UNIT III

MACHINERY
MAIN ENGINE
Steam engines were used almost
until 1900s.
Later the steam turbine and the
internal combustion engine
replaced steam engines.
Gas turbines have been used in
merchant ships and navy.
Some submarines, merchant ships,
and icebreakers have nuclear power
plants.
 STEAM ENGINE

The steam engines convert

heat energy into mechanical
energy by using steam.
Steam engines operate by having
superheated steam force a piston to
reciprocate in a cylinder.
The piston is attached by a
crosshead to a crankshaft
that converts the
reciprocating (back-and-
forth) motion of the piston to
rotary motion for propulsion.
In a steam engine, hot steam
supplied by a boiler expands under
pressure, and the heat energy is
converted into work.
 STEAM TURBINE

In the steam turbine, high pressure

steam is discharged at high velocity
through nozzles and then flows through
a series of stationary and moving
blades, causing a rotor to move at high
speeds.
Steam turbines are more compact and
usually permit higher temperatures and
greater expansion ratios than steam
engines.
The turbine is used to generate large
quantities of electric power with steam.
Nowadays the steam turbine is used as
cargo pump driving source in tankers.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

An internal combustion engine

operates by burning its fuel inside
the engine.
It converts chemical energy of the
burning fuel into mechanical
energy.
The common internal
combustion engines are;

gas turbine
diesel engine
The compression ignited internal
combustion engine has two main
designs:

two stroke cycle

four stroke cycle
The two stroke and four stroke
terms refer to the mechanical
action of the piston within the
cylinder.
TWO STROKE CYCLE
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
 DIESEL ENGINE

Diesel engine uses the heat

produced by compression to
ignite the mixture of air and
diesel fuel.
Diesel engine appears in three types,
low-speed engine,
medium-speed engine
high-speed engine
 The low-speed engine is characterized by
rated speeds in the range of 0-400 rpm.
 It is a two-stroke engine supercharged by
exhaust-gas turbochargers
The medium-speed engine runs in the
range of 400–1000 rpm. It is a four-
stroke engine supercharged by
exhaust-driven turbochargers.
High-speed engine runs in the range
of 1000-2000 rpm.
Diesel engines are also of two
types according to their pistons;

trunk piston
barrel piston
Diesel engines are heavier than
gasoline engines because of the extra
strength required to contain the higher
temperatures and compression ratios.
The diesel engine differs from the
gasoline engine in that the ignition of
fuel is caused by compression of air in
its cylinders instead of by a spark.
 The speed and power of the diesel are
controlled by varying the amount of fuel
injected into the cylinder, not the amount of
air admitted as in the gasoline engine.
 GAS TURBINE
Gas turbine engines are extremely simple and
has three main parts;
 a compressor to compress the incoming air to
high pressure,
 a combustion chamber to burn the fuel and
produce high pressure and
 a turbine to extract the energy from the high
pressure, high velocity gas flowing from the
combustion chamber
 The gas turbine is used as main propulsion
engine at naval ships and supertankers because
of the high power
but
 it has low manoeuvring capability. Therefore, it
is combined with a diesel engine for high
capability of manoeuvring.
 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1-What are the main types of engine?

2-How does an internal combustion engine work?
3-What do the two stroke and four stroke
terms refer to?
4-Can you compare diesel engine with gas turbine?
 Etymology

 Diesel <Rudolf Diesel, who is a

German inventor, invented the diesel
engine
 Energy < Latin, energia <Greek,
energeia, active, at work < en, in +ergon,
work
 Machine <Latin, machine <Greek,
mechane, engine <Indo-European,
magh, to be able to, may, might
 SOME WORDS

Combustion (n)- Burning

Expand (v) - To become larger in size,
volume or quantity
Ignite (v) - Start to burn or burst into flames
Reciprocate (v) - To move back and
forth
Rotary (n) - Occurring around an axis
Rotate (v) - Turn around an axis
Velocity (n) - Speed
Complete the diagram showing
diesel engine types.
 B- Complete the definitions
using the words below.
Internal combustion engine / boiler / compressor / crankshaft /
diesel engine
1- A…………….is a device that supplies hot steam for steam
engine.
2- A…………… is a device that converts the back-and-forth
motion of the piston to rotary motion for propulsion
3- ………………is an engine type that converts chemical
energy of the burning fuel into mechanical energy.
4- A ……………is an engine that uses the heat produced by
compression.
5-A………….…is a device that compresses the incoming air to
high pressure
1-What statement is not true
regarding the steam engines?

a. Steam engines uses steam.

b. Steam engines convert heat
energy into work.
c. Piston rotates in a cylinder to
reciprocate the crankshaft
d. Boilers supply hot steam.
e. Steam engines are not common.
1-What statement is not true
regarding the steam engines?

c. Piston rotates in a cylinder to

reciprocate the crankshaft
1-Which one is used for
propulsion on ships?

a. steam engine
b. steam turbine
c.gas turbine
d.diesel engine
e.all
1-Which one is used for
propulsion on ships?

e.all
3-‘combustion, compression,
stroke’. The terms are related to

a. steam turbine
b. turbine
c. boiler
d. internal combustion engine
e. reciprocating steam engine
3-‘combustion, compression,
stroke’. The terms are related to

d. internal combustion engine

4-What does the term
‘stroke’ refer to?

a. combustion
b. piston motion in the cylinder
c. ignition
d. compression
e. rotary motion
4-What does the term
‘stroke’ refer to?

b. piston motion in the cylinder

 5-Which is not a characteristic
of diesel engines?
a. Diesel engines can be either trunk piston type or
barrel piston type.
b. The ignition is caused by spark
c. They are heavier than gas turbines.
d. The power is controlled by varying the amount of
injected fuel.
e. Diesel engines operate at various speeds such
as low, medium or high.
 5-Which is not a characteristic
of diesel engines?

b. The ignition is caused by spark

 6-Which is not true about
gas turbines?
a. Gas turbines have high maneuvering capability
b. They consist of compressor, turbine and
combustion chamber
c. They are lighter than diesel engines
d. Their ignition is caused by spark
e. They are used at naval ships and
supertankers.
 6-Which is not true about
gas turbines?

a. Gas turbines have high maneuvering

capability
.
7-Which is the most common
propulsion engine for merchant
ships?

a. steam engine
b. steam turbine
c. gas turbine
d. nuclear power
e. diesel engine
7-Which is the most common
propulsion engine for merchant
ships?

e. diesel engine