IBM DB2 9

Section -4) Working with DB2 Data

using SQL and XQuery

© 2008 IBM Corporation

 IBM DB2 9

Section 4 - Working with DB2 Data using

SQL and XQuery (23.5%)

 Given a DML SQL statement, ability to identify results

 Ability to use SQL to SELECT data from tables
 Ability to use SQL to SORT or GROUP data
 Ability to use SQL to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE data
 Knowledge of transactions (i.e., COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and transaction boundaries)
 Ability to call a procedure or invoke a user defined
function
 Given an XQuery statement, knowledge to identify results

2
 IBM DB2 9

What is (Structured Query Language) SQL?

 Standard language of relational database access is SQL.
Designed to access tabular data.
 Invented by IBM in the 1970s, the SQL language continues to
evolve and is the only way to access relational database data.
 Three major categories.
- DDL (Data Definition Language) - Used to create, modify,
or drop database objects
- DML (Data Manipulation Language) - Used to select, insert,
update, or delete database data (records)
- DCL (Data Control Language) - Used to provide data object
access control

3
 IBM DB2 9

Managing Database Objects - DDL

 To create, modify, delete objects in a database, SQL Data
Definition Language (DDL) is used.
 DDL has four basic SQL statements:
- CREATE

 To create objects in a database.

- DECLARE

 To create Temporary Tables in a database.

- ALTER

 To make permitted alteration in structure of an object.

- DROP

 To remove any object created with CREATE/ DECLARE

statements from database.

4
 IBM DB2 9

Manipulate Data - DML

 To retrieve, insert, update or delete from tables and/or views,
SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used.
 DML also has four basic SQL statements:
- SELECT

 To retrieve data from table or view.

- INSERT

 To add records in tables.

- UPDATE

 To change data.
- DELETE

 To delete records from tables.

5
 IBM DB2 9

Using SELECT to Retrieve Data

 The SELECT statement is used to retrieve table or
view data.
 Syntax -
- SELECT [DISTINCT] columns

- FROM TABLE(S)

- WHERE condition

- GROUP BY column

- HAVING condition

- ORDER BY column

6
 IBM DB2 9

Examples -
 SELECT * FROM staff;
 SELECT * FROM staff FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS
ONLY;
 SELECT name, salary FROM staff;
 SELECT DISTINCT dept, job FROM staff;
 SELECT name, salary + comm AS pay
FROM staff;

7
 IBM DB2 9

CASE Expressions In SELECT

SELECT empno, lastname, job, salary,
CASE WHEN job IN ('MANAGER‘, ‘ADMIN’)
THEN salary * 1.10
WHEN job IN ('DBA‘, ‘ARCHITECT’) THEN
salary * 1.08
WHEN job = 'PROGRAMMER' THEN salary *
1.05
ELSE salary * 1.035
END as new_salary
FROM employee
8
 IBM DB2 9

With WHERE clause

Use the WHERE clause to select specific rows from a table or
view.
 Relational operators including:
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>
 The WHERE clause of SELECT statement can include:
- LIKE and NOT LIKE

 ‘_’ and ‘%’ wildcard character with LIKE/ NOT LIKE

- IS NULL and IS NOT NULL

- BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN

- IN and NOT IN

- AND, NOT, and OR Connectives in Complex Conditions

9
 IBM DB2 9

Using Functions to Transform Data

 Scalar functions
Also known as row functions
-

- Operate on a single value to return another single

value.
- ABS(), HEX(), LENGTH(), YEAR(), MONTH(), DAY(),
LCASE(), LOWER(), UCASE() or UPPER()
 Column functions
- Also known as vector functions.

- Work on a group of rows to provide a result.

- SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), COUNT()

10
 IBM DB2 9

Using Set Operators to Combine Multiple Queries

 With DB2, it is possible to combine two or more queries into a
single query by using a special operator known as a set
operator. When a set operator is used, the results of each
query executed are combined in a specific manner to produce a
single result data set
 UNION - the result data sets produced by each individual query
are combined and all duplicate rows are eliminated
 INTERSECT - common records that are found in both the result
data sets will be shown as final result set.
 EXCEPT - all records found in the first result data set that do not
have a corresponding record in the second result data set will
be shown as final result set.
11
 IBM DB2 9

 SELECT lastname, hiredate FROM employee

WHERE MONTHNAME(hiredate) = 'December' AND
salary NOT BETWEEN 20000.00 AND 90000.00
 SELECT * FROM emp_exp_02 UNION SELECT *
FROM emp_exp_01
 SELECT empno, lastname FROM employee
WHERE lastname LIKE 'S%' ORDER BY empno
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE workdept
IN (SELECT deptno FROM department WHERE
admrdept = 'A00')
 SELECT workdept, DECIMAL(AVG(salary), 9, 2)
AS avg_salary FROM employee GROUP BY work
dept HAVING AVG(salary) > 60000
12
 IBM DB2 9

Using Joins - Concepts

 A join combines data from two or more tables. A join condition
is required to refine the result set (eliminates a cartesian
product). Joining can be INNER or OUTER.
 INNER JOIN - Keeps only the rows from the cross product that
meet the join condition. If a row exists in both the tables then
only they will be included in the result set.
 OUTER JOIN is a concatenation of the inner join and rows from
the left table, right table, or both tables that are missing from
the inner join. There are 3 types of Outer Join.
1. Left outer join = inner join + rows from the left table
2. Right outer join = inner join + rows from the right table
3. Full outer join = inner join + the rows from both the tables

13
 IBM DB2 9

Using Joins — Examples

 SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e,
department d WHERE e.workdept = d.deptno
OR
 SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e INNER
JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno
 SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e LEFT
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno
 SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e RIGHT
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno
 SELECT lastname, deptname FROM employee e FULL
OUTER JOIN department d ON e.workdept = d.deptno
14
 IBM DB2 9

15
 IBM DB2 9

16
 IBM DB2 9

17
 IBM DB2 9

18
 IBM DB2 9

INSERT Statement
 The INSERT statement is used to add new rows to a
table or a view.
 Examples:
INSERT INTO staff VALUES
(1212,'Cerny',NULL,'Sales',3)

INSERT INTO staff (id, name, dept, job, years)

VALUES (1212,'Cerny',20,'Sales',3),
(1213,'Wolfrum',20,NULL,2)

INSERT INTO department (deptno, deptname)

SELECT deptno, deptname FROM sales_depts
19
 IBM DB2 9

UPDATE Statement
 The UPDATE statement is used to change the data in a
table or a view.
 For example:
UPDATE staff SET dept = NULL
WHERE ename LIKE ‘A%’
UPDATE staff SET (dept, sal)=(51, 7000)
WHERE id = 750
UPDATE employees SET (dept) = (SELECT
deptname FROM department WHERE deptno
= 1)
20
 IBM DB2 9

DELETE Statement
 The DELETE statement is used to delete entire rows
of data from a table.

 For example:

DELETE FROM staff WHERE id IN (1212, 1213)

DELETE FROM sales WHERE salesperson IS NULL

21
 IBM DB2 9

22
 IBM DB2 9

The COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements

 A unit of work (UOW), also known as a transaction, is a
recoverable sequence of operations within an application
process. Ex. transfer funds transaction.
 The application ends the UOW by issuing either a COMMIT or
a ROLLBACK statement, whichever is appropriate.
 The COMMIT statement makes all changes made within the
UOW permanent, whereas the ROLLBACK statement reverses
those changes.
 If the application ends normally without an explicit COMMIT or
ROLLBACK statement, the UOW is automatically committed.
 If the application ends abnormally before the end of a UOW,
that unit of work is automatically rolled back.
23
 IBM DB2 9

Savepoints
 A savepoint lets you selectively roll back a subset of actions
that make up a UOW without losing the entire transaction.
do some work;
savepoint A;
do some more work;
savepoint B;
do even more work;
savepoint C;
wrap it up;
roll back to savepoint B;

24
 IBM DB2 9

Invoking User-Defined Functions

CREATE FUNCTION jobemployees (job VARCHAR(8))
RETURNS TABLE (empno CHAR(6),
firstname VARCHAR(12), lastname VARCHAR(15))
LANGUAGE SQL READS SQL DATA
NO EXTERNAL ACTION DETERMINISTIC
RETURN SELECT empno, firstnme, lastname
FROM employee
WHERE employee.job = jobemployees.job;
Calling function -
 SELECT * FROM TABLE (jobemployees('CLERK'))
 SELECT temp AS tempf, convert_temp(temp, 'F') AS tempc
FROM climate_info
25
 IBM DB2 9

Calling a Stored Procedure

CREATE PROCEDURE get_sales (IN quota INTEGER, OUT
retcode CHAR(5)) DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 1 LANGUAGE SQL
BEGIN
DECLARE sqlstate CHAR(5); DECLARE sales_results
CURSOR WITH RETURN FOR SELECT sales_person,
SUM(sales) AS total_sales FROM sales GROUP BY
sales_person HAVING SUM(sales) > quota;
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION SET
retcode = sqlstate; OPEN sales_results; SET retcode =
sqlstate;
END
 CALL get_sales (25, ?)

26
 IBM DB2 9

What is XML?
 XML was designed to structure, store and to send
data/information.
 At its core XML is text formatted in the form of tags and text
that follow a well-defined set of rules.
<? xml version=“1.0” ?>
 This text may be stored/represented in: <purchaseOrder id=‘12345” secretKey=‘4x%$^’>
<customer id=“A6789”>
<name>John Smith Co</name>
<address>
- A normal file stored on disk <street>1234 W. Main St</street>
<city>Toledo</city>
<state>OH</state>
- A message being sent over HTTP <zip>95141</zip>
</address>
</customer>
<itemList>
- A character string in a programming language <item>
<partNo>A54</partNo>
<quantity>12</quantity>
- A CLOB (character large object) in a database </item>
<item>
<partNo>985</partno>
<quantity>1</quantity>
- Any other way textual data can be used </item>
</itemList>
</purchaseOrder>

27
 IBM DB2 9

28
 IBM DB2 9

29
 IBM DB2 9

30
 IBM DB2 9

XML specifications
DTD
describes

supersedes XML
documents

XSD describes

uses
searches searches transforms

XQuery XPath
XSLT
uses
uses

uses
31
 IBM DB2 9

32
 IBM DB2 9

33
 IBM DB2 9

34
 IBM DB2 9

XPath Expressions

35
 IBM DB2 9

36
 IBM DB2 9

37
 IBM DB2 9

38
 IBM DB2 9

39
 IBM DB2 9

40
 IBM DB2 9

41
 IBM DB2 9

42
 IBM DB2 9

43
 IBM DB2 9

XML Facilities
 XML data type for columns
- create s1.t1 (c1 int, c2 xml)
 Language bindings for XML type in programming languages
- cobol, c, java, etc..
 XML indexes
- create ix1 on s1.t1(c2) generate keys using pattern ‘/dept/emp/@empno’
 An XML schema/DTD repository
 Support for XQuery as a primary language as well as:
- Support for SQL within XQuery
- Support for XQuery with SQL
- Support for new SQL/XML functions
 Performance, scale, and everything else they expect from a DBMS

44
 IBM DB2 9

Two ways to query XML data in DB2

 Using XQuery as the primary language

- All queries begin with XQuery.
- Tells the DB2 parser what to expect
- Can execute SQL within a query beginning with XQUERY

 Using SQL as the primary language

- Part 2

45
 IBM DB2 9

XQuery: The FLWOR Expression

 FOR: iterates through a sequence, bind variable to items
 LET: binds a variable to a sequence
 WHERE: eliminates items of the iteration
 ORDER: reorders items of the iteration
 RETURN: constructs query results

create table dept(deptID char(8), deptdoc xml);

Input:
query <dept bldg=101>
<employee id=901>
or $d in db2-fn:xmlcolumn(‘dept.deptdoc’)/dept <name>John Doe</name>
et $emp := $d//employee/name <phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<office>344</office>
where $d/@bldg > 95 </employee>
rder by $d/@bldg <employee id=902>
<name>Peter Pan</name>
eturn <EmpList> <phone>408 555 9918</phone>
{$d/@bldg, $emp} <office>216</office>
</employee>
</EmpList>
</dept>
46
 IBM DB2 9 <dept bldg=“101”>
<employee id=“901”>
<name>John Doe</name>
FLWOR Expression <phone>408 555 1212</phone>
<office>344</office>
create table dept (deptID char(8), deptdoc xml); </employee>
<employee id=“902”>
xquery <name>Peter Pan</name>
for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept <phone>408 555 9918</phone>
where $d/@bldg = 101 <office>216</office>
</employee>
return <namelist>
</dept>
{$d/employee/name}
</namelist> xquery
for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept
where $d/@bldg = 101
return $d/employee/name
xquery
<namelist> for $d in xmlcolumn(‘deptdoc’)/dept
<name>John Doe</name> where $d/@bldg = 101
<name>Peter Pan</name> return $d/employee/name/text()
</namelist>
<name>John Doe</name>
<name>Peter Pan</name>
John Doe
This result is not an XML document! Peter Pan
47
 IBM DB2 9

Two ways to query XML data in DB2

 Using XQuery as the primary language

- Done

 Using SQL as the primary language

- Looking at query only
- All queries begin with “Select”
- XML Retrieval done with XMLQUERY (flags db2 parser to
switch to XML Processing)

48
 IBM DB2 9

XML Functions
 XMLQUERY(). function that enables you to execute an XQuery
expression from within an SQL context. It returns an XML
value, which is an XML sequence. This sequence can be empty
or it can contain one or more items.
 XMLTABLE(). returns a table from the evaluation of XQuery
expressions; XQuery expressions normally return values as a
sequence, however, XMLTABLE() allows you to execute an
XQuery expression and return values as a table instead.
 XMLEXISTS(). If it returns an empty sequence, XMLEXISTS
returns FALSE; otherwise, TRUE is returned. The XMLEXISTS
predicate can be used in the WHERE clauses of UPDATE,
DELETE, and SELECT statements.

49
 IBM DB2 9

DML statements for XML Data

 INSERT INTO customers (custinfo) VALUES (
XMLPARSE(DOCUMENT '<name>John Doe</name>'
PRESERVE WHITESPACE))

 DELETE FROM customer WHERE XMLEXISTS ('declare

default element namespace "http://custrecord.dat";
$info/customerinfo[name/text()=" John Doe"]'
PASSING custinfo AS "info")

 UPDATE customer
SET custinfo = XMLPARSE (DOCUMENT ‘<name>Jane
Doe</name>’ PRESERVE WHITESPACE)
WHERE empno = 11;

50
 IBM DB2 9

XMLTABLE - XML to relational

SELECT X.* from
XMLTABLE (‘db2-fn:xmlcolumn(“PORDERS.PO”)//customer’
COLUMNS
“CID” INTEGER PATH ‘@id’,
“Name” VARCHAR(30) PATH ‘name’,
“ZipType” CHAR(2) PATH ‘zip/@type’,
“Zip” XML PATH ‘zip’
) AS “X”

CID Name ZipType Zip

1325 Bobby US <zip>33129</zip>

4711 null US <zip>95023</zip>

51
 IBM DB2 9

52
 IBM DB2 9

 Given the following queries:

SELECT c1 FROM tab1; SELECT c1 FROM tab2;
 Which of the following set operators can be used to
produce a result data set that contains only records
that are not found in the result data set produced by
each query after duplicate rows have been
eliminated?
 A. UNION
 B. INTERSECT
 C. EXCEPT
 D. MERGE
53
 IBM DB2 9

 Given the following UPDATE statement:

UPDATE employees SET workdept = (SELECT deptno FROM
department WHERE deptno = 'A01') WHERE workdept IS NULL
 Which of the following describes the result if this statement is
executed?
 A. The statement will fail because an UPDATE statement cannot
contain a subquery.
 B. The statement will only succeed if the data retrieved by the
subquery does not contain multiple records.
 C. The statement will succeed; if the data retrieved by the subquery
contains multiple records, only the first record will be used to perform
the update.
 D. The statement will only succeed if every record in the
EMPLOYEES table has a null value in the WORKDEPT column.

54
 IBM DB2 9

Given the following SALES table definition:

SALES_DATE DATE
SALES_PERSON CHAR(20)
REGION CHAR(20)
SALES INTEGER
Which of the following SQL statements will remove all rows that
had a SALES_DATE in the year 1995?

A. DELETE * FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995

B. DELETE FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995
C. DROP * FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995
D. DROP FROM sales WHERE YEAR(sales_date) = 1995

55
 IBM DB2 9

Given the following EMPLOYEEStable definition:

EMP ID INTEGER
NAME CHAR(20)
DEPT CHAR(10)
SALARY DECIMAL (10, 2) COMMISSION
DECIMAL (8, 2)
Assuming the DEPT column contains the values 'ADMIN', 'PRODUCTION',
and 'SALES', which of the following statements will produce a result data set
in which all ADMIN department employees are grouped together, all
PRODUCTION department employees are grouped together, and all
SALES department employees are grouped together?

A. SELECT name, dept FROM employees ORDER BY dept

B. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY dept
C. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP (dept)
D. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY CUBE (dept)

56
 IBM DB2 9

Given the following EMPLOYEEStable definition:

EMP ID INTEGER
NAME CHAR(20)
DEPT CHAR(10)
SALARY DECIMAL (10, 2) COMMISSION
DECIMAL (8, 2)
Assuming the DEPT column contains the values 'ADMIN', 'PRODUCTION',
and 'SALES', which of the following statements will produce a result data set
in which all ADMIN department employees are grouped together, all
PRODUCTION department employees are grouped together, and all
SALES department employees are grouped together?

A. SELECT name, dept FROM employees ORDER BY dept

B. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY dept
C. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP (dept)
D. SELECT name, dept FROM employees GROUP BY CUBE (dept)

57
 IBM DB2 9

Which of the following best describes a unit of work?

 A. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is established when a connection to a database has
been established or when a mechanism known as a savepoint
is created.
 B. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose current
point of consistency can be determined by querying the system
catalog tables.
 C. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is established when an executable SQL statement
is processed after a connection to a database has been
established or a previous transaction has been terminated.
 D. It is a recoverable sequence of operations whose point of
consistency is only established if a mechanism known as a
savepoint is created.

58
 IBM DB2 9

A stored procedure has been created with the

following statement:CREATE PROCEDURE proc1 (IN
var1 VARCHAR(10), OUT rc INTEGER) SPECIFIC
myproc LANGUAGE SQL … What is the correct way
to invoke this procedure from the command line
processor (CLP)?
A. CALL proc1 ('SALES', ?)
B. CALL myproc ('SALES', ?)
C. CALL proc1 (SALES, ?)
D. RUN proc1 (SALES, ?)

59
 IBM DB2 9

Grazie Hebrew
Italian

Gracias Spanish
Russian

Obrigado

Thank
Portuguese

Arabic

Merci
French

Traditional Chinese
You English
Danke
German

Thai
Simplified Chinese Tamil

Japanese Korean

60