WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 10 - Water Distribution System

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 10 :
Water
Distribution
System
CHAPTER 3:
Environmental Microbiology
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
Menu
1) Introduction
2) Water Distribution
3) Distribution Types
4) Distribution Requirement
5) Storage Reservoir
6) Distribution Pipes
7) Wastage
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Introduction
- “Delivery of water from pumping station by gravity
flow and delivers it thorughout the district to be
served.
- Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage,

equalizing pressures and subsequent distribution,
together with pipes, valves, hydrant and other
appurtenances for carrying waters, service pipes,
meters etc.
- Enable the water utility to deliver water to its

customer with maintaining the biological quality of
water in the distribution system. Assessment :
Collecting routine water quality samples from the
distribution system and analyzing them for the
Distribution System Valves
- “To stop, start or control the flow of water’
- Different valves are used to perform different

functions
- Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and

needle valves are also used for throttling the flow
- Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the

direction of the flow of water

Water Distribution
- Damage :
i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality
ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil

conditions.
- Materials : Adequate strength and durability
- Sufficient pressures must be maintained
- Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground

surface – protection against traffic loads.

Damage
- Quality of distribution system influence internal

corrosion rate of distribution system pipes.
- Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates:
1. pH 5) Chlorides
2. Hardness 6) Sulphates
3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine
4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide
9) Bacteria

Distribution - Requirement
1) Sufficient capacity of water
2) Sufficient pressure
3) Low-cost
4) Easier to maintain
5) Stable condition

Distribution - Types
TYPES
GRAVITY DIRECT PUMPED
GRAVITY AND PUMPED

1 – Gravity System
1) Gravity force
2) The water level or water distribution plant

located higher from the service areas
3) Not using pump
4) Low-cost and effective

1 – Gravity System – Con’d
Supply Source (Dam)
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Treatment Plant
Service Reservoir
Service Area
GRAVITY FLOW

2 – Direct Pumped System
1) Pumped direct to the consumer
2) Level of water sources is at the same height or

lower from the service areas
3) Power failure – breakdown the system
4) Several types of pump
5) Expensive
6) Less Effective

Direct Pumped System – Con’d
Service Area
Treatment Plant
Pump
Pump
DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM
River

3 – Gravity & Pumped System
1) Combination – Pump and Gravity
2) Excess water during low water demand will

kept in the storage tank
3) Economical, pump used at constant rate

Gravity & Pumped System
Service Reservoir
Gr
av
ity
Flo
w
Service Area
Treatment Plant
Pump
Pump
GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM
River

Storage Reservoir
- Supply water during emergencies
- Equalize supply and demand
- Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system
- Other functions :
1) Provide water during peak demand
2) Provide disinfectant contact time
3) Allow for blending
4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations
5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs
6) Provide water hammer protection
7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters

Pipe System
DEAD END /
TREE SYSTEM
GRID SYSTEM
LAYOUT OF
PIPE SYSTEM
RING /
CIRCLE SYSTEM
RADIAL SYSTEM

A – Dead End/Tree System
1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe
2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no

definite patterns of roads and streets.
3) Cheap and easily designed
4) Not effective
5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution

pipe
6) Water become stagnant at the end of the

distribution pipe
Dead End/Tree System
Kampung B
Kampung A
Main Pipe
DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM

B – Grid System
1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid

sequences.
2) Effective during maintenance work
3) Effective during fire or emergency
4) No stagnant water
5) Design method more complex
6) High cost

Grid System
Main Pipe
GRID SYSTEM

C – Ring or Circle System
1) Main pipe is positioned covering the outer of the service area
Main Pipe
RING/CIRCLE SYSTEM

D– Radial System
1) Town or city divided into various circular or square
zones and distribution reservoirs placed at the
centre of each zone.
2) Suitable when town or city can be oriented with

radial roads and streets.
3) Water from main reservoir is allowed to flow

through main pipe and sub-main pipe and get
collected at the distribution reservoir of each zone
4) Water is supplied to consumers through distributor

pipe lines.

Radial System

Distribution - Wastage
WASTAGE
LEAKING PIPE WATER METER
STOLEN

Fire Hydrant
- Main function : provide water for firefighting
- Spacing and location : Depends on fire protection and

insurance needs
- Other function :
i. Flush the distribution system lines to remove

sediments and biogrowth accumulation
ii. Supply water to construction projects
iii. Provide water to water trucks and street sweepers

THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 10 - Water Distribution System

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TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- Includes reservoirs for purposes of storage,

- Enable the water utility to deliver water to its

- “To stop, start or control the flow of water’

- Different valves are used to perform different

- Some valves, e.g. butterfly, globe, pinch and

- Other types; e.g. check valves used to control the

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

i. Corrosion or rusting internally – Water quality

ii. Corrosion or rusting externally – Nature of soil

- Materials : Adequate strength and durability

- Sufficient pressures must be maintained

- Must be installed at sufficient depths below the ground

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- Quality of distribution system influence internal

- Main quality parameters affect corrosion rates:

3. Dissolved Oxygen 7) Chlorine

4. Total Dissolved Solids 8) Hydrogen sulphide

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Sufficient capacity of water

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

GRAVITY DIRECT PUMPED

GRAVITY AND PUMPED

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

2) The water level or water distribution plant

3) Not using pump

4) Low-cost and effective

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Supply Source (Dam)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Pumped direct to the consumer

2) Level of water sources is at the same height or

3) Power failure – breakdown the system

4) Several types of pump

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

DIRECT PUMP SYSTEM

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Combination – Pump and Gravity

2) Excess water during low water demand will

3) Economical, pump used at constant rate

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

GRAVITY AND COMBINATION SYSTEM

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

- Equalize supply and demand

- Maintain constant pressure in the distribution system

1) Provide water during peak demand

2) Provide disinfectant contact time

3) Allow for blending

4) Allow for one-shift treatment operations

5) Allow for optimization of pumping costs

6) Provide water hammer protection

7) Provide water during blackouts and natural disasters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Sub main pipe connect to main pipe

2) Old town and cities – irregular developed & no

3) Cheap and easily designed

5) Water pressure drop at the end of the distribution

6) Water become stagnant at the end of the

DEAD END/TREE SYSTEM

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

1) Main pipe and branches arranged in grid

2) Effective during maintenance work