Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103

Semester V (2010)

1.0 DIPHTHONGS

1.1 Chosen Diphthongs

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1.2 Notes and Point Of Articulation In Producing Diphthongs

A diphthong is two vowel sounds that come together so quickly that they are

considered to be only one syllable. While a vowel digraph is two letters with the first letter

making a long sound and the second letter is silent.  We call this:  "first one does the

talking, the second keeps on walking." In short when two vowels are beside each other

and make one sound they are called digraphs.

We had choosed two diphthong from KBSR English syllabus for Year 4. There

were five diphthongs were taught in year 4. From year 4 syllabus, we came out with table

below.

Dipththong (vowel digraphs)

ei /e/ /i/ ey /i/ /ɑi/ /e/ oa /oʊ/ ow /ɑʊ/ ie /ɑi/

neigh key boat row pie
weigh honey coat flow tie
sleigh donkey load follow lie
beige monkey road yellow die

From Year 4 syllabus

However, we had choose two diphthongs which are oa /oʊ/ and ie /ɑi/ in our assignment.

We will briefly explain the chosen diphthong in next page.

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1.2.1 DIPHTHONG : /ɑi/

Examples of this diphthong :

pie /pɑi/ lie/lɑi/

tie /tɑi/ die/dɑi/

The diphthong sounds of /ɑi/ are as follows:

Low central or low back to high front tense unrounded – /ɑi/ –

Which means that,

 Articulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low

refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the

vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /ɑi/ produce low vowels in the bottom of the

mouth.

 Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part

of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /ɑi/ produce central

vowels which it used the middle of the tongue, and produce back vowels where

the part of the tongue closest to the throat.

 Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension

of the tongue during pronunciation. But for this diphthong /ɑi/, tense vowels are

pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a relaxed tongue.

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 Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the

shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. But for this diphthong /ɑi/,

it was unrounded vowels with the lips pulled in and back.

(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)

PICTURE OF THE MOUTH FOR THIS DIPHTHONG /ɑi/

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1.2.2 DIPHTHONG : /oʊ/

Examples of this diphthong :

boat /boʊt/ road /roʊd/

coat /coʊt/ load /loʊd/

The diphthong sounds of /oʊ/ are as follows:

High back tense rounded – /oʊ/ –

Which means that,

 Articulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low

refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the

vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /oʊ/ produce high vowels are pronounced

in the top of the mouth

 Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part

of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /oʊ/ produce back

vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the throat.

 Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension

of the tongue during pronunciation. But for this diphthong /oʊ/, tense vowels are

pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a relaxed tongue.

 Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the

shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. But for this diphthong /oʊ/,

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it was rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed forward in an O

shape.

(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)

PICTURE OF THE MOUTH FOR THIS DIPHTHONG /oʊ /

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1.3 More explanation

What exactly does the phrase "vowel articulation" mean? Articulation refers to the place and

manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low refer to height of articulation, which describes the

place in the mouth where the vowel is pronounced. High vowels are pronounced in the top of

the mouth, mid vowels in the middle of the mouth, and low vowels in the bottom of the mouth.

Say the words beat and bat to feel the difference between a high and a low vowel.

Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part of the tongue

used to pronounce the vowel. Front vowels are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, central

vowels with the middle of the tongue, and back vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the

throat. Say the words fit and foot to feel the difference between a front and a back vowel.

Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension of the tongue

during pronunciation. Tense vowels are pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a

relaxed tongue. Say the words wheat and wet to feel the difference between a tense and a lax

vowel.

Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the shape of the lips

during the pronunciation of the vowel. Rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed

forward in an O shape and unrounded vowels with the lips pulled in and back. Say the words

food and foot to feel the differences between a rounded and an unrounded vowel.

(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)

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1.4 Classroom Activity To Practice Diphthongs (Songs)

From the song: Row Your Boat

This is the original verses:

Row row row your boat

Gently down the stream

Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily

Life is but a dream

2.4 1 Diphthongs /ai/

Here’s some new verse:

Ride ride ride your bike

Riding down the hill

If you forget to slow your bike

You fall and hurt your knee

Blink blink blink your eye

When you see the light

If you give a kindly smile

Your day will shine and fine

Walk walk along the street

See the apple pie

Take a money in your pocket

Let’s buy apple pie

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1.4 2 Diphthongs /oʊ/

Here’s some new verse:

Row row row your boat

Watch the water flow

If your eyes can catch the toad

The toad is swimming slow

Brush brush brush your coat

Gently near the stream

Brush the coat with water and soap

Try to make it clean

Chase chase chase the toad

Chase it near the lake

If you see it on the road

Catch and give it to snake

Row row row your boat

Gently down the lake

Don’t stand up and rock the boat

Or you will fall into the lake

Row row row your boat

Gently down the stream

Don’t fill up so many in boat

Or it will be over load

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Walk walk along the road

Wearing jean and coat

Watch your step when see the toad

A toad is crossing the road

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2.0 MORPHEME

2.1 Notes Of Morpheme

3.1.1 Free Morpheme

In linguistic, a free morpheme is a single linguistic unit which carries

meaning and can be used on its own as a word. Free morpheme is a morpheme

that can stand alone as a word within a sentence without another morpheme.  It

does not need anything attached to it to make a word. For example, Cat is a free

morpheme. Most roots English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and

to), although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must

be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable

lexical item. "A word like 'house' or 'dog' is called a free morpheme because it can

occur in isolation and cannot be divided further into meaningful units.

The free morphemes with lexical content represent the major parts of

speech: noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The free grammatical functional

morphemes include the minor parts of speech: articles, prepositions and

conjunction among others. Examples of free morphemes are shown in table

below.

Free Lexical Morpheme

Noun Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
man watch happy further
stapler listen gloomy there
comb hear sad forthwith

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Free Grammatical Morpheme

Article Preposition Conjunction
the between while
an behind and
a on but

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2.1.2 Bound Morpheme

In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand

alone as an independent word. Most English language affixes (prefixes and

suffixes) are bound morphemes. A prefix is a letter or a group of letters attached to

the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. For example, there are

supportive and opposing prefixes which are used to support for or disapproval of

whatever is expressed by the word they’re attached to. We also have negative

prefixes, prefixes of place, size, degree and status. We have prefixes of time and

order and prefixes of number. Examples for all these prefixes are shown in the

table below.

Prefixes
Type Meaning Examples
pro = on the side of, supporting pro-life
pro-market

anti = against anti-social

Supportive and
antibody
Opposing
anti-regulatory

contra = contrasting, against contraception

contradistinction
dis = opposite of what is meant by disagree
the second element. dislike
disadvantage
un = the opposite of unfair
Negative Prefixes im (before ‘p’) improper
ir (before ‘r’) irrelevant
il (before ‘l’) illegal
non = not non-stop
non-smoker
Prefixes
Type Meaning Examples
Prefixes of ante = before anteroom

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antechamber
extra = outside, beyond extracurricular
extra-pay
extramarital
inter = between international
intra = inside interracial
intravenous
Place intramural
tele = at a distance telecommunication
television
trans = across transsexual
transnational
under = below underground
underclothes
undercharge
arch = highest, worst archbishop

Prefixes of arch-enemy
micro micro transmitter
size, degree
macro = large macro-economics
and status mini = small mini marathon
miniskirt
mid = middle mid-afternoon

Prefixes of midnight
post = after post mortem
Time and
post-modernism
Order pre = before preschool
preview

While suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word

to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word.

Examples are given in the table below.

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Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-er, -or one who trainer, protector
-ness state of being heaviness
Verb Suffixes
-ate become eradicate
--ify, -fy make or become terrify
-ize, -ise become civilize
Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being reliable , edible
-al partitioning regional
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless

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2.1.3 Derivational Morpheme

Derivational can be defined as the morpheme which produce a new

lexeme from a base. (Bauer. 1988: 12) or make new words from old one. (Crystal,

p.90). Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content. In this sense they are

like content words, except that they are not words. As we have seen, when a

derivational morpheme is added to a root or stem, it adds meaning. The derived

word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word. As shown

by suffixes such as -able and -ly. When a verb is suffixed with -able, the result is an

adjective, as in desire + able, adore + able. When the suffix -en is added to an

adjective, a verb is derived, as in dark + en. One may form a noun from an

adjective, as in sweet + ie. Other examples are :

Noun to Adjective to Adjective to Verb to

Verb to Noun Noun to Verb
Adjective Adverb Noun Adjective
 boy + ish  acquitt + all  exact + ly  moral + ize  tall + ness  read + able
(boyish) (acquittal) (exactly) (moralize) (tallness) (readable)
 virtu + ous  clear + ance  quiet + ly  brand + ish  specific +  creat + ive
(virtuous) (clearance) (quietly) (brandish) ity (creative)
(specific)

But not all derivational morphemes cause a change in grammatical class.

Examples:

Noun to Noun Verb to Verb Adjective to Adjective

 friend + ship  un + do  pink + ish
(friendship) (undo) (pinkish)
 human + ity  re + cover  in + flammable
(humanity) (recover) (inflammable)

2.1.4 Inflectional Morpheme

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Linguistics recognizes two classes of bound morphemes. The first class is

called inflectional morphemes and their influence on a base word is predictable.

Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical class of words (nouns, verbs and

adjectives) by signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and so on, but

they do not shift the base form into another word class. It is most typically realized

by adding affixation (suffix) to the base form.

For noun word class, we can inflect it for number and gender. Inflected for

number can be divide into two, which are regular and irregular. Regular means the

changes is just involve adding –s to the base form, while the irregular means we

change the vowels or change the base word to form a new word or not change the

word at all. As example:

Inflected for number

Inflected for gender
Regular Irregular
boy > boys foot > feet waiter > waitress
cat > cats child > children actor > actress

It is also same for the verb word class, but we inflected the verbs for tense.

Inflected for tense can be divide into three, which are regular, irregular and no

phonological relation. As for example:

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Inflected for tense

Regular Irregular No
No change Vowel Consonant Vowel and
Phonological
change change consonant
Relation
change
boy > boys hit > hit > hit drink > make > go > went
leave > left
drank > made >
> left
drunk made

For the adjectives word class, we inflected for comparative. It can divide

into phonological relation and no phonological relation. Phonological relation

means we just add suffix such as –er or –est to the adjective while no phonological

relation means the comparative words occur in the form of new word. As example:

Inflected for comparative

Phonological relation No phonological relation
hot > hotter > hottest good > better > best
tall > taller > tallest bad > worse > worst

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2.2 Graphic Organizer of Morpheme

2.2.1 Free Morpheme

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2.2.2 Bound Morpheme

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2.2.3 Derivational Morpheme

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2.2.4 Inflectional Morpheme

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Alan Cruttenden (2001). Gimson’s Pronunciation of English (6th ed.). New York:Arnold.

David E. Freeman, Yvonne E. Freeman. (2004). Essentials Linguistic What You Need To
Know to Teach Reading, ESL, Spelling, Phonics, and Grammar. Poltsmounth, NH. Heinemann.

Nina Hyams, Robert Rodman & Victoria Fromkin. An Introduction of Language (7th ed.).
United State: Heinle.

_________(2000). Longman Handy Learner’s Dictionary. Edinburgh, England.

WEBSITES

David Brett (2007). English Morphology. http://davidbrett.uniss.it/.../EnglishMorphology

%96Lecture2.ppt. Accessed on 2010

Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme.

http://www.unc.edu/~tofu/ling101/loggrab/DvsI.pdf. Accessed on 2010

Heather Marie Kosur (2009). English Vowels Sound.

http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx. Accessed on
January, 22 2010

Kristen Mills (1998). Morpheme.

http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm. Accessed on 2010

Morphology. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/morphology-
4up.pdf. Accessed on 2010

Richard Nordquist (2010). Bound Morpheme.

http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/boundmorphterm.htm. Accessed on 2010

Richard Nordquist (2010). Free Morpheme.

http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm. Accessed on 2010

(2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme

Richard Nordquist (2010). Common Prefixes in English.

http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/comprefix07.htm accessed on 2010

Richard Nordquist (2010). Common Suffixes in English.

http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/comsuffixes.htm. Accessed on 2010

The place of articulation for vowels refers to the arching action of the tongue to produce
front, mid or back vowels. http://www.csun.edu/~vcoao0el/de361/de361s71_folder/tsld061.htm

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