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Shabnam Ataei
Electronic Engineer
Shahid Beheshti University ( National University)
Shabnam.ataei@gmail.com
Mohammad Reza Shajarian is the most famous Iranian vocalist, composer and the musical instruments maker.
His works are brilliant in the history of Persian music. In 1999, UNESCO in France presented him with the
prestigious Picasso Award, one of the Europe's highest honors. He has many international awards. He was
Nominated for Grammy award in Best World Music 2004 and 2006. Also he has won Mozart award in 2007 in
Moscow.
He is the Head of High council of music in Iran House of Music, that most of the Persian music Masters are
members of there.
Shabnam Ataei : Electronic Engineer from Shahid Beheshti (National) University, Tehran – Iran. She has
worked on music theory and physics of music for many years.
She has many publications and researches on signal processing and a patent on a digital tuner of musical
instruments. She has also many Journals or Conferences papers on Electrical engineering.
She has contributed for writing some books and research projects.
Abstract
The issue of gaining the most harmonious sound from a musical instrument has always been a concern for Musical Maestros
and Musical instrument makers. “ Since 1960 I have been preoccupied with enhancing the harmony of some of iranian
musical instruments and in particular Santoor.” Said Mohammad Reza Shajarian, renowned Iranian Maestro and the author of
this paper. The opinions regarding the aspect of Harmony, however, tends to be diverse. The fact that has resulted in various
designs and Makings of Musical Instruments. This paper specifically aims at analyzing one of the Iranian Musical
instruments called the Santoor and introduces a newly-made instrument, Tondar, which is designed to produce a sound of a
better quality in addition to enhancing the sound capacity of the Santoor.
Introduction
An outline of the concept of harmony in Musical
Instruments
In order to understand why certain combinations of notes
make harmony and others don’t, we will study the simplest
instrument, a single string. The formula for the frequency
of a vibrating string is:
1 T
f = (1)
2 l D
Bam-Saz (Bass Santour Or “Tondar”): The Design and
structure
Frequency=(1/2*length)(tension/line density)^0.5
When:
Frequency is in Hertz=1/sec
Length is in meters
Tension is a force in Newton=kg*m/sec^2
Line density is the string thickness, in kg/m
150.0 D E5 The
E3 Design of the body
l E2 E4
100.0 D5 The
D3 classic santoor cannot produce an absolutely
D2 D4
50.0
C5 C3
harmonious sound since due to its trapezoidal geometry the
0.0 C2 C4
B5 B3
0 5 10 15 20 25
distance from B2the bridges
B4
to rails varies. Therefore the
pressure applied on soundboard will be different because
G6 G4
G3 G5
of the difference in Normal coordinate of the tensile Force.
F6 F4
F3 F5 The solution offered in the design of the Tondar is to
E6 E4
E3 E5 harmonize this coordinate through applying height to the
D6 D4
D3 D5 ribs. (Fig. 3)
C6 C4
C3 C5
B6 B4
B3 B5
A6 A3
A3 A5
G5 G3
G2 G4
F5 F3
f F2 F4
D E5 E3
l E2 E4
D5 D3
D2 D4
C5 C3
C2 C4
15 20 25 B5 B3
B2 B4
The strings diameter sizes are between .035 and .070 and
all of them are steel and without wounding and wrapping
on the left hand and the right side strings diameters are
between .24 and .070 with wrapping cover.
In addition, a modification has also been applied to the
previous inner braces in order to reach the optimum
efficiency in harmonizing sound by balancing the pressure
on Soundboard and also preventing the redundant
harmonics through dividing the inner space of sound box.
(Fig. 4)
References
1- Mathematical Harmonies, Mark Petersen, 2001.
2- Johnston, Ian, Measured Tones, The interplay of
physics and music, Hilger, NY, 1989.
3- Pierce, John R., the Science of Musical Sound,
Scientific American Library, NY, 1983.
Fig. 2D & 3D figure of Bam Saz
Conclusion