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[dnud Adrld Bdv{ulnd Imxd`{idELD_LM@d Ellnd Al{frlkmreldfn al d`ad
Felumrld` ef `m{ Wderf{ Adrldnm{ef `d Lnadkv`ded Kmnkfwklûn ef `d [dnuá{lad Rlrhfn AdrldFelklûn kvdrud dvumrlzded[umkiorlehf, Ad{{dkcv{{fu{?774
 
W_M@MHM
EF @D W_LAF_D FELKLMN
D` edr d kmnmkfr f` Eldrlm fn kd{uf``dnm nm{ {fnulam{ av| bf`lkf{ ef cdofr wmelem {dul{bdkfr, kmn `dhrdkld ef Elm{, f` dncf`m ef avkcd{ d`ad{ tvf ef{fdodn kmnmkfr f{uf uf{ulamnlm f{wlrluvd` | aá{ulkm{morf `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld.[v dvumrd, `d ofdud #{dnud Adrld Bdv{ulnd ef` [dnuá{lam [dkrdafnum, ef `d Kmnhrfhdklûn ef `dAderf ef Elm{ ef `d Al{frlkmreld, ef Krdkmld, Wm`mnld, `m f{krlolû wmr mrefn ef {v Elrfkumr F{wlrluvd`, f` rf. W. Alhvf` Wmwmkim, tvfrlfnem defaä{ kvaw`lr | mofefkfr `d m`vnude ef Jf{ú{:
 Cljd Aád, {f el`lhfnuf fn dwvnudr kded brd{f tvf uf elhm {morf Al al{frlkmreld wmrtvf f{uänef{ulnded{ wdrd vn hrdn nvafrm ef d`ad{ tvf {dkdrdn wrmfkcm ef f``d{ #Eldrlm, 445?.
[v al{lûn frd urdn{alulr `m tvf tvfrád Nvf{urm [fômr, f{ efklr tvf umem f` avnem kmnmklfrd `dAl{frlkmreld ef Elm{. [v
Eldrlm
f{ vn lawrf{lmndnuf rf`dum ef `d{ d{kfn{lmnf{ | ef `d m{kvrlede ef`d`ad, f{ vn uf{ulamnlm ef vnd bf elbákl` f lntvfordnudo`f. F{, dnuf umem, vn uf{ulamnlm ef `dkmnbldnzd umud` { `d lnblnlud al{frlkmreld ef Krl{um.F` Eldrlm f{uä kmnufnlem fn {fl{ kvdefrnm{. [mr Bdv{ulnd f{krloád kmam wfn{dod | kmamcdo`dod. Kded brd{f f{ vnd bvfnuf ef kmnmklalfnum ellnm.Fn 4<37, f` [dnum Wderf Jvdn Wdo`m LL, efelkû d `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld {v {fhvned fnkák`lkd:
 _lkm Fn al{frlkmreld
. [frád av| ef ef{fdr {v f{uvelm efud``dem wdrd lnelkdr `m{ wvnum{ ef kmnudkumfnurf f` Eldrlm ef [mr Bdv{ulnd | `d afnklmnded fnkák`lkd. @m{ wvnum{ ef kmnudkum {mn {fhvrdafnufnvafrm{m{ wmrtvf {f ln{wlrdn fn `d al{ad bvfnuf, f{ efklr, `d rff`dklûn ef Elm{ | `d{ fn{fôdnzd{ efKrl{um.Dcmrd vn wmkm ef `d cl{umrld ef `d efmklûn d `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld. [mr Bdv{ulnd fn {v
Eldrlm
f{krlolû: ‐
Mc Elm{ aám, Damr aám, wmrtvf {ì tvf fn f` amafnum ef `d avfruf fawfzdrä alal{lûn
‑ #+48?<. Wvf{, d{á bvf. Ef{wvì{ ef {v avfruf, f` 6 ef mkuvorf ef 4<;3, `d efmklûn d `dEllnd Al{frlkmreld, dvntvf kmn avkcd{ elblkv`udef{, {f cd wrmwdhdem wmr umem f` avnem kmam ‐vnlnkfnelm‑. @d kmnbldnzd d `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld bvf urdn{aluled d `m{ F{udem{ Vnlem{ wmr f` rf. W.Jm{ì Jdrzfomx{il, ef `d Kmnhrfhdklûn ef `m{ Wderf{ adrldnm{ ef `d Lnadkv`ded Kmnkfwklûn ef `d[dnuá{lad Rlrhfn Adrld. F` {vwm ef` Afn{djf ef `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld hrdkld{ d` kmnbf{mr ef [mr Bdv{ulnd, f` _f. W. Alhvf` [mwmkim. Ef{wvì{ ef {v al`dhrm{d `lofrdklûn ef adnm{ ef `m{clu`frldnm{ | `m{ rv{m{, wd{dnem wmr f` @fjdnm Mrlfnuf, fn 4<54 lnm d `m{ F{udem{ Vnlem{. F` _f. W.Jm{ì dnlaû d {v{ cfradnm{ ef `d bvuvrd Wrmlnkld ef [dn F{udnl{`dm Im{uid, d wrmwdhdr f` Afn{djfef `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld. Fn wmkm ulfawm, `d efmklûn d `d Ellnd Al{frlkmreld ``fhû d Aìslkm jvnum kmn f` _f. W. Jdrzfomx{il.Wdrd nm{murm{ f{ vnd {dul{bdkklûn av| f{wfkld` f` wrf{fnudr f` Eldrlm ef `d ofdud #{dnudBdv{ulnd Imxd`{id, d umed `d wmo`dklûn ef cdo`d cl{wdnd, d umed{ `d{ ndklmnf{ ef` avnem tvf nm `m wm{fádn fn f{ud fr{lûn, | tvf {fhvrdafnuf dwrfkldrän {v d`mr lnkvf{ulmndo`f | `m fsurdmrelndrlm ef`d{ fn{fôdnzd{ ufm`ûhlkd{ kmnufnled{ fn f` al{am, ef{wfrudnem fn f` `fkumr vn afjmr kmnmklalfnum?
 
ef `d Al{frlkmreld ef Elm{, ef adnfrd tvf Jf{ú{ {fd afjmr kmnmklem | aä{ ulfrndafnuf dadem kmam_f| ef `d Al{frlkmreld.@d wrf{fnuf wrlafrd felklûn f{
dvumrlzded.
@d Felumrld` ef `m{ Wderf{ Adrldnm{, ef{fdnem wdrulklwdr f{wlrluvd`afnuf fn f{uf lawmrudnuf dkum, fnurfhd d adnm{ ef `m{ `fkumrf{ f`
Eldrlmef `d
 
ofdud
#{dnud
Bdv{ulnd.
F{wfrdam{ tvf defaä{ ef {fr vnd fswrf{lûn ef fnfrdklûn |ef afamrld, lnelkdrä udaolìn kûam dadr, f{kvkcdr | {vw`lkdr d Elm{ Al{frlkmrelm{m.Wderf F{udnl{`dm [frdbán Alkcd`fnim, A.L.K.Rlkfwm{uv`demr ef `d kdv{d ef kdnmnlzdklûn ef `d ofdud [mr Bdv{ulnd.[umkiorlehf ‛ Fefn Cl``, 6 ef mkuvorf ef 4<<2;
Notes
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