Fundamentals of Computer

G.K.
M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI-63
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LABORATORY MANUAL
COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY-II
II SEMESTER
2008-2009
.
ISO/CSE/MANUAL/CP LBII – GE 2155
ISSUE: B REV: 00
APPROVAL
The MANUAL of (GE 2155) COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II

UNDER COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II IN II SEMESTER
OF I YEAR (2008-2009) .
PREPARED BY APPROVED BY
1. Ms.S.Sudha. Mr.M.Babu.
2. Mr.M.Karthikeyan. HOD/CSE.
3. Mr.P.Selvakumar.
4. Mr.E.Senthilkumaran.
5. Mr.M.Manickam.
6. Mr.N.Kalyanasundaram.
7. Mr.Amit Prasad.
.
ISSUE: B REV: 00
INDEX-I
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM. 1
2 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS. 8
3 STUDY OF VI EDITORS. 14
4A CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF 21
AN EMPLOYEE.
4B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE. 23
5A TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF 25
TWO-WAY BRANCHING USING IF
STATEMENT.
5B TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF 27
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING IF-
ELIF STATEMENT.
5C TO IMPLEMENT THE CONCEPT OF 29
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING CASE
STATEMENT.
6A TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT N 31
NATURAL NUMBERS.
6B TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST 33
N FIBONACCI SERIES.
6C TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE 35
MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING UNTIL
LOOP.
.
ISSUE: B REV: 00
I N D E X - II
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

6D TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT THE 37
SUM USING FOR LOOP.
6E TO WRITE A PROGRAM TO 39
CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL.
7 PROGRAM TO FIND INVERSE OF THE 41
GIVEN NUMBER AND FIBONACCI
SERIES UP TO NEEDED LEVEL USING
FUNCTIONS.
8 PROGRAM FOR THE ILLUSTRATION 44
OF POINTERS EXPRESSIONS.
9 PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC MEMORY 46
ALLOCATION, REALLOCATION AND
DELETING.
10 PROGRAM TO CREATE FILE, TO 49
STORE INFORMATION IN THE FILE
AND TO SHOW THE INFORMATION IN
THE FILE BY USING FILE HANDLING
FUNCTIONS.
.
ISSUE: B REV: 00
EX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
AIM: To study about unix operating system.
WHAT IS UNIX
UNIX is an operating system which was developed first in the
1960’s and has under constant development ever since by operating
system we mean the suite of programs which make the computer
work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system for
servers, desktops and laptops.
UNIX operating system also have graphical user interface (GUI)
similar to Microsoft windows operating system which provides an
easy to environment. However knowledge of unix is required for
operations which are not covered by graphical program or for when
there is no windows interface available.
TYPES OF UNIX
There are many different versions of unix, although they
share the common similarities. The most popular varieties of unix
are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux and Macos X.
THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
The Unix Operating system is made up of three parts
1. The Kernel
2. The Shell
3. The Programs
THE KERNEL
The Kernel of Unix is the hub of the operating system. It
allocates time and memory to programs and handles the file store
and communication in response to system calls.
.
ISSUE: B REV: 00 PAGE NO: 1 OF 51
As an illustration of the way that the shell and the kernel work
together, suppose a user types ‘rm myfile’ (which has the effect of
removing the file myfile). The shell scratches the filestore for the file
containing the program ‘rm’. And then requests the kernel, through
system calls to ‘rm myfile’ finished running, the shell then returns
the unix prompt ‘%’ to the user, indicating execute the program ‘rm’
on ‘myfile’. When the process that it is waiting for future commands.
THE SHELL
The shell acts as an interface between the user and the
kernel. When user login, the login program checks the username and
password, and then starts another program called the shell. The
shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands
the user types in an arranges for them to be carried out. The
commands are themselves programs. When they terminate, the shell
gives the user another prompt (% on our system). By typing part of
the name of a command, filename and directory and pressing the
[tab] key, the shell will complete the rest of them automatically. If
shell finds more than one name beginning with those letters you
have typed, it will beep, prompting to type a few more letters before
pressing the tab key again.
The shell keeps the list of the commands you have typed in, if you
need to repeat a command, use the cursor key to scroll up and down
the list or type history for a list of previous commands. Different
users may use different shells. Initially, your system administrator
will supply a default shell, which can be overridden or changed.
.
The most commonly available shells are:
• Bourne shell (sh)

• C shell (csh)
• Korn shell (ksh)
• TC Shell (tcsh)
• Bourne Again Shell (bash)
Each shell also includes its own programming language.

Command files, called "shell scripts" are used to accomplish a
series of tasks.
Utilities :UNIX provides several hundred utility programs, often

referred to as commands.
Accomplish universal functions
• editing
• file maintenance
• printing
• sorting
• programming support
• online info
Modular: single functions can be grouped to perform more

complex tasks.
The Bourne shell is one of the oldest shells and is the most
efficient for background work. However it provides few facilities for
interactive users.
.
The C shell provides sophisticated interactive capabilities lacking

in the Bourne shell. Features of this shell include a command
history buffer, command aliases and file name
completion. The C shell has a syntax which resembles the C
programming language.
The C shell is the default shell for interactive work on many UNIX
systems. It will be covered in this document, although most of the
basic commands given here are relatively standard across all the
main shells.
The Korn shell was written by David Korn from AT&T and in it he
attempted to merge the preferred features of both the Bourne and C
shells as well as adding some additional features.
Unfortunately the Korn shell was not available for free, as other
UNIX shells were, so many users and companies did not chose to
use of it.
The Bash shell was based on the Bourne shell (Bourne again
shell) and as with Korn it attempted to combine the best features of
the other shells which were available at the time. This shell however
was available for free.
Bash was initially adopted for LINUX although several varieties of
LINUX now exist e.g. RedHat, SuSE and Debian-GNU.
FILES AND PROCESS

Everything in unix is either a file or a process. A process
is an executing program identified by a unique PID (Process
Identifier).
.
A file is collection of data’s. They are created by users using text
editors, running, compilers etc.
Examples of files
 Document
 The text of a program written in some high level language.
All files are grouped together in the directory structure. The file
system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like inverted tree. The
top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written [/] slash)
FEATURES OF UNIX
1. Multitasking
Multitasking is the capability of the operating system to
perform various tasks simultaneously. I.e. A single user can run
multiple programs (tasks) concurrently.
2. Multi-user Capability
Multi-user capability of UNIX allows several users to use the
same computer to perform their tasks. Several terminals (keyboards
and monitors) are connected to a single powerful computer (Unix
server) and each user can work with their terminals.
3. Security
Unix allows sharing of data. Every user must have a login
name and a password. So, accessing another user’s data is
impossible without permission.
I.e. Invalid users cannot access data.
.
4. Portability
UNIX is portable because it is written in a high level language.
So, UNIX can be run on different computers.
5. Communication
UNIX supports the fallowing communications
o Between the different terminals connected to the UNIX
server.
o Between the users of one computer to the users of
another computer located elsewhere in the network.
6. Programming facility
UNIX is highly programmable, the UNIX shell programming
language has all necessary ingredients like conditional and control
structure (Loops) and variables, that establish it as a programming
language in its own right.
ADVANTAGES OF UNIX
 UNIX is a very stable operating system.
 UNIX supports the Multi-User feature.
 UNIX is a Multitasking operating system.
 UNIX can be loaded to any type of computer hardware.
 UNIX is optimized for program development.
 UNIX has rich set of small commands and utilities that do
specific tasks.
 UNIX has a powerful unified file system, everything in a file;
data, program and all physical devices.
.
 UNIX has the ability to string commands and utilities together

in unlimited ways to accomplish more complicated tasks.
 UNIX allows only authorized users to modify files and
directories.
 UNIX allows only System Administrators to make changes in
System Configuration files.
RESULT:
Thus study of unix operating system was completed.
.
EX NO: 2 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS

AIM:
To study about basic UNIX commands in UNIX
GENERAL COMMANDS
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION

1 Date Date Displays the current date and
_
time
2 Cal cal MM Cal Displays the calendar of the
YYYY current month
cal YYYY Displays the calendar of the
whole year specified
cal MM YYYY Displays the calendar of the
specified month and year
3 Man man command Displays the manual pages of
name - the command name specified.
4 Who Who Displays information about
- people who are presently
logged in
5 who am i who am i Displays information about
- oneself
6 Finger finger user Displays information about the
- specified user
.
FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

.
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/ DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
7 Cat cat > filename cat > filename Creates a file
with the
specified name
cat filename Displays the
specified file in
the console
cat file1 Copies the
file2…filen > specified files to
filez filez
cat >> filename Appends
contents to the
specified file
8 Rm rm filename removes the
-
specified file
9 Mv mv filename mv filename Moves the file to
destination destination the destination
mv filename Renames the file
newname with the new
name
Renaming can be
done while
moving within
the same
directory or
different
directory
10 Cp cp source Copy SOURCE
destination to DEST, or
multiple
SOURCE(s) to
DIRECTORY.
11 More more file More is a filter
for paging
through text one
screenful at a
time for lengthy
files.
12 Page page file Same as more
except that
more requires
spacebar to be
pressed for
every page
whereas page
requires return
key to be
pressed
13 Ls Ls -l shows about
permission, owner,
size etc
-a shows all files
including hidden
files
-R displays the
contents of
subdirectories
-r reverses the
order of files
displayed
ls ~ List the
contents of your
home directory
ls / List the
contents of
your root directory
.
ls ../ List the
contents of the
parent directory.
ls */ List the
contents of all sub
directories.
ls -d */ Only list
the directories in
the current
directory.
.
14 File file filename Displays the
type of the
specified file
15 Wc wc filename Print the
number of lines,
words,
characters and
bytes in the file.
16 Head head n Display the first
filename n lines from the
file
17 Tail tail n filename Display the last
n lines from the
file
18 Sort sort filename -r sort in Sorts the lines
reverse order in the text files
-f sort ignoring and displays
case them in the
-n sort console
numerically
-b ignore
leading blanks
19 Grep grep pattern -F for fixed Grep searches
filename grep the named input
-E for extended FILEs for lines
grep containing a
-c print the match to the
count of given
matching lines PATTERN.
-i ignore case
for matching
-h prefix each
matching line
with line
number
.
20 Chmod chmod + for adding chmod changes
filename users permission the permissions
+ permissions - for removing of each given
file/directory permission file according
u stands for to the mode
owner specified
g stands for
group
o stands for
others
DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT COMMANDS
NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION
21 Mkdir Mkdir Creates a directory with the

dirname specified name.
22 Rmdir Rmdir Deletes the specified directory
dirname if not empty
23 Mv mv dirname Move the directory and all its
destination contents to the destination. If a
name is specified in the
destination, the directory will
be renamed.
24 Pwd Pwd Shows the current directory
25 Cd cd Moves to the home directory

cd ~
cd .. Moves to the parent directory
cd - Moves to the previous
directory
.
RESULT: Thus basic UNIX commands in UNIX was studied.
.
EX:NO:3 VI EDITOR
AIM: To Study of Basic vi Commands
What is VI?
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system is called vi (visual
editor). [Alternate editors for UNIX environments include Pico and emacs, a
product of GNU.]
The UNIX vi editor is a full screen editor and has two modes of operation:
1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the

file, and
2. Insert mode in which entered text is inserted into the file.
In the command mode, every character typed is a command that does something
to the text file being edited; a character typed in the command mode may even
cause the vi editor to enter the insert mode.
In the insert mode, every character typed is added to the text in the file; pressing
the <Esc> (Escape) key turns off the Insert mode.
The most basic and useful commands are marked with an asterisk (* or star) in the
tables below.
NOTE: Both UNIX and vi are case-sensitive. Be sure not to use a capital letter
in place of a lowercase letter; the results will not be what you expect.
To Get Into and Out Of VI
To Start vi
To use vi on a file, type in vi filename. If the file named filename exists, then
the first page (or screen) of the file will be displayed; if the file does not exist,
then an empty file and screen are created into which you may enter text.
* vi filename edit filename starting at line 1
vi -r filename Recover filename that was being edited when system crashed
.
To Exit vi
Usually the new or modified file is saved when you leave vi. However, it is also
possible to quit vi without saving the file.
Note: The cursor moves to bottom of screen whenever a colon (:) is typed. This
type of command is completed by hitting the <Return> (or <Enter>) key.
* :x<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:wq<Return> quit vi, writing out modified file to file named in original invocation
:q<Return> quit (or exit) vi
* :q!<Return> quit vi even though latest changes have not been saved for this vi call
Moving the Cursor
Unlike many of the PC and MacIntosh editors, the mouse does not move the
cursor within the vi editor screen (or window). You must use the key commands
listed below. On some UNIX platforms, the arrow keys may be used as well;
however, since vi was designed with the Qwerty keyboard (containing no arrow
keys) in mind, the arrow keys sometimes produce strange effects in vi and should
be avoided.
If you go back and forth between a PC environment and a UNIX environment,
you may find that this dissimilarity in methods for cursor movement is the most
frustrating difference between the two.
In the table below, the symbol ^ before a letter means that the <Ctrl> key should
be held down while the letter key is pressed.
.
or <Return>
j
* move cursor down one line
[or down-arrow]
* k [or up-arrow] move cursor up one line
or <Backspace>
h
* move cursor left one character
[or left-arrow]
l or <Space>
* move cursor right one character
[or right-arrow]
* 0 (zero) move cursor to start of current line (the one with the cursor)
* $ move cursor to end of current line
w move cursor to beginning of next word
b move cursor back to beginning of preceding word
:0<Return> or 1G move cursor to first line in file
:n<Return> or nG move cursor to line n
:$<Return> or G move cursor to last line in file
Screen Manipulation
The following commands allow the vi editor screen (or window) to move up or
down several lines and to be refreshed.
^f move forward one screen
^b move backward one screen
^d move down (forward) one half screen
û move up (back) one half screen
^l redraws the screen
^r
redraws the screen, removing deleted
lines
.
Adding, Changing, and Deleting Text
Unlike PC editors, you cannot replace or delete text by highlighting it with the
mouse. Instead use the commands in the following tables.
Perhaps the most important command is the one that allows you to back up and
undo your last action. Unfortunately, this command acts like a toggle, undoing
and redoing your most recent action. You cannot go back more than one step.
* u UNDO WHATEVER YOU JUST DID; a simple toggle
The main purpose of an editor is to create, add, or modify text for a file.
Inserting or Adding Text
The following commands allow you to insert and add text. Each of these
commands puts the vi editor into insert mode; thus, the <Esc> key must be
pressed to terminate the entry of text and to put the vi editor back into command
mode.
* i insert text before cursor, until <Esc> hit
I insert text at beginning of current line, until <Esc> hit
* a append text after cursor, until <Esc> hit
A append text to end of current line, until <Esc> hit
open and put text in a new line below current line, until
* o
<Esc> hit
open and put text in a new line above current line, until
* O
<Esc> hit
.
Changing Text
The following commands allow you to modify text.

* r replace single character under cursor (no <Esc> needed)
R replace characters, starting with current cursor position, until <Esc> hit
cw
change the current word with new text,
starting with the character under cursor, until <Esc> hit
cNw
change N words beginning with character under cursor, until <Esc> hit;
e.g., c5w changes 5 words
C change (replace) the characters in the current line, until <Esc> hit
cc change (replace) the entire current line, stopping when <Esc> is hit
change (replace) the next N lines, starting with the current line,
Ncc or cNc
stopping when <Esc> is hit
Deleting Text
The following commands allow you to delete text.

* x delete single character under cursor
Nx delete N characters, starting with character under cursor
dw delete the single word beginning with character under cursor
dNw
delete N words beginning with character under cursor;
e.g., d5w deletes 5 words
D
delete the remainder of the line, starting with current cursor
position
* dd delete entire current line
delete N lines, beginning with the current line;
Ndd or dNd
e.g., 5dd deletes 5 lines
.
Cutting and Pasting Text
The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

yy copy (yank, cut) the current line into the buffer
Nyy or yNy copy (yank, cut) the next N lines, including the current line, into the buffer
P put (paste) the line(s) in the buffer into the text after the current line
Other Commands
Searching Text
A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another.

To locate instances of particular sets of characters (or strings), use the following
commands.
/string search forward for occurrence of string in text
?string search backward for occurrence of string in text
n Move to next occurrence of search string
N
Move to next occurrence of search string in opposite
direction
Determining Line Numbers
Being able to determine the line number of the current line or the total number of
lines in the file being edited is sometimes useful.
:.= Returns line number of current line at bottom of screen
:= Returns the total number of lines at bottom of screen
provides the current line number, along with the total
^g number of lines,
in the file at the bottom of the screen
.
Saving and Reading FilesThese commands permit you to input and output files other
than the named file with which you are currently working.
:r filename<Return>
read file named filename and insert after current line
(the line with cursor)
:w<Return> write current contents to file named in original vi call
:w newfile<Return> write current contents to a new file named newfile
:12,35w smallfile<Return>
write the contents of the lines numbered 12 through 35 to
a new file named smallfile
:w! prevfile<Return> write current contents over a pre-existing file named
prevfile
RESULT: Thus the commands related to vi Editor was studied.
.
Ex .No: 4A
CALCULATING THE GROSS SALARY OF AN
EMPLOYEE
AIM:
To write a simple script to calculate the gross salary of an employee.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the basic salary from the user
STEP 3 : Calculate the Da , Hra, and gross with the needed formulas namely
da=èxpr $b \* 10 / 100`
hra=èxpr $b \* 20 / 100`
gross=èxpr $b + $da + $hra`
STEP 4 : Print the gross salary by use of echo command
STEP 5 : Stop
.
PROGRAM
echo “Calculating the gross salary of an employee”

echo “Enter the Basic salary”
read b
da=èxpr $b \* 10 / 100`
hra=èxpr $b \* 20 / 100`
gross=èxpr $b + $da + $hra`
echo ‘Gross Salary=$gross`
OUTPUT
Calculating the gross salary of an employee

Enter the Basic salary
10000
Gross Salary= 13000
Result:
Thus the program to find gross salary of an employee is created and
executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 4 B FINDING THE AREA OF A CIRCLE
AIM:
To write a simple script to find the area of a circle.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the radius from the user
STEP 3 : Read the radius.
STEP 4 : Calculate the area by using the formula 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc
STEP 5 : Stop
.
PROGRAM
echo “FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE”

echo "Enter the radius of the circle"
read radius
echo "The Area of the circle is"
echo 3.142857 \* $radius \* $radius | bc
OUTPUT
FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE

Enter radius of the circle
5
The Area of the circle is 78.571425
Result:
Thus the program to find radius of circle was created and executed
successfully.
.
Ex .No:5 A TWO-WAY BRANCHING
AIM:
To implement the concept of two-way branching using “if ” statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP1 :Start
STEP2 :Declare the variables and its access
STEP3 :If a is greater than b then print A is Big, else
STEP4 :Print B is Big
STEP5 :Stop
.
Program
echo “Concept of two-way branching using if statement”

echo “ Finding the Biggest of two numbers”
echo “Enter the two Numbers”
read a b
if [ $a –gt $b ]
then
echo “A is Big”
else
echo “B is Big”
fi
OUTPUT
Concept of two-way branching using if statement

Finding the Biggest of two numbers
Enter the two Numbers
12 45
B is Big
Result:
Thus the program to find biggest of given two numbers by using if statement
was created and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 5 B
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING “ IF-ELIF ”
STATEMENT
AIM:
To implement the concept of multi-way branching using “ if-elif ” statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Declare the variables and its access
STEP 3 : If a is greater than b and a is greater than c, then print A is Big, else
STEP 4 : If b is greater than c then print B is Big, else
STEP 5 : Print C is Big

STEP6 :Stop
.
Program
echo “Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement”

echo “Finding the Biggest of three numbers”
echo “Enter the three Numbers”
echo a=
read a
echo b=
read b
echo c=
read c
if [ $a –gt $b ]
then
if [ $a –gt $c ]
then
echo “A is Big”
else
echo “ C is Big”
fi
elif [ $b –gt $c ]
then
echo “B is Big”
else
echo “C is Big”
fi
OUTPUT
Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement

Finding the Biggest of three numbers
Enter the three Numbers
a=14
b=23
c=10
B is Big
Result:
Thus the program to find highest number among given three numbers by using
if-elif statement was developed and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 5C
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING USING “CASE” STATEMENT
AIM:
To implement the concept of multi-way branching using “ case ” statement.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Initialize the number of choices
STEP 3 : If the choice is present corresponding result will be displayed otherwise
STEP 4 : The statement of the default will be displayed
STEP 5 : Stop
.
Program
echo “Concept of multi-way branching using case statement”
clear
echo “1. To know Your current Directory”
echo “2.Todays Date”
echo “3.List of Users”
echo “Enter your choice”
read choice
case $choice in
1) pwd;;
2) 2)date;;
3) who;;
*) echo “Only give inputs from 1 to 3”
esac
OUTPUT
Concept of multi-way branching using case statement
1. To know Your current Directory
2.Todays Date
3.List of Users
Enter your choice
2
wed march 18 08:25:20 IST 2009
Result:
Thus the program for multiway branching by using case statement was created
and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 6 A PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL NUMBERS
AIM:
To write a program to print n Natural numbers
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get a number from the user to print n Natural numbers
STEP 3 : Read the number
STEP 4 : Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done
STEP 5 : Echo the value of i and increment the value of i
STEP 6 : End the loop
STEP 7 : Stop
.
PROGRAM
echo “print n natural numbers”

echo “Enter a number to get N natural numbers”
read n
echo “The first $n natural numbers are”
i=1
while [ $i –le $n ]
do
echo $i
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
print n natural numbers

Enter a number to get N natural numbers
5
The first 5 natural numbers are
1
2
3
4
5
Result:
Thus the program to print n natural numbers was created by using while loop
and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 6B PROGRAM TO PRINT FIRST N FIBONACCI
SERIES.
AIM:
To write a program to print first N Fibonacci Series.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number of terms of Fibonacci Series the user needs.
STEP 4 : Initialize f1=-1,f2=1 and i=1
STEP 5 :Start the while loop and write the statements of the loop within do and done
STEP 6 : calculate the value of the Fibonacci Series with the needed formulas
STEP 8 : Stop
.
PROGRAM
echo Enter the number of terms
read n
f1=-1
f2=1
i=1
echo The Fibonacci series upto $n terms is
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
f3=èxpr $f1 + $f2`
echo $f3
f1=$f2
f2=$f3
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
Enter the number of terms
10
The Fibonacci series upto 10 terms is
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
Result: Thus the program to display Fibonacci series up to given terms was created by
using while loop and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 6C PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE USING
UNTIL LOOP
AIM:
To write a program to print the multiplication table using until loop.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number from the user to print its multiplication table.

STEP 4 :Start the until loop
STEP 5 : write the necessity statements within do and done
STEP 7 : print the multiplication table .
STEP 8 :Stop
.
PROGRAM
echo “ Enter a number”

read n
i=1
echo “ The multiplication table of $n is”
until [ $i –gt 10 ]
do
pro=èxpr $i \* $n`
echo “ $n x $i=$pro”
i=èxpr $i + 1`
done
OUTPUT
Enter a number
5
The multiplication table of 5 is
5 x 1=5
5 x 2=10
5 x 3=15
5 x 4=20
5 x 5=25
5 x 6=30
5 x 7=35
5 x 8=40
5 x 9=45
5 x 10=50
Result: Thus the program for multiplication table was developed and executed
successfully by until loop.
.
Ex .No: 6D PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SUM USING FOR LOOP.
AIM:
To write a program to print the sum using for loop.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Initialize the variable i.e sum=0
STEP 3 : Start the for loop
STEP 4 : calculate the sum by using the formula sum=èxpr $sum + $i` for all the
elements in the for loop list
STEP 5 : End the loop.
STEP 6 : Print the value of the sum
STEP 7 : Stop
.
Program
echo “ Program implementing For Loop”
sum=0
for i in 1 2 3 4 10
do
sum=èxpr $sum + $i`
done
echo “The sum is $sum”
OUTPUT
Program implementing For Loop
The sum is 20
Result:
Thus the program to find the sum of the numbers by using for loop was
developed and executed successfully.
.
Ex .No: 6E PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE FACTORIAL
AIM:
To write a program to calculate the factorial.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1 : Start
STEP 2 : Get the number from the user

STEP 4 :Initialize the variable i.e f=1
STEP 5 : Start the for loop
STEP 6 : calculate the factorial
STEP 7 : End the loop.
STEP 8 : print the factorial of the given number.
STEP 9 : Stop
.
Program
echo "Factorial Program"
echo "Enter the number"
read a
f=1
for (( i = 1; i <= ${a}; i++ ))
do
f=èxpr $f \* $i`
done
echo "The factorial of $a is $f"
OUTPUT
Factorial Program
Enter the number
5
The factorial of 5 is 120
Result:
Thus the program to find factorial of given number was created and executed
successfully by using for loop.
.
EX NO: 7 Program to find inverse of the given number and Fibonacci series
up to needed level using functions
AIM:
To develop the program to find inverse of the given number and
Fibonacci series up to needed level using functions
ALGORITHM:
1. Open the UNIX operating system.
2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory or in
the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full
screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name
indicates program name.
3. Now enter required header files and open main( ) function.
4. Inside main( ) function declare required variables, declare
two functions. One function to find inverse of given number
with return type and one argument of integer data type.
5. Another function for Fibonacci series with no return type
and one argument of integer data type.
6. Assign the values to given variables at compile or runtime.
7. Call the two functions inside main ( ) function.
8. Close main ( ) function. Define two functions outside
main ( ) function.
9. To save the program, press Escape button in the keyboard
and enter :wq command.
10. To compile the program edit the command cc file name.c.
11. If no compile time error, to run the program edit the
command ./a. out.
12. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.
.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
int n1,n2;
printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: ");
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf(" INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER %d = %d",n1,inverse(n1));
n2=10;
printf("\n");
printf(" FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . \n ");
fibo(n2);
}
inverse(int n)
{
int a,d;
d=0;
while(n>1)
{
a=n%10;
d=d*10+a;
n =n/10;
}
return d;
}
fibo(int m)
{
int a,b,c,i;
a=0;b=1;
for(i=1;i<=m;i++)
{
if(i==1)
printf("%d\t",a);
else if(i==2)
printf("%d\t",b);
else
{
c=a+b;
printf("%d\t",c);
a=b;
b=c;
}}}
.
OUTPUT
ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: 7865

INVERSE OF THE GIVEN NUMBER 7865 = 5687
FIBONACCI SERIES . . . . .
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
RESULT:
Thus the program to find inverse of the given number and
Fibonacci series by using functions is developed and executed successfully.
.
EX NO: 8 Program for the illustration of pointers expressions.
AIM:
To develop the program for the illustration of pointers
expressions.
ALGORITHM:
2. Edit the command vi filename in the home directory
or in the directory created by user. VI stands for visual, a full
screen editor, indicates most powerful editor. File name indicates
program name
3. Now enter required header files and open main ( )
function.
4. Inside main ( ) function declare required variables,
pointers of integer data type.
5. Give the value for the variables at compile or
runtime. After given values, assign the address of variables to the
pointers.
6. Show the value of the variables and its stored
address by pointers.
7. Evaluate more than one expression by pointers and
show the result.
8. To save the program, press Escape button in the
keyboard and enter :wq command.
9. To compile the program edit the command
cc filename.c
command ./a. out.
11. If no run time error, output of the program is
displayed.
.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
int a,b,*p1,*p2;
printf(" ENTER THE VALUE FOR A,B : ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
p1=&a;
p2=&b;
printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p1,p1);
printf(" \n %d is stored in the address %u ",*p2,p2);
printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)*(a -*p2) = %d", (*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2));
printf(" \n (*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = %d",(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b));
printf(" \n *p1*p2/a+b = %d",*p1*p2/a+b);
printf("\n");
}
OUTPUT
Enter the value for a,b: 12 8
12 is stored in the address 3218466676

8 is stored in the address 3218466672
(*p1+*p2)*(a-*p2) = 80
(*p1+*p2)/(*p1-b) = 5
*p1**p2/a+b = 16
RESULT:
Thus the program for the illustration of pointer expressions is
developed, executed successfully
.
EX NO: 9 Program for dynamic memory allocation, reallocation and
deleting.
AIM:
To develop the program for dynamic memory allocation to store
information and the reallocating dynamically the same memory to store more
information .After the deleting same memory dynamically by dynamic memory
allocation functions.
ALGORITHM:
function.
pointers and allocate a block of memory dynamically by
using malloc ( ) function.
5. Check whether dynamically a block of memory allocated
or not.
6. If allocated, store the information and display the
information.
7. Reallocate the same memory to store more information
than before by using realloc ( ) function.
8. Check whether reallocation of same memory dynamically
done or not.
9. If allocated, store the new information and display it.
10. If no longer needed the stored information, release by
using free ( ) function.
cc filename.c
command ./a. out.
14. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed
.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
main( )
{
char *buffer;
buffer=(char *)malloc(10*sizeof(char));
if(buffer==0)
{
printf(" Dynamically memory not allocated . . . \n");
exit(1);
}
else
printf(" Dynamically memory allocated . . . \n");
strcpy(buffer,"Chennai");
printf(" Buffer contains : %s \n",buffer);
buffer=realloc(buffer,50);
if(buffer==0)
{
printf(" Reallocation failed . . . \n");
exit(1);
}
printf(" Buffer size modified . . .\n");
printf(" Buffer still contains: %s \n",buffer);
strcpy(buffer,"Chennai is the capital of the Tamilnadu state ");
printf(" Buffer now contains: %s \n",buffer);
printf(" Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . . . ");
free(buffer);
}
.
OUTPUT
Dynamically Memory Allocated
Buffer contains : chennai

Buffer size modified . . .
Buffer still contains: chennai
Buffer now contains: chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu state
Releasing dynamically allocated memory . . .
RESULT:
Thus the program for dynamically memory allocation, reallocation and
releasing the allocated memory dynamically is developed and executed
successfully.
.
EX NO: 10 Program to create file, to store information in the file and to show
the information in the file by using file handling functions.
AIM:
To develop the program to create file, to store information in the
file and to show the information in the file by using file handling functions.
ALGORITHM :
function.
file pointer. Open the file with write mode and assign to
the file pointer.
5. Enter number of students information to store.
6. Through for( ) loop, read the one by one student
information by using stdin keyword, represents the
keyboard and write to the given file by file pointer.
7. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer as
argument.
8. Again open the file with read mode and assign to the file
pointer.
9. Again through same for( ) loop, read one by one student
information from the file by file pointer and write to the
screen by using stdout keyword, represents screen.
10. For reading use fscanf ( ) function and for writing fprintf ( )
function.
11. Close the file using fclose ( ) function with file pointer as
argument.
cc filename.c
command ./a. out.
15. If no run time error, output of the program is displayed.
.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
main( )
{
FILE *fp;
char studname[15];
int n, i,em,tm,mm,sm.scm,total;
float avg;
fp=fopen("studentdetails","w");
printf(" ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf(" enter student name and fallowing subject marks \n \n");
printf(" english tamil maths science socialscience \n \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf(" %d: STUDENT DETAILS \n ",i);
fscanf(stdin,"%s%d%d%d%d%d",studname,&em,&tm,&mm,&sm,&scm);
fprintf(fp,"%s%d%d%d%d%d",studname,em,tm,mm,sm,scm);
printf("\n");
}
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("studentdetails","r");
printf(" STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . . \n \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fscanf(fp,"%s%d%d%d%d
%d",studname,&em,&tm,&mm,&sm,&scm);
total=em+tm+mm+sm+scm;
avg=total/5; fprintf(stdout,"%s\n%d\n%d\n%d\n%d\n
%d\n%d\n%f",studname,em,tm,mm,sm,scm,total,avg);
printf("\n");
}
fclose(fp);
}
.
OUTPUT
ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 2
ENTER STUDENT NAMES AND FALLOWING SUBJECT MARKS . .
ENGLISH TAMIL MATHS SCIENCE SOCIALSCIENCE
1: STUDENT DETAILS
Gnanasekar.P
48 78 90 76 56
2: STUDENT DETAILS
Visu.L
70 89 76 65 54
STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . .
Gnanasekar.P
48
78
90
76
56
348
69.6
Visu.L
70
89
76
65
54
354
70.8
RESULT:
Thus the program for file handling by using file handling functions is
developed and executed successfully.
.

Fundamentals of Computer

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Fundamentals of Computer

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G.K.

M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

The MANUAL of (GE 2155) COMPUTR PRACTICE LABORATORY- II

S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

EX NO: 1 STUDY OF UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

AIM: To study about unix operating system.

The most commonly available shells are:

• Bourne shell (sh)

Each shell also includes its own programming language.

Utilities :UNIX provides several hundred utility programs, often

Accomplish universal functions

Modular: single functions can be grouped to perform more

The C shell provides sophisticated interactive capabilities lacking

FILES AND PROCESS

 UNIX has the ability to string commands and utilities together

EX NO: 2 STUDY OF BASIC UNIX COMMANDS

NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION

FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

NO COMMAND SYNTAX VARIANCE/OPTIONS DESCRIPTION

21 Mkdir Mkdir Creates a directory with the

25 Cd cd Moves to the home directory

AIM: To Study of Basic vi Commands

1. Command mode commands which cause action to be taken on the

To Get Into and Out Of VI

Moving the Cursor

Inserting or Adding Text

The following commands allow you to modify text.

The following commands allow you to delete text.

The following commands allow you to copy and paste text.

A common occurrence in text editing is to replace one word or phase by another.

Determining Line Numbers

RESULT: Thus the commands related to vi Editor was studied.

echo “Calculating the gross salary of an employee”

Calculating the gross salary of an employee

echo “FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE”

FINDING THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE

echo “Concept of two-way branching using if statement”

Concept of two-way branching using if statement

STEP 5 : Print C is Big

echo “Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement”

Concept of multi-way branching using if-elif statement

echo “print n natural numbers”

print n natural numbers

STEP 3 : Read the number

echo “ Enter a number”

Program implementing For Loop

STEP 3 : Read the number

ENTER THE VALUE FOR N1: 7865

12 is stored in the address 3218466676

Buffer contains : chennai

ENTER NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 2

ENTER STUDENT NAMES AND FALLOWING SUBJECT MARKS . .

ENGLISH TAMIL MATHS SCIENCE SOCIALSCIENCE

STUDENT DETAILS STORED IN THE FILE . . .

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