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dT (T − T ) (T − T2 )
Q& = − k = −k 2 1 = k 1 (1)
dx L L
where Q& is heat transfer per unit area (W/m2), k is thermal conduc-
tivity (W/m·K), T1 is temperature of the hot face (K), T2 is temperatu-
re of the cold face (K), and L is refractory thickness (m). The equa-
tion is negative because heat transfer is contrary to the direction of
the temperature gradient.
For each square meter of single component alumina refractory, the rate of heat loss is
approx. 28 kW.
(T1 − T3 )
Q& = (2)
L1 L2 L3
+ +
k1 k 2 k 3
where k1 is the conductivity and L1 is the thickness of mate-
rial 1, etc.
For each square meter of multiple component refractory, the rate of heat loss is about 7
kW.
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Technical Information 21 2
About 75% of the heat loss from a single component refractory can be saved by using a
multiple component alternative including insulating bricks and ceramic paper (fibre).
Heat radiation: