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Democratic Voice Of Burma

P.O Box 6720
ST. Olavs Plass
N-0130 Oslo
NORWAY
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Assistance Association for Political Prisoners

(Burma)
P.O Box 93
MAESOT, Tak Province 63110, THAILAND
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10
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11
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12
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13
pma&;ol&JUtw¦KyÜwåd
- 1930? rwfv 12 &uf? 1291ck waygif;vqef; 14 &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeYarG;/
- yJcl;wkdif;? om,m0wDc½dkif? BudKUyifaumufNrdKUZmwd/
- tz OD;yk(ukefonf)? trd a':trm/
- &efukefNrdKU? vrf;rawmfNrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;? BudKUyifaumufNrdKUe,f
trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;? &efukefwuúodkvfpmoifom;/
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ausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú|/
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- 1950 jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;(pmayAdrmef)
pmjyKvufaxmuft,f'Dwm? attufzfyD jyifopfowif;Xme t,f'Dwm/
- 1952 0dZÆmbJGU&/
- 1955-57 e,fomvefEdkifiH? trfpwm'wfNrdKU?
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- 1960-69 aMu;rkHowif;pm trIaqmift,f'Dwm/
- 1962 ck tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;pmq&mrsm;tzJGUcsKyf (International Journalists
Organization-IOJ) jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&mpnf;½kH;a&;rSL;/
- 1962-64 jrefrmEdkifiHowif;pmq&mtoif; twGif;a&;rSL;?

jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;/
- 1969-78 rEÅav;? [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf/
- 1978 jrefrmEdkifiH pmayvkyfom;tzJGU A[dkpnf;½kH;a&;aumfrwD0if/
- 1978 rEÅav;wkdif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGusif;ya&;aumfr&Sif Ouú|/
- 1988 jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m pme,fZif;or*¾ 'kwd,Ouú|/
- 1988 trsKd;om;'drdkua&pDtzJGUcsKyf wnfaxmifolrsm;tzJGU0if/
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14
&&dScJhaomqkrsm;pm&if;
(1) In 2001, UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO/Guillermo_Cano_World_Press_Freedom_Prize>
(2) In 2001 World Association of Newspapers

(WAN) Golden Pen of Freedom Award
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Pen_of_Freedom_Award>
(3) In 2006 Dectember : RSF (Reporters Without Border) Journalist Prize

<http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=14726>)
(4) In 2008 October 8th in Leipzig, Germany

"prize for the freedom and the future of the media" Award
15
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16
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19
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32
ta&;awmfykH wyfom;uGa[h
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ta&;awmfykHwyfom;qdkwJh pum;vkH;yJ/ pmtkyfwpftkyf&JUemrnfjzpfyg
w,f/ uRefawmf q,fhwpfESpfom;avmufrSm 0w¬Kpmtkyfwpftkyfzwf&
w,f/ ]]ta&;awmfykHwyfom;}} wJh/ a&;wJhvlu &JxGef;vif;wJh/ aemifrS
od&wmu pma&;q&m[m e*g;a':OD;&JUcifyGef; um,AvOD;ae0if;qdkwJh
yk*¾dKvfwJh/ vlxka':trm&JUcJtdkawmfwJholaygh/
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33
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awmfykHwyfom; pdwf"mwfrmefoGif;NyD; b0udkjzwfoef;w,f/
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wpfaxmifhwpfae&mu zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfykHwyfom; jzpfcJh
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ausmif;om;&Jacgif wyfOD;acgif;aqmif? ausmif;om;or*¾Ouú| qdkwJh
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jzpfcJhzl;w,f/ &Spfav;vkH;'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHrSmvnf; pme,fZif;
oydwform;wpfOD;tjzpfeJY 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHwyfom;jzpfcJhw,f/
aeYpOfb0rSmvnf; ta&;awmfykHwyfom;tjzpfeJYyJ usifhMuHcH,l
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uReaf wmfuawmh ig ta&;awmfyw Hk yfom;uGa[hvYkdyJ ½du k sK;d ESrd chf spmG vufr
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trsK;d rsK;d aom zdp;D aESmifzUGJ rIawG&UJ xdyw f ;Hk awGukd ajceJYaqmifu h ef jzKwfr,f
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w,f/ ta&mift0guif;ytnMwpdwaf rG;w,f/ ajzmifah jzmifv h u kd af vQmuf
aemufEmG ;pdwaf rG;w,f/ ,kMH unfcsuef YJ touf&iS rf ,fqw kd phJ w d f arG;w,f/
'DvdkrsKd;pdwfawGxm;EdkifrSom ta&;awmfykHwyfom; trnfcHEdkifr,fvdkY
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tJh'D,kHMunfcsufeJY axmifouf&SnfayOD;awmhr,fayghav/ eif
vm;[Jh i&J? iguGa[h ta&;awmfykHwyfom;/ 'DvdkBuHK;0g;oHeJYyJ axmif
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34
ta&;awmfykH rao
pMum0VmaxmifyJjzpfjzpf? rkHn§if;aphaxmifyJjzpfjzpf? axmif[m

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yJ? tcsKyfom;[m tcsKyfom;yJ? axmifom;[m axmifom;yJ? tusOf;
om;[m tusOf;om;yJ/ ig bmvJ awG;ai;aqG;ar;aep&mrvdkawmh/
ig b,fvdkNyHK;rvJ? igb,fvdkrkef;rvJ? igb,fvdk½kef;rvJ? igb,fvdk
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igb,fvdkxefrvJ/ igb,fvdk ESHrvJ/
35
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bd;k BuD;qDuvnf;Mum;? bGm;BuD;qDuvnf;Mum;? tazqDuvnf;Mum;?
tarqDuvnf;Mum;? OD;av;aoG;&if;awGqDuvnf; Mum;vmcJholyDyD
b0wpfavQmufvkH; r[kwfrcHpdwf NrJNrHcJhw,f/ t"r®jzpf&yf vkyf&yfrSef
orQudk wGef;vSefcJhw,f/ rw&m;rIrSeforQudk cHcscJhw,f/ edrfhvlcHvlawG
bufu pmem&yfwnfcJhw,f/ taetpm; tm;vkH;rSm trsm;eJYa0rQNyD;
csKdUwJhrIudkcH,lcJhw,f/ vuf0g;udktNrJjzefYcJhw,f/ vufqkyfudktpOfjznf
cJhw,f/ ighb0[m b,fwkef;urS rjynfhpkHbl;/ b,fwkef;urSvnf;
racgif;yg;bl;? *kPfodrfMoZm r&dSbl;? pnf;pdrfOpömr&dSbl;/ 'gayrJh urÇmh
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&dSw,f/ Ak'ä'oemawGrSmvmwJh jA[®pdk&fw&m;awG&dSw,f/ c&pf0if
Mo0g'pmawGrSmvmwJh ]]0rf;ajrmufjcif;}} pdwfxm;awG&dSw,f/
tJ'Dvkd udk,fhudk,fudkazmf rolawmfw&m;awGudk awG;qaerdayrJh
udk,fh0rf;em udk,fomodwmawGuvnf; wEkHYEkHYay:vmaewmygyJ/
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wwfol? rmefwif;ayr,fh ÓPfuif;pifpdwfrxm;ol? &Jabmfpdwfudk &ifeJY
tjynfh ydkufaxG;xm;ayr,fh tazmfaumif;½kHeJY i&Jaumufaumufrvkduf
ol? aoG;pnf;nDñw G af &;udk xm0pOftav;xm;ayr,fh ud, k ,
f MHk unf&m?
udk,fOD;xdyfyefqif&m rl0g'oabmw&m;awGudk pGefYypfNyD; vlwkdif;eJY
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awGrSm uRefawmf[m oif;uJGtkyfuJGvdk jzpfcJh&wwfw,f/ 'gayrJh b,f
wkef;urSawmh wpfaumif<uufrjzpfcJhbl;/ udk,fh&JabmfpdwfaMumifh udk,fh
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rmefwif;ovdk ÓPfvif;Edkif&r,f? rmef[def;ovdk ÓPfxdef;Edkif
&r,f/ rmefqefYEikd o f vdk ÓPfoefYEikd &f r,fqwkd hJ tmp&d,0g'udk xm0pOf
36
acgif;xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f ? &ifwiG ;f rSmyduk af xG;oljzpfw,f/ uReaf wmfb h 0c&D;

rSm rMumcP vrf;ab;uefcswmcHcJh&bl;w,f/ 'gayrJh b0EGHrSmrepfcJh
&bl;/ ,kMH unfcsuyf ef;wdik u f kd OD;wnfrysuf c&D;qufEikd cf whJ ,f/ yef;wdik f
a&mufra&muf uHaouHr rajymEdik af yrJh yef;wdik rf aysmufwmawmh aocsm
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&rnfrSm rvJGygvdkYyJ BuHK;0g;aerdw,f/ acwf0efudkxrf;NyD;? acwfvrf;
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rIwkdufyJGBuD;awG atmifyJGcHvmw,f/ ESpf(70)ausmf wpfygwDBuD;pdk;cJhwJh
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'DEdkifiHrSm ppftmPm&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;wkef;yJ/ ppftmPm,EÅ&m;BuD;
eif;BudwfqJyJ/ 1988 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHBuD;u rqvwpfygwD
tmPm&Sifpepfudk ½dkufcsKd;acsrIef;EdkifcJhw,f/ 1990 jynfolYvTwfawmf
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Edik cf w hJ ,f/ ppftmPm,EÅ&m;BuD; uaomif;ueif; jzpfomG ;w,f/ a&SUwd;k
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w,f/ &yfqdkif;oGm;jcif;awmh r&dSbl;/
37
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qif;wufvYkd ajy;aewke;f yJ/ jynfoYlqEóabmxm;awG/ jynfoYl tmPm
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eif;acscH&wkef;yJ/
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awmfykHawG rNyD;qkH;ao;/ rNyD;wrf; rjywfwrf; wpfckNyD;wpfck qufvuf
qifEJToGm;Mu&OD;rSmygwum;/ vlawG ao&ifaor,f/ ta&;awmfykH
rao/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykHBuD; oufawmf&mausmf&Snfygap/
38
ppfaMuma&;odkYcsDwufjcif;
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acwfBuD;yJ/ 'DaeYacwf&JUwm0ef[m ta&;awmfykHwm0efyJ/ 'DaeYacwf&JU
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39
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40
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41
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42
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vdkuf&w,f/ ]]vdkufcJh}}wJh/ axmif0g'gESpfa,muf vmac:w,f/ olwdkY
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43
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45
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46
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47
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wpfa,mufcsif;awGU&wmqdkawmh b,folu b,folYt&ifawGU
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awmf odNyD;om;yg/
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48
xJrSm wpf&ufapmNyD; aumv[vjyefYw,f/ jyifyuvlBuD;vmr,fqdk

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vkdvdk vmr,fawGUr,fqdkwmyg/
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aumfrwDOuú| bDvf&pfcswfqefwJh/ wHcg;0a&mufrSod&wm/
tcef;xJ0ifvkdufawmh axmiftajcpdkuf axmufvSrf;a&;pcef;
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w,f/
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emrnfrrSwrf b d ;l / e,fomvefEikd if o H m; 'wfcsfvrl sKd;wpfa,muf/ aemuf
wpfa,mufu tar&duefoH½kH;u t&m&dSwJh/
tcsdefowfrSwfcsuf b,favmuf&dSrSef;rodvdkY uRefawmf jrefjref
yJ pum;pajymw,f/
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vrf;pOfwpfc&k w Sd ,f/ pk-vTw-f awGU yJ/ pkqw kd m a':pkeYJ Edik if aH &;tusOf;
om;tm;vkH; cRif;csufr&dSvTwfay;zdkY/ vTwfqdkwm 1990 a&G;aumufyJGu
wifajr§mufvkdufwJh ygvDrefvTwfawmfac:,lzJGUpnf;ay;zdkY/ awGUqdkwm
'Drkdua&pDtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkygwD 100 ausmfu vkyfcGifhtmPm (Man-
date) ay;tyfxm;wJhyk*¾dKvfeJY e0w&JUtqkH;tjzwfay;EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfwdkY
EdkifiHa&;awGUqkHaqG;aEG;yJG(Dialog) vkyfzdkYyg/
49
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qef;pkMunf vufrw S x
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tusOf;om;tm;vkH; 'Dawmif;qdkcsufudk ukdifpJGxm;ygw,fvdkY uRefawmf
tajzay;ygw,f/
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awGtwkdif; &yfwnfygw,f/
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ppfwyfu buf(side)r[kwf/ tpdk;&bufuomyg0if&r,fhvl (seat)
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50
'gawGtm;vkH;udk 0dkif;n§dMuw,f/ aemufqkH; pk-vTwf-awGUvrf;

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52
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54
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55
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57
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60
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61
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'grsKd;awGajymwwfvmw,f/ &ygNyD/ Edik if aH &;tusOf;om; acgif;wpfywf
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62
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63
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vdkY&r,fxifNyD; cdkif;wm/ uRefawmfwdkYu jiif;½kHyJaygh/ rvkyfbl;uGa[h
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64
pmtdwfay:rSm ajymif;jyefuyfw,f/ ]]acG;acgif;ajymif;jyefuyfvdkufonf}}

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66
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uReaf wmfae&wJh tcef;&Sp&f UJ ab;u uyfvsut f cef;ud;k rSm w½kwf
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67
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w,f/ w½kwfuav;&JU w[m;[m;uawmh r&yfwJhtjyifydkus,favmif
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'DaeY uRefawmfwYkd widk ;f jynfrmS tmPm&Siaf wGu aejynfawmfrmS om&dw S m
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vlrItzJGUtpnf;awG? bmoma&;toif; tyif;awGrSmawmif tmPm&Sif
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'DvdkrpifwGif;xJ avmufjynfhaevdkY aAmif;vefatmif aygaewJh
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aozdkYyJaumif;awmhrSmaygh/ 'Dawmh axmifxJu tmPm&Sif ydpdauG;awG
udk [m;wdkufoGm;wJh w½kwfuav;enf;udk,lNyD; uRefawmfwdkYtm;vkH;
tmPm&Sirf eS o f rQ tNrD;raxmif0ahH tmif? em;&Gurf cwf0ahH tmif [m;wdu k f
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uRefawmhfrdwfaqG &JabmfawGxJrSmvnf; w½kwfuav;vdk vlawG
&dSygw,f/ aumufcgiifcg ajymjy&&if udkrdk;olvdk vlrsKd;aygh/ udkrdk;olu
'DcsKyftzJGU puwnf;u A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf yg0ifvmcJhw,f/ ygwDrSm
olYajcolYvufcsnf;yJvdkY ajym&avmufatmif wGifus,faygufa&mufcJh
w,f/ rwGiu f s,b f J b,faeyghrvJ/ olu w[m;[m;eJY vlwidk ;f eJYpum;
aygufcJhwJholudk;/
69
'ghtjyif tmPm&Sif aygufpawGeJY awGUwJhtcgvnf; w[m;[m;
vkyfypfvkdY emembm0 0dembm0 BuD;i,fawG ea0wdrfawmifjzpfoGm;cJh&
wm enf;rSwfvkdY/ axmifxJa&muf? ppfaMuma&;awGU? BudK;wdkuf0if/
'gawmif w[m;[m;eJY/ axmiftmPm&Sif ydpdauG;awG ]]auG;}}ukefwm
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avmufom pkvdkY&&if [m;wdkufyJG aumif;aumif;qifEdkifr,f/ ppftmPm
&Sif qdkwmrsKd;awG ½l;ukefEdkifw,f/ 0wftoif;wpfoif;pmavmuf pkvdkY
&&if [m;wdu k yf GJ aumif;aumif;qifEikd rf ,f/ MuHzh UGH qdw
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wrf;? rqkwfwrf;? vlwkdif;u [m;wdkufyJG qif0HhMu&if uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH
BuD; tmPm&Sif uif;rJhZkefjzpfEdkifavmufay&JU/
70
71
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- yDyDawGvTwf vTwfawmfac:
- Muufwla&G;wGefoH
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72
ESpfqifh ESpfvTm eifig rdwfaqG
axmifxJrSm eif&,f ig&,f rdwfaqGvdkaeMur,f qdkwmrsKd;u

vG,fvG,feJYrjzpfEdkifbl;/ ydwfavSmifcHxm;&wJhb0? iwfjywfae&wJhb0?
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&efol jzpfzYkdomvG,w f ,f/ rdwaf qGjzpfzYkdqw
kd muawmh a0;pGajcmufyg;yJ/
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u qdkwmrsKd; vkyfaevdkYr&/ olvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY qdkovdk
73
olvnf;axmifom;ayrdkY qdkawmh axmifom;b0udk BuHKqkH&ifqkdif&wm
yJaygh/
1991 rSm uRefawmf wkduf0if;xJu wdkufokH;udka&mufoGm;w,f/
wdkufcef;av;buf av;wef tydwftumcef;rSmae&w,f/ ab;tcef;
awGqDu bmoHrSrMum;& b,folrSrjrif&/ rsKd;odef;wdkY? 0if;vIdifwdkY?
&efatmifwdkY? rkd;aZmfOD;wdkY? udkudkBuD;wdkY pwJh 'DcsKyfvli,fawG&dSowJh/
rif;om;BuD;udak tmifviG w f Ykd? a&SUaeOD;xGe;f wifwYkd? OD;wifxwG w
f Ykd? rif;odcF
wdkY? OD;csrf;at;wdkY? AdokumOD;ausmfrif;wdkY? udk0HowdkY? OD;&JxGef;wdkY?
pHZmenfbdkwdkY? bkd;awmfcif0if;wdkY &dSMuowJh/ owif;wdkYwduav;awG
Mum;ae&w,f/
udk,fwkdifrdv’m tifwkHo,fNyD; t*FvdyfoDcsif;qdkwJh udkatmifvGif
&JU au;q,f&m q,f&m toHudk reufwkdif;Mum;&wwfw,f/ nwkdif;
pHZmenfbkd&JU t*FvdyfoDcsif; (&D;Am;atmhzf Edk;&Dwef;)oHudk Mum;&wwf
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1992 ck e0wOuú| AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;apmarmif jyKwfoGm;awmh
wkdufokH;udk vlopfawG a&mufvmw,f/ bdkbdkOD;wdkY? nDEdkifatmifwdkY?
oufrif;atmifwdkY? udkaX;atmifwdkY? *sifrDwdkY? bBuD;jrwfxGef;wdkY?
a'gufwmjrifEh ikd ?f a'gufwmaZmfjrifah rmif? udrk if;Zif? brsK;d ode;f ? udpk ;kd jrif?h
udkxG#fcif? udkvSrif;? udkrsKd;rif;wdkY pwJh vlopfawG a&mufvmMuw,f/
vlopfa&mufa&muf vla[mif;a&GUa&GU tcef;usOf;av;xJrSmae&
orQ tusOf;om;[m tusOf;om;yJ/ axmifom;tusOf;om;&JUaomu
a'go y&da0'? 'ku© a'greóawG vlwkdif;udkcHpm;Mu&wmyJ/ 'Dawmh
tJ'D'ku©awG&JU tusKd;oufa&mufrIudkvnf; vlwdkif;rSmvdk ay:aygufBuHK
awGU&wmyJaygh/ tJ'gawG&JU aemufqufwJGu tusOf;om;csif; qufqH
a&;rSm rajyvnfrI? rMunfvifrI? rauseyfrIawG [dkuay: 'DuxGufjzpf
vmwmayghav/ uoduatmufawG jzpfvmw,f/ txteawGaumuf
vmw,f/ u*sDuaMumifawG xGufvmw,f/
74
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wufNyD; avmifwmrsKd;vnf;&dSw,f/ jyó'fup trIdufqif; rD;avmif
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uq? uoduatmuf? y#dyu©awGtxd jzpfvmw,f/ ae&if;xdkif&if;
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oHawG? pGyfpJGoHawG? jypfwifoHawG? yGxvmw,f/ aemufqkH; 'DcsKyfyg
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75
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rItvTm? 'DtvTmrSm EdkifiHa&;pum;? EdkifiHa&;tvkyf? EdkifiHa&;tquftqH
bmrSrygbJ vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;? oli,fcsif;qufqHa&;? rdwfaqGquf
qHa&; oufoufyJ vkyfoGm;&r,f/ yxrtvTm tckdiftrmcsrdrS 'kwd,
tvTm tpysKd;r,f/ 'kwd,tvTmusawmh EdkifiHa&;udpaö wG? ygwDcsif;udpö
awG? EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIudpöawG vkyfMur,f/
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awGukd tom;[if;ydYk w,f/ tck a0ae,se,fuckd sJUw,f/ o[m,e,fukd
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twl wD;MucwfMuw,f/ twloDcsif;qkdMuw,f/ twlpmzwfMuw,f/
(pm&Gufpmwrf; &SmazG&&dSwJh tcgaygh)/
76
twl 0w¬KZmwfvrf;? ½kyf&SifZmwfvrf; ajymMuw,f/ bmpum;

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&dS&if a&csKd;&if; qkHrSajymMuw,f/) tJ'DvdkajymzdkYawmh a&uefrSm qkHr,f
a[hvdkY csdef;Muw,f/ tdrfu rsKd;aphawGawmif;NyD; [if;oD;[if;&Gufpdkuf
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a0w,f/ vli,fawGu rkv H m? c&rf;? a*:zD pdu
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(a'gufwmjrifhEdkifu jcif;vkH;cwfwmudk tnmpum;eJY EG,fMur,fa[h
vdYk atmfwwfw,f/) ydu k af usmfjcif;upm;cGi&hf vmw,f/ Edik if aH &;tusOf;
om; vli,fcsif;awG aysmfvm? aygif;vm? nDvmawmh vlBuD;csif;u
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vlYabmifopfa&m 14 a,muf&dSwJh 'DcsKyfa&m wjcm;ygwDtzJGUtpnf;
wkdif;ua&m wpfygwDwpfa,mufyg0ifwJh aumfrwDyg/
tJ'DaumfrwDu OD;pD;NyD; EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yJGawGvkyfw,f/ a[m
ajymyJGawG vkyfw,f/ EdkifiHa&; txdrf;trSwfaeYawG? EdkifiHa&;ygwDaeY
awG? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifaeYawG usif;yw,f/ pmtkyfawGxkwfw,f/
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owif;vTmawGxkwfw,f/ axmif0ifpmu&wJh yg;pyfowif;avmufeJY
rauseyfvdkY ]]owif;vTm}}xkwfw,f/ a&'D,dkwpfvkH; axmifxJvQKdU0Suf
oGif;w,f/ bBuD;jrwfxGef;u wm0efcH owif;zrf;w,f/ udkaX;atmif
(Zifvif;)u wm0efcHwnf;jzwfw,f/ rdk;aZmfOD;eJY wjcm;vli,fawGu
wm0efcHowif;vTm tacsma&;w,f/ wdkuf-4 u rsKd;jrifhndrf;vdk &Jabmf
77
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owif;ajc&mazsmufzYkd ,kw H rf;pum;oHawG vTi&hf w,f/ wduk af v;
u jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,f udkausmfoGif&JUtazu olYom;udk odyfcspfwm?
olYom;Mum;csifwJh owif;awGudk axmif0ifpmvmwkdif; ajymjyw,f/
tarBuD;u bDbDpDwdkY? tm&ftufzfatwdkY? 'DADbDwkdY? ADGtdkatwdkYudk toH
zrf;? tvGwfusufNyD; axmif0ifpmrSm olYom;udk tNrJjyefajymjyw,f
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wku d t f ygt0if wdu k af ygif;pku H kd a&mufatmifyYkd Muw,f/ a&TayvTm ysHum
0J vIyf&Sm;rIvdkYac:w,f/ aemufqkH;rSm wdkuf-4 u aZmfxGef;wdkY NzdK;rif;
odef;wdkY aphaqmfcsufeJY axmifwGif;vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufrI tajctae
awGudk pmwrf;BuD;wpfapmifjyKpkw,f/
tif;pdefaxmifxJrSmomru e,faxmifawGrSma&m? ausmufxk
pcef;? tvkyfpcef;? pdkufysKd;a&;pcef;awGrSmyg ay:aygufjzpfysufaewJh
axmiftmPmydkifawG&JU tusifhysufrIawG? n§Of;yrf;rIawG? t"r®ckdif;aprI
awG? tMurf;zwfrIawG? tm*wddvdkufrIawG? tusOf;om;awG&JUusKd;yJhzsm;
emrIawG? a& tpmr0 iwfrGwfrIawG? aea&;xdkifa&; em;ae tdyfpufa&;
csKdUiJhqkH;yg;rIawG? vlYtcGifhta&; qkH;½IH;rIawG? csKd;azmufcH&rIawG pwJh
ta&;udpötm;vkH;udk owif;tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;Muw,f/ axmuf
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owif;tcsuftvufawGudk 0efxrf;awGqDu &w,f/ tusOf;pcef;jyef
awGqDu &w,f/ jyifyaxmufvSrf;rIawGqDu &w,f/
vli,fawGuvnf; owif;tcsuftvufawGudk pkaqmif;ay;
w,f/ uReaf wmfu pkaygif;a&;w,f/ a&;p&m puúLtvkt H avmufr&bl;/
pmrsufESm 100 avmufqdkawmh rvG,fbl;aygh/ 'geJY uRwfuRwftdwf
yvwfpwpftdwfawGudk puúLt&G,fjzwf? aygifay:wif? abmyifeJYa&;&
w,f/
78
pmrltm;vkH;udk rdk;aZmfOD;u puúLay:rSm tacsmul;a&;ay;w,f/

pmrlESpfckul;w,f/ wdkufaygif;pkH vSnfhjyNyD; zwfckdif;w,f/ oabmwl
aMumif; vufrSwfxkd;Muw,f/ tusOf;om;wpf&mausmf(BudK;orm;awG
tygt0if)&JUvufrSwfawGudk pkaqmif;&&dSw,f/
awmif;qdkvTmeJY vufrSwfawGudk tjyifxkwfvkdufw,f/ ukv
or*¾a&mufoGm;w,f/ jynfwGif;rSma&m jynfyrSmyg yGufavm½dkufoGm;
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY vkyf&usKd;eyfw,f/
79
yDyDawGvTwf vTwfawmfac:
1990 ESpfukefydkif;avmufu wdkuf0if;xJrSm qE´jyrIawGay:vmcJh

w,f/ yDyDawGvTwf vTwfawmfac:qdkwJh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyJGyg/ yDyDqdkwm
Political Prisoners (PP) EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;udkqdkvdkwmyg/
'Dwu dk yf rGJ mS axmifxaJ &mufaewJh 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmifawGtrsm;BuD;
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101
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102
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103
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aygif; 170ausmfw,f/ udpöjywfa&m/
w&m;½kH;a&mufvmwJh jzpfpOfav;udk ajymjycsifao;w,f/
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104
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106
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107
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112
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114
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182
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ydwfxm;wJharsmuf? rMum;csifvdkY em;ydwfxm;wJharsmuf? rajymcsifvdkY
206
yg;pyfydwfxm;wJharsmufawGtaMumif; '@m&D&dSygw,f/ tJ'D'@m&Dudk

uRefawmf qefYusifw,f/
uRefawmfu '@m&DqefYusifolyDyD jynfoltrsm;cHpm;ae&orQudk
ydkxifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifcsifw,f/ 'gaMumifh rSefajymif;eJYMunfhr,f/ jynfol
trsm; cHpm;Mu&orQudk ydkjywfjywfom;om;Mum;csifw,f/ 'gaMumifh
q&m0efokH; em;MuyfeJY &ifbwfuyfem;axmifr,f/ jynfoltrsm;cHpm;
Mu&orQudk ydkus,fus,fajymcsifw,f/ 'gaMumifh toHcsJUpuf(avmfpyD
um)eJYatmfr,f/
'Dvdk tEÅduAsmwkd&SnfawG uRefawmf trsm;BuD;a&;w,f/ puúL
r&dS? abmyifr&dSwJh tmPm&Sifacwf axmifb0xJu tcsdeftckduftwefY
wpfckrSma&;cJh&wJh uAsmawGudk;/ yvwfpwpfawGay:jzpf? yvwfpwpf
ay:aysmufaygh/ tedpo ö abmeJY udpaö csmcJMh u&awmhwmayghav/ oHa,mZOf
rxm;awmhygbl;/
2000 ckausmfavmufrSm uAsma&;usJoGm;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;udpö
awGyJ tm½kHxJa&mufaew,f/ 1950 avmuf uRefawmfhacgif;xJrSm
owif;pmudpöu uAsmudpöudk 0kef;cscJhw,f/ ESpf 50 tMum cktcsdef
rSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;udpöu uAsmudpöudk 0kef;csjyefNyD/
aemufqkH;a&;cJhwJh uRefawmfhuAsmwcsKdUrSm tvuFmeJ-usJ-rJG
oGm;ygNyD/ EdkifiHa&;yJ uJaeygawmhw,f/
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ppfuRefawG ½kef;uefxrS
vGwfuRwfb0/ /}}
207
208
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209
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- ½kyfrao; BudK;rudkif
- EdkifiHa&;o,HZmw&if;jrpf
- oHo&m0Jvnf apmifwpfxnf
210
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axmifcsw,fqdkwm vGwfvyfcGifhawG ½kyfodrf;wmyJ/ 'gt"duyJ/

axmifusolawGrSm w&m;Oya't& ydkifcGifh&cGifhawG&dSyg&JU/ tawmfenf;
w,f/ axmiftmPmydkifawG/ axmufvSrf;a&;vdk tmPmNydKifawG&JU
csKyfcs,frI? uefYowfrI? zdESdyfrI? tEdkifusifhrIawGu &dSao;w,f/ aemuf
qkH;awmh tusOf;om;tcGifhta&;qdkwm okntqifha&mufoGm;w,f/
tmPm&SifacwfrSmawmh tqdk;0g;qkH;tajctae a&mufoGm;w,f/ okn
rSm tEIwfvu©PmjyKvmawmhwmaygh/ rkd;av0ojyudef;awG oabmyg
yJ/ ESpfywfwpfcg(tcsKyfom;tzdkY wpfywfwpfcg) {nfhawGU? axmif0if
pmawGUcGifh&dSw,f/ 'gu csKd;azmufrcH&EdkifwJh tcGifhta&;yJ/ 'gudkaxmif
211
tmPmydkifawGu tmPmNydKifaxmufvSrf;a&;awG&JU trdefYeJY ½kwfodrf;
w,f/ zsufodrf;w,f/ tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm? vaygif;rsm;pGm axmif0ifpm
ydwfcH&wmawGrsKd;awG &dSwwfw,f/ ppfacG;wdkuf ydkYxm;cH&uwkef;u
uRefawmf axmif0ifpm ajcmufvausmfydwfcH&w,f/
'DvdktcGifhta&;qkH;½IH;rI[m rMumcPomr[kwf ae&mwumrSm
BuHK&wwfw,f/ emruse;f jzpfvYkd aq;½kaH q;cef; wufa&mufuo k cHae&wJh
tcsdef 'Dvdkta&;,lrIrSm rdom;pkudk todray;bl;/ rdom;pkodvkdY vkduf
vmvnf; awGUcGifhray;? awGUcGifhay;vnf; tBudrfuefYowf/ tcsdef
uefYowf/ [dkvl 'Dvl uefYowf/ [dk[mr,l& 'D[mr,l&uefYowf/
1995 rSm cJGpdwfukorIwpfck uRefawmf vkyf&w,f/ &efukef
aq;½kHBuD;*wf0yf(Guard Ward) &JtcsKyfcef;rSm uRefawmf a&mufaew,f/
ig;ESpfvkH;vkH; tluRHa&m*gudk AdkufrSm ydkufxm;cJh&w,f/ a0'emqdk;qkd;
0g;0g; cHpm;aecJh&w,f/ aemufqkH; tlacgufoGm;awmhrS aq;½kHBuD;ydkY
w,f/ csufcsif;ydkY csufcsif;cJG&w,f/ rydkYrcJGvdkYvnf; rjzpfawmhbl;/
tlacgufwm ESpf&ufausmfoGm;NyD/ okH;&ufqdkaor,f/ 'geJY trdk;yGifh
avmf&u D m;ay:wif? aq;½kt H jrefyYkd w,f/ oHajcusif;cwfzYkd jyifao;w,f/
yef;yJcef;txd ac:oGm;ao;w,f/ wlwjyifjyif ayay:wifxkawmhrvdkY/
uRefawmf tBuD;tus,fuefYuGufw,f/ csufcsif;cJGpdwf&r,fhvlem oH
ajcusif;cwfOD;rSmvm;/ oHajcusif;cwf&if roGm;bl;/ q&m0efawG 0if
ajymrS ajcvGwfvufvGwf aq;½kHa&mufw,f/
cJGNyD;NyD;csif; &JtcsKyfrSm ydwfxm;vdkufw,f/
&JtcsKyfcef; (Guard Ward) qdkwm 24 ay 16 ayavmuf tcef;/
rD;vkH;wpfvkH;wnf; xGef;xm;w,f/ rD;vkH;eDusifusifu wpfcef;vkH;&JU
tarSmifudk rwkd;Edkifbl;/ arSmifxJrJxJrSm vlemtusOf;om; q,fa,muf
avmufxm;w,f/ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf rjrif&/ wpfcef;vkH; npf
ywfpw k jf ywfaew,f/ ykyaf [mifeaH pmfaeao;w,f/ xrif;[if;u wpfaeY
wpfcgyJay;w,f/ ESpfcgpm;csif ydk,lxm;/ odk;wmeHwm vmrajymeJY/
212
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owif;Mum;vdkY pm;p&mav;awG ydkY&w,f/ &JawGudk vufzuf&nfzdk;
t&ufz;kd aq;vdyzf ;kd ay;&ao;ovm;rod/ vmawGUwJo h il ,fcsi;f tke;f xGe;f
udk uRefawmf rar;vdkufawmhygbl;/
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0ifcGifh awGUcGifh qHkcGifh r&dSwJholawG uRefawmfhqD wpfa,mufNyD; wpf
a,muf a&mufvmw,f/
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om;/ tcsKd&nfbl;awG,lvmw,f/ (tJ'Dtcsdefu tkef;xGef;wpfa,muf
yJ axmif0ifpmawGUcGifh&dSw,f/) pum;wkd;wdk;wdwfajymNyD; udkaxG; jyef
oGm;w,f/ udkaxG;u MuHwwfzefwwf xdk;wwf xGif;wwfwJhaumif/
*wf0yf&t J csKyfcef;rSm wm0efusaewJh &JawGxrJ mS olYoil ,fcsif; tif;pde&f J
wpfa,muf&JU tod&JU tod&JU tod&JU tod&JUtod qkdovdkrsKd; owif;
ay;olwpfa,mufeJY awGU? uRefawmfhowif;Mum;? pm;p&mav;awG odkodk
odyfodyf ,lvm/ uRefawmfeJY pum;wdk;wkd;ajym? vlrod olrod jyefoGm;/
'gygyJ/
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jyefw,f/ 'Daumifrav;u uRefawmfaxmifxJa&mufcsdefu i,fi,f?
tck uav;ESpfa,mufeYJ om;wJGvJ orD;wJGvJ/ olu trsKd;orD;tapmifh
trsKd;orD;&JxJuwpfa,muf&JU tod&JU tod&JU tod&JU todeJYodw,f/
atmifrm olu ajymw,f/ ol wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf r[kwfbl;/ wif;wif;
yJ/ uav;ESpfa,mufyg ac:vmvdkufao;/ olYtazaowJhtaMumif;?
olYtar bk&m;zl;c&D;xGufaMumif;? usKduúqH&yfuGuf pdefjc,fvrf;u
uRefawmfhOD;av;rdom;pkawGtaMumif; pum;wazmifazmifajymjyaecsnf
ao;/ udkBuD;ausmfu b,fvdk/ rsKd;OD;eJY rsKd;atmifu b,fhES,f/ cifrsKd;
Munf? cifrsKd;at;? rdw;l ? cifrsKd;tke;f u b,fEh ,
S /f udrk aJ v;u b,fenf;
olYrdef;r u&ifru b,fykHawG ajymoGm;ao;/
olwdkY 'Dvdk xdk;xdk;xGif;vkyfMuovdkyJ wjcm;vlawGvnf; tJ'Dvdk
213
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awG vkyfudkifay;cJhMuygao;w,f/
1989 uRefawmhu f kd w&m;pJaG wmh tjyifval wGt0ifrcHb;l / tydwf
tyifawGu rsm;ovm;rar;eJY/ *sDo&D;awGudkifxm;wJh ppfom;awG ppf&J
awG w&m;½kH;udk [efYwm;qD;qdkY aewmuvnf; Murf;ovm;rar;eJY/
'DvdkMum;xJu udkarmifarmifcif&JUrdef;r t&Du ra&mufa&muf
atmifvmao;/ uRefawmfhnDrt&if; wifwifjrifhvnf; a&mufvmao;/
tcefYom;twnfayguf a&mufvmMuwmuawmh uRefawmfhrdwfaqGBuD;
awG&UJ ZeD; uG,v f eG of al ':cifO;D wkYd jzpfygw,f/ olwYkd u wpfacgufr[kwf
okH;acgufvm; av;acgufvm; vmNyD; pm;p&m aomufp&mawG ydkYoGm;
avao;&JU/
uRefawmfh&JUoufaotjzpf ½kH;rSmxGufqdkay;wJh pma&;q&mBuD;
yg&*lwdkY? EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD; ocifatmifazwdkY ½kH;udkvmcJhMuw,f/ ½kH;
udpeö JY bmrSrqkdifwJh orD;BuD;cifolZmxGef;vnf; ½kH;a&SUa&mufvmw,f/
uRefawmfha&SUae OD;odef;ñGefY(aumhu&dwf)u jyefvSefar;cGef;awGudk rSwf
wrf;vdu k zf Ykd roluckd ikd ;f w,f/ qG,w f mtusÐvuf&n S t f eufa&mifu0kd wf
xm;wJh rolBuD;uvnf; cyfwnfwnfyJ w&m;cGifpm;yJGrSmxkdifNyD; rSwf
wrf;awG vdkufa&;w,f/ orD;BuD;uawmh uG,fvGef&SmygNyD/ olY&JU0Hh0Hh
pm;pm; vkyfudkifoGm;ykHawGudk 'DaeYtxd rsufpdxJrSm jrifa,mifaeao;/
1998 tif;pdefaq;½kH uRefawmf a&mufaeawmhvnf; &Jwm0efus
awG? axmufvSrf;a&;awGMum;u udkarmifarmifcifhorD; oif;oif;eJY
rGerf eG w
f Ykd? tke;f xGe;f orD; cif,Of,OfxeG ;f (rwl;)wdYk aq;½kcH ef;xJta&muf
vmcJhMuw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefawGu axmufvSrf;a&;u rodvkdYbJvm;/ odk;odk;oefY
oefY owif;awmifr&vdkYbJvm; rodygbl;/ bmrSjyóem rwufcJhbl;/
uRefawmfhudkvnf; bmrSrajymMu? rqdkMuygbl;/
jyóemwuf½kHru ola'goukd,fha'goawG aygufMuuJGMuwm
a&m? aemufqkH; cJGpdwf'Pf&m aoG;pdk jynfpkdeJY uRefawmfhudk aq;½kHay:
214
u qJGcscH&wma&m jzpfukefwmuawmh pef;pef;&JU oHwkdifjzwf aoewf

uGif;wJhudpyö g/
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a':pef;pef;wpfa,muf aygufcsvmw,f/ cyfwnfwnf cyfcefYcefYyJ/
wnfwnfcefYcefYxufydkao;w,f/ [ef& yef& psmef&vdkY qdk&rvm;bJ/
pef;pef;qdw k mu 'DcsKyf&efuek w f idk ;f qdyu
f rf;NrdKUe,f jynfoYl u, kd pf m;vS,f
a':pef;pef;yg/
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vnf; wpfESpfxJvdkYxifwmyJ/ ausmif;rSmwkef;u r&if;cJhayrJh olYtpfudk
awGeJY uRefawmf &if;wmuawmh MumNyDaygh/ udkcifarmif&DwdkY? udkcifarmif
MunfwkdY qdkwJh olYtpfukdawGu uRefawmfeJY aMu;rkHowif;pmrSm vkyfazmf
udkifzufawG/ aMu;rkHrwdkifcif 1950 tdk;a0acwfuwnf;u &if;ESD;vmcJh
olawG/ tJ'Dtcsdefu uRefawmf attufzfyD(A.F.P) jyifopfowif;XmerSm
vkyfaew,f/ ol.taz OD;baomfeJ.vnf;&if;wmygyJ/ OD;baomfu
a':cifrsdK;cspfcifyeG ;f OD;cifarmifvwfeYJ nt D pfut kd &if;/ OD;cifarmifvwfeYJ
uRefawmfw.kd u q&mwynfv h okd mru om;csif;vd&k if;wJo h al wG/ aemuf
ydkif;rSm OD;baomfeJY uRefawmf jrefrmEdkifiHpme,fZif;aumifpDrSm twlwGJ
vkyfMuao;w,f/ uRefawmfu twGif;a&;rSL;/ olu tzJGU0if/ tvGef
xufjruf? tvGefyGifhvif;? tvGefjywfom;wJhol/ 1962 awmfvSefa&;
tpd;k &wufNyD;uwnf;u Edik if aH &;eJY ywfoufvm&if olYom;awGuakd wmif
odyaf xmufccH siw f mr[kw/f uReaf wmfu h kd ydNk yD;jywfjywfom;om;axmufcH
wJhol/
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tdrfem;eD;csif;awG jzpfawmh olYom;orD;awGeJYvnf; &if;cJhjyefa&m/
udk,fhESrom;csif;vdk jzpfaevdkY uRefawmf pef;pef;udk rTef;aewm
r[kwfbl;/ pef;pef;&JU EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf? &yfwnfcsufawGaMumifh uRef
awmf MunfndKpum;ajymaewm/ 'ghxuf olY&JUEdkifiHa&;owådaMumifh
uRefawmf wav;wpm;*kPfazmfaewm/ pef;pef;u uRefawmfhEdkifiHa&;
215
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ol/
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J csKyfcef;udk pef;pef;
a&mufvmwJhtaMumif; ajym&OD;r,f/ 'g[m olY&JUEdkifiHa&;owådajymifrI
oufaoyJ/
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uxuf ydkcufvmw,f/ 'DvdktajctaerSm pef;pef; uRefawmfhqDa&muf
vmw,f/ arSmifrJeHapmfaewJhtcef;? 24 em&D aomhydwfxm;wJhtcef;/
tJ'Dtcef;xJudk qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf a&mufvmwm/ ½dk;½dk;a&mufwm
r[kwfao;bl;/ uRefawmf tay:rSm a&;jycJhovdk [efeJY yefeJY psmefeJY
a&mufvmwm/ psmefeJYvdkYa&;wmu olu a,m*D0wfeJYa&mufvmwm/
odu©m orm"d tjynfheJY/ rsufvTmcsvdkY/ vuftkyfcsDvdkY/
olu tapmifh&JawGudk cGifhawmif;w,f/ tcsKyfxJu tusOf;om;
awGudk auR;arG;axmufyHhcsifw,f/ tusOf;om;oufBuD;&G,ftdkawGudk
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&JawGu olYtpDtpOfudk cGifhjyKw,f/ 'geJY ol tcsKyfcef;awGxJ 0ifcGifh&
w,f/ yxrtrsK;d orD;tusO;f ol tcef;awG0ifw,f/ ypön;f awGay;w,f/
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trsKd;om;cef;buf a&mufvmw,f/ wjcm;tusOf;om;awGudk
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'Dred ;f r jrifb;l ovdv k ykd gvdYk tuJcwfaew,f/ axmifxt J aeMum
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ajcmufatmif pOf;pm;&w,f/ acgif;xJray:bl;/ aemufqkH; uRefawmfh
a&SUa&mufvmw,f/ uefawmhw,f/ tcsKd&nfykvif;wdkY? tdyf,mcif;BuD;
wpfckwdkY pm;p&mrkefYxkyfwdkYygw,f/ vm;vm; pef;pef;yguvm;/ ckrSyJ
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216
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uRefawmf 18 ESpfom;avmuf ausmif;a&mufpuwnf;u tpfr
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at;wdkYvnf; vmaewwfw,f/ xifvif;wdkY rdom;pkuvnf; tpfrBuD;
wdkY ]]at;&dyfom}}rSmyJaew,f/ uRefawmf aysmfaewmaygh/ uRefawmfh
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wJGrdw,f/ uRefawmf touf 20 bmomjyefpmaytoif;rSm pmjyKtvkyf
&w,f/ aemuf t,f'Dwmjzpfvmw,f/ 'DumvwpfavQmufvkH; olwdkY
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pum;ajymMuw,f/ uRefawmfqkd pmrJch iG w hf pfv,lNyD; tpfrBuD;udk pmtkyf
awG zwfjycJw h m/ tpfrBuD;wdYk uvnf; aoG;om;t&if;tcsmvdk uRefawmfh
udk jyefapmifha&SmufcJhMuwm/ toufuav; tawmf&vmwJh tcsdeftxd
olwdkY uRefawmfhudk ulnDaz;rcJhMuwm/ 1975 avmuf olwdkY rdom;pk
rEÅav; vmvnfawmh uRefawmht f cef; olwYdk ay;cJw
h m/ uRefawmf wjcm;
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217
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rSwfrdwmwpfck&dSw,f/ c&D;wpfaxmufrSm q&meJYuRefawmf n&xm;
tdyfcef;wpfcef;xJ twloGm;&w,f/ nusawmh q&mu acwfa[mif;
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218
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wkdY? AdkvfBuD;0if;xdefwdkY? u&ifAdkvfrSL;udkudkEdkifwdkY? Auy,l*sDudkoufckdif
wkdY? udkwifatmifwdkY? rif;udkEdkifwdkY? 'DcsKyfu OD;cifarmifaqGwdkY? udkrdk;ol
wdkY? udk0HowdkY? OD;ausmfqef;wdkY? bdk;awmfcif0if;wdkY pwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
om;awGeJY tcef;ausmf? pum;atmf? acsmif;Munfh qdkwmrsKd;eJY BuHKvdkuf?
qkHvdkuf? ajymvdkuf? qdkvkduf&w,f/
1999 oBuFefrSm uAsmjyZmwf&SnfBuD;wpfyk'f uRefawmf atmf
w,f/ axmufvSrf;a&;tcef;-5 txl;aqmifrSmyg/ tcef;-10 u
tcef;-8 txd uAsmpmvkH;awG aygufaygufBuJaew,f/ yJhwifxyfae
w,f/ &ufuef;vGef;cwfovdk/ wdkufwpfzufpGef;u wpfzufpGef;udk 'dk;
a'guf ½dkufcwfa&GUvsm;aew,f/
uRefawmfhpum;vkH;awGudk wpfcef;cef;uvlu abmfvDabmykwf
ovdk qufykwfvTwfaew,f/ bdwfbdwfom; wdwfqdwfNidrfoufaewJh
tcef;uawmh tcef;-4yJ/ em;axmif½kH em;axmifaeovm;rod/ 'grS
r[kwf em;raxmifraebl;wmvm; rod/
tJ'Dtcef;rSm OD;at;0if; aew,f/
OD;at;0if;u a':pk&JUtpfudk0rf;uJG/ tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;
OD;b0if;&JUom;/ uRefawmf r&dSawmhwJhaemuf ol 'DcsKyfrSm (a':pktem;
rSm) 0ifulvkyfw,fvdkY Mum;&w,f/ aemufawmh axmifxJa&mufvm
a&m/ tck tcef;-4 rSm/
1998 aemufydkif; wpf&ufrSm urÇmhMuufajceDtzJGU uRefawmfwdkY
qD a&mufvmw,f/ vlawGtm;vk;H qkaH wGUzdYk MuufajceDtzJUG acgif;aqmif
rpöwmvD,Gefudk uRefawmf ]]ylqm}}w,f/ wjcm;vlawGuvnf; 0dkif;
ajymMu[efw&l UJ / tm;vk;H wpfaygif;wnf; awGUMu&w,f/ vlawGuawmh
rrSwfrdawmhbl;/ udkoufckdifygw,f/ udkudkEdkifygw,f/ OD;ausmfqef;yg
w,fxifw,f/ OD;at;0if;awmh rygbl;/
OD;at;0if;u olwpfa,mufwnf; oD;jcm;awGUcGifhawmif;w,f/
283
uRefawmfwdkYeJY rqkHvdkuf/ olYrdom;pkudpöawGvm;? olYudk,fa&;udpöawG
vm; ajymcGifh&vdkufvdkY OD;at;0if; 0rf;omrSmyg/
uRefawmfwdkYvnf; aysmfvkdufMuwm/ uRefawmfwdkYav;a,muf
'DwkdufxJrSm aevmcJhwm MumyJMumaygh/ wpfcgrS rsufESmcsif;rqkdifcJh
Mu&bl;/ ckawGUvkdufMuawmhrS vlcsif;vnf;jrifbl;/
udkoufckdifqdkwJhvlu vlacsmyJ/ udkudkEdkifvJ tJ'DvdkygyJ/ axmif
armif;? acsmarm/ OD;ausmfqef;u 'DcsKyf A[dkaumfrwD0ifqdkawmh vlcsif;
qkHbl;rvm;rod/ uRefawmfuawmh odyfrrSwfrd/ olu yxr rauG;
wkdif;? aemuf ppfudkif;wkdif;/ olvnf; wkdif;tvkyfawGeJY csmvywf&rf;/
uRefawmfvnf; A[dktvkyfawGeJY 0vcsD;v,f/ ckrSyJ opfyif&dyfatmuf
rSm rsufESmcsif;qkdif xdkif&w,f/
OD;at;0if;u rpöwmvD,GefeJY oD;jcm;awGUNyD;tjyef uRefawmfh
tcef;-1 a&SU vm&yfw,f/ bkef;BuD;qGrf;cHovdk? tMumBuD;&yfwm
r[kw/f cPyJ/ NyHK;EIwq f ufw,f/ ]]ta&;BuD;udpaö v;&dv S Ykd Asm}}vdYk yg;pyf
u ajymw,f/ a':pkeJYywfoufovm;/ 'DcsKyfeJY ywfoufovm;/ olY
yk*¾dKvfa&;eJY ywfoufovm;/ ol rajym/ uRefawmf rod/ bkef;BuD;vdk
tMumBuD;&yfwmr[kwfayrJh vlu bkef;BuD;½kyfaygufovdkvkdyJ/ jzLjzL
oefYoefY/ tdaÈór®wådtjynfh/
ol vGwfomoGm;a&m/ aemufxyfwpfcgrS rawGUvkduf&awmh/
olYnDjzpfwJh udkcsKd(csKdatmifoef;)udkawmh uRefawmf tMumBuD;
jrif&w,f/ wpfcef;xJ twlaeMu&wmudk;/ &efukefaq;½kHBuD;&JtcsKyf
cef;(Guard Ward) rSm/ uRefawmfu ESvkH;a&m*geJY aq;½kHa&mufaewm/
oluawmh bma&m*grSef;rod/ vluawmh ydefuyfuyf/ rsufESmuawmh
olYtaztarawG emrnfa&G;rrSm;wm oufaocHaew,f/ NyHK;NyHK;csKdcsKd/
csKdcsKdjrL;jrL;/
tJ'D&ufawGu odyfMum&SnfMumanmif;r[kwfygbl;/ q,f&uf
avmufawmh Mumxifygh/
tapmifhawGursm;? vluaygif;pkHjzpfaevdkY oleJYuRefawmf pum;
284
rqkH vlcsif;jrif&½kHyJ/ olYtpfudkBuD; udkwl;eJYawGUw,f/ nDtpfudku

ykHcsif;rwl/ udkwl;u 00zdkifhzdkifh/ ndKndKwnfwnf/ udkcsKdu olYtrI
taMumif; tpdk;&owif;pmrSm a&;ykHudk owif;pmjzwfydkif;awGjyw,f/
zwfckdif;w,f/
a':pktaMumif;awG? a':vmaiGawG? N*dKvfwkw,fvDzkef;awG? bm
awG nmawGrSef;rod/ oAÁ&emrfaygif;pkHwumaphaewmyJ/ rrSwfrdyg/
vluvnf; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaevdkY acgif;urMunf/ 'Dvdk owif;rsKd;
qdw k mu axmufvrS ;f a&; vuf&mawG/ ud, k o
hf wif;? olY owif;? olrsm;
owif;&,fvkdY xl;rjcm;em;vS/ 'DtararG; 'Duav;vkdY ajym&rvm;/
'DykyfxJu 'DyJajym&rvm;/
udkcsKdu rkefYxkyfuav;awG? opfoD;av;awG vmay;wwfw,f/
]]q&ma&... aemufrSajymr,f/ aemufrSajymr,fvdkY tNyHK;pum;
vufokH;pum;qdkwwfw,f/ uRefawmfuvnf; acgif;ndwfvdkufwmyg
yJ/
tjyifa&mufawmh oleJY tBudrfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;awGUw,f/ olY
taz(AdkvfcsKyftpfudk OD;atmifoef;) uG,fvGefwJh ESpfvnfyJG uRefawmf
a&mufomG ;w,f/ olYtazu vuf0EJ ikd if aH &;orm;qdak wmh olu vlawGeYJ
a&ma&maESmaESmaewwfw,f/ olYtazvdkyJ/
2009 xJrSm a':pkukd tif;pdefaxmifwGif; w&m;½kH;wifw,f/
tif;pdefaps;a&SU vlpkMuw,f/ xdkifMuw,f/ pum;ajymMuw,f/ a':pk
bufawmfom;awG awmfawmfrsm;w,f/ 'Drdkua&pDvIyf&Sm;tiftm;pkawG
awmfawmfrsm;w,f/ aps;olaps;om;? &yfol&yfom;awG awmfawmfrsm;
w,f/ 'DcsKyfuvnf; vmw,f/ uRefawmfeJY ESpfa,muf okH;a,muf
avmuf &dSr,fxifw,f/ udkcsKdvnf;ygwwfw,f/
uRefawmf ausmufukef;tdrfrSm aewJh&ufqdk&if ol tdrfwkdif&m
a&muf vkdufydkYwwfw,f/ 'DvIyfawG('Drdkua&pDvIyf&Sm;olawG)uawmh
oleJYuRrf;ol vGrf;ol vGef;ol rsm;w,f/ olu vlwkdif;eJY NyHK;NyHK;yJ/
]]q&ma& uRefawmfuawmh 'DvlawGtaMumif; aemausaeawmh
285
owdxm;w,f}}vdkY uRefawmfhudk wdk;wdk;ajymwwfw,f/ 'DvlawGqdkwm
olYtem;uvlpdrf;awG ajymwmvm;/ axmufvSrf;a&;awGudk ajymwm
vm;/ uRefawmf ar;raeawmhyg/
olu tqef;av;awGvnf; ajymwwfw,f/ wpf&ufrSm olajym
ykHu
]]q&mhtwGuf tif;pdefwuúpDp&dwfcHwJhvl&dSvdkY}} qdkNyD; uRefawmfh
udk wuúpDeJY tif;pdefydkYw,f/
]]uRefawmfawmh jyefOD;r,fq&m}} qkdNyD; bwfpfum;eJYvm;? wuúpD
eJYvm;rod/ jyefoGm;w,f/
2001 avmufrmS xifw,f/ Edik if aH &;tarGBuD;cHy*k Kd¾ vfwpfa,mufeYJ
&efukefaq;½kHBuD;rSm uRefawmf qkH&jyefw,f/ a':MunfMunfyg/ uG,f
vGefol ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuú| ocifZif&JU usef&pfolZeD;/ udkaxG;
jrifheJY uRefawmfu rrMunfvdkYac:Muw,f/ olu ysOf;rem;olqdkawmh
ysOf;rem;om; udkaxG;jrifheJY ydk&if;w,f/
uRefawmf aq;½kHwufaewkef; aeYwkdif; xrif;csKdifhydkYw,f/
]]rrMunf 'kur© &SmeJY/ uRefawmfu wpfaeYwpfxyfpm;wm/ reuf
pmvnf; {nfhonfawG 0,fvmwJh ArmrkefYawGeJYNyD;wm}}
b,fvdkajymajym r&bl;/ uRefawmf BudKufw,fqdkwJh 0ufom;
[if;? 0ufajcaxmuf[if;? yJukvm;[if; qdkwmawGvnf; rxyfrjywf
ydkYw,f/
tJ'D&ufawGrSm rrMunfu usef;rma&; NydKvmaeNyD/ reufapm
apm a&csKd;w,f/ vlESpfa,mufavmuf wJG&w,f/ tawmf,kdifaeNyD/
zD;vdr;f NyD;&if rrMunfukd ckwifay:rSm tcefYom; tNrdKifo h m;? tacsmom;
awGU&w,f/ i,f½kyfrukefao;bl;/ i,faoG;rjy,fao;bl;/
i,faoG;qdkwm a'gawG rmefawGudk ajymwm/
wpf&uf uRefawmfhudk vlvTwfac:w,f/ a&mufawmh ajymvdkuf
wm pkHa&m/ a'gawGarmawGuvnf; vmao;/ idkoH½IdufoHuvnf;
ygao;/
286
olwdkYEdkifiHa&;tEG,f? uRefawmfh&Jabmfwpfa,muf&JU ESvkH;om;

a&;&mac:rvm;/ ESpftdrfom;a&;&m ac:rvm;rod/ olu tdrfola[mif;
bufu vdkufajymw,f/ wpfem&DavmufMumw,f/
]]aq;½kHwufwkef; pdwfwkefp&mawG rajymygeJY rrMunf&,f/}}
ajymvnf;r&/ vlu odyfrvIyfEdkifvdkYom xrckefwm/ u½kPma':aom
awGuawmh &xm;acgif;wJGBuD;vdk *sL;*sL; *sdef;*sdef; w*kwf*kwfyJ/
uRefawmf aq;½kHu qif;vm&w,f/ odyfrMumbl;/ rrMunf
wpfa,muf uG,fvGefw,fvkdY Mum;&w,f/ pdwfraumif;jzpf&vkdufwm/
uRefawmf aq;½kHrSm&dSwkef; 0rf;omp&mav;awGvnf; BuHK&ao;
w,f/ rrMunf aus;Zl;aygh/ wpf&ufrSm rrMunf vlemar;zdkY rdwfaqG
om;trd vmw,f/
ocifpdk;&JUZeD; a':cifpDyg/ a':cifpD&JUaemuftdrfaxmif udkpdk;Edkif
eJY uRefawmfu tvGefrwef cspfcif&if;ESD;Muwm/ rrMunfudk taMumif;
jyKNyD; a':cifpD aq;½kHvmw,f/ om;awmfarmif armifarmifEdkifvnf;
ygvmw,f/ tcsKyfcef;xJ0ifcGifh&w,f/ rrMunftcef;uwpfqifh uRef
awmfhvmawGUw,f/
a':cifpeD YJ awGU&wmvnf; 0rf;omvdu k w f m/ rawGU&wm q,fih g;
ESpf q,fhig;rdk;&dSNyDav/ olaoudk,fao rawGUvdkuf&vdkYuawmh 'Db0
NyD;ygava&m/
axmufvrS ;f a&; wyfv;Hk NydKawmh Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;cifñeG Yf &UJ aemuf vku
d f
AdkvfygawGeJY BuHKvdkuf? qkHvkduf? Mum;vdkuf? jrifvkduf&jyefw,f/
wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif &ckdifBuD;udkombef;eJYvnf; awGUvkduf
&ao;/ EdkifiHwumMuufajceDawGvmawmh wpf&uf oleJYuRefawmf twl
pum;ajymvdkuf&ao;/ 0rf;omwmaygh/ oleJYuRefawmfu owif;pmvkyf
zuf/ ol ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifb0uwnf;u odcJhwm/ 1957
'wfcsfoH½kH;a&SU qE´jyyJGrSm 'wfcsftvHudk ol rD;½IdUw,f/ olYvufrD;avmif
w,f/ ol vufzsm;cgoGm;&w,f/ vufrD;avmifwmudk;/ 'wfcsfe,fcsJU
orm;vnf; vufzsm;cgoGm;&w,f/ Arm&ckdifausmif;om;vli,fawG
qE´jyykHu wu,fMurf;oudk;/
287
ysKdwkef;u ombef;vdkyJ tdkvmwJh ombef;uvnf; Murf;wkef;yJ/
tck olu 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; tzJGU0ifav/ &ckdiftzJGU 'k-
Ouú|/ nDñTwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; r[mrdwftzJGUacgif;aqmif
wpfOD;qdkwJh *kPf&nfyk'fawGeJY vIyf&Sm;aeoljzpfaeNyD/
axmifuxGufcgeD; wpfESpftvdk 2007 rSm txl;aqmifyGifhw,f/
touf½SLacsmifvmwmudk ajymwmyg/
olaX;BuD;armif0w d f a&mufvmw,f/ ½kyo f pH ufoiG ;f w,f/ tcef;
za,mif;ykqdk;cif;w,f/ taqmif½kH;cef;rSm axmifrSL;awGeJYxrif;pm;
w,f/
vlu i,fi,fNyHK;NyHK;ygyJ/ pum;ajymcGifh rBuHKvdkY olYtaMumif;
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rodvkduf/ aMomf- olaX;BuD;vnf; axmifxJqJGoGif;cH
&wmygyJuvm;vdkYyJ awG;rdw,f/
EkdifiHa&;tarGBuD;cH yk*¾dKvfawGxJu axmifxJa&mufaeolwpfOD;
uawmh OD;ae0if;&JUajr; udkat;ae0if; jzpfw,f/ olu olYtaz olYnD
awGeJYtwl ao'Pfudk,fpD &if0,fydkufNyD; axmifxJa&mufaew,f/ olY
taruvnf; tus,fcsKyfusaew,f/
2008 tapmydkif;avmufrSm uRefawmfwkdYwpfawG ajrBuD;ay:vrf;
avQmufcGifh&w,f/ wpfa,mufxGuf wpfa,muf0if tcsdefvJT? tcsdef
vJGayghav/ yxrawmh vufjyajcjyEIwfquf½kHyJ/ aemufusawmh ol
t0if udk,ftxGuf 0efxrf;rjrifuG,f&mrSm pum;wpfcGef;p ESpfcGef;p
ajym? Mumvmawmh pum;rsm;rsm;ajym? pmapmifpmtkyfzvS,faygh/
udkat;ae0if;u touf 30 avmuf &dSa&mhr,f/ ,lau(UK)
oGm;NyD; ynmoifbl;w,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkYeJYtwl axmifus/ twl
txl;aqmifa&mufaewJh Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBuD; OD;0if;atmif NAdwed o
f t
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b0u olYtdrfrSm udkat;ae0if; aexkdifcJhbl;w,fwJh/
uRefawmf vrf;avQmufcsdef udkat;ae0if;wdkYtdrftrSwf-5a&SUu
jzwfoGm;w,f/ ol y&dwf&GwfoH? yXmef;&GwfoHawG Mum;cJh&w,f/
uRefawmf Mum;bl;em;0r&dSwJh bk&m; w&m;pmawG &Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f
oHawGvnf; Mum;&wwfw,f/
288
olzwfwJh pmtkyfawGuvnf; pmaumif;ayaumif; tqifhjrifh

EdkifiHa&;pmawG? urÇmhta&;pmawG/ pmtkyfawGrSm olYtar a':pE´m0if;
vufrSwfawGudk awGU&w,f/ taru pmzwfawmh om;vnf;pmzwf
oefwmeJYwl&JU/
wpfaeYrSm oleJYuRefawmf pum;tawmfMum ajym&w,f/
]]tefwDpkwdkYa&m? rif;udkEdkifwkdYa&m vGwfapcsifygw,f tb&,f/
tba&maygh/ uRefawmfwdkYa&maygh}}
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wkdif;jynfwdk;wufapcsifwmavmufyg}}
olu csdefqqajymaewm/
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pmrzwf&&ifawmh olwdkYacgif;ao;rSmaygh/ vli,fwkdif; acgif;BuD;apcsif
w,fAsm/ uRefawmfh vufokH;pum;wpfck &dSw,f/ ]]ÓPf nD Nidrf;
jrefrmjynf[def;}}wJh/ jrefrmawG a&TrufvkdY jynfysuf½kH ysuf&ifuHaumif;/
rsKd;ygwkH;Edkifw,f/ ÓPf&dSMurS nDñGwfMurS? Nidrf;csrf;vdkpdwfBuD;rSAs/
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udak t;ae0if;u NyHK;em;axmifw,f/ vli,fayrJh vlBuD;vlaumif;
ykHaygufw,f/ a&TrufwdkY? Munfpdk;wdkYqdkwJh pum;vkH;awGudkvnf;
rodrom bJ em;oifh½kHvdkufw,f/
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f efyaD yghAsm/ udrk if;udEk ikd w
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pmaumif;aumif;zwfcGifh? pmrsm;rsm;rSwfcGifh &apcsifygw,fAsm}}
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qufqdkwJhudpörsKd;aygh/ ½kyfoH MRTV4 rSm em;uavmae&wJhoDcsif;udpö
olYudkajymjyw,f/
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cPqdkaew,f/ pdwfaygufaygufeJY ]]q,fhudk;ESpfawmifjynfhoGm;NyDuG/
axmifaqG;rvm;? igaqG;rvm; rodbl;a[h}}vdkY jyefatmfvkduf&w,f/
289
udkat;ae0if;u toHxGufatmf&,fw,f/ udkudkifZmuvnf;
qEćH,lyJGoDcsif;udk eif;udk[pfaewmudk;/ 'Dtcsdef olYtaz udkpdef0if;
(wuoausmif;om;acgif;aqmif? owif;pmq&m)om &dSaeao;&if
uRefawmf atmf&OD;rSmyJ/ udkpdef0if;eJYuRefawmfu odyfcifwm/ pdwful;
awG rwlawmh pum;rwl/ jiif;&ckef& atmf&[pf& jzpf&wwfw,f/
udkpdef0if;u rl;NyD; rdef;reJY &efjzpf&if udkifZm? qDZm nDtpfudk
ac:NyD; uRefawmhftdrf vmtdyfw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u uRefawmf wmarG
t0dik ;f em;rSmaew,f/ olYrmS uRefawmht f cef;aomh&w Sd ,f/ tvG,yf J wHcg;
zGiw
hf ,f/ uReaf wmfch w k ifay:rSm om;tzawG od;k atmiftyd af wmhwm aygh/
tJ'Dvdk vlrr,ft&G,f rSwfrdxm;wJh oli,fcsif;om;u ]]rif;
q,fh&SpfESpfjynfhNyD;vm;}}vdkYar;awmh uRJNrD;wdkwmaygh/ NyD;awmh olYoDcsif;
xJu wD;0dik ;f uvnf; ]]*sed w f w
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emoGm;w,f/
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r,f/ olYowif;ajymr,f/ pdwful;w,f/ olu olYtartaMumif; wzGzG
ajymwwfwmudk;/ zkef;eHygwfrodwmeJY rajymjzpfawmhwm/
1995 avmufrSm wpfcg? 1998 avmufrSm wpfcg? 2002
avmufrSmwpfcg &efukefaq;½kHBuD; uRefawmf tcgcgwuf cJGcH&w,f/
*wf0yftcsKyfcef;rSm tBudrfBudrfavSmifcH&w,f/
&JtcsKyfcef;rSmae&if; EdkifiHa&;tarGBuD;cHwpfOD;udk awGUw,f/ ol
u wnfNrJzqyvacgif;aqmif 'k0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;ausmfNidrf;&JUnD
0rf;uJGawmfwJh udkaxG;jrihfyg/ olu uRefawmfeJY oufwl&G,fwl/ OD;-eJY
twlawmcdkzl;w,f/ BudK;'PfESpfBudrfay;cH&w,f/ ppftpdk;&vufxuf
rSm ESpf 20 uRef;'Pfusjyefw,f/
&JtcsKyfrSmaewkef; vlawGu rrmrcsmqdkawmh w,fvnf;pum;
rqdkrdMuygbl;/
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[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif

Democratic Voice Of Burma

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners

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(1) In 2001, UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize

(2) In 2001 World Association of Newspapers

(3) In 2006 Dectember : RSF (Reporters Without Border) Journalist Prize

(4) In 2008 October 8th in Leipzig, Germany

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