LIST OF SYMBOLS

a area r radius
A area R radius, reaction
b width s length
B width S shape factor
d diameter, height, depth t thickness, time, temperature
D diameter T torque
e eccentricity
u strain energy density
E modulus of elasticity, Young’s
U strain energy, resilience
modulus
V volume
F force
g acceleration due to gravity w rate of loading
G shear modulus, modulus of W force, weight, load
rigidity x, y, z rectangular coordinates,
h height, distance distances
H height Z section modulus
I moment of inertia s direct stress
l length q angle
j number of joints j angle, shear strain
J polar moment of inertia a angle, coefficient of thermal
k torsional stiffness, stiffness of expansion
spring d increment of quantity, deflec-
K Bulk modulus tion, extension
l length
t shear stress
L length, load factor
D elongation
m mass, modular ratio, number of
e direct strain
members
M moment, bending moment, p 3.1416
mass n Poisson’s ratio
n number of coils y angle
p pressure, compressive stress g angle
P force, load w angular velocity
q shear flow r density