Professional Documents
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Nanotechnology and Its Potential
Program Outline
Medical Applications
Robin S. Tanke • Description of nanotechnology
UWSP Chemistry Department
UWSP Chemistry Department
• Quantum dots (QDs)
ASCLS‐WI April 7, 2010 (Draft 3/20/2010)
– What are QDs? How do they work?
– How can they detect cancerous tumors?
• Metal Nanoparticles
– How do metal nanoparticles differ from QDs?
H d t l ti l diff f QD ?
– How can they detect Alzheimier’s disease?
Reference: http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/CdSe/index.html#Introduction
Copyright © 2008 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and
BioAssay Works ®, L.L.C www.bioassayworks.com/goldbox.html 1 3
Program Objectives Nanotechnology
After this program, you should be able to:
1. Define quantum dots and metal “ Nanotechnology is the creation of
gy
nanoparticles, USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials,
2. Explain how quantum dots and metal devices and systems through control of
nanoparticles interact with light, matter on the nanometer length scale and
and exploitation of novel phenomena and
properties (physical, chemical, biological)
properties (physical, chemical, biological)
3. Give an example of how the properties of
at that length scale.” M. Meyyappan of
quantum dots and metal nanoparticles make
Ames Labs
them useful for medical diagnostics.
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How small is Nano? QDs can replace organic fluorescent dyes
Molecules Nanoscale regime Solid State
Property Organic dye QD
Photostability Poor Good
one 10 100 1000 10,000 bulk
atom atom atom atom atom Absorption band Narrow Broad
cluster cluster cluster cluster
Diameter (nm)
Stability in Poor Good
aqueous solution
q
Hair width 40,000 – 50,000 nm pH dependence Yes No
Red Blood Cell 6,000 – 10,000 nm
Size Small Relatively Large
Virus 30 – 50 nm
DNA 2.5 nm
Atom 0.1 – 0.3 nm 5 7
Quantum Dot Imaging of Tumors
What are quantum dots? Adapted with permission from Peptide‐Labeled Near‐Infrared Quantum Dots for Imaging Tumor
Vasculature in Living Subjects Weibo Cai, Dong‐Woon Shin, Kai Chen, Olivier Gheysens, Qizhen
Cao, Shan X. Wang, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, and Xiaoyuan Chen Nano Lett., 2006, 6 (4), 669‐676
• Quantum dots are semiconductor Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.
nanoparticles. Synthesis of the
– What are semiconductors?
Wh t i d t ? i
imaging agent
i
• When UV light is absorbed, the • Core shell QD
quantum dots emit light in the • PEG on surface
visible region. • Coupling Agent
• Arginine‐glycine‐
• Semiconductor
Semiconductor nanoparticles of
nanoparticles of aspartic acid (RGD)
aspartic acid (RGD)
different sizes emit light of groups inhibit
different colors integrin αvβ3 (a
metathesis
promoter)
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Analysis of Functionalized QDs In vivo QD imaging in mice
In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging of U87MG tumor‐bearing mice (left shoulder,
(a) AFM scan (400 400 nm2) of QD705‐RGD deposited on a silicon wafer. pointed by white arrows) injected with 200 pmol of QD705‐RGD (left) and QD705
(b and c) Section analysis of three QD705‐RGD (right), respectively. All images were acquired under the same instrumental
particles as indicated by the white line conditions. The mice autofluorescence is color coded green while the unmixed QD
(d) SEM scan of the QD705‐RGD conjugate deposited on 5‐nm tantalum‐coated signal is color coded red. Prominent uptake in the liver, bone marrow, and
silicon substrate. The scale bar represents 50 nm. Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society 9
lymph nodes was also visible. Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society 11
Quantum Dot Imaging A few other applications for QDs
Biolinkers Biomolecules Quantum Applications as biosensor
attached dot
Trioctyl phosphine CdSe Determination of free cyanide
oxide along with in aqueous solution with high
Mercaptoethane sensitivity
Sulphonate
Chitosan polymer Mn doped Detection of bacillus bacteria
ZnS
Suitable ampiphilic streptavidin CdSe/ZnS Detection of E. Coli O157:H7
Polymer cells
alpha‐fetoprotein Tumour tissue CdSe/ZnS Hepatic Cancer detection
antibody
tib d
Avidin Antibody CdSe/ZnS Detection of Cholera toxin
In vitro staining of human breast cancer MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐435, and 3 human
Tricosanthin Human CdSe/ZnS Treatment of AIDs
glioblastoma U87MG cells using 1 nM QD705‐RGD (left 3 columns). Staining of U87MG
choriocarcinoma
cells with 1 nM QD705 (denoted as“U87MG + QD705”) or 1 nM QD705‐RGD in the
cells
presence of 2 íM c(RGDyK) (denoted as “U87MG + Block”) are also shown. Filter set:
excitation, 420/40 nm; emission, 705/40 nm. Magnification: 400, 0.5 s exposure. 10 Ref: Review: Biofunctionalized Quantum Dots in Biology and Medicine, Sonal Mazumder, Rajib Dey, M. K.Mitra, 12
Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society S.Mukherjee,2 and G. C. Das Journal of Nanomaterials ,Volume 2009, Article ID 815734, 17 pages
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Metal Nanoparticles Interact with Light
Metal
Nanoparticles–
Gold and Silver
Colloids
• Free electrons travel through the particle
• Small particles < 50 nm do not scatter light so light interacts
Small particles < 50 nm do not scatter light so light interacts
with the particle surface
• The wavelength of light is larger than the particle and sets up
a standing wave.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f‐news/1348391/posts • Many factors influence the wavelength of light absorbed
Ref: Susie Eustis and Mostafa A. El‐Sayed Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, 209–217
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The absorption spectrum changes as
Gold Nanoparticles metal nanoparticles aggregate
Photographs of aqueous
solutions of gold
nanospheres (upper panels)
and gold nanorods (lower
panels)
Transmission electron
microscopy images of the
nanoparticles
l are shown; all
h ll
scale bars = 100 nm
Adapted with permission from G. Rong, H. Wang, L. R. Skewis, B. M. Reinhard, Resolving sub‐
diffraction limit encounters in nanoparticle tracking using live cell plasmon coupling microscopy,
Adapted with permission from Catherine J. Murphy; Anand M. Gole; John W. Stone; Patrick N. Sisco; Alaaldin M. Alkilany; Edie C.
Nano Lett. 8, pp. 3386‐3393, 2008. Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
Goldsmith; Sarah C. Baxter; Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1721‐1730. Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society
14 16
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Example of Selectivity for tau
protein
(B) Absorption profile variation of
Summary
monoclonal anti‐tau antibody conjugated
gold nanoparticle due to the addition tau
protein (200 ng/mL tau). The strong long
QDs and metal nanoparticles have
wavelength band in the visible region (λPR
wavelength band in the visible region (λPR
= 520 nm) is due to the oscillation of the many properties that make them
ti th t k th
conduction band electrons. A new band
appearing around 670 nm, due to the attractive for use in medical
addition of tau protein, demonstrates the
aggregation of gold nanoparticles. diagnostics and treatment.
(C) Plot demonstrating two‐photon
scattering intensity changes (by 16 times)
scattering intensity changes (by 16 times)
due to the addition of tau protein to anti‐
tau antibody conjugated gold nanoparticle.
Two‐photon scattering intensity changes
Use your knowledge to develop a new
very little upon addition of BSA and heme
protein. diagnostic tool!
Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society 18 20