma aramizanSewonilad
miiCnies sabWoebis wamomadgenlebisgan Sedgenili erTgvarovani
socialisturi mTavrobis Seqmna. `Tavis droze Jordaniam daarwmuna
muSaTa sabWoebi, rom maT pretenzia ar unda hqonodaT politikur
xelisuflebaze. miuxedavad amisa, Tavad Tbilisis muSaTa sabWos didi
gavlenis mauwyebeli iyo is, rom parlamentma Jordania airCia sabWos
Tamjdomared" (al. bendianiSvili, 2001, gv. 106).
 Secvlil politikur viTarebaSi arsebulma politikurma partiebma
sabWoebis arCevnebis dauyonebliv mowyobis idea wamoayenes. kerZod,
saqarTveloSi bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebis Semdegac yvelaze ufro
gavlenianma menSevikurma partiam Secvala politikuri brZolis taqtika da
10 aprils Tbilisis operisa da baletis TetrSi gamarTul gafarToebul
TaTbirze mTavrobisagan moiTxova dasavleT evropis social-demokratiuli
da komunisturi partiebis warmomadgenlebis erToblivi, saqarTveloSi
Tavisufali arCevnebis Catareba (gaz. `komunisti", 1921 w. 14 aprili).
ucxo qveynis samxedro Zalaze dayrdnobiT, xelisuflebis saTaveSi
mosul bolSevikur partias kargad esmoda, rom misi gavlena mosaxleobaSi
iyo minimaluri. qarTul realobaSi inteligencia da e.w.
wvrilburJuaziuli fenebi warmoadgendnen mniSvnelovan Zalas. bunebrivia,
maTi mxridan mxardaWeris imedi xelisuflebas ar unda hqonoda. amitom,
droebiTi revkomebidan legitimur organoebze _ sabWoebze gadasasvlelad
man saTanado mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi Caatara Sesabamisi saarCevno bazis
SeqmniT.
saqarTveloSi daniSnul sabWoebis arCevnebs menSevikebma, memarjvene
socialist-federalistebma da maTma mxardamWerma jgufebma boikoti
gamoucxades. amasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi `komunisti" arCevnebisadmi
miZRvnil mowinave statiaSi werda: `sabWoebSi unda moxvdnen mxolod
komunistebi, memarcxene federalistebi da patiosani wevrebi upartio
ojaxisa" (r. grZeliZe, 1998, gv. 222).
socialit-federalistTa meore frTam, memarcxene social-
federalistTa calke partia Seqmna da xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis
gza airCia. igi aqtiurad Caeba saarCevno procesSi, Tavisi warmomadgeneli
hyavda rogorc centralur, ise samazro da saTemo komisiebSi, sadac ki
amis SesaZlebloba hqonda. saqarTvelos revkomis mier damtkicebuli
saarCevno debuleba ukrZalavda arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebas
ZiriTadad arakomunisturi partiebis dasayrden socialur fenebs,
konkretulad:
`a. im pirT, romlebic mogebis mizniT daqiravebulTa Sromas
mimarTaven; b. im pirT, romelnic cxovroben araSromiT SemosavliT,
magaliTad, kapitalis procentiT, warmoebis mogebiT, qonebis SemosavliT;
g. kerZo vaWrebs, savaWro da komerciul SuamavalT; d. ber-monazonT,
eklesiebisa da sarwmunoebrivi kultis sasuliero msaxurT; e.
mosamsaxureT da agentebs yofili policiisa da JandarmTa calke
korpusisa, sajaSuSo (oxrannoe) ganyofilebisa da gansakuTrebuli razmisa"
(qca, f. 296, saq. 82, furc. 1).
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi damkvidrebuli `sayovelTao,
Tanaswori, pirdapiri, faruli da proporciuli" wesiT arCevnebSi
monawileobis miRebidan mkveTri ukandaxeva iyo TviTon formac: arCevanis
gakeTeba xelis aweviT muSa-mosamsaxureTa saerTo krebaze, Tu mas
eswreboda amomrCevelTa 2/3.
saqarTvelos revkomis debulebis Tanaxmad, Seiqmna saqarTvelos
socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis centraluri saarCevni komisia,
samazro da saTemo saarCevno komisiebi. arCevnebi Tavdapirvelad Catarda
Tbilissa (3-8 dekemberi) da baTumSi (8-10 dekemberi). 1922 wlis Tebervlis
pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos regionebSic arCeul iqna sabWoebi. 1921
wlis 9 dekembridan 1922 wlis 22 Tebervlamde erTdroulad arsebobdnen
sabWoebi da revkomebi. xelisuflebis organoTa muSaobis koordinaciisa
da urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvris mizniT 1922 wlis 10 ianvars
revkomma gamosca specialuri dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad xelisuflebis
yvela organo sabWoTa yrilobis mowvevamde eqvemdebareboda revkoms.
mazrebis, qalaqebis, baTumis mxarisa da samxreT oseTis revoluciuri
komitetis Sinagan gamgeblobaze, pirad Semadgenlobaze, maT mier aRZrul
sakiTxebze da moqmedebebis saWiroebaze zedamxedveloba ekisreboda Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saqme 1, furc. 22).
saarCevno komisiebi kompleqtdeboda revkomis wevrebidan. amgvarad,
arCevnebisTvis mzadebis procesSi CarTuli iyo mTeli administraciuli
resursi, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis farTo uflebamosilebis
TanxlebiT. igive uwyeba akontrolebda Temis sabWos deputatebisa da
qalaqebis sabWoebis aRmaskomis wevrTa Semadgenlobas. amis naTeli
ilustraciaa 1922 wlis 16 maiss Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier
quTaisis samazro aRmaskomisadmi gagzavnili mimarTva: `ama wlis ianvarSi
centralur saarCevno komisiis mier sagangebo rwmunebulis saSualebiT
samazro saarCevno komisiisTvis iyo gadagzavnili saanketo furclebi
(oqmebi) Temis sabWosa da aRmaskomis yoveli wevrebisTvis, agreTve samazro
yrilobisa da samazro aRmaskomis yovel wevrTaTvis. im instruqciis
mixedviT, romelic maT zemoTaRniSnul masalebTan erTad gadaegzavnaT,
aucilebeli iyo am saanketo masalebis Sevseba da wardgena saarCevno
komisiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Semdeg am saqmis Sesasruleblad
sakmarisi dro iyo, samazro komisiis gankargulebaSi aRniSnuli anketebi
jerac ar aris warmodgenili, rac aferxebs Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariatis yoveldRiur sameTvalyureo saqmianobas" (qca, fondi 296,
anaw. I, f. 82, furc. 186).
saqarTvelos sxva regionebis msgavsad, arCevnebisTvis aqtiuri mzadeba
daiwyo quTaisis mazraSi. 1921 wlis 31 dekembers quTaisis samazro revkomma
gamosca brZanebuleba: `Tanaxmad instruqciisa damtkicebuli centraluri
saarCevno komisiisa s.s.s.r sabWoTa yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb, quTaisis
samazro revoluciurma komitetma daadgina, Seqmnil iqnes samazro
saarCevno komisia quTaisis samazro revkomis Tavjdomaris amx.
lorTqifaniZis TavmjdomareobiT, Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: wevrni _
warmomadgeneli s.k.p. quTaisis samazro komitetisa amx. k. qacarava; s.v.k.k.
quTaisis samazro komitetisa amx. n. cincaZe; wiTeli armiisa amx.
gonCarovi; memarcxene socialist-federalistTa partiisa amx. m. gavaSeli"
(qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 1, furc. 1). imavdroulad 1922 wlis 4 ianvars
quTaisis samazro revoluciuri komitetis brZanebiT samazro saarCevno
komisiisTvis muSaobis gaadvilebis mizniT Seiqmna saarCevno saqalaqo
komisia revkomis warmomadgenlis adamskis TavmjdomareobiT (qca, f. 296,
anaw. 1, saq. 34, furc. 4).
 3 ianvars arCevnebis mosamzadeblad Temis revkomebs daegzavnaT
saTanado cirkularebi, romelic avaldebulebda revkomis Tavmjdomares
samkaciani komisiis Seqmnas misive TavmjdomareobiT, aseve mizanSewonilad
miiCneoda komisiaSi memarcxene socialist-federalistTa partiis
warmomadgenlis Seyvana (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 51, furc. 27).
saarCevno debulebis Tanaxmad, komisiebis muSaobaze zedamxedvelebsa
da mosaxleobas Soris agitacia-propagandis gasawevad gaigzavna saTanado
direqtivebiT aRWurvili instruqtorebi. maTi informaciiT, gansakuTre-
bul sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli saarCevno siebis Sedgena. 1917 wlis
aRweris masalebi praqtikulad gamousadegars warmoadgenda, xdeboda
mosaxleobi xelaxali aRwera da Semdeg am siis gadacxrilva xmis uflebis
mqone pirebad. quTaisis mazra moicavda q. quTaiss, samrtedias, xonsa da
48 Tems. revkomis dadgenilebiT, raioni, rogorc erT-erTi saxe
administraciuli erTeulisa, gauqmda. saboloo monacemebiT mazris
mcxovrebTa saerTo ricxvi 274.709, aqedan amomrCevelTa 89.949 (qca, f.
296, anaw. 1, saq. 82, furc. 189).
saarCevno uflebis mqone pirTa siis Sedgenisas xSirad adgili hqonda
darRvevebs. saarCevno debulebis sasurvelad interpretirebis safuZvelze
xdeboda politikurad arasaimedo pirebis siis gareSe datoveba: `amwerebs
SeaqvT zogierTi moqalaqe cxrilebSi Tavis Sexedulebisamebr, aris iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rom registratori ekiTxeba muSa-moqalaqes, Tu mas xelebze
`mazolebi" aqvs, is usaTuod komunisti iqneba da aseTebi SeaqvT
cxrlebSi" (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 51, furc. 42) _ acnobebda samazro
saarCevno komisias samtrediaSi gagzavnili instruqtori. muSaobas
arTulebda isic, rom saarCevno komisia revkomis wevrTagan iyo
dakompleqtebuli, romelTac paralelurad administraciuli xasiaTis
sakiTxebis mogvarebac uxdebodaT. amis Sesaxebac aRniSnavda Tavis patakSi
zemoT xsenebuli instruqtori: `siebi, rasakvirvelia, gamzadebuli ar
iyo, arc saerTo siis Sedgenaa moswrebuli, saerTod muSaobis usistemobis
gamo muSaoba ireva. revkomis wevrebs erTsa da imave dros uxdebaT
revkomis saqmeebze sirbili _ mosul xalxTan angariSis gasworeba da sxva
mravali, ris gamoc komisiis wevrebi da Tavmjdomare cud mdgomareobaSi
arian. gadamwerebad mowveulia komisiidan axalgazrdebi, romelTac
saswavlebelSi siarulis gamo mospobili aqvT saSualeba normaluri
muSaobisa" (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 51, furc. 42).
sabWoebis deputatTa piradi baraTebis gacnobisas yuradRebas iqcevs
is faqti, rom absoluturi umravlesoba gaunaTlebelia. socialuri
mdgomareobiT ekuTvnian muSaTa da glexTa klass, inteligencia ZiriTadad
ganze idga saarCevno procesisgan, Tumca calkeul TemebSi (xoni) Cans maTi
TanamSromloba sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan.
samazro saarCevno komisiebis mier TemebSi gagzavnili instruqtorebi
aqtiur propagandas awarmoebdnen mosaxleobaSi sabWoTa sistemis
sasargeblod. maT saqmianobaze garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis sviris TemSi
gagzavnili instruqtoris pataki samazro saarCevno komisiisadmi: `22
ianvars sviris TemSi movawyve mitingi. diliT krebas gvarianad didi
moxseneba gavukeTe. xalxma cudi STabeWdileba momgvara: Semadgenloba,
erTi mxriv, kontrevolucionuri kulakoba da inteligencia da, meore
mxriv, Rataki da beci glexoba. Temi uwin menSevikebisa da federalistebis
bude yofila.
saRamos movawyve TanamgrZnobTa kreba... saarCevno komisiaSi davniSneT
n. kakauriZe, m. kamlaZe, gr. TuTaraSvili, romelic Semdgom saidumlod
miRebuli cnobiT, uwin nac-demokrati yofila, amis gamo gadavayene da mis
magier davniSne sviris TemSi axladdaniSnuli revkomis Tavmjdomare" (qca,
f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 51, furc. 36).
bolSevikuri reJimis mxridan terorisa da daSinebis miuxedavad,
arCevnebisadmi erTgvar protests mainc hqonda adgili, rasac ZiriTadad
arakomunisturi partiebis aqtiuroba kvebavda. magaliTad, maRlakis TemSi
mosaxleobam uaryo komunistebis mier wamoyenebuli deputatebis sia da
saerTod arCevnebis wesi, aseve aqtiurobdnen menSevikebi q. quTaisSi,
xresilSi da rionSi (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 82, furc. 189), magram maTma
cdam _ CaeSalaT arCevnebi, Sedegi ver gamoiRo. 14 Tebervals q. quTaisSi
da mTlianad mazris TemebSi Catarda arCevnebi. 16 Tebervals ki q.
quTaisis Teatris SenobaSi gaixsna sabWoebis I yriloba. quTaisis mazris
sabWoebis I yrilobas eswreboda 230 deputati, maT Soris: komunisti _
159, TanamgrZnobi _ 32, upartio _ 25, memarcxene socialist-federalisti
_ 10. deputatTa socialuri Semadgenloba Semdeg suraTs iZleoda: muSa
_ 58, glexi _ 70, inteligenti _ 77 (qca, f. 296, anaw. 1, saq. 82, furc.
150).
qalaqebisa da calkeuli Temebis sabWoebSi gamarjvebul deputatTa
siac adasturebs, rom arCevnebic faqtiurad erTpartiuli iyo.
sakanondeblo organos funqciis mqone sabWoebs proletariatis, realurad
komunisturi partiis diqtaturis Sesalamazebeli fasadis funqcia hqonda
mxolod. boikotis taqtika arakomunisturi partiebisTvis politikurad
wamgebiani svla aRmoCnda, magram Zneli saTqmelia, saokupacio
xelisuflebis gantkicebis mizniT moskovis mier Catarebul sabWoTa
xelisuflebis organoebis arCevnebSi ramdenad SesaZlebeli iyo maTi
gamarjveba. miT umetes, rom mTlianad arCevnebisTvis mzadebis procesi,
saarCevno kanonmdebloba, `umkacresi teroris, antirusuli da antisabWoTa
Zalebis devnis pirobebSi" (v. guruli, 2003, gv. 111) mimdinare arCevnebi
arakomunitur partiebs warmatebis Sanss ar utovebda.

damowmebuli literatura

u. baxtaZe, 1960 - u. baxtaZe, revkomebi saqarTveloSi, 1921-22 ww.,

Jurn `mnaTobi", 1960, #12.
al. bendianiSvili, 2001 - al. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli
respublika (1918-1921), Tb., 2001.
r. grZeliZe, 1998 - r. grZeliZe, saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis
istoria, (1910-1924 ww.), Tb., 1998.
 gaz. `komunisti", 1921, 14 aprili.
m. naTmelaZe, al. dauSvili, 2004 - m. naTmelaZe, al. dauSvili,
saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria, Tb., 2004.
qca - quTaisis centraluri arqivi.

NINO VASHAKMADZE

THE FIRST SOVIET ELECTION IN KUTAISI MAZRA

(ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT), IN FEBRUARY 1922

In February-March 1921 the Bolshevik Russia invaded the Democratic Republic of

Georgia and extended its influence on the South Caucasus one more times. By that period
the Democratic Republic of Georgia had managed to develop certain institutions of
western orientation but now it was bound to accept the institutions characteristic to
authoritative regimes.
Though the country was proclaimed as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia, the
Soviet councils, formed in 1917, had been already abolished by the Democratic
Government having replaced them with constitutional organizations. Thus, there were no
soviets to hold the power. The Soviet government organized revolutionary committees
(Revkoms) in the centre so in peripheries as the transitional form of political governance
who should prepare the foundation for the delivery of power to councils. New regulation,
specially cut out for carrying out the election campaign, and the administrative resources
were to grant the victory of the non-popular Bolshevik party. Moreover, in this condition
the non-communist parties chose to boycott the elections and only the leftist, Social-
Federalist party decided on collaborating with the government. Social-Federalists were
welcomed by the government as the admissible option for that period.
I have shown the process of the first Soviet election campaign on the example of
Kutaisi administrative district. In spite of the specific cases the given situation was
analogous for the country reflecting its general picture: Under the most severe terror and
persecution of anti-Soviet and anti-Russian groups the election provided the victory for
the Communist Party. The Soviets formally were granted the legislative authority but in
fact its real function was to mask the dictatorship of the proletariat and the communist
party.