7~~~?

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The Net Joint Forces and Moments on the Ankle, Knee and Hip Joints during Full Squat Movement

Kihachi ISHII and Kazumasa KUMAMOTO

A sagittal plane link segment model and equations of motion (Winter, 1979) were employed to calculate the net joint forces and moments on the ankle, knee, and hip joints during full squat movement. The indispensable data to calculate these kinetic variables were collected by means of cinematography and forceplatform technique. Subjects were three healthy males. The horizontal net joint forces were nearly identical in magnitude and pattern at the ankle, knee, and hip joints for each subject. The range of the mean maximum horizontal net forces at the selected joint were from 11.8 to 12.7% B.W. (forward) and from 4.7 to 6.1% B.W. (backward). The maximum vertical net forces at each joint were found for all subjects to occur at the lowest knee-angle position. The mean maximum vertical forces at each joint were 112.5±25.9% B.W. (ankle), 107.1±25.9% B.W. (knee), and 88.2±22.7% B.W. (hip). Moments about each joint were extensor-dominant for all subjects throughout one cycle of full squat movement. The mean maximum extensor moments about each joint were -33.3±6.3 N.m (ankle), 157_8±69_0 N.m (knee), and -66.0±7.0 N.m (hip). It was found that extensormoments about knee and hip joints played an important role during full squat movement.

1. *l 'I"

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66

Pose 1

Metronome Tempo 30/min 1-----1 sec

Pose 2

sec

Pose 3

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of one cycle of full-squat-movement.

Human Body

Link Segment Model

Fig. 2. The human body and the link segment model employed in this study.

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Free Body Diagram

Fig. 3. Free body diagram. Each segment of the link segment disected is broken at the joints and the net forces and moments about each joints are represented in the left figure.

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Link Segment Equations (Winter, 1979) Foot

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(6 )

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( 7)

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o Time (sec)

Fig. 5. An example of horizontal and vertical net forces during one cycle of full-squart movement at ankle (Fx,) , knee (Fx2) , and hip joints (Fx3).

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Table 1. Maximum horizontal and vertical net "forces of ankle, knee and hip joints during one cycle of full-squat-movement.

Ankle
FXI
(+) (-)
4.8 7.7
4.3 7.4
27.6 3.2 (% B.W.)
Knee Hip
FYI F"'2 FY2 FX3 FY3
(+) (-) (+) (-)
116.2 5.7 5.5 111.3 5.7 4.6 91.4
84.9 4.5 7.2 79.3 5.3 6.4 64.0
136.3 27.9 3.3 130.6 24.4 3.0 109.1
112.5 12.7 5.3 107.1 11.8 4.7 88.2
(25'9) (13.2) (2.0) (25.9) (10.9) (1.7) (22.7) Subject Tempo
K.N. 30
T.S. 30
K.T. 30
Mean 30
(S. D.) 12.2 6.1

(13.3) (2.5)

, - ...... ~ "'''t¢'=2-''h .- ....

Extensors.r. ~:::-( Hip)

~3dt tempo 30 / min

200 • + /1 -- K.N.

MZ il l.S.

, ' K.T.

- . }

100 Ml / ( ... \

_/' .

Extensors /.

Flexors

C ell

E o ~

a _. __ .. _.

+'

C

o .....,

-1.0

M 2 (Knee)

-50

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a 1,0

Time (SE.'C )

Fig. 6. Moments about ankle, knee, and hip joints during one cycle of full-squat-

E z

Fl exor s Flexors

movement with extensor moments about each joints shown.

70

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(2) ~~-1::--";/ r

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Table 2. Maximum extensors moments about
ankle. knee and hip joints during one
cycle of full squat movement.
(N.m)
Subjec Tempo M, 1\1[2 j\l[3
(Ankle) (Knee) (Hip)
K.N. 30 -28.3 158.0 -63.3
T.S. 30 -31.1 88.8 -60.7
K.T. 30 -40.4 226.7 -73.9
Mean 30 -33.3 157.8 -66.0
(S. D.) (6.3) (60.0) (7.0) -19~~7~~;77,r)i.,*,~, ~~~, .~~:toJ: trlll!:~mlcftl$M-1:: -,) ;/ I- ;O'f'Pffl L "C"0 ~ c ~~ L t.:o ~~~cft, )iifJ~§lJ~ (¥t~j2,~) iC:toI,'''Clt, ~~ilfj~1$.MifF;O~1$~t1J1:R~~rr", ~~~~~)ijb IcjjjUifJ~i,I,vt-c,,~~c~!.\f,*L"C\"~o it.:. )iifJ~ T&~ (1L'bJ:;O~~) F::.:tol,,-Cft, -*~m~f$B~jJllU~m ~t:1J1:R~~rrl,', ~ilfj~1$BJlifJ~51~~~ Ln,~~ c ~!.\f* L -C1,'00

~~ilfj~~~-1::--";/l-~.*.rt, .Mmclll!:~~ IC01,,-C fi, -th.:.ch~~ilfjiIl1t;O~~/HctJ:"" t.:IlifAirr < Icf!1.ht::.;O', ~M~VC01, '-C ft~~~IC J:"., "C~tJ:"" kllif~Kmhko-*~W~ft*~.-1::-..';/I-~.A {if[, ~:I$J{l1!:to J: tr~~iiliiil§: ~ Table 2 IC ~-t 0 ~l*lW ~.-1::-,);/l-n.{,~~~{l1!~~Lk~, .l*lWclll!: l*lWicft13kJ:tJ:il§:lt~ GhtJ:].'J' -,f':o *Wf~~ft, jjIjj~ ~~ tKiC 0ft ~ c 1" 5 ~{4~~ 3U.: t.:/:i:), ~l*lW~J!iIJ ~~~.1t~.&~hkc~~GtL00

4. ;t,!i

1~-19~~7~~97,r~ifJ~JjL-C. TIl:Z~-* ~WicftMmF,,'h~t~ (112'5% BW), • (107.1% BW) -tL"CIlI!:l*lW (88.2BW) ~mU.:o it.:, ~ilfj-1::-..' :/ Ht:l&*!lIl~{lz:.~ 157.8Nm ~mL, llI!:~m~ 66.0 Nm, ~l*lj:fiJ~ 33.3Nm "C'<5 '0 tc; it.:*~mft1tlcl$ B-1:: - -" ;/ l- ;O~f'Fffl L -Cl,'~ ~ c ~~ Lt.:o

3t iIiK

1) Bresler. B. and J. P. Frankel: The forces and moments in the leg during level walking. Trans. ASME, 72. 27-36 (1950).

2) tl**l'&: ~ifJc:!it{4;:~!!t,L..'. Wj('f~f.+"¥:f± (1958).

3) Mclaughlin, T. M.. T. J. Lardner and C. J.

Dillman: Kinetics of the parallel squat. Res. Quart .• 49 (2). 175-189 (1978).

4) =:lm~~, rttzJ:Elt5l3, tl**l'&: S%:&lf~)jJtm>L..' i*~~ ffl ,'''C ~ ~~i'Jl.UfE~;r.\ vC J: ~ it Pl(;!i,L.., 0) ~ l±\. Wtl'~f'r"¥:. 24(8), 517-522 (1974).

5) Winter, D. A.: Biomechanics of human movement. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., (1979).