L. A.

,ZADlEH*

PREOS1A TmN 0 if M .. EAN.ING VIA TRANSLATrnUN INTO rrUJF

ADSI'RAC'iJi'. u. is wgg.es,tedtliat 'o®mrtiill~lI:1lJ be'l.weeIlJ Iitlm:B!l'ls - as weU as i:tetwee.n. l:1.u~ .mmma'Chme;s - may Iloemadiern~ preeise 'by 1ih~. ,e:mploymemt o:f;! meaniing fep:fe8ellJtamn .~. PRUf' whim is ·based. en ~e ,COlilCept of .a, poossihllliy lilisMbu!tiao.. Ah~~r e;\]U!):li1timl QJ PRlJf'isp:rne:ll!t~ and i.t9: IIppli.'eaitKlI1 t@ ~ial;il)!JJ QI m~is il!illS:!n!.ted by !!.1'I.'Il:m~ Qj' examplie!i.

OftiliD:e many w.ays in wmcJh namrallan~ dliftTier f[i01]il SYJlliULetic langilla.ge,'l, one of themQstim-poruw.t rd!l!res to oml~gl1~ty" ThIlJS, wh~:aJl s.yntllitetilic Ian~ilIges are, fOJ! the mos,t put, U!ll31U'O~~ous.,na,tu:rral bllil~<liges3~e meimWJ:r am.iJigu,GI1.'S:in t!h.e ~(f]Se th,u the :Wvcl of .un.1h~g:u.ity imJ.hl!lmap OOflmll!lnillCIli~ is 1!!8ua!lJy JlJ.ftrtile hlit of what is disamb.i,g-uable tLuo-ugh the use of an 1~U:maJ! body of knQwled~e wmch :i.sshared ~y ti!.e[lllartiell in ~e"

Alt!l.lou,glt va;gu~neS!l .and: 3Ji1t'Iib]gu~tyJ can. and dosGrv>$ a namber of 1II.SeFul p~mpo:i'a.tJi:e.rellre many C8i~ m. whlohlte.re is a, need fo-ra p.[iedsiatkm o:f ~G .Rot only .in cOIlmll.l!lJilication behveen hl!lmram ibl!l.t alse between FD.lllm<l!m'l ud mac;:hlnes. IN. fa..:t, the seed ise¥en greater irI the latter cruse beeauss jlt is dtfficu1t, irI g:enerfl1~ to provide a m!l!cll!ine with the extensive; oonrt:extua] bow]ed:ge base whioh is neoecJ.e,d fbi!' d:i:SWIlOOSMaJ,tio:l1 0.11 the ~tac.ti,(: and :!lenJantic levels.

The h'a:mmoll!aiJ. app.rooch to mhL'l ~C~8!~tom Gf m:~g .of ~U~[,MOflS illl II. .utmI:ral~anguage is kI translate ~em m.toamooamb:i81l!!owSYJllUi:eti.c l.a~ ~ wMCb. ~ lI!Slllialy .<1 p.rogrammiog lilL!lll(gl,lillge. a, query ~OI!Iiiguilge or a. ~.ogiic<l1 ]!l!!1!guage such <liS p:redJ:C<ii.w cakul'Lls. the tltam liIIDit<i!tionof thi:l IlIPPi();'!Qh is that the avai]ail:1ie :syn~etic 1rul:glJJ8!~s am .n.owhere nC'8!riy as rutpressive as ml,~tlra1 oo:riUa~s - Thus"if the t:arget~a:Ji\gll<li.ge isilie M,n o.rde:rr ~~e!lticate ca1cru:lWi. for leXJmiIJpl~,then. .an~Y a mm1I1. fr~f.lt of a. natJ1:lmi mangullgtl wouldl ~e ilJ]]!e:rrlilible to tra:oslat~OJiI>M.ceflle ~.remve power of rlIS~ order predicate caa:CW1l!S is c:x:t:remcly lim~ted. inrelatien to tl!!t!llit of a(la!~u~!l11rut;pi1!1:a~,.

To O~~CQI!We thls limi:tlti.OJ!l, whart is needed .~, a. s.ynthetk lomguage whose e.x.preS5~ve power is compa~able to that of JiLaltlil.ta'li ]ang1!lages. A ean.didati0 for ~ClI <l!.~<Ulgrtlage i~·P-lR1F [81] - wihJ.cli isa mea.miD:g ~epresentlltlOllllom:gp"ge fo.iI' natural ~8.!Iil,gl!a.ges based 0,:11 llie IOOJlJ:oe;P~ of :a~iSsihID(;y d:i~;;,1!:rijnl:tjto:f.1 (BlO) "

373

614

Rejllimtld!,. wid! ~5d,(J!I. f[iI;Ili!] CogIJ'iI~ C~JJ.'lirrmrr1!f (lJ~ COi'1j1.tl~;i~ua'l'l, tdi~Gd by

I, Vali'll~ and! ~" mlllll~pp, 3.73-402, Copyri,gllt © 1984 by Kluwe.r Acadenll~ Pllhlishe!s B. V,

374

L" A. ZAD'EH

In essence, 3. basic assamptlen u!ll.der~ying PRUF is that the imprecision which. is iII.tnmk in I1l1,turill1 la.n;p,,~ is pOllsibilistic rather than pIobllbW5tic m nature. \Vith thi$ ;l1lsucm.ptiOIlJ. as ·the poin t of deparhlU, F'RUF provides a. s,r.:te:m fer tmru;~atmg pro:positiom or, more genenill'y, utterances in Ill. natural l:mguage iiIlto e%];I!Jessions in PRUF. Such exp~'e:'lSi@J1SMa:y be viewed! !IS procedures whl.chllct on a col]ec,'Hon of F,Ma,tiO'ftsrn. a darabase - or, e,quivaJenUy, a possible world - 3ilJ!d return possi!bllity diistJibutWm whleh represent the infmmll!ti.O!n1. CODV'eyed. by the o:ri,gmJl Piopo~itions. 2

Inwhat foHow;s" we shaM outhe some !1JJfth.e m<ilil! f~a.tme:oJ, oiHRUF IlIld e%.elEIl.plHY j,U. app;catioitl. to pr6c:i:liatio.n. of mooning. &3 prelirnimll),. we shall. m.trOO1!We ths eoneept of a. pOllsifu!ili.ty d!istdbutloJla:Jild expJi1cate its role in jpRUf.3<

2,. POSSUHU1Y AND MEANING

A f@Odo:mJiy clto~n ~ te:llJe~ in ag]a~u[1liI Lm;gua~ is.almost certain to COJ'ltailin ol'll.e or more words wh.os:~ denotariens are fu:zz;y sets, that ]s,clas!>es of 'Objects in WJlic:ll the tratrnli[io.lil fFom membernWip tonon;me_rnbershjp is gr.w.l!lal rather t:n<l!na'iJIIl!l.pt F Qr elX;'rn]p]e:

HOl!lJ)'a 1S very chtwrn:ing and! il1telligen.t.

It is very u1'llikeiy that il1j14tiCitl .wf] e.nd Si9G'1i.

IDn. recognition. OF lID; ccmtribu oons., Mohammed ill likely to be promotMto a .highoerpasition

11:'1 which the Ital:ics signify iliat a ward has a fuzzy denotetionln the 1JlJ][verse of dWOUffie,

if Of simplicfty ,.we ~hd. fQc:'"(l$O'U( attention ferthe pm:ese@Lt oa caaonical propositions of the ferm 'W is F, ", wIDH'e N is the name of an obji3ct,. ill var.illb~e or II. proposition., and F is ill fu:l':z,y SlilOOel of a: 'IJ.iI:l'i'lfeilseQf &~:onrse U. FOE exam.p]e:

(2.0 p ~ John is liIe:ry truJi q ~Xjs small

r !!, fJolln ]8 WJ;YbiiI1) is not quite true

where:

fu. p, N ! Jo1m. and very mil is II. fuzzymb!Set of t.lhoemrerva:1 (OJ. 200] (with the: heiJgJ:1.t assumed to be m.ellsure.a m ·em tilrn;ete:rs).

IirI Q,.N ~ X md sM111 is a fulzysn.t~et ofthereodbe.

375

In r, N f!;. John is '!ie':ry" tal] ,md rwt quite !roe is a linguistic twili"vallue [77] whose denotatioa is II. tuzzy subset of the 11l1Lit mte(Vat

NQW if X is 0'1. variable .~rOOng vOOUGS ill U, then by the porlrii:l'ility dut.ri'but:im:i~ ofX. denoted. by IilX, is meant tllite fuz;:z:y set afpo:wlib[evail!Je;s. or X,·with the ~ibirity disml.mt!'ol'i: fu,nctiol'! 1fx: U--+ [0,. 1] de(l!flIing ·!h.e~Ollsilbllity thart X can assume a vaJ.M u. TIlliS,

1(2.2) 'llX(u) ~ Poes {X- iii}

wl:tlit 'If X (t.i) taking vailues m t'h.e, mte:rva1 [0., ~ ] ..

1he WillI!lCtion between poofuiility rnswindiom; and fuzzy sets ]s provided ~y the

ltJ.~ib.tJityPQ3tulale. Tn. the ~bll~[Ice ~f uy iinf'(l:rmati£ifi a1iKJlIit X ot.M:.rilID~ ~Sit eo:r.uveyedl by the pl'opositior.l

(2,3) pBX is F',

·the;posS:i!bili~y dismburlioiJ\ of.x is gi.v.en by ~1!l'1 possibility 68l1'IgUment equation

(2.4) IIX '"' .F.

lhis eqllatiO'JiI irrn:p]ies thail:

(1.,5)1 '1lA' ,eu) ·""·IJF(U)

w~erep.F (It), is tlllie :grade off me1illj)eniliip of urn F,. i.e., the d!egr« te whlclil u fits one's ¥ubjective perception (If F.

A<;, II. simp1e iI!IU5llation. ocmsi;de~ tIiI.e p.ooposltioJII

(2.6) P' .~ '. X is .:fMA_Ll.

where SMALL is <I. fuzzy :~t detm.ed 'iYyil

{2:n SMALl,'" I/O -if; 0;.8/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.4+/4 + 0.215.

In.ltdis case, thepl)!$Sl!bility amp,ment eq(U~tioiil. C<lnesPQndilin.,g to' (2 "5) ma_y he expressed as

(2.8) Ill" - ThIO + 0.8/1 + 0.6/3 + 0 • .4J4+ 0.115-

wit!h Ox l!ljpre.5J}flt'mgUte possilihmty d!istnillm.t~'on of X. IntWis ease - ru!J.dI moee ~ne.rally - the P]'oFosilltion p .~ Nis F 'Will. be said to tromifaJe mtoite poS8i.bitlty Olissjgnment equation

IIx "'F

376

L. A. ZADEH

where .x is <II variable thart: is explicit er implicit in N. To express tills eennectlon betwee.n p and the ,eone;s:pondiing possibility a~gnm0:f!ft equUo.n, we shaJ.!l write

(2.10) N~s.F -+ fIx'" F.

'When X ill mtp!icit rather thenexpheit in. N. the possibility ~llLme!Jl.t equation serves, rullt, to identify Xmd, second, to characterize its possibillity djs,tribUition., F orr example, in the P!fO'posUiol!l

'(2 J 1) p A Cl!<!I£a has dark halI

X may be expressed as

X'" c,plor (Hair (Clara)),

and the l\l<OOlibiity ~ent equation reads (2.12) n Calo!!' (Hiill' (Clar~» '" DARfe

Before pwceedJing filrtheI in our dis~}lIIssion of the relation between possibility and meaning it wil!l. be necessary to. establish some of the basic properties of possibility distributions. A brief exposliUon of these properties is presented in the following.

Joi"t" Ma;rgjJwl and Ctmdlttona] .Po~ibt'tty Dts'tribtJ.,oom

hi the precedillg: dliscllssion" Will haee assumed that .x is a 'm13JYv,adOible sueh as color, height, age. etc. Morre ~11IieraD.y, let X !!, (Xl. ~ .. " • X,,),lbe an n-aty variable which takesvalues in a lIIn]verse of diseourse U:: U 1 X. . . X Uli• with Xi'. I = 1 ~ .. . , n" taking values ill Ui. Furthermore, let F bean n-ary fu~zy relation in U which is characterized! by j~ membership function iiI'", Then., the proposition

(2.13) p ~X]sF

induces an 7Nlay joint pOils[biil.iW dtstrtbution

(2:,.14) £IX g" I\I(XJ' " .. ,X~)

Vi':Wch j~. gjjven by

(2~J 5) H(X 1 ••• '; Xl'l') '" F.

'Comspo,nli_tngJy, fue possibility dli.s.tribuHon fuacncn of X is expressed by

FREC.LSIATlON OF MiEANU4G

11' (Xl, ... , XII) (Ul j • " • , Un) "" AI" (u b " .•.• Un).

., u'~ (u~,. , ... ,un)E U

ee Pass {Xl "U1,""" ,Xiii -U'l}.

As m the case of probabilit~es, we can deflne mrugfftnalmd ,ool1diumw pOiS."li.1hI.l:i.tlas .Thus ~ leh ! (rh ... j tll be a subsequeaee ofthe mdexse'gj.uence (1. . . ". n) aadlet Il denote the eemplementary subsequencel! (11 , ...• jill) ~e ,g., for n ~ 5:, fJ '" (l, 3,. 4) mil :l ~ (2, 5). In terms of ~cl:tseqMnces. a k4,upJe, (!f·tfue form !(A/~ ~ s , s ;.4[,,) may be expFesse:d man albbrevlliated form. as A~~},.fu partieuisr ,the.wri9ble.X(,5:) '" (XiI ~" . j'X:ik) Will berefe~red to as a k-azy subwuiable of X o! (X t, .. , > X".1). with x(~') -- (Xi p ... ,Xim }being

II, sebvariable cOT'1lJ:plemelltary to X(ft). .

TIllie projectio.7! of IiI(Xl, , .. , Xli) on U(~) ;!; Ut] X •.. X Ui",ts II. k.rury poS1Sibiity distribution deneted by .

(2 .s. ].6) nx(S) !PI;Qju(S) n(X~ •.. " a Xiii} and d.llfl1\e>G by

(lJ.7) 1I'X(.f)' (~(f)) ~ SUPU(s')l1X .cUI" •••• Un)

WRelJe 1!'X(s) il$. the possibility distribution faneden of WIX'(.I:'l" For example, for 1:i-l,

'llX 1 (Ul).! SUPU2 W(Xl' X 2} (Ub .1;j'l)

isthe expression fo.r fue~ossiJbilHydistriilmUon function of the pojeetion of II{X i.X l} on U1" By anaJI.ogy with. the oonce,pt of a. marglnal probab:fiHty distribution, Ux (s) will. ]jeoofelIfE;ld to as a m~l pos$i.t»lity diJtrilmtion.

k as:iro:p~e iUWl.h.a!tion •. a§umethrut. ll>'" ,3.lJl '" U2 "" 113 '" ill' + b ocr, more conventionally, {a,. b }. and IIU: 1 • Xl. X <I) is 19Xp[\!'i.S!Sed as alinear form

(2J.8) U(Xl,X z,.x~)- o,Saaa +]aab+ O.6b.aa + O.$ab '+ O.5bbb

in which. a term of the Form. I(] .6b&! ~n:i:fia$ tl:'ia,t

foss {Xi'" b, X:l "" a, X3'" a}"" 0,,6.

To derive H(X 1 •• X 2) from (2.18), it. is ,sufacl.ent.florepiacEl thevalae Oif X~ in IltaCJn term ill (2J.8) by the ~uU Mrln:g A. This yie1cl:s

II (Xl", ,\'2) '" O.8aa + la-a + O.6ba + O~2.Znl + OSbb "" laa+ O.6M+0.5bilj

378

1. A. ZADEH

T!lXI "" 111+ O.6b + OSh "" ta+ O.6b .

. M n-ary p>Oli8~bility d!ls1FlbuHon is pm'tiauillri:zed by fourulng tile cO(E!Ljl1~eiti.Ol!!J. of the proposition ''X isP' and. "X(~). ]s G,'" where X~d ~$ a subvariable of X. Th.u!!.,

(2,.19) FIx [TIxu) ;;;;G]~F(1i5

where the right-b. .. dm.~Jbelt denotes U'te< muemedion of F willi thecylwdric;l!1 extension of G. ie., 3. cy1iimJ!!l'ical! tuuy set defined by

(:2.10), .{,i,G (UI ••... ,Uri)'" I-lG(Ut] •• , • , Ui/c).

{Uh'" '~1"l)€Ul X ••. X UtI"

A!J,. a silllple illustratio'IiJ., coasider the. poss~bility distribution OIefuted by (2.18),. and I!sntme that

n:(X~ .. X2) -O.40a+ 0;900 + O.lbb.

G '" O.4tum 91- O.4aab+ O.9~+0.9bab +OJbba,. [I. IbM F n G '" ()I.'~ -t OA4ab ""if O.6baa' ,+ O.2bab 'I- OJ.bbb;

Th:ere are maoycases Ml. whlcb the operations off pamcw.arizilItioIil uci projec.tion are oombined. In .~ cases it is oonverueJilt ~(I Use the s!mplir~d! notatton

{221} X(r) n I[IIX~,. -- G]I

torn.d!i.c;ate thattluJe !parti.C'u],Jrlze~ posSliibllity di8tributton (all: Fe:~atron)· n [Ux (s) ea G]]S pooject.oo on U(r) ,.wmle r. l:i!ke s; is !Ii Sl!lb~eqjll!enctl of the index se'qll!lJlce 0 .... , n), .. f'or example,

Xl X X3 n [ll{X3,..¥4);;;; ·G]

W(ll!lad representthe p:roj~ection of ~ 1[[[(1" l , X 4} ~ GJ on VI X U;a,. fuioil'mal.Jy, (2 . .21) ma.y be frrlte.rpretedJ as; OYnsuain the XC~} o:-y nx(~};;;; G and read out the X(r). IirI p1!irtiiclJJ]a:n:, if the va~ue$ of X{S)- rather ili<m Uleil: pos~bility distribu tiOO5- Sire set equal to G ,then (2 "2;] ) becomes

PRECISIA,[]ON OF MEANING

379

X (r} IiI I[X tli}'" OJ,

Wesha1l make use of 1(2 .21 )a:nd its :s:pec;iru Ca91!i&11'!L Section 3 .

Jf X and Yare variables takll:'lg valaes ill U and V. !>e:spectively. then the c01'lditional po!l8ibfJity di£mbutiorl of Y giVQ X is induced by a pmpollUfoll of the fO!['[l1! '~lf X is F then. Yis GO' 31I!d ]S expressed as U(Y I X), with the IJfuleFstandingtliat

(2.,22) W{YL¥}(].tIlu)~Pru;s {Y-IIIX"'IJI·l

where (222) lief_mes the conditional pO!!ls.i.biiIHy distribution functton ofY given. .x. If we knew the dlstd!bution functiw!! of X and. tJM COM!d:i.tioMl distrihutionfunctionof ]I' gl.ven X, t.n!81il we can constract the joint dislJibu" Hem funetton of X and Y by fonnrn.,g the conjiLIndiQrI (A !!, min)

(2.23) mer, n (!.I. v) "" 1!'X'(U) ...... 1i'o(Yllx) (v lu;'.

Trnnslaticm .Rure&, The t[amibition :ru]es m. PRUF seFve~e IHU'P05.e of facillta.tlfig the compcsitien of the meaaing off a complex p.rop0$lrtl,oJ!J. from 'the mearun,gs of irLs Co:.ll,StitllLeE. ts. For convenience, the rules In questica are categorized iIl1 to flam basic types; 'fype 1: Ru~eIl pertairung to modification; lype n: Rules pertaitning to cOfllIpositiOliJ.;. Type 1m, Riui.es pertairung to quantificatlon; and Type IV: Rules pertaining to qualiflc;aHO:fi.

Remade. Tmnslatk1!1lJ rules as. described. below r>elate 10 what m~t be oalled focused trenslatlons, fuaJlt ~s, traDlation of p into a poss::ibilifry assipment eqaation, Mare ge[!er.oill.y. II tHi!o$lation may be u'flfocuffii, ill vA.Ii:d\! case it ]8 expressed as a. procedure which computes the pos$;i)bilii,ty (If 3. datahase.,. no, ,given p or, tquivatenUy, the truth of p relative to D. A. raore d,e,tailed discussian of these issaes will be presenwd at 11 later point in thls section,

Modifier rule (Type I). Let X beavarieble whidTIt takes values iina lUru.verse of dli.scourse 'lJ and let .F be 11. fuzzysubsst of U. Corns~d.8r the proposltion

(2.24) p! Xis .F

or, more ,g.e]1leIrally,

("2.25) 1'''' N is F

where N j~ a vl'Iti!lb[e,.an objec.t or 8J propOi>ltlOfi. Fer example, (2.16) P ~ Lucia is young

'whim may be expressed inti.e form (1.24), Le., {2.17} p ~A8.e (l.uc.ia)is youn;g

380

by idell!Ufyl!n:g X with the varialbIe .As.e (Lucia).

NOW,ifin 3. paJrticular context the proPOsi,tl,OiIl X li& F tr.:ll'!ldmtes into.

(2.28) X is F --+ Iillx "" F

fuM, ID .tfue, same context

(229) XismF-+ITx ",,-p

wnele m is a modifre~ sum as not. very,. m~re or less. etc,.,.amtOl.F is a modii., cation of F induced by .m .. M.orespec:if1c~y; If m '" not. then F* '" pj "" cQmple~ueut of p. i.e.,

(2.30) PF" (u} -- 1 - ~f'(u). u E U.

If m ~ very ,~eJ1l F"" ::;. F2 , Le.,

{2 3 0 pr (1:j}"'p-p2 (u), u E U.

Ifm '" more o.F· 1ess,tli.m F ~ P . Le .. ,

(2.32) py (~) '" V PIt (u) ,U E u. ..

~ a sim.pi.e illustration of ('2.31), if SMALL is de·ooed as m {2 :1)". the.rI (233) X is very :muill -+ Ill" = P

F~ ~ 1/0 + ],/] ... OJi4/2 + 0.36/3 + 0 . .16{4 4" 0.04/:5.

It should! be noted that (230), (2.J]) and (2.,32) ull)u1d bevi.ewed as de:faWit rules which may be replaced by ethsr t.arJ:lJsl!a,tton rilles in cases m which same .ailtemaltivein.til'rpnta!tioru; nf the mm:l!ill!ern. not. pery aad tlwre Of less may be mOle aJ.pprrropriate ..

If

(234) X]S F "".!o. nXu Fand! Y lS G ..,.. H1' '" G

wileN; F and G liFe f'u:zzy mbsets of U aad V, respecti¥el~ , then (2.35) ta) X iIi.F and ¥ is G ~. ]1fX, n '" F X G

'!Nb.e[le

(236) f):F X G (~,. V)'·!!f),F (u} '"' V-G (11),

I'R ECUlIAT U) N 0 F M.E AN INC

381

1(2.3 7H'b) X is FQ[ Y iiS G -s- UUf, y) "" F U ,G whete

,(2.38) F! F XV,G .~. U X ,G

and

(239) IJFU .(j (~> v)'" ~F(U) ~ .IlG(lI)..

(2,40) (c) If Xis p.W,e.n :Yis G ~ n(y~n'" p' '!i) G

wh.ere IiI{y Ix) ,dienot.es the ,oonditional: PQ$!lilbUiity dlstdbutoio.n of Ygiven X. aad the bouaded sum ,ID is ,defined by

(2.4·0 P.F~ fFl G(u., v) '" ] .... (] - PF(U)T l-!G(~))·

m. st:aHng the l!m.phcat,ianru mle in the form. (2 AD), we h3V\e merely ehosen one of&ftvtl-rn1 a1I~emative ways in whim the 'OOIldiitiOIW pO!ssibillrty djsMilbu. UOR U( ¥ tn may be defined, earn. O!f which has some adv8!!t1ltilgeIJ 8!Jull disc" advantages dJepeodmg on the ,application. runong the more impofUmtQf these are the lfolowing [1]. [41], [62] :

{2.42)«c;zJ' If X.isFthm Yis G-+ iI1i(YLn ""Fl U'G~

(2.43)(~) If X:ffi,Ptlren Yis G -+ rfficy'Ll,)""Px. G UP' X V; ,(2.44)(c,d If XisFtheIlYi$ G-+1trrLn (vlu) '" 1 jfI1G(v) > IJp(U) ,

~ JaG'M otherwise; IAF(U)

(2.4:S:Hc,~) If Xis FtllienYis G -+ 'If(y IX) (vlu):::: i if jUG<ll>') ;:;.. iI\lF(U). "" tiC(v) othe:rwi.se.

f};ul'mtijication Rule (Type Ill). IfU "" {:Ill, "'j UN l, Q is ~. qtlMtffierSllich as .many, jew, :reveroS, t.ill,. snme, mosJ:~('lk, and

(2.,46) XlsF-'!-UX- F

tJhen the proposition .',QX i:s P' (e ,g.,>~'lnany .r~ are l~~'~) t:l.atls'hitle:'l Into

(2.47) UColllnt (:p) "" Q

where COllil.:mt (n deJilot.esthe 1ilIU.Jn0e!f (or the pwp,ortion) of eLem.ents of U which are in F. By thie defl:niUo.1l of cOlird:iDmty of F. if the f\lucy set F is !e.xpt\~f>S0d.!lJS

(2.,48) .F "'" jU~ iu 1 ,.. S>l2!U2. .. • ., + "·W /ti-N

382

LA.ZADEH

when: the light,·h:mdme;m!be.r is I1nde:!,S~Qod tobereunded-off to the [,U~!lJ['BSt iu,teg_s:I"", A.<l !l!. :!iimpie illustration of (1 A 7)., if the qfumtiflbI several is ,(i,ermed! <IS

(2 _51) SeveE$ n am bllFfi~ ~. lIN

E jI1[..AJ..GE CUi) ,i-I

"" 011 * 104/2 if, 10.6/3'" 1/4,," 1./5 'If 1/6 -t Otlf/ + 0.2/8

wfu;::rre P.l'AJ'~ •. GE(!~i) lS tfue, gra{h~ of :t.nBmibermlp Qf the iili vaJue of X in 'llie fuz.zy &dl.ARJGE.

Alten:'l<i!t:i~b' > <l;ndipoe:vup$ more a:plP:!,QpFi:ate~y .~e C3!1'cl!furllialily of FIElllY be d.e.fmed. as II. fuzzy llliumbe.r. :as~s don~ in [79]1. 'Th:lIiS. if the, ,elements ·of Fan: ~QJjed! m. descendlm;g order, 00 that,~ ~,~ U n .~rn:,fueJiL tlliIle tn~tllii!·\'aa!1e of ·the· pF,opositiot'JJ.

(2 _5 2) (J' ~ F h~at least 1:1 ele~e{lts

is ~fmed to be equal to Pn , w!lrile thet of q, (1.53) q ~ F has at raost n e~eme:l1lt:'lj,

is ti300er.l. to be l - ,~+l • Ftom th~il"then. it i1Q.U.()·W$th~t~e t~llth·wml1e ofdle pm,o:s.ition T,

(2.54) .r ~. F h1lisexactly ,i!:l' elerneIII®s. is given bY:P1;! " U -~,+]).

UiF.J.. d~nQte F sorted:in de$~endilin:g OIdeL Then (2.52) may ~c; 6xpre~~d CQ:mn~<'!ct1y infll:e €!lqJ,uiva!J:ent faem

(2.55)FG('.Qunt (fJ "" F~

whichiigiltif:ies that[fLh.~ f~ ,carllinality ef F is de:rmed.in terms .of (2.52), Mail! ,G s18!1ld~ forgreatel' th~, then thef~ root of ,eiemeJilts in F is given by p.f ~ WiltJlit 'I:ih.e. I1nJleIsknd:i:ng that F", isre'grurlicd. as a fuuy s.ub:set Qf [0., ] , 2, ... }. l!\ a &imil!a~ f~ulo'n, (253) leads to the def_tion

PREC]S[ATHJN OF MEANING

383

1{2.,56) FLCont(F) '" (17 H~ - 1

when: L stands for le.'8S ti:aJ'la!Jldi subtraction should be in~erpmrte(]. 1!cS translatiOl1. to the left, while (2.54) leads to

FECount {F) "" (Fi) n (Hi-I)

where .E stands fbr ,equal to. Fm cQ.uveruenre. we maID ~~f~r to FGC(m6t, FLCOJlliflit and FECOIl!IIIt as the FC cw:dmailiity, FL C8:nJiillaliiJty and. FE ca:rdinali.ty, ]\espect~!,Iely .. The ooneept of PO caL'dmality 'Will 'be iluslrated m .Ex~.ple 9, SeotiO!fi 3.

Remark.lberemay bero:me cases iII which it may be apP110p'l'iate 00 normafuetlte deflnition of FEtCount in OFGer to conv;ey a eerrect pe:rceptfOlm. of the count ofelemeFitsrn. a fUzZ:Y ~t.fu s~ch ,c.a:ses, we may em:p]oy the definition

(~ -'7'\ "'17 M. I.e . (171 _. FEC'ont eF)

'",Sf; "'~~ •. ount ." J - fIJI ... ~... . . t .. ·". . (I _ .... ) ... ). """""W \I"tj'" . :f.W+·l

TmthQualijicatirm Rule {Type IV}. Iet T bea lin.gJ1IisUc, tmth·v$111te, e.g., very trne,.q,uite true, mOte Of less (roe, ~t.c. SUdil a twili."v:.iIlue may he regarded as a fiu;1¥ subset of~e unitinterval whic:h is ,cltaracte;ri~ed! bya membership function .Pf; [0,1] -+ [O.l~ .

Atruili-qua1ified P.l\oposjiltionj e.g" "It IST that X is F," is expressedas "Xis .F is 'f.~j Mmo"Wn.rn. [79~, th~trarnsl:a.tio:n rote for such p~opos:itfo:nsis gi:venby

(258) XisFisf -+ nx ""F'

(2.59) p.p* (u)".~ WF (01).

As an illustration, consider tl1e t:m~·q1J;aJlin~Nj[ propoo~ruQn S",sma is yowngis liI8.l)' tt1!l,!'!

which by (2.58)" (2.59) and 231) translates kI.to

(2 .60) ~ Age {Su=~ = .11TR.UEz (J..I YOUNG (u )}.

Now, if we ~l!l,me that

384

L. A.,ZADEH

and

,~TRQE (~) "" 'VZ j v E [0, ~,]I then (2 ,60) yjd1~

'i'r ~e (SUSlIna) "" (1 + {;5 )~'r4

as the possibility dis,tdbutlo(l flJn,ctio!l1 of the age of Susana.

A more gener.d type of translation process in PRUF whiich suib:sIDlles the tran&la:Hon rules given above is the toll-owing-

let [j' '" {D} denote a ,collection of detabases, with D r..epr~ntmg a gell1eIiic element of ~ .Por the purposes of QUI :oma1I)'m; D 'Will beasslllnted to ,consist of a collection of possiibly time-:vazyirlg reFatiionB. If R lis II. constituent relat:ion ,m. D, then by the frame of R is meant the Diilme of R tog'ether wit][ the names of Itscolumns (i.e 0, attributes)" For ec'>.<lmpie, if II Oi:In$1:itJlle.1IIl.t of D is a relation labeled POPULATION whose tableau 1$ comprised of columns labeled N8IlI.e and Hei~t, then the frame of POPUI.ATION is rem-esented as POPULATiON II Name I Hetght I or, rome simplly, <1.6, POPULATION [Name; Height] .

If p Is II propositron iln a natural language. Its traeslation into PRUF caa assume one of three - elSSenUally equivalent. - forms.!

(iI) p -+ a PQ~lbiliUy assigmn:ent equation;

(b ), p ~ aJ. procedure whl.ch yie]ds fQF eaclJ.1J in fp the pOS!ilihility ofD'

glrven lh i.e., Poss (Dip};

(c) p --+ a procedsre which yields for each D lin .!2t the truth·va11!!.e of

p relative to D, Le •• , 1'r [p ID'}.

Remark. M important implilcit assnmptien about the procedures mvolved .in (b)o a:ru~ {c), is that they have ill ~gh degree of whM mi~t be cal!ledexpltlnil~ tory effectiveness" by which js me-ant a capability to convey the meaning of P' to a human (or a maehine) who is conversant with the meiUling of the eenstituent terms iIn p but no:t with the m.e:arunS of p as a. whole. For example> a procedare which merely taibulates the :pombiliW of each D !In fj would, m. ge>ne:raJI, have II low degwe ,of explana.tory ~ffec,tiveness if it dees not indicate iin suf.OClent deta.n the way .m which tlliirt pO&lib:i.lJ.ty ill aDiIl.red jlit" 'On the other extreme, a procedure wruck is excessivebr detailed MId .Wa:ckillg in moduila:rity would also have a low degree of exp]aJnll.t.ory eJfect.ivenel>s because the meaning of p might be obscured by the maze of 1!Im,troctured steps in the lbod'y of fue procedure,

PRECIS]AT[OM <OF MEANING

The e>q1llilf.1!1.m!oe of (b) and (c) is a consequence of the way mwlricb.ili.e oo~oept of truthis defmed ill fuzzy ]ogi:c [T7] , [2]. Thus, it can Iead:i1y 00 shown that, 1I.rn!C!e.rmilclly Jestrkti¥e assumptions on D~ we have

Tr {pin} '" PiJ5~ (Dll'), whidil. .in1:pies the eqltiv~oo of'(ib) and {c).

Th.e: restdcted subset of .PRUiF which we h<lve dktlSSed so far .i:s, adeqllilltB for dust-raIling some of~e soopler W<fys m which it may be appllied to the precisiation of m.eM.Wg. We sh::ill dothis Hlthe lfollowingse.ction.

3. PREClS[ATION OF MEANING - EXAMPlES

1'heI~ are two d]dirlct and yet .mt~rrera.OOd ways ir:I Vo'Ihicb.PRJUFptiovllides. II machanlem for a p!'ecisjartion of meaning of [pIwpooitiQ[ls. PHS!, by exptessmg the mea:nmg of a pm!po~tion as IInexpi:kHty derm~d procedure whicfu acts on the £uz-zy denotations of lltS c{lnstituents;. and second. by d:iwnbigllJatfolTIl - espedatlly in those cases in whim w.Ii<tt is needed is a method. of differentiation between the lJll!l~ of me~,

h. what followcs. we 511<ill .illustrate the te c:M.iqll!e$ wiliQch may be !employed. for thispurpose by .~:vetal rePl'e~tatilV,e examples, of which. Exam.p]es 6. 7, 8. ud 9 relate tQcas:es in. wllicil a pmpos.i.frioifi may hav1e two or mose distlact re,a.diliflgr'l. Whene:ver IIrpropriate, weconsid.e:1: both fecused and unfccused U3!llSlaHoruJ ofthe given [pfoPQsiltiOIiL •

. ~XAMPrn 1

(3.1) p'~ John is very [Len .

. ~umetih.:atthe database, D, consists of the follcowmg relstiens (3.2) popuunON [Name; Wealth]

RICH I[We,dth; jLl]

in. wltlch the ftrst relation,POPULATION, tabulates the wealth, Wealthi. of eacllindiViidllai.. N<liIIJ.ei, wh[]e the second :rel<1!tion,RlCHl, tabulates the degJ:ee j .~, to wltitili an tndMdu:a.l whose weailth is Wealtht is. rich,

Utlfoc1I.IS.edtraruki.tion: ifint. we flnd J o~m I'.svveai'tb, 'Whlcli. isgive:n by

(33) WeaJ)th (John) '" WI~1:lfI POPULATION [Name"" John] .

Second. Wl1l intemifufy R1CH tO~COOUDt for the m;ocl:ifh J;I.ery by squwg

386

LA"ZAIDEH

iRlCH;,~ snd substitute Weal:lh (John] into RlCH2 to fwd the Jegreej, tl, to Whi.clll John isve1lY rich. 1'J:ui.s yie]ds

(3.4) 8 '" 4tRlCH [\Veahh'" WellltillPOP'lJLAHON [Name'" Jolln] ]);2' "

Fin;illy, on equiltlml.g 6 to the PQs;sJjl:lility of the database" we obtain

(3 5) John is very rich

--+ 11 (1)}'''' (pruCH [WeaUh- W~:Mthp©lPULAnON [Name "" JohliJ.~l] )~ ,

Fecused trnsllition: em interpreting the ~ven p]"opo~jtion as :I. eharacte:r.izattorn of the possilbrillii.tydi.strilbut]on of the impliclt\!'.arlO'!,ble Weailt1t(JoIm)~ we are led to the p>o:ssihill.ty IIssigrun.e41.t eqruaUon

(3 ,!IS) lliob ~s very rich -)0 n We.dthOobn) -RICH~

wruoh. implies tha.t

0.7) Poss {We:aUh (John) "":Il} '" WR[Cf[{tI)f

where P-RTCH is the mem.a>e(rship function of the fu.z:zy set RICH~w.ith u rangitmtg ovelt tJ!<e domain. of Wealth"

lEXAMPLE2

(3,8) l? .~ lians is .mUM licheir than. Marie.

We assume tfuat the database • .D. ecnsists of the relations

(9)F'OP'Uu!',UON [Name; Wealth] ilnd

MUCH RICHER l[Weailthl; W@aHh2; p]

in wruch. IJ; .. is the degree to which lin mdJvidi.1I.I<!] who. has Weruful ls much rlche,:rr tharn ene who has W6a&th2.

Up1"ocllsed tl"<I1lJ1sJation: Proceeding as iII .IE:X<lmple, 1, we, arrive at

{3 . .1 O)Iffi-Ii$ i~ mueh richer th<l!J! M.aJde --l>

m;D) -- ",MUCH RICHER I[Weadth.POiPULATION '[Name -lilulll]; WtaJKh.POPUlA"FlON I[Nairne '" !Marie]I] ..

(3 .11) Ham, Ii; mlroll riC:hMtfuafi Made ~

]l (Wealth {Ha.ws), We.ailth (.M~)) - MUm IUCHER

PRHCISlifrmN OF MEANING

wrnch implies that

1(3 . .12) Poss {Wealth (Rms)'" u],WeaUh (Marie) '" U2 } ea JI1MUCH .RK'HBR (u l,U2 ),

EXAMPLE 3

(3.13) p .~ Vera is veIyki.l.ld.

lnthis case, we assume that km.dJi.ess is not a me<l!S1it~ble .clin.,:n:Olcterlsticlike height, Weigillt, age, wtalill, ete, HoweveJr, we also aSl>wue that it is PQ&s.ib~.evo associate with each individual hls~er incl.-ex of ldn:i1ness on the scale from 0 to J, which js eqll!i.vaJ..e:m; '~o8.:SllIUmiIlg that !he class of kind individuals is 8, fu~zy set K.lIND, with the index oflcindness COf{18SpOlnlJCi!I1g to the gradeofmembetship It'1K.lN][).

Unfoeusedtrauslatlon; ,&sume that D co~sts of the $rn.gle reJation

(3.14) KIND [Nante; ~J

in which ,Il iii the deg~ee of kindness of Name. Then

(3 J.:5) Ve:ra .lswery kind -+ m:D) - (pK[ND [Nal:l1J..e - V~r.a])2 .

Focused lI:a!tIsbtiQIlJ: A special tYP!;l of PQm.bility distrlbuUQ.n which we need in twscase ~s the un ito r , 1, which is d~fllied.a:s

In terms of the unitor, thea, we have

(3.17) Ve:.rn. ~s very kind -+ Il Kiruilil1ess (veJ:~) '" J2: wWdilimpie.ll. that

CU 8.) Foss {.K!lndnM& (V~~a) :0; l' } '" v2, 0" If ~ 1. 1bis. follows at once from (3 J. 5), slnee

(3 J. 9) Kindness (Vera) -lJKIND t[Name - Vera}.

lEXAMPLE4

(3.20) p .~. Brian is mllWm talJl.el1 than. most. of hls close fri~lld$.

UnfOCllsed t.atllslat~o:n~for the pu:rpose of rep're~en.ting the meanl1iJ:g ofp, we sJru.aI aSSllllm'i that D .~s cOIMprl3ed of th.ereJ!l!tj.o·~

38& L. A" ZAliloEH

(3 21) POPULA 'fION [Name; Heigbt] FRIENDS [Name 1; Name2 ;,~]

MUCH T AU.ER [Heigih.n; Height2 ; It] MOS.,. [,Q';,~]I"

In the relation FRlENDS. J1 represents the degree to which an indi"vlduaJ whose name ill Nam.e2 is a friend of Name 1. Simlliady. in the relation MUCH TALLER, P represents the degree to which an individual whose height is HcishU is much taller than one whose hcl;ght is &ig)ht2.1n MOST, p. represents the degree to which a proportion, p. flts the deflnition of MOS,T as a fllZZY subset of the u,nit mrenal.

1'0 repi"eselil.t the, me<ming of p we shall express thetrsnslation of P' as a procedure which cemputes the p~ibill,ty of D given p. 'The sequence of contpll!l,tation:s lin this p'!oced .. n'e is liS folllows.

1. Obta.m. .BriaJn~$, he:i~t from FOPliLA HON" Th1!!S,

Helghrt. (Brian), '" H!i!ightPOPU.l-AnON [Name' '" Brim].

2. Detennine the fu-zzy set. Ji.IT. of indlMwuals inPOPULA HON in relation to whom. Brtan ismuclt taUer"

let Narnet be the name of the jtil indivi.du;i in POPULATION. The hei.ght of N:am.ei l:s given by

Height (Nmue,a '" HelgbtPOPULA nON [Name, ". Namet] ..

Now the d.egree to which BrhlH rn, mudl. tail!ler than Name[ is given by 8i ;;; I.lMUCH T ALLER [H~l:ght (Th"ian). :aeight (Nmnei)] and hence MT may be; 'e.x:Pf,er.ssed. as

MT = Ei,6iINamej,Namej E NaJlilelPOPULAnON

where NlIlmJ'CfYULATION is the list of nanl.es, of lndividual;s; in POPULATION. <5t is, the grade of membership of Mamet in MT. and ~is, the union of sing]etons lidName;. (Namej .,. Brlan.)

3. Determme the fu~y set,CP. ofrndliv:iduab In POPULATION who are dose friends of Brian.

1'0 form the re1atiolIDl. ClLlOSEfRmNDS fr"Orn. FRIENDS we in.tensify FRIEN![)!S by ~lIlI,arliIlg; as in Exam.pl,e 1. Then, the fuzzy set of dose friends of Bnan is g)v,e:n by

CF '" pXName.2FRlENDS:2, [Name~ '" Brian]. 4. Form tbe count of elements of 'CF:

PREC],slAHON Of' MEANING

389

(1Qunt(CF)- EillCp(Nam.ei)

W~tre Pel" (NallleiJ' is the grade off meKlbershlp of Na:me.i .~n CF and .~ is the ilirithe:meUc :tum. MOle explioltJly

ecJlJut(FjI- Li~~RlENDS (Bri.u. Name;).,

5. :fo.rtill the lnterseetiea of CFandi MIT .tll.at is, Ole fu:uy set of those dose frie:_~ds of Brian in re]ation to wh(.lm he .ts: much taller

H~CFnMT.

Count(R) - ~iliH(Namot)

where lJ,:H(N:ml.ej) is the graJd~ of m.emhersWiP of Nam.eJ in H and, 1)1 is the mrUfunletk sum,

7. FOml theratie

_ Count (MT II 'CF}

r - 'CQlmt 'fCF)

which tepl1esenu the p~ort.j.oll of clQ:se f~ie~cl$ of Bd~ inlfebtio[l to whelm he is m.ucliL taller,

8. 'Compute thegradJe of Renlhermip of,. in MOST

,0 - pM081f [[P - J'~ •

'lliLe mlWe of b is the desirreOi po~i1blilli.ty of D gillen p. In tennSQf the nre:11[l,beFship fl]~cijQnsQf!FRmNDS. MUeH TALUlRll.nd MOSf, the value of () is given ,e:xp.&irtly by too eXpIess:ion

,(3 ,.22)Q '" PMO'ST

[ l)iflMl(&l@t(Brianl.H~ght (Na:rn.ed) ~~dBrl.an. N"aa1ed]

E{A~F(Brian~ Nrunev) .

(3 .23) Brian is much. taller than. most of his close frielll!ds -+1l'(D) "'" a where ~. is given by (3 ,22')'

Peeused hanslaHo!tl.: Fto:m. (3.23) it fol!l.ows at once that

(3.,24)

.390

L. A. ZADEH

EXA1\<1PLE 5

(3.25} p ~ Lane resides in II small city near Was:hingtml.

Unio.cused tnoo;]artlon: Assume 'that the databa<5!e consists of tIte,rel.a~ tions

(3.26) RESIDENCE. [P .Name; C.Name; Populetion] SMALL [Populatten; JA]

N:BAR [C.Name 1; C .Name2; ,l.d .

In RESIDENCE; P_Name stands for Person Natfne, C.Name for City Name. ood. Pop'll!latioD for popubtion of C.N,une, hi SMALL,. IJ. is the degree to. which. a ci.ty whose pepulation flgure is PopwsUon ~s small, fu NEAR. p, is the degree to whichC NMIleJ and C.Name2 are near one another"

The popuJa.tIoJl of the c:iity in v.11ich U1I1HI ]\esides is giVffiil by

(3.27) PoPUlat1iolil RESIDENCE [P.Name = Lane]

and hence the degree, ~ , to which the oi.t)' is S1nall may be expressed as (3.18) a l ""~SMALL [Poopnbtw,;n RESIDENCE [P. N:mre ~ Lane] ] .

Now the degree to 'Which the city in which Lane, resid!es is neal Wwlington i$ given by

(3.29) O'l '" pNEAR I[CNaiIDe] ~ Washmston;

C.Nl;ill'le 2 = C.N::mle RESIDENCE [P .N:illme = Lane] ],.

On fonning the ronjuncUon of (3.28} and (3"29),,. the possihility ,oF D - and hence Ole 'translation of p - Is found to be, expressed by (A ~. ;min)

(330.) lIL.aine resJides.m a small city near W~shmgtoiJl --;;. m:D) '" b 1 " a'l where ~ 1 iIi!!ld.1l2 are gi'i'en by (3.28) and (3.29).

Focused tnms:i:ati,on: The implicit vanablein thils case may be expresstd as

(3.31) X ~ Location. {Residence (Lane ).

Thus, the g'O::I] of the focused translation in this case is the COIDPlllWtiOfl 'Of the pos5(jhUiity distributlon ofU'm lo.carti.on of residence of lane.

To illustrate the effect of choosing difflt:oont databases onthe trands;Uon of p. we shall consider two cases each of which represents. a p.articulsr .i)!$$l!lrnption conrernJililgIDe relatians inD'.

FlllSt~, we consider the Slll1pier case iII which tie eonstitnent reJiatioHS: in D are assumed to bee:

L. A. ZADEH

39]

1(3.32) SMALL [C.Name;p]

0.33) NEAR I[C.NomThd;. C.Name2; pJ .

In. SMAll., P is· the deg~. to which the city whose nama is C.Name is smaill. III NEAR, P. is the.degree to whioh cltles nemed CNa:m.eland C.Name2 <'!l'e near each other.

from NEAR, the t:u:z.z;y set of cities which arenear Washillgto]lJ.~s lfoum:li 00 be ~\i1eIil by

C.Narn~ X,{l NEAR [C"Na:me2 '" W3s11:ington~ ,

Consequently, the fi;lzzy set of cities whichare neal Was:l!I:iJ:JJgton and,in addttion, are smal!J is given by tfuem.OOrsection

$MAun C.Na:mel X,fA NEAR I[C.N.-utr.Ie2 "" W;u:hi~on].

WLth. this ,expressioll in h<m:di, the fo{)usedb'<mslaLiQo ,of pm.a_y be ecl;,'II[,essed. as (3.34) UM restdes in ;'I ~.oity near W~ngtQn --+

DLDcatt[}rn. (Re~'l'ice ~e:))- SMALL r1 C,t,.iamd X ~

NEAR [(:.NaFne2'" Was.llliigtQ[I] .

In the case to be ooru;adered next, tihere·]altioru;, in D are assumed to be less directly related to the ~otatioru: of words in ptha:IiL the re]atioE; ,e;qlIefilSed. ~Y' (332) ,and (333). More specifically, we aSSiUl1J.te dIat 1) oonslsts of the relations

(3.3:5) US'W:' [C.Na.me; PiJp~lat~o.n]

DISTANCE [C ,Name 1 ; e,Na:m.e2; Di&t8f.lce 1 SMAl.L [lFlQPu]ation; {)]I

NEAR. [Dlstanee; ~]I .

. w. UST, Poprn.a'tiQn is ·thepopubilioJiL of CNa:m.e. In DISTANCE •. Dii:dance istae distance between C.N~ 1 and. C.Nrun.e2. LIl NEAR,. Ii istlllie degwee to w.ruch. tw'O cities whose distance from one another is Dlismnoe a.10 near each otlter.As for SMALL, it has the same me;m;i['lg <l1s.in (332).

!For our pUIPoI$eS, 'Vie need ill relation whiclh tabulates tl~e degree to wN.ch each dtyin. UST is small. To this bQ, we foem the compot1itio:n' ef UST and SMALL. which yields tlhH\'; relation

(336) G ~ SMALL [C,Name;#] ! LIST I[C.Nam.e; Pop~.I,btio:n.l a SMAll.I[,irOPUilAnON; j\t~

ill wIDell # is the dev~e to which CNwne is sm.a1ll .. Adually .sIDre LlSTanm mALL are fU!D.ctiom:s, we C8!Il write

392

L. A.. ZAI"EH

(:3 117) PG{C .Name) "" I:tSMAU(l\)ipuLation (C.N.a:m.e})

In wluoh the right.hMildmiffinbeF of (3.31) exp:re&Ses the degree to wWch.8i oity whose popuJation is Population (C.Na:me), is smaiH,

Now from. DISI'ANCB we c!iin fmd the di:sbnces of cities in JUST frera Washington" These di]siances· are yieldled. by the,re']lI!uo:llJ.

{3.38) OC!!!· C.Name1J. X. D.istMlceLHSTANCI! [C.Na:me2 '" Washi!llJgoonJI. Furthermore, on forming ti1ecoIT!lposiJtion of this relation with NEARj W~ ebtalnths re]fllUon

(3:.,39}1 H I[C~arne~ p]1 !!, NiEAR l[lW,tance;:Ill 0

CJ~ameJl X D~t;mceDIST ANCiE ~C.Name:l '" Washlillgt..orl] •

~ If [C .N8!me;;, S-' ]1, IJl represents dl@ de,gil"ee tc whlch c'.Nam.e is near W<'!shrn;gtQn. Mo.r-e expliciHy:

;tH(e.Name) -IJNEAR{Distan.ce of C.Nrum.ei from Was1tiJ:lgton),

ill whl.ch fuC'l dlist:moo of C,Na:me [10m Washillgt.on is ebtained fro:m[)C by expEessillg the distance as a. .¥unction of C .NaJm~.

At .t:hr.ls point, we haveoon:rtmc·kld from t~fl gilVOO datra1b~ the re]atioll:'! wN.c.h ·we:regftv.en miirt.iaill;y in the pirevious case. W'ith these Fela.tiorlS mruwd,. the tnmsJation of p may be eiXp~e~edoom'pact]y as

0.40) ]l wcation (R.esidence (Lane)) "'G rl H

vm.el1e G and Hare defmed by (3.3 6) and (3 39), FespeetiVii.~Y .

!EXAMPLE 6

(3.4lW) p ~ Vivien is over thil!:ty.

TIle, li!te:ra]readmg of p may be ,exp:re.&Sed. as

lh .:!l; .. Age of Vivi.e1m. is g;r@J1tef tlwt nmty wWehtrwartes int.o

(3 A2]1 PI --+ Age (V'ivie:n) > 30.

In man!l{ cases, boweve;r,. the inte1ild.edme:3.!l1!ing ofp would be 1':2 !, Viv[ea i$ O¥e~ tiWrty but not mech O'\i'!iM Ulirty,

.m. .ilii.s case, the transliaJUol1l of P2 mto PRUF wouM. be exprrre!l:Sed as

PREC],s[A,TIOiN OF MEANING

393

(3.43) RAge (Virie~ '" (JO,. WO], n Agel X jj: MUCH OVER~ [Age;2 = 30] in which. (310, W;tJ~ is the age iatersal 30 <: u ~ 100; MUCH. OVER [Agd; Agel;,I1] is a rleb.t~on ill whic:h ~is tile degree< to wNch Agel iis much over Age 2; and MUCH OVER' is the oOLnpiemelJJt of MUCH OVER.. Mme explicitly, 0 .. 43) im!plies taat

(3.44) :russ { A,m~ (Viviie:n) ". u}'" 0 fo~ u '" 30

'" I ._ .1lM.UCH OVE.R'(tj • .3,0), for u > 30.

EXAM.P:u! 7

(3.415) p.~ ;!rOM is not ve!!'y smart, Assumm,g thatD eonslsts of the relation SMART [Name; p.]

in. which. p. is the degree to wh:iclt. Name ismrnart:,the literal trsnslatton oj[ p may be expr-essecllls (see Exam.p]~ 3)

0.46) p ~ filx == (12.)'

where

X ... ~SMAR1' [Name .. John]

and (JL '2: t .~ th.ecomplement of the squm:of the ·llIrui.wJ.

However, if the llli.e:ll!clecl meanrn.,g of p is

(3 A 7), .PI ~ John l$:\IIe(Y (not smart} thenthe translation of pmto PRUf wo~cl be (3A8} Wlx ~ (ll)~.

Note that (3 A 8)irnp~s tfuaJt

{3.49} POiSS {X ~ I>'} "1 _.,2 . whereas (3..416) Lm:plies that _ CLSO) Po~ {X'" r}'" 0 _ ],\')2.

EXAMPLES

(3.:H) p;l;; Naomi.lms a young dau~ter ..

Thereare t1_ distinct roading1l of p;

394

1.. A.ZADEH

Pi ,!! Naomi has o.ru.y one daughter and her daughter is: young;

.P2 ~ N!I).O:fliLi m one or moee dallghtce:rs of WhOUl only one is yo1!UJ!,g;

P~ ,!!, Nao:rntii has one Of more dal!l~te($ of who,m. one or more, 91'e young ..

Amlme that D' consists of the relatton DAUGlITER [MName'; I).Name; t'DY]

irn which MName and D Name stand for Mother's name, and .Daughter's name, le:specUvely • and 1JD y b the degree to which D.N:arne is young.

The trans1ation;s of P 1 , lh and P!I DUlY be expressed as follows

(352) Th -+ N(D) ",':h APt

where

s] "".~ if Niliomi has only one da'Ugh1teJ, I.e., if

Count (D.Nll.meDAllCHTER [M.Name .. Nliulnn] ) '" ]

81ull 15! '" 0 ctherwise;

and

PI ~ the degsee to which Naomi's daugh:te'd\'O young. Le. 111 '" PDyDAUGHTER I[M.Nanle "" Nao:illii].

Tummg: to p~ ,il!f.Id 1'3; let 'fue se,t of daupters of Naomi beso'rIled tn desce.ndilOgorGer according, to the degree of youth. For thls set" then, let

Ili ~ degreel of youth of jHl youngest daiiLlgbter ofNaom;L

Now app1yfrtg the concept of fuzzy card:imlJity (see (2.52») to the set lirI question, we obtain alt, once

(3 . .53)1 PC: ~ 1I(D) -IJ~ .... (1 - ,t("l) and

(354) ~ "'"' 11I{D) _, 1011' E,xAhWlE9

(35:5) p [1;. Naomi has several young diaughters,.

!I!n this case, we assume that D consists of the relations

636 .Be1edl!ld Rap;er.s by Lotlf A. Zadeh

PREC~S.JA'fION OF MEANING

395

DAUGHTER [M . .Name; U.Name; IlDY]

SEVERAL [N; #]

.i1!J. whlch the first relation has: the same meaning as in EXaJJlI.ple S, and.~ In SEVERAL is the degree to which an in t~geI N fits one's peroeption of ~lWftniJ. Furthermore. we asS1l:me that p should be read as P3 in Example .8..

Willi these, assumptions, the translation of p may be exp.ressed compactly

as

(3.56) p -+ 1l'CD) - sup 0:> 0 SEVERAL) ,n

FOCount ( D'. i'brne X p, DAUGHTER [M.Nam.e== Naomi] n

w~e:re PGCount is d,efmed by {2 .55); S:U[) F is defined bty

(3.57) sup F ~ sUPu E U PF'(u)

where F is a fti2ly subset of U and fJ.F is its membershjp function; and ~ 0 SEVERAL is the composition of the relations ~ and SEVERAL, i.e .. , (see note 7)

p.;;.. 0 SEVE.RAL(U) =ts SEVERAL (n) for n~ ,I'lmll.x

""1 fo.rn;;;;:'nmax

n m:iX ~ smallestvelue of n at whlcll. ~SEVERAL (u) = 1.

h1.tuiUliIely, the oo:m.posmolil of;. and SEVERAL ~.rves to pretis:i;'l.te the conn t expressed in words as "'at least, several." The intersection of (> a SIEVERAl.) and. the FCCount of the daughters of Naomi Sle;fVes ttl define the c.onjunct~on of "at I,east several" with the FGCoun t of daughters of Naomi; and tire supremum of the intersection provides .a measure of the degree of consistency of "at least several." with the FCC-aunt in qllestion.

As iii. concrete, illustration of (3 .56). assume that fhe fuzzy relanon SEVERAL is defined as.

(3 .. 59) SEVERAL ~0.5/2+ 0.8/3 ... 1/4+ 1/5 11-.0.8./6 -ii- 0.5/0.7.

'[hen

(3.60) .~ 0 SEVERAL = 0.'3/2 + 0.8/3 + 1/4 + l/S + 1/6 11- ••••

Ferthemiore, assume that

0.61) D.NameX I-I0AUGHTER [M. Name > N:a:om]~ ;;;;;; 1/Eva + O.8/Usa + O.6/RlUth

396

L. A. ZADEH

so that

(3.62) FGComt (D;Name X pI!)AlfGIlTER [M.Nrune ;;. Naomi]) "" ~].fW 'I" 0:8/2 + 0.6/3.

F~Qm (3.60} and. {3i62), we deduee that

(3,.63)(> Q SEVERAL} n FCCount. en.Name X fA IMUGHTER l[M.Name -- Naomi]) == [) .5/2 11- 'I) .613

we arriveatt

(3.1')4) mp) '" 0.6

which repn'lsru!J. ~Ul;{i pOs:!l,~bility of the given dataJb<1$e gi.ven thepropesitien 11.

4. CONCLUDING REM.ARK

The above examples ale intended to .illu!itraite the maMer in wWch I?'RUF may be: enlployed to ["Jecisiate them~ing of propositJons expressed in a natural language. Suchp.reclsia.ti:on may be of use not only :in comml1llic:ado:n between bumsns, but ailso -ilI!fld. perhaps more irmpOdantly - in ccmmunica~ 'Uon between lU_l[[Iims andOJ.illicmnes"

UiP:I:iver.rity of Dllifornia lIt BerkeleY'

NOTES

* Computer 8deDce [lWWMI" Department of Ekc~ Ent;itteer.ing; ,and Compute>!!' ScieIle," and tbe EIeettorucs Researclt Labarat,OlY. Univt:rsity of CalJifOm1l!, {lt4kdeli'. CaID'OIIlia 94721)', Reseuch su.ppo,rttd by Ute NadolW Sclei'loe FOlilrrul:i!!tiol1 Gtil.l1i11'l IST.!UH8196 and MCS79'-06543.

l As is poimed ;;n!It m [81], ambiguity .~liIre_ness II!ld firZ2ines:s ale :oot cO!!lXte.naive COlil~. Speclfic.rdlv. a :p_ropOsiiti01l, p, is fiJ:z.zy ill' it 01l;ntaim words With fllu.y detlotatkJiDS" e.e;., p :; Rlllith.:1uiis dl1rk skin .:uid. 'OMIlS~, red ro'rscti.e .. Ii. p:roposirtioD!, p, is ~ if it is. botlil fuzzy ;md! ilm.1Jlg:u.o1ll9, in, thl!l 5m~ ofbc,~inrumc!l.ell!Uy s,ecMic. ]<"011 example, tlhe propoi>itIDn fJ ~ Rutillli'lIt5, wmeM'ken M!;'llrlileJl!lkei.ey is vague ]jf lit does IIDt cb_anM~ .Iile the kI~at_ioil af ;ileMtllelWe of Rutla with iu.fficimrt precjsi.o~. Thus, a p!op<lsfUonmay be fuZ-Z}" wlil!JiJ.{llIl be~g ,,~ue, and am.bipOi!!iS l'I'idiQi!!t bdnt !U.zzy 00' l'~e.

2 As, willl be seen in Se!l:ti.oIl 2 and 3" PRUP is lIianguage iin ~. somewb~t stl~~d! ~~]I!~e ofth~ term. Basically, it ii$a jrrmtlo!1tic)tt 8y~t~m in wllDim. only the simph.I JIl)!;!=dUJeii

PR.6ClS~ATlON OF MEAN[NG

397

may be rePE,es:en~ed. <l!.Sex.preS$Lnns l.n. PRUF. f OJ: th.e d~scri,twn ,ofcoll1Lpilex p'IDced.ll:Iles,. PRUF ,allows tire use of any ,su.i!:able ttL;tth.ematicl!illy o.nJm.tW la1l!lu~e"

3 In. ow' 6X]lositiJJll of tire conoopt. of ,11 p.ossi.bWty dJ5tiWb.atfun and the .rel1evam parts of PRUF we ~l:3iIl d:r,ll',w om the d>er11'Uiti.oM !Ifid example! iI'I 1[79'], [81] iU1.d [8:'.].

4 Wrz; u:se tQ.ppe\I'C&Se sym'bols to liift'erentiare ·Iletw·een ,Il term, e~., s:midl, IIDd its doenotaUoo, SMALL. The lilotll4lon

(2 .. 9) Ii' =- P1 fl-q "" •• " 4- ~/Ufl

W111ich :is employed .bI. (2.7) s:igilillts that F j~ II cQUtotWn of il!zz)' ,sID,glletOt1:S Iltfu,j, i = 1, ••. ,1'1, w.itll./Ji rep~esenllng the gl'ade or mem~5.hlp' ofui' in P,. More gmefally. F may bee~pJ"e1llSed as F;;; L,1;IJ.t!Ui or F" f UIJ.P (u)/u_ (See [781 for addmollaJ: details,)

5 lt shQu1!d 'be noted! tJllat (bo) and, (c) are In tllfl spirit ofpossll.llQ<iwodd sernan.tiics and t.l'Uth.-etllildilionali semantics, respem:i1re!.y. ]n. th.ell' ,co·nVlentionQ.! fu.rm" ]jo.wev~> these semantics ~"'e.n_o PJiOVisi'on. fOl fuz,zy PKIl'1Qmions and hence do not p.mvide !i mfficiemtly expressive ,s.ysrem far 01.l;l'(iWJo~,

s If fu~frnrne o.f R[CH lli JUCH [[Wealth.; PJ then. 111I.e ftame of RICH? is ruCH2 [W,edtb; I,P] , whkh s:isnffies, ilia;t.'e~b V. in RICH.ill Rpl.aoedby ~1 .• 'fl!iJ\g leprese·ntlltkfil'l of very riffl is a co:n~ueonoe oft'llc lralllMaDOn rule (2,31.).

7 If tltemembe,r,ship fiLn.ctioru of R (X; Y] ami S [Y;Zj !!:Ie cx·p.u'.sud.lLsj\tR'(x,y)md v.s(y" z),ro-sp.ecDVle!.y, then tll.e membenltip fwle.tkm of'rhe cam.posltiO'n of Ii and S wf'll!Ji:e$pcctto Y is given by

,fjR" s(x.z)" SI!IPy <PR{x,Y) APS(Y.Z)}.

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3'51. McC'uthy> J _ :;u.td HlI}"es., P.: 1969, 'Some pnilo$QpliiealprotiwflL'l f1:om the BtlUl.d.poin.t of artifldal :IDteW~ce,.'· .Machine ;mtItJJ~J1~s 4, (D. M.]chle 1I!Il[! iiI. Me.Ftze,r, ed!s), Edinburgh 1iI1!l;iV·enity Press, Edinburgb, 46:3 -:502_

40. Miller, G. A.. ,and Johnson-Laird, P. N.: 1976, Lang;ui1ite.tirid hrceptWtI, Har.'aId l!nitvelsUy Pless, Cllml:ir.i.d:,ge..

41 .. MtmmQto, Mi., Fuklllne, S., and. TaJl;~a, E.: 1978,. "Funy leamn.~ mMhoos by Zad.eliI arnd Mamdanl, and impHJved methods, >Pra.c. Third Wo.rkshop on Fuzzy R~oning. Quee:n Mary Ool.l.ege, London.

42. Mii;!:UIDotO .• M., Umano, M: .. ,and. Tanaka, K .. : 1977,'Impl.ementatioB of II. fuzzy-set~.h.ew:etic ,ilata. ,Srn.u::tUlfe SY8~em.' Third Int; Cont 0.1:1 Vgl'J\' LI1~ge Ll4t4 BaIleS, ']'okyQ,. 43. MQ.isli, G. c.:: 1'975, 'UCWl\eS 1)1[1 the ]o,gl'C ,of flll~Y r~.: Sd~Pltffld Ed.la()n~, BUCMest.

44. Mc,nt~. R.; 1974, Formoll'hl101ophy (S~cted Pllpers), YaJle lTnW~mty Press, N(w~' HaV6ltl,.

4S. Mont,gome:ry, C. A.~ ~97 2, <Ill nfl:tumllangmiage a1'l liIIDnat'Uilal ql!lezy ]ll!iIgu~geJ.' .1'rQc.

ACMNa#onal Can!, New YO,[1!::, 1075- 1078.

46. N\alimov, V. v..: 1974, Prool1.blllsticModel of Language. Moscow State UmVOIsity,.

MO,Sl:ow,.

4'. N"IIQiitlI,C. V., and! Rare~, D. A. :li9'75, Appli~ti.tm,s of Puny tiet!! .u~ SlI'st;ema AnalyYis> BidulIse,1 V,elli!:g, lJaJ5el, SwUgart

48- Newell. A. :md Siimon,. H.1\..: 1.912, Human Problem SalVing, Pterttjoe-Hhll. Englewood Clifl~, NJ.

49. N;g,llJ'e:l1J,H. T.: ]9"'8, 'On cornditd.Ol1!!1Ipo.ssili:llity diirtrIDll.OOns, > J1a.9' Seu ,lmil SytiUNfI'lI 1,299-309.

50. Ntlpcru, K.., Umano, M" Mizu:moto, M." and Tanaka, K .. ; 19'7i6, 'Implementation of fuzzy artifIcial flrlre.1Ilgenc¢ la.nguage FLOU; 'l'ecJmiealRepo.rt on Autontatjo;m QI:Id l!lmgltage oj IECE .

. S 1- Pauee, .S.: 1976, Mon(llg!le GrammflT •. Academic Pless; N e:w York.

52_ Putnam, n.: Ef15, 'The meaning tlf 'meaning';' lAn.p~, Mfndlltl'd Knowledge (K"

GUJJ;dle.r50D, ed .. ), U~ers:lJty of Minnesota PJless, Mi~()Us.

5 3..Q;u:iI'ie, W. V.; 19'70, Ph,f1;aropny of L~;;ic, I'nmllee·IDill, E.nt!.ewotl(i. Cliffs,. N.ff.

54. Reise1lei'. N.: 1973, :me Co.llenPice Tbeory of 1m,tll. OKfom Ul'lcWemty Press, Oxl'o.rd.

55. Riegel, II.: 1976, 'Fuuy struc.tural seman.ties.' Proo. ThIFd EUl(Jpean ldee'tinK on:

Cyb€'m1:k~ ,l1I1d Sy.~fem~ R£searoh. Vierula,.

56. ~che;l, E..:: 1977, ''On po:ssiJbillitygllaIifiiciltlo!!l in iiatu.ral: ]amguages: Ktect'Wli~ ReSe.wchulxmItoty Memcmmdum M7'7J28, UIrl!;',erdly ;;If Calif01.n.ia, B·ed:cley.

:57. Sanford, D. H.; 1'975, 'BQId.etline: logic,' Amer. Phil, ,Q,utf;.teny 12.29-319 ..

58 .. Schank., R. C. (ed.): 1975, Cl:mCl!ptu!iIJ /riformaJi(}II/'rot::elsblg, NQI1h-HolIand. Amste:rdaml.

5'9 - SclwMu., F. K.: 197:5, 'Fu!zzy modal ]ogiic;' .Free. Int. ~mp. 0.11 .M.u.mpl~ J\al.ued Logic, Univew;sity of ~Ii.d:iana, Bloombig,WlI, 176-182 ..

1.. A" ZADEH

60, SC~Il,hed,l. K..,: 1972, 'Exlendllng the ,expressive P0l!,\re.i!' ,of :tellW'l!lIc metwat~,' Artificial InMrJ&el:l'Ce 2:, 16S-,li9 S.

61, Seall"le. J. (ed.); I 911. rn~ PhilOSD,pIzy of Lmgu., OMo.idUnivmjJty Pi~ OxfQEd.

62. S;~b.i,B. S., awill Miilmda:ni, E.. H.~ 1979, 'On tlteilat_e of Impl)lcatiQn, h'I f11lzz,y ]o,c.fu," hoc. 9th In!. 31mr" on MuUfple- V!TlueQ Logic, Bath, bglarui. 143-1:)].

63. &inwn, H, A.: 1973. "Ihe stmeuue m ill stmeruled probJams:,' Artl,fieial i.H.trltJgew'CtJ 4, lSI-Wi.

64. Staal. J. F.; 19'69, <FQ~,I*'c aruinatUl',;II ~.!lu.s: Ji'ounrlti'fWm af Langu~e 5, 256-28:4.

65. S'ti,tch, S. P.: 19'7S, 'wgical faffi1JiUldnQ.HIm] ,1~ • .'PltfL Stl:ulit;~ 28, 391-41&"

66, s,l1(g,eflO, .M.,: ,li9'74, ',,[hoozy offmzy in~e;gr.B!l!s and ~ns :llppllic~tiD'Jl; rIl,D.~esis:" ]'okYQ ]n.:suture ofT,ecliIlQ)Ogy • .JQ.lla:n.

67.. SllliPPe-.s, ,P'.,: [916, 'ElliminatiOI!l of qmmtil:ms m the; selmilltiei> qf natwi1!l hrguas~s b<y U~ (If extenGLld re1a.tilJlJl. al~b.ms.' Rt'~ue intemtll1'Qltme de Ihilowphi'e',. ,U7-US, :24:3-:259.

68, "TaiI:lk~ A.: 1956, lAgic. fjemgntir:s, Md,gJIUlt:nemmic5. CJ~Ol'l P.l'U:'l. Oxf'M{l

69, Te.lano. 1." and ~.eno, M:.: :l.9'75, 'CQiI!lIlt.ifinai fuz.zYili~t&S W'I.d. 'thel!: :Il!.PPllrotioIfiCS/ Fu~~t sus a~d mel', A;pplktitiv.m w Ci)gm"rlv~ I1ltillMd~tm Proc.e~~, [L, A •. ZlldeJI, K.. 8. Po. K Tg;l'I~ arui M. S:~irt!l"lr~, eds.), ~emlc. r-ress., New Yoo1\::, 15l~17{1.

70,. \!!iil'I. F~sen, B, c.: 1971,Ji'afm4i' :kr.wn:ti:e~ and /.f)gic, Mamnilllml., New Ymk.

"]], WeilsID~, F .. : 19'76, 'Dedlicti!l<:e \!e[baJ! models 0:( orgauimtiol:l8: [nt, J. Mal1',lHirchlne Stud:l"e's s, 29'3-311,

72. \Vheem. S. C.: 191:5, 'Refei.l'e:llce mlIl vagueness:,' Sym:hetl!! ](1,361-380.

73, Woods,. W. A., 1'9'75,. 'What isifll a link; f(Ju:m'latW,n~ fOO' §Jl;11Ul,m: n~two;[ks,,'Repn~n~trQII tmd Ullli&'Stamtifl.g • (D. 5. Dobl0W aru!l A. Colitiins,.otIs.)., AcMiJcIIId.'c PIes!i. New ¥od:, 3,5:-·8:2.

74. Za,d,eh, L. A.: 1.9'7'2, 'Fm:z,y~(lnt~.e;" ant'ltl1!elt :rebtmn te ]n:unMi !Wd iIilflcl'lin.e illteJilli. genre,' Proc- Ttlt.. O:m./ ,on .NMrI and C9mp:.i!t:er, Bmdeoox, fl'runce, S. Ka:!'geil', BaJlel, 130-lC'iS,

7'5:, Zadeh,. L. A,; JaIl, ]9'13, 'O'IWUme {If II new ILPPilOIlIch to th.e ~a1y:sh ~tf 'compl!ex 5y~.tem'S ~d d,~cldoil p(!'(lC~S,' lEEE II':ttnB. Syst~ml; Man alia ()bemeti"c$. SJWCJ, 28-44, 76.. Zadeh,. LA .. : [,9'75, 'DIl!cu[u,s of funy 1!estcri'Ct.io'll!s,' Rt.I::-y Be,fu oIil!ld Their Applletlti01f~' to lllgnitil!€ .:Ina lJ'«lsifm Prof:t!SSl!S, (L.. A. Z~delil. K" S. h, K, TiUllIka IL!Jld M, Sh:imrnm~,. edl5'.J. A~k: pJj~:;s, N~w Yorck;, 1-39.

7'7 _ Za(lUi, L. A.: l!n'S, 'F'1i!zzy lo,gfu and.~PfO\Kim!Ue relUo'Nlillg (~n. m.ernoq af GligoTe Mofil:iI)," Syntlt.~£ 30,400-42:&.

7S. ZadelIL,.l. A,.: 19'75, 'The oollce.plof a I iliigm s tic ".alillbl~ a.nd its IL'fPllicMiQiIil to ILprJi)~ mate Ieli.SQnfu&,' lfJ:[. SrJi.8, hli1 1,. 199-Z49;lnf. Sci. 8, :Par~ n, .Sm-.351;:Jnf, Sci .. 9, ~t ]]1, 43-S®.

"1'9. Zadeh" :L. A,.: 19'11', 'A the>M.lI' of <l!p:p!IO:Ki1'tl<l!le, .reason:lil1g,' Ell!ctrcmi(}s Rese:onh .Li11JoN. to.'Y Memom'ndum .Mn/58, lTni1>etsity of' Qiifo:~nla., Berkeley', Alroin. M:acilrnle 1IuellJ~n~ 9, (], Eo Hayes, D, Mi.ehie andi 1. 1. Kul!ich .• eds.), Wi!ley, New Ymli::., 149'-194.

SKI, Zadeh, L, A.: ]978. 'FUZ2;Y s:ets ~5 a bash: fOT athe.my 0']"' poss.ibmt.y,' Fuzzy Sets ami! 8yBtem~ L 3-28,

a: 1, Zad.M, l~ A.; 19'18, 'Flit. UF - a mearli!lg .~ip~.~~ntat_it;ln. lan.s:iJag-S fQ.Ii~t~~I, la]l..l!iJl~~' lilt. J . .lMn·M:achill~ gr~dies HI,3,94,-460 ..

PREC[SIA'TKDN OF MEANING

82. Za.de~t. 1. A.: 1979,1'ossi.ll.nJ!illr' theory ,~n.d .sC!ft ihUa <l:nal;y:!i!l,' M;'1I'h~I!Uit'iCi1.l F'NJlltien ,of ,rill!; SotN;f1l Q,~d Policy Sciences" (l. Cobb 900 R. M. ThraU, eds.), W,~n¥i~w Pr>eS&" Boulder, 69-129.

8~. Zadeh, LA.: 19B1, 'Te~Hco'ne semanties for nau~:ralla:n,go9ge.sllllu:lmeamngc~presenta· tlonvia PR UF,;' Empirical Sf!mIInt.ic8, (R ,1:1, Riege.!', ed.), Bwcl(m,eye~. ,(!:cwlmm, 281-349,

84. Zad,eh ,L A .. : 19:8,]·, 'A ccmp~.tatkli!lal ,~wrn~ch~DrtilizzM q1ilil!l1I.tifi~l$ in l'lat!Jr~l ~J1. gliJ1I.ges: Computer.; and M4tl~~mtl'~c,r 9', 149 -184.