The Continuity of Life

Created by :
Krisnhaliani Wetarini
9P - 04
Concept Map
What’s the continuity of life?
 Every organism has their own way to continue their life.
 Generally, there are 3 ways to continue the continuity of life, they
consist of :

◦ Adaptation

◦ Reproduction

◦ Natural Selection
Adaptation
 Adaptation is process of the ability of living things in adjusting to
their environment to survive well
 2 processes which is involved in adaptation process :

◦ The changes of variations of non-adaptive characters

◦ The selection of non-adaptive variation

 There are 3 kinds of adaptation, namely :

◦ Structural adaptation

◦ Functional adaptation

◦ Behavioral adaptation
Structural Adaptation
 Structural adaptation is also known as morphological
adaptation.
 It happens when a living thing adapts to its environment by
change its body shape or structure.
 Examples of structural adaptation are as follows:
◦ Hydrophytes
◦ Xerophytes
◦ Hygrophytes
◦ The beaks and feet of bird
Hydrophytes
 Is the plants which adapts to the watery
environmental, such as mangrove and
lotus.
 Characteristics of hydrophytes:
◦ Have many stomata
◦ Have flat and broad leaf
◦ Have specific roots to absorb oxygen
Xerophytes
 Is the plants which adapts to dry
environmental, such as cactus.
 Characteristics of xerophytes:
◦ Small leaves or sometimes modified
to the thorns
◦ The stems usually covered by wax-
layer
◦ Have long roots
Hygrophytes
 Is the plants which adapts to
moist environmental
 For example, the ferns and
mosses.
Beaks and feet of birds
 The beaks and feet of birds
usually adapt to their foods.
 For example, hummingbird has
sucking-beak to suck honey from
the flower and the eagle has
sharp-feet to tear its prey.
Functional Adaptation
 Functional adaptation is also known as physiological adaptation.

 It happens when a living thing adapts to its environment by change

its body work function.

 Examples of functional adaptation are as follows:

◦ People tend to spend more urine in cold air

◦ The size of digestion system of animals can be differentiated

depend on their kind of food
Behavioral Adaptation
 Behavioral adaptation happens when a living thing adapts to its
environment by change its behavior.
 The examples are:

◦ Chameleon which change its color to hide from its predator

◦ When we feel cool, we wear jacket

Natural Selection
 Natural selection is a selection by the nature to the adaptive
individuals to a certain environment.
 Natural selection is related to evolution theory, which means the
changes that occur for a long time and form a new individual.
 Natural selection theory is described by Charles Darwin and J.B.
Lamarck.
 Natural selection happened in Biston betularia, Finch birds,
giraffes, and dinosaurs.
Organism Reproduction
 There 3 ways of reproduction

◦ Sexual

◦ Asexual

◦ Both of sexual and asexual (hermaphrodite)

 The differences between sexual and asexual reproduction can be
differentiated by:

◦ The fertilization process occur

◦ The amount of involved parent

◦ The characteristic of the result

Asexual Reproduction of Plants
Some examples of natural asexual reproduction of plants are:
Spore, mushroom and fern
Tuberous stem, potato and sweet potato
Scale tubers, onion
Tuberous roots, dahlia and carrot
Suckers, banana and palm
Rhizomes, ginger and galangal
 Cormus, gladiolus and lily

 Stolon, strawberry and grass

 Runner, marsilea

 Offsets, eceng gondok

 Adventive buds, kalanchoe and pine

 Bulbil, pineapple and aloe vera

Artificial Asexual Reproduction of
Plants
 Transplantation

 Grafting

 Cutting

 Implantation

 Bending
Asexual Reproduction of Animals
 Budding, the forming of a bulge on an animal’s body, for
examples : hydra and sponges.
 Fragmentation, the separation of animal’s body to be developed
to a new individual, for example : planarian worm.
 Parthenogenesis, the formation of a new individual from the
unfertilized ovum, for examples : bee, spider, and ants.
Sexual Reproduction of Plants
 Sexual organ of plants is flower.
 The reproduction process through the pollination process.
 Kinds of pollination:

◦ Autogamy, the pollens come from the same flower

◦ Geitonogamy, the pollens come from another flower in the same

plant

◦ Allogamy, the pollens come from another flower and plant but still
the same species

◦ Hybrid, the pollens come from another flower of different species

 How the pollens reach the pistils?

◦ Anemogamy, assisted by wind

◦ Hidrogamy, assisted by water

◦ Zoidiogamy, assisted by animals

 Entomogamy, by insects

 Ornithogamy, by birds

 Malacogamy, by snails

 Crypto gamy, by bats

Sexual Reproduction of Animals
 Vivipary, the embryo develops inside the body of the mother.
Example : mamalia
 Ovopary, the embryo develops outside the body of the mother or in
the egg. Example : aves and fishes
 Ovovivipary, the embryo develops inside the body of the mother
but it doesn’t get food from its mother. Example : some reptiles
Thank You
For your attention…