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KIGALI INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY 
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT: ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES
MPA I (INTAKE I)
Lecturer: HAGUMA Robert 
 ©2010
1
 
COURSE: PUBLIC POLICY MAKING ANDANALYSIS
 
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 4COURSE OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 4CHAPITER I: THERETICAL OVERVIEW .............................................................................5I.1 Definition of key concepts ................................................................................................5Defining public policy ....................................................................................................... 5Defining policy – making .................................................................................................. 9I.2 The use of the Word “policy” ..........................................................................................11..................................................................................................................................................11I.2. 1 Policy as a label for a field of activity ....................................................................111.2.2 Policy as an expression of general purpose or desired state of affairs ....................111.2.3 Policy as specific proposals .................................................................................... 121.2.4 Policy as decisions of government .......................................................................... 121.2.5 Policy a formal authorization ..................................................................................121.2.6 Policy as a programme ............................................................................................121.2.7 Policy as output ....................................................................................................... 131.2.8 Policy as outcome ...................................................................................................131.2.9 Policy as a process .................................................................................................. 141.3 Policy analysis defined ...................................................................................................14I.3.1 Advantages of public policy analysis ......................................................................161.3.2 Public policy analysis and politics .......................................................................... 171.3.3 Participants in public policy analysis ......................................................................17I.3.4 Constraints on public policy analysis ......................................................................18I.3.5 Levels of policy .......................................................................................................19I.3.6 Policy initiators and the role of public managers .................................................... 20I.3.7 Comprehension methodology for policy analysis ................................................... 21Policy content analysis .................................................................................................... 23Policy systems analysis ....................................................................................................25CHAP.II THEORIES OR MODELS OF POLICY AND POLICY ANALYSIS ....................26II.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 26II.2 MAIN MODELS ........................................................................................................... 26II.2.1 Institutionalism: policy as institutional output ....................................................... 27II.2.2 Process model: policy as political activity ............................................................. 28II.2.3 Group theory: policy as group equilibrium ............................................................ 29II.2.4 Elite theory: policy as elite preference ...................................................................30II.2.5 Rationalism: Policy as efficient goal achievement .................................................32II.2.6 Incrementalism: Policy as variations on the past ................................................... 35II.2.8 Systems theory: policy as system output ................................................................ 36CHAP.III THE PUBLIC POLICY MAKING PROCESS .......................................................383.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 383.2 Public policy – making as a process .............................................................................. 383.2.1 Problem formulation ............................................................................................... 393.2.2 Agenda – setting ......................................................................................................41The importance of public participation in the policy process .......................................... 47II.2.3 POLICY DESIGN ................................................................................................... 52The necessity for clear goals and objectives in policy analysis ...............................................52The difference between goals and objectives ...........................................................................53Goals, objectives and alternatives: Sources and constraints ....................................................55Sources .....................................................................................................................................553.2.4 Policy decision – making ........................................................................................ 572
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