• Starter Task 1

• Think about what you’ve watched over the last week. Include 
any TV programmes, films, and online video. Write down:
• What you watched.
• When you watched it.
• Where you watched it [e.g.: living room / bedroom / on the bus, 
etc].
]
• How you watched it [e.g.: TV / DVD / PC / PHONE / GAMES 
CONSOLE.
• Who you watched it with [family, by yourself, with partner, etc].
h h d h [f l b lf h ]
• How long you watched for.
• Were you doing something else at the same time [e.g.: online / 
Were you doing something else at the same time [e g : online /
homework / chatting / eating.
• Starter Task 2
• Names as many Internet sites that allow you to watch TV 
programmes as you can (legal or otherwise).
Television And
The Internet
• There use to be only 3 channels that you ‘watched 
when they’re on’.
• Now you can access to up to 300 channels [with Sky].
• TV ‘reach’ [number of people watching TV] stayed 
broadly similar in last 20 years, dropping only about 
2% from approx 96% to 94% at peaks.
• 1980/90s – VCR’s gain mass acceptance
acceptance. People can
record TV, watch it when they want, and watch rental or
retail films.
• 2000s – Sky+ launched 2001, but takes off in last half of
decade on.
• DVD recorders enjoy limited success, then HDD
recorders take off, esp. linked to Freeview EPG.
• TTraditionally TV has always been seen as a 
diti ll TV h l b
‘Lean Back’ technology, whilst the Internet is a 
‘Lean Forward’ technology.
• The ability to access TV, films, radio etc. online, 
The ability to access TV films radio etc online
however, is turning computers into  a more 
l
lean back technology.
b kt h l
• The Internet, however, is still more interactive
than TV, even interactive TV (i.e. ‘red button 
functions).
functions)
• Video On Demand (VoD).
• Video on Demand ((VoD)) is a process which allow users to select and watch 
p
video content on demand.
• Television VoD systems either stream content through a set‐top box, 
allowing viewing in real time or download it to a storage device for 
allowing viewing in real time, or download it to a storage device for
viewing at any time. 
• The majority of television providers offer both:
• VoD streaming, including pay‐per‐view and free content, whereby 
a user buys or selects a movie or TV programme and it begins to 
play on the television set almost instantaneously or
play on the television set almost instantaneously, or…
• downloading to a Digital Video Recorder, or PC for viewing in the 
future. 
• Internet Protocol Television (iPTV) is an increasingly popular form 
of video on demand.
• Video On Demand (VoD).
• Catch-up / on-demand – TV programmes requested online after
they have gone out on “normal” TV/radio channels.
• Live / simulcast – streaming of live TV channels / radio stations on a
website,, at exactlyy the same time as broadcast on “normal” TV /
radio.
• Microscheduling – using a VoD service, or PVR (e.g. Sky+) to
record a programme to watch laterlater. A 21st Century version of
timeshifting using a VCR.
• TV Broadcast Model
• Traditional TV works on a Broadcast Model.
• TV is a Push Medium.
• The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 defines a
broadcast as "a transmission by wireless telegraphy of
visual images, sounds, or other information which is
capable of lawful reception by the public or which is made
for presentation to the public". Thus, it covers radio,
television, teletext and telephones.
• Broadcast TV is a hegemonic model in which a set
‘Schedule’ of programming is simultaneously broadcast
via radio waves cables across the country
country. This signal can
then be watched by any audience members with the
requisite receiving equipment (this covers ‘analogue,
terrestrial TV
TV’, and Digital Freeview).
Freeview)
• Until fairly recently (the 1980s) audiences had no real
choice of what they watched or when they watched it.
Top
p 10 Most Watched TV Broadcasts In UK TV History
y

Note: The population of the UK in 1966 was 54,643,000 .

• Narrowcast
• VoD works on a Narrowcast model.
• VoD is a Pull Medium.
• A narrowcast is the transmission of data to a specific list of
recipients.
• C bl and
Cable d satellite
t llit TV are examples
l off narrowcastt services
i
because they reach only their subscriber base.
• VoD can be seen as a Narrowcast model because they y are
interactive and each user individually selects what they want to
watch and can watch it whenever they want to.
• Audience Fragmentation
• VoD,, Satellite and Cable TV have all led to the
Fragmentation of audiences. Because audiences
now have more choice of what they watch and
when they watch it will be exceptionally rare for any
TV broadcast to ever achieve viewing figures like
those of the 1966 World Cup final.
• A
According
di tto Sonia
S i Livingstone
Li i t (2002) “Th
(2002): “The
validity of the concept of the mass audience
becomes redundant as new communication
technologies such as the Internet and interactive
TV develop”.
• Piracy
• Technically it has always been illegal to timeshift
y y g TV programmes but it was 
p g
allowed under a ‘fair usage agreement’.
• Mid 90s on – streaming media (usually crippled by bandwidth issues) / 
mature technology today
mature technology today
• 2002 on – Bit Torrent technology allows easy ‘peer to peer’ sharing of large 
files
• Computing power high enough to easily digitise video files
• 2005 on – YouTube is launched
• K f
Key factors: speed of connection / technical awareness [the ‘geek factor’] / 
d f i / h i l [ h ‘ kf ’] /
‘premium content’ for free
• iPTV
• Premium Pay‐Per‐View
Premium Pay Per View sites.
sites.
• US site – Hulu
• Attempt to do similar in UK = Project 
g /
Kangaroo/SeeSaw.
• Hulu.com
• Hulu is an American VoD website offering commercial‐supported streaming video 
of TV shows and movies from NBC, Fox, ABC, and many other networks and 
studios. 
studios
• Hulu is a joint venture of NBC Universal (General Electric), Fox Entertainment 
Group (News Corp) and ABC Inc. (The Walt Disney Company), with funding by 
Providence Equity Partners which made a $100 million equity investment and
Providence Equity Partners, which made a $100 million equity investment and 
received a 10% stake. 
• It is also available on Nintendo Wii and Microsoft  Xbox 360.
• Hulu is currently only available in the US but should be available in the UK 
sometime in 2010.
• SeeSaw
• SeeSaw is an Internet television service, owned by Arqiva and launched in the UK on
17 February 2010.
• SeeSaw uses technology from Project Kangaroo
Kangaroo, the now defunct project owned by
BBC Worldwide, Channel 4 and ITV plc.
• Project Kangaroo was blocked by the European Competition Commission in February
2009.
• In September 2009 all of Project Kangaroo's technology and assets were bought by
Arqiva for approximately £8m.
• The SeeSaw brand was announced on 3 November 2009 .
• SeeSaw gives access to BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5 TV programmes.
• On 17 February 2010, SeeSaw was made public with over 3,000 hours of free
content, supported by unskippable 60-second pre and mid-roll advertising.
• Freeview iPTV Sites
• Case Study
• BBC iPlayer Case Study
• Tested from 2005, launched to public 25th December 2007 via PC.
• March 2008 – iPhone/December 2008 – wider range of mobiles.
• Launched Virgin Cable April 2008.
• On Nintendo Wii from April 2008, re‐launched on  BBC iPlayer 
Channel from November 2009.
• Officially on PS3 from Nov 2008.
• A deal between the BBC and Microsoft has still been unable to be 
reached because Microsoft’s strategy of charging for all content 
h db f’ f h f ll
on its Xbox Live platform is incompatible with the BBC’s public 
service remit.TMicrosoft wants to ensure that only those paying 
for Xbox Live Gold accounts can access its additional content
for Xbox Live Gold accounts can access its additional content 
services. The BBC cannot charge the British public for access to 
the iPlayer as it is already included in the licence fee.
• y
On Freesat from January 2010
• Coming up: Freeview boxes / built in to TV’s
• iPlayer Issues.
• DRM = Digital Rights Management
• Majority of TV programmes available for 1 week on download or streaming.
f l bl f k d l d
• After that, downloads will not play, and streams are offline.
• 15% of series are allowed for ‘stacking’:
15% of series are allowed for  stacking : keeping all programmes in a series 
keeping all programmes in a series
online while it is on air.
• This has complicated and changed the contractual side of programme making: 
di i l i h /
digital rights / repeat rights, etc changing artist contracts.
i h h i i
• Illegal iPlayer rippers are available online that allow you to rip content off 
iPlayer and save it to a computer.
y p
• Audience Opinions On Internet TV
• 14. At 1:44pm on 07 Feb 2010, crofty2899 wrote:
• I love TV but generally hate watching live TV as most of the stuff thats on when i want to sit down and watch an hour of TV to
unwind is rubbish, also iff i do watch something specificf on a commercial channel then i wait 20mins
20 before
f i start watching so
i can fast forward through the Ads. I have a windows 7 PC linked to my TV and watch all my TV through Media Centre which
is excellent. Sometimes, if i remember, i'll put some stuff on season record but i often forget and again if i do this i will fast
forward through all the ads. Most of the TV i watch is stuff i have downloaded from torrents, i fully accept it isn't legal but alot
of the suff i want to watch isn't on in the UK or i'd need to give Murdoch some money (which i really don't want to do) in order
t have
to h more ads
d tto watch
t h ththe same programs.

This isn't really an excuse but surrely with commercial TV what they want is for me to watch the ads and i am never going to
do this with 3-5minutes worth, it's just tedious. So is there a massive difference to them if i download or record and then fast
forward the ads? The same result occurs i watch the program i want and see no ads whatsoever. The BBC is obviously
different i pay my TV liscence and the iplayer is a great service
different, service.

I have used HULU in the past as well as the ABC and FOX players to watch 24 etc, (i get around the region restictions) and
these servises are great, there is an ad, usually 30 secondsish, before the show and then a few times during the show, 30
seconds of ads every now and then i can put up with, i know it'll just be one ad and i couldn't fast forward if i wanted to. Surely
this is better for everyone? The advertisers get me watching their ads
ads, they can also track exactly how many people have
seen there ads and maybe even pay accordingly (google adwords style) and i get my free TV whenever i want without having
to remember to put it on season record. With the new style American shows like 24 and LOST you can't miss and episode, so
having access to all of them is a must. As soon as HULU starts properly in Britain with access to all the shows and movies i
want and minimal ads i will wave goodbye to torrents, until then they are the best solution.

(P.s. why would i pay £14.99 to download a movie when i can buy it in Tesco on DVD for much less, the whole point of
downloadable content is it should be cheaper, the movie industry is just insane!)
• Audience Opinions On Internet TV
• 3. At 2:57pm on 05 Feb 2010, TheGift73 wrote:I am very surprised you made no mention of TVCatchup? It's been
runningg for well over a yyear now and currently y has about 50 channels all being g streamed ppretty
y much live ((slight
g
delay of about 10 seconds to normal TV) and the quality is very crisp. You can also use it on the iPhone, and now
has about 40 radio stations. All of this is free for anyone in the UK to use, and it's perfectly legal. It also has great
support for users via Twitter or on their forums. (This is not a plug by the way, I just like their service)
The ones you mention cost money for people to use with the exception of SeeSaw which is currently only in Beta.
SeeSaw is good don't don t get me wrong
wrong, but it isn't
isn t live.
live It basically does the same as the iPlayer except for a few
more channels and holds the programs for longer, unlike the iPlayer which removes them from the servers about a
week after their air dates.
Hands down I would use TVCatchup over any of the services available at the moment as I enjoy being able to
watch TV on one monitor whilst working on the other or watching the match on my iPhone, if I'm not at home. If I
h
happen tto miss
i something
thi that
th t I wantt to
t watch
t h later
l t then
th yes, I'd optt ffor th
the iPl
iPlayer to
t catch
t h up the
th nextt day
d or so.
Also I have been looking at another TV related site called TVGorge, which is also legal. This however differs from
the rest as it seems to link to existing video streams already available out there, but it does do a great job of
aggregating quality (ish) sources. I say (ish) as it is miles away from the clarity of TVCatchup, but i's still early days
for the site.
The main thing that I do like about TVGorge though, is the fact that it has no geo-restrictions at all. This means
that you can watch the latest episodes of Lost or 24 pretty much just after they have finished airing in the states,
unlike living in the UK where one would have to wait at least a week by which time you probably know what
happened due to people talking about it on Twitter or Facebook etc and thus spoiling it for you. This way if people
can have freefree, non geo-restricted TV to watch
watch, then you will also notice a dramatic fall in the need for people to
download it illegally via P2P or other sources.

Please don't get me wrong, I liked your article but there are better services out there, and the best one for me is
British, locally based and free. Just thought I'd mention them.
BBC iPlayer
y online
Monthly Press Pack
O t b 2009
October
•Monthly
Monthly summary – October 2009
• October 2009 saw a step-change upwards in requests for TV
programmes on the online BBC iPlayer.
• In
I total
t t l there
th were 79
79.3
3 million
illi requests,
t b boosted
t db by a record-breaking
d b ki
53.2m for TV programmes.
• Computer usage still dominates iPlayer use (85% of requests), but both
the iPhone/iPod Touch and PS3 applications are still delivering
significant numbers of TV requests (7% and 6% respectively).
• The p profile of iPlayer
y users is evening
g out over time in terms of
male/female ratio, but remains strongly under-55 in terms of age, which
is younger than the typical TV viewer profile.
• On
On-demand
demand makes up the great majority of TV programme requests (in
October only 4% of requests were for live simulcast streams).
• For TV, 97% of requests are for streams, and 3% for downloads.
• iPlayer is used for TV at roughly the same time of day as linear TV
viewing, although there is proportionally more daytime and late-peak
use.
•Monthly BBC iPlayer Online Requests.
• Across October 09 the BBC iPlayer received a total of 79.3m requests driven
by a record 53.2m requests for TV programmes.
• In October 09 the BBC iPlayer attracted an average of 2.6 million requests
f programmes each
for hdday, the
th highest
hi h t fifigure on record
d – 1.7m
17 d daily
il ffor TV
programmes.
79.3
80

70.6 71.0
68.8
63.5 64.5
60.8 61.3 26.1

60
54.4 25.7 26.5
25.5
m)
Monthly Requests (m

46.8 25 4
25.4
26.8 23.6 24.7
18.4
40 16.1

53 2
53.2
M

44.9 43.3 44.5

20 39.1
36.0 36.7 37.1 36.5
30.8

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

TV Requests Radio Requests

• iPlayer use by demographic – BBC monthly survey, August 09
• Use of the iPlayer is measured on a BBC monthly survey of 700 UK adults. The demographic profile of
iPlayer is slowly evening out in gender terms
terms, but remaining strongly under-55
under-55.
100% 100%
20 16 16 17 16 15
80% 31 37 41 41 21
43 44 42 80%
60% 42 41 39 41 42 55+
Wo
W 60% 39 43
40% men  35‐54
70 63 59 59 40%
57 56 58 Men  15‐34
20% 20% 38 38 41 43 45 43 43
0% 0%
Jan‐ Jul‐ Jan‐ Jul‐ Jan‐ Jul‐ Jan‐ Jul‐
Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep
Gender Age

15 23
55+
36 34
Women 42 48 51
52
42
35 54
35-54 41
Men 36 35

58
15-34
52 48 49 43
37
30 31

Users of PC All broadband All TV viewers All radio Users of PC All broadband All TV All radio
iPlayer users listeners iPlayer users viewers listeners

User profiles - TV from BARB, radio from RAJAR, broadband from TNS survey 2000 adults