UMTSAir Interface

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface
U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1

UMTS Air Interface
Contents and Session Aims

•Overview of the Air • This session aims to explain the
protocols and operation of the air
Interface interface
! To give an overview of the UMTS
specific operation of the air
•Logical, Transport and interface
Physical Channels on the ! To look at the protocol structure
Air Interface ! To investigate the Frame and
Timeslot structure of the major air
interface channels
•The Dedicated Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Role of the Air Interface

• To provide a number of bearer or physical channels to support
data transfer over the radio path.
• To provide control channels to manage the cell
• To provide a number of traffic channels at an acceptable error
performance and at various rates
• To provide signalling channels for call set up, etc.
• In providing all of this to also:
! Ensure an efficient use of the available spectrum
! Minimise interference to other cells and services
! Minimise the use of power, particularly from the mobile
! Provide synchronisation

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS FDD Air Interface Overview
Parameter Value
Multiple Access Scheme Direct Sequence CDMA
Duplexing Method FDD
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps
Carrier Spacing 5 MHz
Carrier Spacing Raster 200 kHz
Frame Length 10 ms
Slots per Frame 15
Inter-cell Synchronisation None
Spreading factor Variable (4-512)
User Data Rate 8->384 kbps

UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Access Scheme

• UMTS FDD mode makes use of a CDMA style multiple access
scheme
• In the case of UMTS this is commonly referred to as Wideband
CDMA
• However there are elements of FDMA and TDMA in UMTS
! Common channels for paging and packet access share codes between
UEs (TDMA)
! Multiple carriers are used per operator (FDMA)

UMTS Air Interface
Duplexing Method
• UMTS FDD mode makes use of 190MHz
Frequency Division Duplexing
2.
2.
1.
1.
11
17
92
98
G
G
H
H
H
The Uplink and Downlink
z
z
z
!
Channels are carried on

separate carriers
• In the case of UMTS in Europe: UMTS Uplink UMTS Downlink
! The Uplink band is between 1.92
and 1.98GHz
! The Downlink band is between
2.11 and 2.17GHz
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2G z
2.
8G
85
95
9G
05
2G
1G
15
The Uplink/Downlink Separation
H
!
G
H
G
z
H
H
H
H
H
z
H
z
z
z
is 190MHz
z
UMTS Air Interface
Chip Rate
• The chiprate used in UMTS FDD mode is 3.84Mcps
• This leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5MHz
• This chip rate was chosen because it:
! Could be generated simply from existing GSM clock rates
! Provided a similar bandwidth to cdma2000 to allow shared use of filters etc in
UEs
• Note: Initially UMTS was specified as having a chip rate of 4.096Mcps.
! You may find some old texts and papers referring to this chip rate

UMTS Air Interface
Carrier Spacing and Carrier Spacing Raster

5MHz
• The nominal carrier spacing for
UMTS is 5Hz
• This was chosen to comply with
the American market, where
spectrum has been awarded in
5MHz blocks
• It is possible to move the centre
frequency of the carrier on a 200kHz
200kHz raster
! We can have carrier spacings
between 4.4MHz and 5.6MHz
! This may be set within the license
conditions, or to the operators
discretion

UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Channel Interference

• Adjacent channel interference may have a significant impact on
UMTS capacity
• Required attenuation (by standards)
! adjacent carrier 33dB
! 2nd adjacent carrier 43dB
• Since only have 2 or 3 carriers typically at least one adjacent
carrier will be transmitted by a third party
• This can partially be negated by a flexible carrier spacing based
upon a 200kHz raster

UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Operator Interference
Interference
50dB path loss Signal
150dB path loss
Close Interferring Distant Serving

Microcell Macrocell

UMTS Air Interface
UK Spectrum Allocations Example

D E C A A A A C C B B B D D E E
Hutchison Vodafone Orange
One2One BT Cellnet
0.3MHz 0.3MHz
20MHz 14.6MHz 10MHz 14.8MHz 10MHz 10MHz

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Frame Structure

• Radio Frame Period = Tf = 10ms
• Frames are used for channel format control
• 15 slots, #0…#14
• Slots are use for power control
• 38400 chips
• Tslot = 2560 chips = 666.7µs
Tslot = 666.7µs = 2560 chips
#0 #1 #2 #i #14
Tf = 10ms = 38400 chips

UMTS Air Interface
Superframe Structure
• 72 Radio Frames make a Superframe
• Superframe Period Tsf = 720ms
Superframes are used for
#0 #1 #2 #i #71
Tsf = 720ms

UMTS Air Interface
Inter Cell Synchronisation

• Cells in a UMTS network are not synchronised in time with
each other.
• This removes the need for tight synchronisation between the
base stations
• There is no need for GPS receivers at sites
! This makes implementation of picocells and their integration with the
network more simple as satellite LoS is not required
• 3rd Party Transmission requirement are less stringent

UMTS Air Interface
Spreading Factor and User Data Rates

• UMTS has been designed to provide flexibility to allow the user
to use multiple services, some of which we cannot foresee at
the moment
• Rather than having a fixed bit rate and spreading factor, each
of the channels on the user interface has a range of bit rates
that can be used
• This makes the channels more complicated than for GSM…but
certainly more flexible

UMTS Air Interface
Air Interface Access Stratum

Radio Resource Control Plane User Plane
L3 Control RRC Signalling Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
Physical
L1 Physcial Layer Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer

• The RRC layer forms the lower
part of the OSI layer 3
• It is responsible for: L3
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
! Bearer Control
Radio Link
! Monitoring Control RLC
! Power Control L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
! Measurement Reporting Control MAC
Transport
! Paging Channels
! Broadcast Control L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer Functional
Entities
• The RRC layer resides at the RNC serving a cell or UE
• The RRC Layer can be split into 3 functional entities
! Dedicated Control Functional Entity (DCFE)
" One per UE in connection
" All functions and signalling specific to a single UE
! Paging and Notification control Functional Entity (PNFE)
" One per cell
" Paging of idle mode UEs
! Broadcast Control Functional Entities (BCFE)
" One per cell
" Broadcasting of system information

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Link Control Layer

• The RLC layer forms the upper part
of the OSI layer 2
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
! Logical Link Control

Radio Link
! Acknowledged and Control RLC
unacknowledged data transfer L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
The Medium Access Control Layer

• The MAC Layer forms the lower
part of layer 2
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
! Random Access
Radio Link
! Physical Link Control Control RLC
! Ciphering L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
! Multiplexing and Channel Mapping Control MAC
to the Physical Layer Transport

Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Medium Access Control Layer Functional

Entities
• MAC-b
! Handles the broadcast channel (BCH) and is located in the Node-B in
the UTRAN
• MAC-c/sh
! Handles the common and shared channels and is located in the RNC in
the UTRAN
• MAC-d
! Handles the dedicated channels and is located in the RNC

UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Layer

• The Physical Layer forms layer 1 of
the OSI protocol stack
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
! Carrying traffic and signalling

across the air interface Radio Link
Control RLC
L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Protocol Termination in the Access Stratum
RRC RRC
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
Physical Physical
User Equipment Node-B Radio Network Controller
Note: Some Layer 2 functionality regarding the broadcast

functionality resides in the Node-B

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Channel Types and Functions

• There are three types of channel across the air interface and
access stratum that we are interested in:
! Logical Channels
" Between the RLC and MAC layers
! Transport Channels
" Between the MAC and Physical layers
! Physical Channels
" Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE

UMTS Air Interface
Major Logical Channels in UMTS

• Control Channels
! BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
! PCCH Paging Control Channel
! CCCH Common Control Channel
! DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
• Traffic Channels
! DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
! CTCH Common Traffic Channel

UMTS Air Interface
Logical Control Channels

• The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink channel
for broadcasting system control information
• The Paging Control Channel (PCH) is a downlink channel that
transfers paging information
• The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-
directional channel transmitting control information between a
specific UE and the UTRAN
• The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is a bi-directional
channel transmitting control information between Ues and the
UTRAN

UMTS Air Interface
Logical Traffic Channels

• The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DCH) is a point-to-point
channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user
information
• The Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) is a point-to-point
unidirectional channel for transfer of user information to a group
of UEs

UMTS Air Interface
Major Transport Channels for UMTS

• Common Control Channels
! BCH Broadcast Channel
! FACH Forward Access Channel
! PCH Paging Channel
! RACH Random Access Channel
! CPCH Common Packet Channel
• Dedicated Channels
! DCH Dedicated Channel
! DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

UMTS Air Interface
Common Transport Channels

• The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to
broadcast system and cell-specific information. The BCH is always
transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
• The Paging Channel (PCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to carry
control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell
of the UE
• The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink channel that is used to
carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of
the UE. May also carry short user packets.
• The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink control channel from the
UE. May also carry short user packets
• The Common Packet Channel (CPCH) is a contention based uplink channel
used for transmission of bursty data traffic.

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Transport Channels

• The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is a downlink channel
shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.
• The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a channel dedicated to one
UE used in uplink or downlink.

UMTS Air Interface
Major Physical Channels for UMTS

• Common Control Channels
! P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
! S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
! P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
! S-SCH Secondary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
! CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL)
! AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
! PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL)
! PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
! PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL)
! PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL)
! AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
! CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)
• Dedicated Channels
! DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL)
! DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)

UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

• The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH) is used to carry broadcast
information across the cell
• The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH) is used to carry paging and
forward access information across the cell
• The Primary-Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) is used during cell search to provide timing
information
• The Secondary-Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) is used during cell search to provide
information about the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell
• The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is used to provide the phase reference for downlink
channels
• The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is used to acknowledge random access requests

UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

• The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is used to enable discontinuous reception of the S-
CPCCH
• The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries traffic to one or more users
• The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is a contention based channel used for
random access and to transmit small packets of information
• The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) is an extension to the RACH used to carry
larger packets of information on the uplink
• The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) is used to indicate the reception
of a preamble signature for Random Access
• The Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) is used to indicate
collisions and channel assignment for packet access

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Channels
• The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) is used to
carry user information
• The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) is used to
carry dedicated control information regarding its associated
DCHs

UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport

Channels
Logical
Channels
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH
BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH
Transport
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical

Channels
Transport Channels Spreading/Modulation
RACH CPCH BCH PCH FACH DSCH DCH
PICH
AICH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
P-CCPCH
PCPCH
PRACH
P-SCH
S-SCH
CPICH
AP-AICH
CD/CA-ICH
Physical Channels

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface Physical Resource

• Code Plane
! Separation within cell by channelisation codes
! Separation between cell by scrambling codes
• Frequency Plane
! Multiple carriers available
• Phase Plane
! IQ multiplexing of channels on the UL
• Space Plane
! Adaptive antennas
• Time Plane
! Time multiplexing of channels on DL
! Packet Access

UMTS Air Interface
Codes in UMTS
• We have already talked generically about codes in CDMA
• In UMTS there are a number of different types of codes:
! Synchronisation Codes
" To enable an unsynchronised UE to synchronise and determine the
scrambling code of the cell
! Channelisation Codes
" To spread and channelise within a UE or cell
! Scrambling Codes
" To separate the UEs and cells

UMTS Air Interface
Synchronisation Codes
• These are short duration Gold codes
• They have length 256 chips and duration 66.67µs
• There is 1 primary code and 64 secondary codes

UMTS Air Interface
Channelisation Codes
• These are short Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes
• They are of length 4 - 512 chips long (1.04-133.34µs)
dependant upon the channel and required bit rate of the service
• There are between 4 and 512 codes dependant on the length
of the code
• OVSF codes are orthogonal

UMTS Air Interface
OVSF codes
• Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes can be defined by
a code tree:
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
• Where
! SF = Spreading Factor of code (maximum 512 for UMTS)
! k = code number = 0<=k<=SF-1

UMTS Air Interface
Code Usage Efficiency

• Any codes further down the trunk • By filling up branches of the code
of a branch in use cannot be used tree before starting new branches a
• Any codes further out from the greater capacity can be achieved
branch in use cannot be reused • Multiple code trees can be used
from a cell but at an increased level
of interference between channels
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
IN USE Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
IN USE
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

C ch,1,0 = (1) Cch,1,0 = (1)
IN USE
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,- Cch,2,1 = (1,-
1) 1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
IN USE
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Code Trees

• We can actually use multiple code trees if we run out of OVSF
codes on the downlink
• This is achieved by introducing a second scrambling code
• However codes on the two code trees will only be separated by
the scrambling codes, which are not orthogonal
• This reduces interference rejection

UMTS Air Interface
Scrambling Codes
• Downlink Scrambling codes are complex valued Gold codes
! They are a 38400 chip segment from a 218 chip code, duration 10ms (1
frame)
! There are 512 primary codes and 15 secondary codes associated with
each primary code
• Uplink Scrambling codes can be long or short codes
" Long codes are complex valued Gold codes and are a 38400 chip
segment from a 225 chip code, duration 10ms (1 frame)
– There are 16,777,216 codes…
" Short codes are complex valued S(2) codes and 256 chips long, duration
66.67µs
– There are again 16,777,216 codes

UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Synchronisation Channel

• The P-SCH transmits the Primary Synchronisation Code
• This is a 256 chip sequence and is the same in all cells in the network
• The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67µs
• There is only ever one P-SCH per cell
P-SCH P-SCH P-SCH P-SCH
256 chips
66.67µs
2560 chips
666.7µs
Timeslot # 0 Timeslot # 1 Timeslot # 2

UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Synchronisation Channel

• The S-SCH transmits the Secondary Synchronisation Code
• This is a 256 chip sequence and is one of 64 possible SSCs
• The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67µs, at the same
time as the P-SCH
• The SSC indicates which group of downlink scrambling codes is in use at the cell
• There is only ever one S-SCH per cell
P-SCH PSC PSC PSC
256 chips
66.67µs
S-SCH SSC SSC SSC
2560 chips
666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Common Control Physical
Channel
• Primary CCPCH is transmitted continuously at constant power
from each cell
• Uses one of the 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
• Channelisation code is same for all Primary CCPCHs
• There is only one P-CCPCH per cell
P-SCH PSC PSC PSC
256 chips
66.67µs
S-SCH SSC SSC SSC

2560 chips 2304 chips
666.7µs 600µs
30 kbps,
P-CCPCH Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) SF=256

UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
• The cell communicates with UEs through the PCH and FACH
! These are carried on the Secondary-CCPCH
• The SF is variable, set in the BCH, indicated on the P-CCPCH and is between 4 and 256
• Fixed power
! This is why the channels are multiplexed to avoid simultaneous transmission
• TFCI, Transport Format Combination Indicator, is optional but must be supported by all UEs
• Similarly Pilot bits are optional
• There may be more than one S-CCPCH per cell, and frames may be offset in time by multiples
of 256 chips
! E.g.one may be used to carry the FACH and one to carry the PCH
TFCI (0 - 8 bits per Data (10 - 1272 bits Pilot (0 - 16 bits per 30-1920 kbps,
S-CCPCH SF=4-256
slot) per slot) slot)
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Random Access Channel

• The PRACH consists of two parts
! A preamble
" To initiate access
! A message
" Which can contain a request for a dedicated channel or a small packet of
user data
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips 1 PRACH slot = 2 normal timeslots

UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Preamble

• Selected from one of 16 preambles available on the cell
• The preamble is 1ms in length
• Power of transmitted preamble is based on an estimate of
downlink loss from CPICH received signal strength
• It then randomly selects a slot from 15 over 2 Frames (slotted
ALOHA)
• In no acknowledge then reselects signature and increases
power by 1dB and tries again

UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Message

• The message is either 15 or 30 slots in length
! Determined by which slot the preamble was sent in
• Power as successful preamble
• Data and control are code multiplexed
15 - 120 kbps,
Data (10 - 80 bits per SF=32-256
Data
slot)
PRACH message
15 kbps,
Control Pilot (8 bits per slot) TFCI (2 bits per slot) SF=256
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
AICH
• The AICH indicates whether the PRACH preamble has been received
• If the Node-B receives the preamble it mirrors the preamble signature
back on the AICH
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips 1 PRACH slot = 1.25ms
AICH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips

UMTS Air Interface
PCPCH
• Similar to the the PRACH
• Additionally a collision detection preamble is sent
• The AI-ICH responds to the PCPCH access preamble
• The CD/CA-ICH responds to the collision detection preamble
• The message part has the same structure as an uplink DPCH
Pj Pj
P1 Message Part
P0
4096 chips
0 or 8 slots N*10 msec
Access Preamble Control Part
Collision Detection Data part

Preamble

UMTS Air Interface
PICH
• The PICH is the Paging Indication Channel, used to inform the UE that it
should listen to the PCH
• Fixed rate (SF=256)
• N Paging Indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} are transmitted in each PICH frame,
where N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
• These are mapped to 300 transmitted bits
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b0 b1 b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

• Consists of two parts:
! DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)
" Carries the user data
! DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
" Carries control information (pilot bits, power control and optional rate
information)
• It is different on uplink and downlink

! Uplink
" Data and control code multiplexed to avoid DTX based EMC problems
! Downlink
" Data and control time multiplexed DTX based EMC not a problem
UE

UMTS Air Interface
DCH Control Fields

• Pilot
! A predetermined bit pattern utilised by the rake receiver to estimate channel
conditions (5,6,7or 8 bits per slot)
! Also used for coherent demodulation of the remaining data on the DCH
• TFCI - Transport Format Combination Indicator
! This is an optional field
! Used where different formats (multiplexing or spreading factor) are used on a
frame by frame basis (0 or 2 bits per slot)
• TPC - Transmit Power Control
! 2 bits per slot indicating an increase or decrease power
• FBI - Feedback Indicator
! Used for diversity working (0,1,2 bits per slot)

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink-Dedicated Physical
Channel..Frame/Slot Structure
• The dedicated transport channel (DCH), is transmitted in time-multiplex with control
information generated at Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an optional
TFCI)
• k = 0..7 • Spreading Factor, SF = 256/2k
• Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits ! SF = 512 - 4
! Ndata = 10 - 1280 bits • Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps
! Rb = 15 - 1920kbps
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
N data1 bits N TPC bits N TFCI bits N data2 bits N pilot bits
k
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 bits (k=0 ..7)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
One radio frame, T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Spreading and Modulation
15*2K kbps ωt)

cos(ω
I Pulse
cscramb Shaping
DPDCH/DPCCH Serial -
Parallel
cch ωt)
sin(ω
Q Pulse
Shaping

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps R = 0kbps R = 30kbps R = 60kbps
Pilot+TPC+TFCI Data
Note: that this diagram does not reflect the true

multiplexing on the downlink

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data

Channel..Frame/Slot Structure
• Used to carry the DCH transport channel.
• k = 0..6 • Spreading Factor, SF = 256/2k
• Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits SF = 256 - 4 !
Ndata = 10 - 640 bits

! • Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps
! Rb = 15 - 960kbps
Data
DPDCH N data bits
T slot = 2560 chips, N data = 10*2 k bits (k=0 ..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
UL-DPCCH(3)..Slot/Frame Structure
• Used to carry control information generated at Layer 1.
• The Layer 1 control information • Channel Bit Rate
consists of: ! Rb = 15 kbps
! known pilot bits • Spreading Factor
! transmit power-control (TPC) ! SF = 256
commands
! feedback information (FBI)
• Bits per slot = 10
! optional transport-format
combination indicator (TFCI).
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
DPCCH N pilot bits N FBI bits N TPC bits
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Spreading and Modulation
cDPDCH ωt)
cos(ω
DPDCH Real Pulse
Shaping
cscramb
I+jQ
cDPCCH ωt)
sin(ω
DPCCH Imag Pulse
Shaping

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

• One DPCCH and up to 6 DPDCH are spread by real valued
sequences
• DPCCH is spread by channelisation code cc
• DPDCH is spread by channelisation code cd,n where 1<=n<=6
• After channelisation real valued signals are weighted by βc and
βd, at least one of which has amplitude 1
• Only one DPCCH allowed per link

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

cd,1 βd
DPDCH1
cd,3 βd
Σ
DPDCH3 I
cd,5 βd
DPDCH5
Sdpch,n
I+jQ
cd,2 βd
S
DPDCH2
cd,4 βd
DPDCH4
βd
Σ
cd,6 Q
DPDCH6
j
cc βc
DPCCH

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Variable Rate (VSF based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps R = 30kbps R = 0kbps R = 0kbps R = 30kbps

Pilot+TPC+TFCI+FBI Data

UMTS Air Interface
Why does UMTS need the CPICH?

• UMTS already has the SCHs and pilot bits...
• Why does it need a pilot channel?
! Handover measurements and cell selection/reselection
! To aid channel estimation for dedicated channels
! To provide channel estimation reference for common channels

UMTS Air Interface
A Multi-Rate Channelised Transmitter

Power Control
60kbps Bit x4
Pulse Shaping and
Modulation
Stream
c1 s1
x2 All the channels are spread to the same chip
30kbps Bit rate and then added together.
Note: to achieve the same Eb/No we must
Stream x1 modify the power per chip before combining
c2 the chip streams
15kbps Bit
Stream
c3

UMTS Air Interface
Questions
• Which other physical channels are similar to the AICH?
• What are the two parts of the PRACH channel?
• Which layers do the Transport channels connect?
• Where is the MAC layer terminated?

UMTSAir Interface

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UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air Interface

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1

Contents and Session Aims

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 2

Role of the Air Interface

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 3

UMTS FDD Air Interface Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 4

Multiple Access Scheme

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 5

Channels are carried on

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 7

Carrier Spacing and Carrier Spacing Raster

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 8

Adjacent Channel Interference

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 9

Adjacent Operator Interference

Close Interferring Distant Serving

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 10

UK Spectrum Allocations Example

Hutchison Vodafone Orange

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 11

Radio Frame Structure

Tf = 10ms = 38400 chips

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 12

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 13

Inter Cell Synchronisation

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 14

Spreading Factor and User Data Rates

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 15

Air Interface Access Stratum

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 16

Radio Resource Control Layer

! Power Control L2 Logical Channels

! Broadcast Control L1 Physical Layer

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 17

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 18

Radio Link Control Layer

! Logical Link Control

unacknowledged data transfer L2 Logical Channels

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 19

The Medium Access Control Layer

! Ciphering L2 Logical Channels

to the Physical Layer Transport

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 20

Medium Access Control Layer Functional

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 21

The Physical Layer

! Carrying traffic and signalling

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 22

Protocol Termination in the Access Stratum

User Equipment Node-B Radio Network Controller

Note: Some Layer 2 functionality regarding the broadcast

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 23

UMTS Channel Types and Functions

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 24

Major Logical Channels in UMTS

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 25

Logical Control Channels

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 26

Logical Traffic Channels

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 27