Ruby Built-ins Cheatsheet

The Basics

L

ITERAL

C

ONSTRUCTORS

S

TRING

“new string”

Or

'new string'

S

YMBOL

:symbol

Or

:”symbol with spaces”

A

RRAY

Square brackets

[1,2,3,4,5]

H

ASH

Curly braces {}

{“New York” => “NY”, “Oregon” => “OR”}

R

ANGE

Two or three dots

0..10

Or

0...10

R

EGULAR

EXPRESSION

(

REGEXP

)

/([a-z]+)/

S

YNTACTIC

S

UGAR

A

RITHMETIC

DefinitionCalling exampleSugared syntax

def + (x)obj.+(x)obj + xdef – (x)obj.–(x)obj – xdef * (x)obj.*(x)obj * xdef / (x)obj./(x)obj / xdef % (x)obj.%(x)obj % x

How ruby sees itSugared syntax

x = x + 1x += 1x = x – 1x –= 1x = x * 2x *= 2x = x / 2x /= 2x = x % 2x %= 2

G

ET

/S

ET

/A

PPEND

DATA

DefinitionCalling exampleSugared syntax

def [](x)obj.[](x)obj [ x]def []= (x,y)obj.[]=(x,y)obj [ x]= ydef << (x)obj.<<(x)obj << x

C

OMPARISON

METHOD

DefinitionCalling exampleSugared syntax

def ==(x)obj.==(x)obj == xdef > (x)obj.>(x)obj > xdef < (x)obj.<(x)obj < xdef >= (x)obj.>=(x)obj >= xdef <= (x)obj.<=(x)obj <= x

C

ASE

EQUALITY

(

FOR

CASE

/

WHEN

)

DefinitionCalling exampleSugared syntax

def === (x)obj.===(x)obj === x

B

ANG

METHODS

The bang methods are defined with an exclamation mark - !-. These methods are user-definable, however, by default,they usually mean that they, unlike their non-bangequivalents,

modify their receivers.

Examples:

str = “hello”puts str.upcase #output: HELLOputs str #output: helloputs str.upcase!#output: HELLOputs str #output: HELLO

Built – Ins

B

UILT

-

IN

CONVERSION

METHODS

to_s #to stringto_i #to integerto_a #to arrayto_f #to float

Ruby Built-insCheatsheet

(based on Ruby for Rails by DavidBlack)Compiled by Acap @ rubynerds.blogspot.com

These methods are defined by default for most objects.However, you can also define them for your objects usingthe standard def statement.

B

UILT

-

IN

EQUALITY

TESTS

Apart from the usual comparison operators, the followingmethods are also built-in for most objects.

obj.eql?obj.equal?

C

OMPARABLE

class Bidinclude Comparableattr_accessor :contractorattr_accessor :quote#This is called the spaceship#operator – must always return -1, 1,#or 0def <=>(other_bid)if self.quote < other_bid.quote-1elsif self.quote > other_bid.quote1else0endendend

Once this function is defined, use it by using the usualless_than, larger_than or equal_to operators

a < ba > ba == b

Strings and Symbols

S

TRING

QUOTING

MECHANISM

TokenExample

' ''You\'ll have to “escape” singlequotes'“ ““You'll have to \”escape\” doublequotes”%q%q{'Single quoted' example – noescape}%Q%Q{“Double quoted” example – noescape}

C

OMBINING

STRINGS

“a” + “b” + “c”str = “Hi ”puts str + “There” #output: Hi Thereputs str #output: Hiputs “#{str}There” #output: Hi Thereputs str #output: Hiputs str << ”There”#output: Hi Thereputs str #output: Hi There

R

EPLACING

A

STRING

'

S

CONTENTS

str = “Hi There”puts str#output: Hi Therestr.replace(“Goodbye”)puts str #output: Goodbye

M

ASSAGING

STRINGS

str = “ruby”str.capitalize#output: “Ruby”str.reverse#output: “ybur”str.upcase#output: “RUBY”str = “RUBY”str.downcase#output: “ruby”str = “Ruby”str.swapcase#output: “rUBY”str.chop#output: “Rub”str = “ Ruby “str.strip#output: “Ruby”str.lstrip#output: “Ruby ”str.rstrip#output: “ Ruby”str = “Ruby\n”str.chomp#output: “Ruby”

STRUNG

GET

/

SET

METHODS

Getter methods ( [ ] )

str = “abc”puts str[2]#output:99 (ASCII value c)puts str[2].chr #output: cputs str[1,2] #output: bc

Setter methods ( [ ]=)

str = “abc”puts str[2] = “d” #output: abd puts str[1,2] = “ge” #output: age

S

TRING

COMPARISONS

“a” == “a”“a”.eql?(“a”)

This function checks if the two strings are equal objects

“a”.equal?(“a”)

Larger than or less than comparisons compare ASCIIvalues of the characters in a string

“a” < “b” #output: true“a” < “A” #output: true

S

YMBOLS

only one symbol object can exist for any given unit of text

:a:venue“a”.to_sym“a”.intern

U

NIQUENESS

OF

SYMBOLS

:a.equal?(:a) #output: true

R

AILS

STYLE

METHOD

ARGUMENTS

<%= link_to "Click here",:controller => "book",:action => "show",:id => book.id %>

Numerical Objects

S

ENDING

M

ESSAGES

TO

N

UMBERS

x=12x.zero?n = 98.6m = n.roundascii_value = 97.chrstr = 2.ro_s

C

OMMON

ARITHMETIC

EXPRESSIONS

ExpressionResultDescription

1 + 12Addition10/33Integer Division10.0/3.03.333333Floating-point Division-12 - - 7-5Subtraction negativenumber

N

ON

-

DECIMAL

NUMBERS

Hexadecimal integers

0x12 #equals 18

Octal integers (begin with 0)

012 #equals 10

to_i conversion from any base to decimal. Supply the baseto convert

from

as argument to to_i

“10”.to_i(17) #result: 17“12345”.to_i(13) #result: 33519

Times and Dates

Manipulated through three classes:

DateTimeDateTime

'require' the classes into your program to use them

M

ETHODS

d = Date.today #returns today's dateputs d << 2 #rewind date by 2 monthsputs d >> 5 #advance date by 5 monthst = Time.newt.yeart.montht.dayt.hourt.mint.sect.usect.strftime(“%m-%d-%Y”)

SpecifierDescription%YYear (4 digits)%yYear (las 2 digits)%b, %BShort month, full month%mMonth (number)%dDay of month (left padded with zeros)%eDay of months(left padded with blanks)%a, %AShort day name, full day name%H, %IHour (24h), hour (12h am/pm)%MMinute%SSecond%cEquals %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y

“ ”

%x Equals %m/%d/%y

“ ”

Arrays and Hashes

C

REATING

ARRAYS

a = Array.newa = []a = [1,2, “three”, 4]

You can initialize Array size and contents using Array.new

Array.new(3) #output: [nil,nil,nil]Array.new(3, “abc”)#output: [“abc”, “abc”, “abc”]

Array.new can also take code blocks

n = 0