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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA SECOND CHAPTER ENGLISH TRANSLATION

RASAS

Abhraka (mica), vaikranta (tourmaline), miik,ika (pyrites), vimala (iron pyrite), adrija (bitumen), sasyaka (blue vitreol), capola (bismuth ore ?) and raeaka (zinc are?) are known as eight rasas. These should be collected after proper identification (1).

Mythological Identity of Gandhaka (Sulphur) and Abhraka (Mica)

Gandhaka and abhraka are considered identical to rajas (menstrual discharge) and sukra G;h;itu (reproductive secretion) of Devi (goddess) Parvafi, respectively.

ABHBAKA (MICA)

Properties (Pharmacotherapeutic and alchemical) :

Gauritejas-Abhraka (mica) is claimed to have the following properties. It is very much similar to nectar, destroyer of vitiated vata, pitta and k,aya (wasting disease), arouses intelligence, pacifies illness, acts as vigourating agent, produces longevity, promotes strength. It is unctuous, relishing and prevents vitiation of kapha, acts as digestive stimulant, possesses cooling effects and when added with different yogas (compounds) destroys all the diseases and claimed as the binder of mercury (ptirada-bandhi). (2).

Collection of Abhraka from Mines "

Only the Ghana/Abhraka which is digged from the depth of one rajahasta (about 22l inches) in the mines is considered to possess the above mentioned properties, and that which is other than this i.e. obtained from the upper part may be considered as without satva (metallic content) and is useless (3).

Varieties of Abhraka "

Piniika, niiga, matpr!ilka and vajm are the four main varieties of abhraka, Each one is again divided in four types on the ba.sis of colour, i.e., white, red, yellow and black (4).

Characteristics of each Variety:

Pinfika,'

When heated on agni (fire) it sets its dalas (layersjfolds) free and if taken internaJ.ly it is claimed to kill the man by producing malabadrIhata (intestinal obstruction due to fecal matter),

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Naga:

When heated on agni it produces a specific t~1>e of hissing sound like that of snake and if taken internally it may give rise to ma1!iJala kUl)tha (a type of leprosy) undoubtedly.

Ma1!rjuka:

When heated on agni it bursts into fragments/pieces and falls here and there like a jumping frog and if taken internally it produces asmari roqa (urinary calculus) uncurable without surgery.

Vajra :

When heated on agni its form remains unchanged. It is claimed to be dehakara (transformer of body tissues), lohakara (transformer of base metals) and sarvarogakura (curative for all diseases (5-8).

Varieties and Uses of Abharaka based on Colour:

White, red, yellow and black are the four varieties of abhraka according to colour. The white one is useful for silver making, the red one is recommended for dyeing purposes, while the yellow mica is best for gold making. Though all the four varieties of abhraka are considered valuable for rasayana karma (for therapeutic and body rejuvenating purposes) the black one is claimed million times better in properties than the others (9-10).

Characteristics of Best Abhraka :

The abhraka which posseii*les the following characteristics is considered best, viz., brilliancy, thick and well defined cleavage planes, varied colours, heaviness, and easily separable folds (11).

Suitability of Abhraka for Grasa :

The abhrolca having a splendid and rusted iron like appearance is not considered suitable as solute (grasa) for mercury. The mercury having consumed solute (grasa) is only recommended for loha karma (metallic transformation) and rasayana karma (body rejuvenation (12).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sacandrika and Niscandrika Abhraka :

The abhraka which is free from splendid/shining and which is converted to ashes should be used internally in all diseases. The splendid mica if taken internally gives rise to meha (urinary disorders) and momdiinala (dyspepsia/mildness of digestive fire). (13).

16

54

RASA BATNA SAMUCCAYA

Those who advise the use of mica in its original form for rasayana (therapeutic or body rejuvenating) purposes are considered illogical because they are like those who advise the use of kalku,a vifa (a virulent poison) for life saving purposes.

Hence for obtaining satva (essence/metallic content) and for internal uses mica should be used in purified form only, otherwise it positively gives rise to many undesired symptoms. (14, 15).

Pharmaceutical ProceJJSMgs oj Abhraka :

A. Purification :

Method: Abhraka heated strongly and dipped in Kanji (sour gruel liquid) for seven times becomes free from doeo», Instead of kanji, gojala (cow's urine), triphalii Tcvatha (decoction of triphala) and godugdha (cow's milk) may also be used for this purpose. (16),

B. Incineration:

First metlwd: AbhraTca purified and made into dhanyabhraka should be trio tura.ted with matsyakfi juice and made into pellets. Allow these to dry and apply heat by means of Ardha Gajapu,a i.e. by using half the quantity of cow dung cakes recommended for Gajapu,a heating. Apply further six pU[l;ls using punarnava juice, for trituration. Then grind abhraka with 1/16th part tankalJa (borax), make its pellets and subject it again to half Gajapu[a heating for seven times to complete the process.

Second metlwd: In the same way the purified abhraka should be subjected to above mentioned pf4a heating, triturating it with either vasa juice or ta'tfrf!uliya juice and repeating the process for seven times with each drug.

Abhraka bhasma prepared as above may be used in all the yogas (compounds). (17.20).

Method oj Dkanyabhra1ca :

The purified and powdered abhraTca, mixed with aali (a. variety of rice) and tied in a. cloth should be kept in kanji for three days. Thereafter it should be rubbed vigorously to force the fine particles of abhraka to come out of the cloth. This fine powder of abhra1ca is called Dkanyabhraka. (21).

Incineration of Dkanyabhra1ca:

Dkanyabhraka triturated with kasamarda juice and heated by puta system for ten times converts into ashes undoubtedly. In the same way it may also be incinerau.d by tnturatu.g .it WIth musta juice and ta'f}tj.uliya juice and heating by pula system. (22).

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TB.AN'SLATION

55

Second Methoit: Abhraka, ground with the juice of pita (hariitra) and anwJ,aka in association with 8aubMgya (borax) and made into pellets, when heated by pu~?system for sixty times converts into ash of sinitura (red) colour. It cures klJl,ya (wasting), etc. diseases if used with different anupanas (adjuvants). (23).

Thirit Methoit: Abhraka, ground with the decoction of the root bark of va,a, juice of tambula leaf, juice of va8a, juice of mat8yllklJi, juice of minaklJi and juice of ka~hillak or with the latex of va~a vrlclJa, when heated by puea system for twenty times converts into ashes which resembles 8initura in colour. (24, 25).

Fourth Methoit: Abhraka, mixed with guif,a and triturated with Gandharoapatra juice and placed in between Vaeapatra8, when subjected to pu~a heating converts into ashes within three puta8 only. This ash is claimed to be free from any shine of mica. It stimulates appetite very much when used in a dose of half gunja (about 62.5 mg) and if used with other compounds destroys all the diseases. (26, 27).

Abhraka Satvapatana (Extraction of metal content) :

Fir8t Methoit: Abhraka, mixed with 1(4 part tait1ca1Ja (borax) and triturated with musali juice and closed in a crucible, when heated strongly in a KOlJehi (special furnaces mentioned for 8atvapatana), liberates its eatoa (essence/metal content). (27)

Second Methoit: Abhraka ground with the juices of kll8amarita ghana, mU8ta, ithanyaka, va8a, punarnava, mat8yaklJi, 7ca1Jif,valli and harp,8apiliti should be dried in sun rays. It is then mixed with goithuma curl;la (wheat flour), klJuitra matsya curl;la (powder of small fish), and tanka1Ja cWr1Ja (borax powder) in 1/8th part and ground well. This mixture is then triturated with panciija (five liquids of goat), panca gavya (five liquids of cow) and panca miihilJa (five liquids of buffalo) separately and made into golaka8 (pellets equal to the size of tinituTca fruits. After drying fill these pellets in a crucible and apply strong heating in 8atvapatana kOIJ~hi (special furnace) so as to extract its satva (metal content). In pancaja payas (milk), itaiJ,hi (curd), ghrta (ghee), mutra (urine) and mala (fecal matter) of goat are included (29-33).

Oollection of Satva (Metal content) from the KiUa :

Collect the Tcitta (scum of abhraTca from the 8atvapatana furnace, powder it and take out the granules of 8atva (metal) from it. The remaining kiHa (scum) may be mixed with a small quantity of tan'!ca'tJ.a and cow dung and should be made into circular pellets after proper grinding. These circular pellets be dried in sun rays and heated by the method mentioned earlier to collect the satoa again. Repeat the process till the total 8atva (metal content) is extracted, from the scum. (34, 35).

56

RASA RA'lNA SAMUCCAYA

Purification of Sahla :

For purification the granules of saioa obtained as above be boiled with amla kiinjika (sour gruel liquid) and be mixed with the drugs of sodhaniya ga1)a (purifying group) and sealed in 3 closed crucible. Thereafter strong heat should be. applied sufficient to melt it and then collect the satva. Repeat the process two times. In this way the satoa of abhraka {metal content of mica) becomes pure and suitable for internal use in rasa karma (mercurial processinge) and rasayana karma (rejuvenating therapeutic purpose) both. (36-37,.

Softening of Satva:

The hard satva materials like iron, etc., may be melted and poured into honey, oil, vasa (fat), and ghee separately. Repeat the process ten times to make the ~atvas soft. By this process any of the hard satvas (metallic contents) become soft. (38).

Incineration of Abhra1ca Satva

The fine powder of abhraka satva immersed in cow's ghee should be fried seven times in an earthen dish kept on the small furnace. Frying should be done till the material turns red or dried grass put on the dish buras. After each frying the material may be powdered. Thereafter mix it with equal part of gandhaka (sulphur) and triturate it with the decoction of vaeamula and apply heating by the pu~a system using varaha puta for twenty times, Again it should be triturated with triphala decoction and heated for twenty times applying the same puta heating. Thereafter it should be given the bMvana (immersed) with the juices or decoctions of triphalii, mut],rJ,ika, bhrngapatra, pathya, aklJa, and mulaka and dried. Now thisp reparation becomes suitable for use in all the diseases in prescribed doses. If this preparation is prepared .by applying above mentioned 100 pu~as then it becomes very powerful! highly digestive and digestive fire stimulant.

There is no other substance superior to abhraka satva (metal content of mica) which is free from the bad effects and possesses better properties. (39-44).

Vyoma Satva Sodhat],a and Marat],a Vidhi:

Strongly heated mass of abhraka satva should be dipped in kanji containing grass. Crush it immediately with iron hammer. Now the coarse granules of abhraka satva should again be heated strongly and dipped in kanji and powdered immediately 'by hammering. This powder may then be fried with cow's ghee three times. The frying may also be done with the juice of dMtriphala. After each frying, the mixture should be ground on a stone plate. In the end this powder may be triturated with punarnava and vasa juice mixed with kiinji and subjected toliea.ting by putasystem for ten times. Another ten pufas be applied with sulphur

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

57

also. In this way abhraka satva becomes purified and incinerated and develops highly superior properties. This satva may be used for jrlratpa karma (for consuming in mercury) and rasiiyana karma (therapeutic purposes] as per necessity. (45-50).

Therapeutic uses of Divyrlbhra Ra8rlyana :

The riivyrlbhra rasrlyana associated with vella (Embelia ribes) and vyo'!a (trikatu) and mixed with ghee when used in a dose of one valla (3 gufija-about 375 mg) destroys k,!aya (wasting), pritpq,u (anaemia), grahatpi (sprue syndrome), umasula (abdominal pain due to indigestion), ht'!eha (leprosy), jurti (fever), svusa (asthma), prameha (urinary disorders), aruci (unrelishness), durdhara kiisa (severe cough), mandagni (mildness of digestive fire) and jathara vyatoo (colic/acute abdominal pain). If it is used in combination with other yogas (compounds) it may cure all the diseases. (51).

Abhraka Druti (Liquefaction of Mica) :

The methods for preparing druti (liquefaction) have not been mentioned here though these are commonly seen in other texts, as drut1:s have been considered impossible to be prepared without the blessing of Lord Siva. (52).

V AIIillANTA (TOURMALINE)

Characteristics of Vaikrunta:

That which possesses eight edges, eight facets, six angles and which is smooth, heavy and associated with single or many mixed colours is called vaikrrlnta. (53).

Varieties of Vaikrrlnta:

Vaikranta is described to be of the following eight varieties as per colour, viz., white, red, yellow, blue, having pigeon like shade (blue black), black, and variegated colour. (54).

Therapeutic properties of Vaikranta:

Vaikranta is supposed to prolong the life span. and to strengthen the body, produces fair complexion, acts as a very vigorating agent, arouses intelligence, des. troys all the diseases produced by the vitiation of all the doeae (vrlta, pitta and kapha), acts as digestive stimulant and possesses the properties like those of diamond, i.e., energetic, body strengthening, loha Jeari (metallic transformer), etc. Vaikrrlnta' is considered as one of the most powerful rasrlyana drug amongst all the maluirasas, It may be used in place of diamond and can destroy all the doeae of the body. As regards its effects on body and metals it is considered equal to vajra (diamond). It destroys poisons (acts as anti-toxic agent), fevers, leprosy, and wasting diseases and is considered 80S the King of Rasas (minerals of this group). (55.57).

58

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

Mythological origin oJVaikranta:

~MahifJiisura the king of demons who happens to achieve all the siddhis (super human powers) and who happens to be horn with gods, was killed hy the Goddess Bhagavati Durga with her weapon 8ula (trident). During this act whereever on the earth his blood drops have fallen, from all those places vaikranta, which looked like diamond, took its origin and is considered as one of the mahiirasas. (58-59).

Occurrence of Vaikranta :

It occurs in the north and/or south of Vindhya or in the Vindhyan range. As it cuts down the metals or produces deformity in the metals, it is called vaikranta. (60).

Types of Vaikranta :

White, yellow, red, blue, pigeon coloured, peacock neck like, and emerald like coloured are the seven types of vaikranta. (61).

Usefulness of each type:

The black variety of vaikranta may be used for achieving r1ehasiddhi (transformation of body tissue), the yellow variety is used for pita karma (gold making), the white variety is used for sita karma (silver making), the red and green varieties are used for obtaining all types of siddhis (worldly objectives/super human powers). The remaining two varieties should be discarded for therapeutic uses as these are considered to be without effects. Thus, vaikranta is of seven types. (62, 63).

Method of Collection:

The clean hearted man, having worshipped Lord Bhairava and Viniiyaka should collect vaikranta from all those places, whereever it is found. (64).

Pharmaceutical processing of Vaikranta:

A. Purification:

Vaikranta becomes purified if it is subjected to boiling for three days in the following liquids containing kl/aras (alkalies) and lavarpas (salts). The liquids are amla-drava8 (acidic liquids), mutras (urines), and the decoctions of mulattha, rambhii or kodraoa. It is also purified by subjecting it to eoedana (boiling) in kulattha kviitha.

B. Incineration

First Method: It converts to ashes when subjected to heating by pu~a system for eight times, mixed with equal quantity of sulphur and ground with lemon juice. (65, 66),

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

59

Second Method.' Pour haya mfltra (horse urine) first on the strongly heated vaikriinta repeatedly. Then this should be triturated with horse urine and heated by pUfa system. The vaikriinta converted to ashes as above becomes suitable for use in place of diamond. (67, 68).

C. Satvapiitana.'

First Method.' Macerate the kfJiiras of moca, m01'a~a, and paliisa with cow's urine. Prepare a paste of vajrakanila, nisii and triphalii cur'f}a with cow's urine. Add the above kfJiiras and the paste to vaikriinta in equal proportion. Also add tanka'tJa (borax), lakfJii c'iir'f}a and naras/ira. cur7!a (ammonium chloride) to above mixture in equal quantity and triturate the mixture with mefJasrngi juice/decoction and prepare its pi'f}i!a (bolus). Put it in the mUfJii (crucible) and heat strongly by the method of satvapiitana. In this way vaiicriinta yields its saioa (metal content) definitely. (69-71).

Second Method: Vaikriinta associated with the above mentioned satvapatana drugs should be ground and made into pellets and kept in a crucible; the paste when heated strongly for one ghaeikii (twenty four minutes) liberates its saica (72).

Vatkranta Rasiiyana I:

Vmkriinta converted to ashes and mixed with 1/4th part gold bhaema, associated with ka'f}ii, iijya (ghee) and vella and used internally in a dose of one gunja (about 125 mg) destroys yakfJmii (phthisis), jara (senility), pa'1JrJu (anaemia), arsa (piles), sviisa (asthma), kdea (cough), dUfJta graha'f}i (severe sprue syndrome), urahkfJata (chest injury), etc. diseases. It is also used to transform body tissue. (73).

Vaikranta Rasiiyana II .'

Mix nila vaikranta bhasma with half quantity piirada-bhasma (rasa sindiira) and abhraka satva bhaema equal to both and grind well. This mixture associated with honey and ghee when used internally in a dose of one gunjii once in morning destroys all the diseases within twenty one days considered incurable otherwise. Itse ffects are comparable with tha.t of Gangii water which destroys all the sins of mankind. (74-76).

MAK~KA (PYRITES)

Mythological origin and occurrence of MiikfJika .'

According to ancient concept suvar7!u miikfJika is claimed to get its origin from Suvar'1JU Saila (Sumeru Parvata). It was also said to be obtained from Tiipi river, Kiriita, Gina, and Yavana desa (Muslim countries). The mineral which is obtained from Tapi river should be collected in vaisiikha miisa (about April) when the river water gets dried due to intense sun hea.t (77-78). The mythological origin

nASA RATNA SAMUOCAYA

of rniikllika is described to be related to Lord Vif'Q,u who allowed the yellowish exudate of Suoama BaiZa to be collected in Tiipi river, K iriita, Gina and Yavana MBa. This, when dried due to intense sun heat in VaisalCha mdsa, used to be called tapya or makfilCCl. (77-78).

Properties of Makfika (Pharmacological and therapeutic) :

The golden coloured makfika, looks like gold, possesses 'sweet taste' and the silver coloured makqika, looks like silver, possesses 'sour taste', followed by slight astringent and sweet taste, Miikfika is Sita in virya (possesses cooling effect) and kafu in vipaka (converts pungent after digestion) and laghu (light) in property. It is further claimed that on internal use it prevents jara (ageing process), vyadhis (the onset of diseases) and poisons, i.e., it can save the man from the effects of jara, vyadhi and oiea. (79).

Therapeutic Properties of Makfika :

Makfika dhiitu is claimed to destroy all the diseases. It is considered as the pralJ-a (vital substance) for rasendra (mercury) and vigourating agent of superior quality for the body. It helps in the formation of alloys of two metals which is otherwise considered difficult, possesses superior properties and considered best amongst all the 1'asayanas (rejuvenators). (80).

Varieties and occurrance of Makfika:

Hema makfika (copper pyrite) and tara maksika (iron pyrite) are the two varieties of makfika. Of the two the first variety which occurs in Kanyakubja area possesses a lustre similar to that of pure gold and that which is obtained from the banks of Tapti river possesses a lustre similar to panca varna suvar1Ja, i.e., inferior quality gold). The second variety contains more of stony portion and is called tara rniikqi7ca. It is claimed to possess less therapeutic properties. (81, 82).

Pharmaceutical proC€ssings of Miikqika :

A. Purification:

Makfika becomes purified when it is fried with era'Q,rJa taila and lungiimbu or with kadaZikanda toya for two ghafikas (48 minutes). It is also purified by heating it to red heat and then dipping the same in Vara Kvatha (Triphalii decoction). (83).

B. Incineration:

First Method: Makqika mixed with equal quantity of gandhaka and triturated with miitulungiimbu, when closed in a miisii and heated by the system of variiha puta five times becomes mrta (converted to ashes) definitely. (84).

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

61

Second Method: Miikqika treated with eraryJ,a sneha, gavyiijya (cow's ghee) and miituZ.unga rasa when applied strong heating in an earthen dish converts into red coloured powder-similar to dhiitu (red ochre). Miikqika made mrta (converted to ashes) as above may be used for rasa karma (mercurial processing) and rasiiyana karma (rejuvenation of body tissuea.. (85, 80).

O. Extracticm of metallic content:

First Method: Miikqi'Ca mixed w.th 1!30th part of niiga (lead) and triturated with kqiira and amla dravas when heated strongly in an open crucible yields its satva (metal content). This satva of miikqika when liquefied by strong heating and poured into nirgu'IJil,i juice for seven times becomes free from niiga (lead) impurity definitely which has been mixed while it is being processed for satvapiitana. (87, 88).

Second Method: Miikfika macerated with kqaudra (honey), gandharva tada, gomutra (cow's urine), qhee and kaitali.canda sara (juice) separatelv when subjected to strong heating in a crucible yields its satva similar to 8ulba (copper) in colour and softness. (89).

Charactertsttcs of Pure M iikt;tka Satva :

The pure miikftka satva possesses the following characters, V'tZ., it. should look similar to gunjiibija in colour, must be quick melting and possess cooling effect. It is considered as the best health promoter and metallic transformer. (90).

Makftka Rasiiyana :

Miikftka satva ground with equal part of piirada (mercury) and made into amalgam should be added to equal quantity of gandhaka and ground well. Now add abhraka satva drutt (liquefied mica essence) to this mixture and prepare its pellets. These then be subjected to heating by lava1Ja yantra system for half day (six hours) applying slow heat. On self cooling powder it and use it internally in a dose of one valla along with vyofa (tn7catu), vuJ,anga and madhu. In this way it may destroy senility, diseases, untimely death and the diseases of bad prognosis within seven days. Even sOOM-rasa (nectar) is not equal to it in properties. (91-93).

D. L.quefachcm of Miilcquca Satva:

Prepare a mixture of gunja kfaaara (honey) and tanka1Ja (borax) with era'TJrJ,a tatla hygrinding. Pour this mixture little by little over the miikftka satv;]' being heated strongly. This makes it to liquefy easily. (94).

VIMALA (bON PYRITE)

Varieties :

Vimala is of chree types, i.e., hema vimala (iron pyrite of 6olde'l colour), tiira vimala (iron pyrite of silver colour) and kiirps:lJa vimala [arseno pyrite cf bronze colour). These are recognised by their respective shades. (95).

17

62

RABA BATNA SAMUCCAYA

Oharacieristice and, Therapeutic Properties of V imala :

Vimala is described to possess following characteristics, viz., it is cubic in shape, possesses angles and facets and looks brilliant. As regards pharmacotheraeputio properties vimala destroys vitiated vata and pitta dosae, acts as vr~ya (vigour promoting/aphrodisiac agent) and best rasayana (rejuvenator), (96).

Uses of Vimala :

The first variety is claimed useful for hemakriya (gold making), the second one is rupyakrt (good in silver making). and the -third variety is recommended for bhe~aja prayoga (therapeutics). These are supposed to possess better and better properties in reverse order. (97).

Pharmaceutical processing of V imala :

A. Purification:

Like other dOOtus (minerals) vimala becomes purified if it is boiled with the juieejdecoction of aearii~a, jambira or me~a8rngi. (98, 99).

B. Incineration:

Vimala mixed with sulphur and triturated with lakuca juice and amladraoa (acidic liquid) when subjected to heating by pufa system for ten times, becomes mrta (converted into ashes). (100).

C. Extraction of metallic content :

First Method: Vimala should be mixed with tanka'tpa (borax), lakuca drava and me~a8rngi ash and ground well. Then it is pasted inside the mu~a which should be closed after drying and heated strongly using six prastha« (about 6 kg) of charcoal. This is how its satva is obtained which looks similar to sisaka (lead) in appearance. If mercury is mixed with it, it becomes best rasayana (rejuvenator). (101, 102).

Second Method: Mix vimala with kank~i (alum), kasisa (green vitreol), tanka'tpa (borax) and vajrakanda (a herbal drug), macerate it with sigru toya (juice). Add mokSaka k~fira and triturate it with kadali juice. Close it in a mu~a and heat strongly. This makes vimala to yield its satva (metal content) similar to can· drarka (Sun or Moon), i.e., of white colour. (103, 104).

V imalaRasfiyana :

The vimala satva mixed with equal part of mercury should be made into paste form by grinding. Add equal part of sulphur, three times haritiila (orpiment}, five times mana1],silfi (realgar), IflOth part tiirabhasma (silver ash) and 1flOth part vaik· ranta bhasma (tourmaline ash). Mix all together, prepare a fine powder and seive

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

63

it through a cloth. Fill it in a. kupi, apply heat carefully through vaZuka yantra till extra sulphur is burnt. This compound of vimala associated with vyo1;a (trika~u), vara (triphaZa) and ghee when taken internally may destroy fevers of different origin, sotha (oedema), pilrJlf,u (anaemia), prameha (urinary disorders), aruci (unrelishness), arsa (piles), graharpi (sprue syndrome), various types of sulas (pains), yak1;mii (phthisis), kiimalii (jaundice) and all types of paittika and vatika disorders. Not only this, it may cure all the diseases when used with other compounds. (105-108).

SILAJATU (BITUMEN)

Varieties of Siliijatu :

Siliijatu is described to have two varieties, the first one is known as gomutradya because of its smell similar to cow's urine. It is claimed to possess rasiiyana property. The second one is called karpura purvaka. The first variety is again divided into two types, i.e., sasatoa (with metallic content) and nissatva (without metallic content). Of the two the first one is considered better in properties. (109).

Origin and Occurrence of Siliijatu :

In summer due to the intense Sun heat siZadhiitu comes out as an exudate from the lower part of the rocks of Himalaya mountain containing either svarrpa (gold), rupya (silver) or arka (copper), metals as its constituents. (110).

Properties of Silajatu :

The variety of siliijatu liberated from the gold containing mountain rocl.s is like .japiipUIJpa (reddish) in colour, guru (heavy) in property. susviidu (madhuraf sweet) and slightly bitter in taste. It is considered as the best rasiiyana. (Ill).

The variety of sililjatu originated from the silver containing mountain rocks is piirpiJ,ura (pale) in colour, madhura (sweet) in taste and g'uru (heavy) in property. It destroys paittika diseases and specially piir;4u (anaemia). (112).

The variety of siliijatu obtained from the copper containing mountain rocks is nila (blue) in colour, ghana (dense) in structure and guru (heavy) in property. (113).

Test for Siliijatu :

The genuine silajatu must take the shape of linga (penis) while put on fire, burn without producing smoke and remain undissolved in water. Only such 'sample is considered as 8uddha (pure) 8iliijatu. (114).

Therapeutic Properties of Siliijatu :

Silajatu definitely cures piirp!u janya sopha (general anasarca due to anaemia) aasociated with fever, destroys meha (urinary disorders) and aqnimiindya

64

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

(dyspepsia). It is claimed as medaccheda kara (destroyer or splitter of fatty deposits). Removes yakfmii (phthisis), suliimaya (pains of different origin), gulma (gaseous trouble), plfhii (spleenic enlargement), jaehara-siila (abdominal pain), hrcchula (angina), iimadol}a (distress due to undigested food), all the skin diseases and what not. It is considered good for deha (body) and loha (metal) both. It is claimed further that the properties which are found in rasafmahiirasa, uparasas (minerals), sutendra (mercury), ratna (gems) and loha (metals) group of drugs are also found present in siladhiitu which make this mineral capable of conquering jarii (ageing process) and mrtyu (death). (ll5, ll6).

Pharmaceutical processinq of Siliijatu :

A. Purification:

First Method: Siliijatu is purified by treating/washing it with alkaline solution, acidic solution and/or gojala (cow's urine). It is also purified by keeping it in an iron pan with godugdha (cow's milk), triphalii kvatha (decoction of triphala) and bhrngariija rasa (juice of Eclipta alba). (ll7).

Second Method: Siliidhiitu boiled with alkaline and acidic solutions contain. ing guggulu (Commiphora mukul) through eoedana yantra for one gha~ikii (24 minutes) becomes purified. (llS).

Note: In the first method heating is not mentioned while in tne second method heating is also recommended. In practice also siliijatu is purified with two methods, the first one is called 8uryatapi-siliijatu where heat is applied through sun-rays for allowing silajatu to dissolve in various liquids while the second one is called agnitiipi siliijata in which heating is done on fire for dissolving it in liquids. During purification the undissolved materials of siliijata are removed.

B. Incineration of Siliijatu:

Siliijatu mixed with equal parts of silii (realgar), gandhaka (sulphur) and tiilaka (orpiment) and triturated with miitttlunga rasa (CitrWl medica juice) when heated by puea system using eight dung cakes becomes mrta (converted into ashes). (119).

Siliijatu Rasiiyana

SiTiijatu bhaema mixed with equal parts of kii,ata bhasma and vaikriinta bhasma and associated with triphalii, trikatu and ghee, when used internally in a dose of one valla (3 guiija) may cure piiTJ4u (anaemia), yakfmii (phthisis), agnisiida (dyspepsia), meha (urinary disorders), mulamya (piles}, gulma (gaseous troubles), plihii (spleenie enlargement), udara roga (abdominal diseases), pains of different origin and yoni roqas (diseases of female genital organ). If it is used by rasiiyana method coatinuously for six months it is likely to make the man free from vali (wrinkles) and palita (greying of hairs) and also make him live hundred years enjoying worldly pleasures. (120, 121).

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

65

c. Extraction of Matallic Content:

Siliijatu should be ground with aravaka varga and amla varga drugs. This should he put in a closed rnusii and heated strongly with charcoal fire. In this way 8iliijatu liberates its lohanibha satva (iron-like metal content) immediately. (122).

Karpura Siliijatu (Potassium Nitrate) :

Karpura Siliijatu is piityJura (pale) in colour and sandy/granular in appearance.

It destroys mutrakrcchra (difficulty in micturition), asmari (urinary calculus), meha (urinary disorders), kiimalii (jaundice) and piirJif,u (anaemia). (123).

Purification of Karpura Siliijatu :

It is purified by triturating it with elii toya. Its miirarpa and satvapiitana are not recommended by the experts. (124).

SASYAKA (BLUE VITRIOL)

Origin ana occurrence of Sasyaka :

Mythologically sasyaka is claimed to have originated from the solidified vomit of Garuif,a (a mythical bird) which he vomited on the MaralCata hill after having drunk amria (nectar) and then halahala (a virulent poison). Hence the vomit contained aouta and vi~a both.

Characteristics :

SasJaka resembling the colour of peacock's neck and heavy in weight is considered best. (125, 126).

It is a general observation that the drugs mixed with poisons are found associated with better properbies than the drugs alone just like the properties of sudhii (nectar) mixed with halahala, which are certainly better in propertdes than plane sudM (127).

Therapeutic properties of Sasyaka :

Mayura t1dtha destroys the nis8e~a doeae (all the three vitiated ao~as), all types of vi~as (poisons), hrd roqas (cardiac diseases), quda sula (pain in anus), mula (piles), Tc'Uftha (leprosy), and amlapitta (hyperacidity). It is claimed as the best vibanclha hara (anticonstipative), rasiiyana (rejuvenator), vamana kara (emetic) and reka kara (purgative). It is said to destroy gara vi~a and 8vitra (leucoderma) also. (128).

Pharmaceutical processing:

A. Purification of SasyaTca :

First Method: SasyaTca is purified by subjecting it to bMvanii (maceration) with the juice of raTeta varga drugs and thea treating it with I$neha varga drugs (different oils) for seven times,

66

RASA RATNA S,AMUCCAYA

Second Method: For purification, sasyaka should be boiled in cow, buffalo, and goat's urine through dolayantra method for three praharas (about 9 hours). (129).

B. Incineration of TutthafSasyaka:

'l'uttha kharpara/sasyaka mixed with equal parts of gandhaka and tan'ka'IJa and triturated with lakuca drava when applied kukkuea puta heating after closing in a crucible becomes mrta (converted into ashes). (130, 131).

C. Extraction of Metallic Oontent of Tuttha :

First Method: Powdered sasyaka mixed with 1/4th part saubhiigya (borax) should be kept in karanja taila for one day. Thereafter it should be closed in an andha mu~ii (closed crucible) and heated strongly using charcoal as fuel. In this way it yields a beautiful red coloured satva (metal content) similar to itUlragopa (a red coloured insect). (132, 133).

Second Method: Sasyaka mixed with Ij4th part of borax and triturated with lemon juice when heated strongly in a closed crucible li oerates its satva (metal content) which looks like tiimra (copper) in appearance and colour.

Third Method: The purified sasyaka or tuttha mixed with the drugs mentioned above when processed with various satvapiitana methods yields its satoa (metal content) undoubtedly. (135).

Tuttha M udrika :

Take the satva of sasyaka, mix it with the satva of kharabhuniiga (essence of earthworms) and prepare its mudrika (ring). This is claimed to destroy SUlas (pains) in any part of the body by mere touch. This also destroys the effects of cariicara vi~a and the influences of the demons and of the evil spirits by mere seeing. Its effects have ,heen tried many times and the claims are well confirmed. The name of Somaseniini should be marked! printed on the ring like that of Riima, and also the words "There exists a great tree named Asva Kama on the north, of Himalaya, from where all types of Bulas have originated and had disappeared". The water in touch of the above ring and consecrated seven times with the sacred mantra (hymn/text) when taken internally is claimed to destroy all the Bulas (pains) immediately. This has been claimed by Bbiilukj.

The oil heated on fire along with this ring when pastedjointedjapplied on body destroys immediately all kinds of pain produced in anypart of the body. It (ring) also helps in easy child birth (evacuation of the foetus in ladies), and in destroying netra rogas (eye-diseases) immediately. (136-141).

SECOND dHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLA'l'ION

CAPALA (BISMUTH ORE/TIN ORE)

Varieuee :

Capala is described to have four varieties, i.e., gaura (yellow), sveta (white), kr~'t}a (black) and aruma (red). Of the four, yellow and white varieties are specially considered useful for rasabandha (solidification of mercury). The remaining two varieties are claimed ordinary in their usefulness, but if these are found to melt early at a low temperature like that of lak~a then these are considered useless. It is called capala because it melts easily like vanga (tin) when heated on fire. (142, 143).

Properties of Capala :

Capala is considered lekhana (obesity reducing agent), snigrJha (unetuous), dehakara (promoter of positive health), lohakara (transformer of base metals) and useful for mercury. It possesses tikta (bitter) and madhura (sweet) rasas (tastes) and is u~'t}a virya (hot in action). It is claimed to destroy all the three dosae and acts as ativr~ya (very vigorating agent). It makes mercury to fix/solidify. As regards physical properties, capala possesses the shades similar to sphatika (quartz) and also six edges. It is snigdha (brilliant) in appearance and guru (heavy) in weight. (144, 145).

According to some scholars capala is included in mahiirasa group. But this statement seem s meaningless here-as according to this text it is already included in mahdrasa group. (146).

Pharmaceutical processing:

A. Purification:

Oapala is purified by subjecting it to bhiivanii (maceration) with the juices of jambira, karkofaka and srngabera. (147).

B. Extraction of metallic content:

The powdered mineral mixed with vilJa (poison), upavilJa (subpoison) and dhiinyiimla (acidic liquid) and made into pi't}q,a form, when heated strongly yield its 8atva. (148).

RASAKA (ZINC BLENDE{ZINC ORE)

Varieties :

Rasaka is described to have two varieties, i.e., dardura and kiirvelaka. Dardara is said to possess dalas (lamellae) while kiirveZaka is without dalas. The first variety is considered good for uatvapiitana purposes while the second one is for medicinal purposes. (149, 150).

68

RASA RATNA SAltUOOAYA

Therapeutic Properties of Rasaka :

Rasaka is considered to be sarva mehaghna (destroyer of all types of urinary disorders) and kapha pitta vinasana (destroyer of vitiated kapha and pitta ilo~as). It destroys netra roga (eye diseases), k~aya roga (wasting disease) and may be used for dyeing of metals and mercury. Nagarjuna has mentioned that both rasa (mercury) and rasaka (zinc blende) are called siildha rasa (very powerful minerals). These are claimed to be the best promoter of body health and transformer of metals. It is further claimed for rasa and rasaka that one who is able to make these thermostable could achieve ilehasiddhi (success in therapeutics) and lohasiildhi (success in metallic transmutations) undoubtedly. (151-153).

Pharmaceutical processin,g of Rasaka :

A. Purification:

First Method: Mix rasaka powder in ka~uturp,bi juice and heat it OIl fire to make it purified and free from impurities. (154).

Second Method: Kharpara (rasaka) made red hot and dipped in the juice of bijapura seven times becomes purified.

Third Method: Kharpara (rasaka) made red hot and dipped either in tiaramutra (human urine), asvamutra (horse urine), takra (butter milk) or in kiifijiktt (sour gruel liquid) several times becomes purified. (155, 156).

B. Dyeing of Metals by Basaea :

If rasaka is kept in narmnutra (human urine) for one month, it acquires the power of dyeing pure copper, pure mercury, pure silver just like pure gold. (157).

c. Extraction of metallic content:

First Method:

Kharpara should be mixed with 1{4th part hariilrii, triphalii, rala, saindhva, grhadhuma, tanka'f}a and ar'U~kara powder, (and) triturated with any acidic liquid to make a paste. It may be pasted in a vrntaka mUsa, after drying it may be closed by putting a kharpara (earthen lid) on its mouth. It is then subjected to strong heating till melting of the material which is evident from the blue or white colour of the flame. NoW' hold the m~a with the help of tongs, take it out and tilt its mouth towards earth slowly in such a way that the tube attached to mUfa may not break. In this way kharpara satva (metal content of zinc blende) similar to vanga (tin metal) in a.ppel\f'8.nce is obtained, Repeat the process three or four times to extract the complete satva from kharpara. (158-162).

SECOND CHAPTER-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

69

Second Method.' Kharpara mixed with haritaki, 8ilajatu (bitumen), bhunaga (earthworm), OOridrii, grhadhuma and tanka7)a and put in mukamu~ii when heated strongly by the method of satvapiitana liberates its satva (metal content). (163).

Third Method.' Rasaka mixed with powdered liik~ii, gu~a, riijikii, pathyii, haridrii, sarja rasa, and tanka7)a may be heated with cow's milk and ghee. This, after being made into gufikii and closed in a vrntiika mu~ii, may be heated strongly again Mid again to yield its satva similar to vanga (tin) in appearance. (164, 165).

Fourth Method.' Put a wide mouth pot full of water under the satvapatana furnace; Close its mouth with an earthen lid having many holes. Place the mu~ii containing satvapiitana material on it, keeping its mouth down, close and seal its joints. Apply strong heating over the mu~a using charcoals. In this way the saioa of kharpara falls into the water and may be collected from there and used. (1e6, 167).

D. Incineration of Kharpara Satva .'

Mix kharpara satva with tankama, put it in an earthen lid and apply heat; while heating it should be rubbed with an iron rod till the whole metal is converted into ashes. (168).

Kharpara Satva Rasiiyana

Mix the bhasma of kharpara with equal part of kiinta bhaema, Mix eight guiijii of this powder (mixture) with triphala kviitha and keep it in a pot made of kiinta loha over night. Add tila powder in it as prativiipa. This when taken internally definitely cures maiIhumeha (Diabetes mellitus). In addition to this it also cures pitta (vitiated pitta do~a), k~aya (wasting disease), piirJlf,u (anaemia), 80tOO (intlammation), gulma (gaseous trouble), rakta gulma (uterine lump), pradara (excessive menstural discharge), soma roga (polyurea in women), all the yoni roqas (vaginal disorders), all the vi~ama jvaras (intermittent fevers), raja~ sula (pain during menstruation), kiisa (cough), sviisa (asthma), and hikkii (hiccough). (169-172).

18

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA NOTES ON SECOND CHAPTER

RASAjMAHARASA

Rasa or mahiirasa is a group of minerals which have been recognised most useful for the potentiation of the properties of mercury. Almost all the Rasa texts have advised to include eight drugs in this group but different authors have made slight variation as regards the drugs, which is probably based on their experiences. In all, thirteen (13) drugs/minerals come under this group. Besides the eight drugs mentioned in Rasa Raina Samuccaya, kanta, darada, anjana, tuttha, and rajavarta are also included under this group by different authors. The textwise mention of drugs of this group are shown in the following table.

Table showing the textwise mention of drugs of mahiirasa group.

-------
Name of the R.R.S.* Rasar?!ava R.H.T. R.R. R.P.S.
drugs
1. Abhraka + +
2. Vaikranta + + +
3. MiiklJika + + + + +
4. Vimala + + + + +
5. Adrija + + + +
6. Sasyaka + + + + +
7. Gapala + + +
8. Rasaka + + + + +
9. Kanta +
10. Darada + + +
II. Anjana + +
12. Tuttha +
13. Rajavarta +
R.R.S. = Rasa Ratna Samuccaya; R.H.T. = Rasa Hrdaya Tantra; R.R. = Rasa
Ratniikara; R.P.S. = Rasa Prakasa Suddhiikara.
Abhraka (Mica) : MythologicaJ.ly, abhraka is said to be related to Goddess Parvati and is claimed to be her 8ukra dMtu (creative energy or force).

Its varieties are described on two basis, i.e., (1) on the basis of its behaviour! reaction towards fire, and (2) on the basis of colour.

SECOND CHAPTER-NOTES

71

Four varieties are mentioned in each group, thus the total varieties are sixteen and almost all the texts are unanimous on this point. Of these, the mica which remains unchanged in fire test and which is black is recommended for internal use. It is said to be free from all the ill effects and does not produce any disease or unwanted symptom in the body.

In modern science the concept of classifying mica on the basis of fire test (its behaviour towards fire on heating) is not noticed. It has been classified on the basis of colour or the contents. The following modern varieties can be taken as equivalent to the ancient varieties. Muscovite is white, biotite is black, phlogopita is yellow/green and lapidolite or lithium mica is reddish. From constituent point of view biotite is ferromagnesium aluminium silicate and muscovite is alkali mica.

In modern science mica is not known for its medicinal values, rather it is mainly used and known for its industrial values. But in Xyurveda it is extensively used for its alchemical and therapeutic values. For therapeutic uses it needs prior processing, i.e., it has to be purified and incinerated. In ancient times its metallic contents were also being extracted and were claimed to be more effective than mica.

On purification, its stony contents and other thermolabile and soluble impurities are removed and the particles are made fine. On incineration its particles are made finer, its original chemical composition gets altered and certain new compounds are formed due to oxidation and reduction. Its ash is of brick red colour probably due to the formation of iron oxide. During incineration its lustre is destroyed completely and the final product is said to be free from any shine or lustre. For this it should first be heated to red hot and dipped in various liquids several times and then triturated with various vegetable extractives and heated by pu~ system upto 700-800°C till red or brick colour appears. For extracting metallic contents it is mixed with some organic drugs and borax and heated to a very high temperature. (1400°0) for reduction and separation of the metallic content. Mainly iron is obtained as its satva (metal content) which is considered useful for mercury processes and for rasiiyana karma (rejuvenation purposes).

Vaikriinta (Tourmaline) :

Mythologically, vaikriinta is said to have originated from the blood drops of Mahi~iisura (a great demon). Since ancient times it is a controversial mineral as some scholars included it in mahiirasa group while others included it in uparatna (semi-precious stones) group. Rasa Viigabha~ mentioned it to be similar to vajra (diamond) and recommended its use in place of vajra. This clearly indicates that it must belong to precious stone group and must possess properties similar to diamond. And because of this reason majority of scholars consider vaikriinta as tourmaline. Its seven varieties are described which are based on different colours

72

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

or shades it possess. Tourmaline is also known to have many colours and shades. Further, it is said to possess eight edges, eight facets and six angles which are also seen in vaikriinta.

From terminological point of view also vaikriinta is that which can cut metals or can cause deformity in the form of metals or can destroy metals.

Because of its similarity with diamond almost the same therapeutic properties as those of diamond are attributed to it. It is claimed as the best rasiiyana and vigorating agent, promotes strength, energy and life span. Before being used internally for therapeutic purposes it needs some pharmaceutical processing, i.e., purification and incineration. Its satvapatana method is also mentioned, but what metal is extracted by its satvapatana can not be said with certainty as the texts are almost silent on this point. In Basiirnaoa the colour of its satva is mentioned, i.e., it is similar to indragopa (red). While commenting on this point, Prof. D. A. Kulkarni mentions that the colour should be similar to that of copper. But actually what it is can not be said definitely.

At present, the mineral is not in use therapeutically.

MaklJika (pyrtte)

Mythologically, mfiklJika is said to be related to Lord Vi~I).u who is claimed to have made it from the golden colour exudate of Suoarna BaiZa (golden mountainSumeru) in Tapi river, Kirata, China and Yavana countries. It can be seen in Tiipi river in vaisiikha masa (April-May) when the exudate gets dried due to inte-nse sun heat.

Rasa Ratn(1; Samuccay describes its source, form, places of origin and specific time of collection. In ancient times mak"ika was being obtained from India and from other countries. In present days it is being obtained from Nepal, Bhutan and Burma, in addition to India.

Ancient texts mention its two main varieties based on colour, i.e., suvarTfa miiklJika and tara miikf/ika. Of these, the former is better in properties than the later variety. The suoarna maklJika is called chalopyrite which is a (mixture) compound of copper, iron and sulphur and is still considered the main ore (source) of copper. It contains 30-34% copper. It is a soft, brittle, uneven and golden coloured mineral which if rubbed on palm may produce blackness on it. In Ayuroeda Prakasa it is claimed to be the upadhiitu of gold and to possess some gold like properties, hence advised to be used in place of gold, though in reality it does not contain gold even in traces. The present text further mentions that it contains not only the gold properties but possesses many other properties also because of the presence of other elements in it. On heating it starts burning due to the presence of sulphur and gives rise to 802•

SECOND CHAl'TEB-NOTES

73

Miikllika is considered very vital for mercury processing and is very useful in alloy making. It possesses many superior therapeutic properties, as it is highly vrllya (aphrodisiac), very good rasiiyana (rejuvenator) and can cure all the diseases.

Like other minerals miiksika also need pharmaceutical processing before being used internally for therapeutic purposes. For purification it is to be fried with lemon juice till light red colour appears or should be heated to red hot and then dipped in triphalii kviitha. For incineration it should be triturated with lemon juice and heated by puta system using five variiha putas. The colour of its bhasma should be like that of dhiitu(gairika (red ochre). As it contains copper, care should be taken while preparing its bhasma to make it free from the bad(toxic effects of copper.

For extracting metallic content it should be mixed with 1(4 part borax and triturated with lemon juice and then subjected to strong heating upto 1200°C. Though it melts at about 900°0, its metal content (copper) releases only at 1200°0. Its satva is very much similar to copper in colour and appearance. After removing the separated copper as satva, one may collect iron also from the slag.

The tiira miikllika is golden white, does not contain copper, but contains only iron and sulphur. Because of its inferiority to suvar1J,a miiksika its pharmaceutical prooessings and pharmacotherapeutic properties and uses are not found described.

Note: Nowadays in market the real chalcopyrite is usually replaced by iron pyrite (tlira miikllika) hence only the tlira miikllika is being used as miiksika which if' not proper.

Vimala (Iron Pyrite)

No mythological origin of vimala is described. Its three varieties based on colour are mentioned. These are hema or pita vimala, tlira or suHa vimala and kii1'JllJ'!/a or lohita vimala. Ohemically it is not much different from tiiramiilrllika. However, its form and appearance are very peculiar, i.e., it is cubic, brilliant and associated with angles and facets. As per the present text, the third variety only is recommended for medicinal uses while the former two are advised for alchemical uses. In India it is available in abundance. Its chemical name is 'cubic sulphide of iron' which does not contain copper even in traces.

Therapeutic uses of vimala are limited. However, before internal use it also needs purification and incineration. For purification it should be subjected to heating through liquid bath. For incineration it is mixed with sulphur and triturated with prescribed herbal extractives and then subjected to heating by puea system ten times. For extracting its satva it is mixed with borax and triturated with vegetable extractives and then heated in a crucible to release the satva which is

74

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

mentioned to be similar to lead. Further, in the second method its colour is mentioned to be similar to canitrarka (an alloy of silver and copper). Hence it seems that ancient scholars were not sure of the metal obtained as its satva. It may be pointed out here that for applying heat only six prasthas (kg) of coal are recommended which in no way are sufficient for extracting iron from it as satva.

Therapeutically it is claimed to be vrllya and rasiiyana and pacifies vata and pitta dallas. A rasayana yoga (compound) of vimala is also found mentioned which is claimed to be therapeutically most effective.

Silajatu (BitumenfMineral Pitch)

Mythological origin of Siliijatu is not described. However, it is said to have its origin in the form of exudate coming out of the lower portion of the rocks of Himalayan mountains in summer season, on account of the rock being heated by the intense sun heat. As these rocks may contain gold, silver, copper, etc. as their constituents the exudate coming out of these rocks might also contain gold, silver, etc. as its constituents, depending upon the contents of the rocks from which it is secreted.

Siliijatu is described to be of two types on the basis of smell. The first one is gomutra 8ilajatu which possess a smell similar to that of cow's urine. The second one is karpura silajatu. It may not have a smell similar to karpfira (camphor) but its form is just like karpura, i.e., white and granular. The first one is further subdivided into two types on the basis of satva, i.e., with satva and without satva. Of these, the type with satva is considered superior.

Further, in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya only three varieties of silajatu are mentioned on the basis of constituent metals while in other texts four or even six varieties are described. Thus, according to different texts siliijatu is claimed to contain gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, or tin as its constituent. The characteristics and properties of each variety are also found described in the texts. Of all the varieties woo siliijatu is very common and considered the best.

Some texts describe the tests for the best and genuine siliijatu and according to these it should erect itself up straight if put on fire, bum without producing smoke, and should not dissolve in water immediately.

As for its properties it is mentioned that siliijatu is supposed to possess the properties of all the minerals, metals, gem stones, and even of mercury and to conquer jara (ageing) and rp,rtyu (death) on internal use, i.e., it can be used for maintaining body health and destroying all kinds of diseases. It is also claimed to be yogaviihi, i.e., it can enhance/potentiate the properties of the drugs/compound with which it is mixed and used.

SEOOND CHAPTER-NOTES

75

In pharmaceutical processings purification, incineration and metal extraction methods are described. For purification, it should either be washed, macerated or steamed with various prescribed liquids. And for incineration, it is mixed with equal parts of 8ilii, gandhaka and tiiZaka and triturated with miituZunga juice and then subjected to heating with puta system using only eight cow dung cakes. For saioapiitana it is mixed with driivaka varga drugs and triturated with any acidic liquid and then strongly heated in a mUIlii. Its satva is claimed to be lahanibha (similar to iron) which further indicates that only loha 8iliijatu is the commonly available variety.

For therapeutic uses Silajatu rasiiyana (a compound of Siliijatu) is found mentioned which if used by rasiiyana method continuously for six months may make a person free from the wrinkles and greying of hairs and also enable him lead a happy and long life for hundred years.

SasyaTca (Blue VitriolfPeacock ore)

Mythologically, sasyaka is claimed to be the solidified vomitted material of Garuda (a mythical bird) containing the properties of villa and amsta both, as it is claimed to be vomitted by Garuda on Marakata (Nilagtri) hill after drinking amrta and haliihala villa successively. It looks like peacock's neck and is very heavy in weight. On the basis of the above description it is difficult to identify it properly. However, on account of its similarity with peacock's neck, similarity of its properties to villa and amrta, and its heaviness, it can be identified as a copper ore. This is further confirmed by the colour of its satva which is mentioned to be reddish, like an Indragapa. In the second method it is clearly mentioned that its satva is tiimrarupa (similar to copper). Besides the above, its properties also closely resemble those of copper.

In pharmaceutical processing, its sodhoma, m/iroma and satvapiitana processes are mentioned. For purification it is boiled with the urines of different animals or it is subjected to bhiivanii with liquids of rakta varga drug. For incineration it is mixed with sulphur and borax and triturated with lakuca juice and then subjected to heating by puea system using lcukkuta puta specifically. For extracting metal content it should be mixed with borax and triturated with lemon juice, closed in a mUfii and heated strongly with charcoal fire. In this way a copper like reddish metal is obtaineo as sotoa.

Tuttha mudrikii made of sasyaka satva and bhuniiga satva is also described in this text. It is considered very effective in destroying 8ulas (pains) of different origin, the effects of various poisons and also of the evil spirits by mere touch or look. The water consecrated and touched with this ring and the oil heated with this ring, if taken internally or applied externally, relieves pain immediately and

76

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

makes the delivery of child very easy. The text also claims that the effects of this ring are well experienced and confirmed.

Capala (Bismuth or Tin ore 1)

Since ancient times capala is considered to be a rare mineral/ore as in many texts its artificial manufacturing methods are found described. The methods for preparing nii(Ja sumbhava capala and van(Ja sumbhava capala are the examples of

"

this. Not only this, in a number of texts capala'.has not been found mentioned

in any of the groups probably because of its non or uneasy availability. The statement in Rasa Ratna Samuccaoa that only a few scholars have included itin mahiirasa group further confirms its rareness. In pharmaceutical processing its miiroma method is not described and colour of satva is not mentioned. This also confirms its rare nature.

Actually what is capala from modern point of view, can not be said definitely.

Dr. Vamana Ganesa Desai writes in his work Bharatiya Rasa Siistra that capala of ancient times may be taken as bismuth which is very similar to tin metal, i.e., its colour is white with slight pinkish tinge. It fuses very easily at a very low temperature and also helps in the quick fusion of associated metals. Because of these properties cap ala is considered very important in alchemy since ancient times. He further mentioned that the different varieties of capala may be compared with different bismuth minerals. Prof, D. A. Kulkarni also supports this view. A few scholars suggest that capala is selenium. According to the present author's view it may be either bismuth ore or tin ore, as the text in reference mentions that capala melts like tin in fire and is specific in making mercury solidified or fixed. . Tin melts easily and if mixed with mercury immediately converts it into bandha (solidified/ powder) form. The ativrllya property attributed to capala also supports the view that it may be tin ore as the presence of tin in the mineral may account for its ativftjyatva.

In its description four varieties of capala, based on colour, are mentioned. Of the four, the white and the yellow varieties are recommended for internal use while the red and the black varieties are stated to be useless or without effects.

In pharmaceutical processing its purification is described to be by the bhiivanii of some vegetable extractives while the method of its satvapatana is somewhat confusing. In my opinion the text (verse) describing satvaptitana method seems corrupt and needs correction.

Rasaka (Zinc blende[Zinc mineral)

For rasaka also no mythological origin is described. According to Rasa Ratna Sam't/£,Caya it has two varieties, 'I1iz., dardura and karavellaka. The first one is said

SECOND CHAPTER~NOTES

77

to have lamellae and is recommended for satvapatana purpose while the second one is without lamellae and is advised for medicinal uses. Rasarr}ava however, mentions its three varieties, viz. mrttika, gurJ,abha and piif/iir}abha. The first one looks yellow and like earth. It is claimed to be satvarfipa (with least impurities) and the best. Prof. Kulkarni takes it as zinc oxide. In fire test it does not loose its weight. The gurJ,abha rasaka is considered medium and looks like jaggery. It may be taken as zinc sulphide I'S due to the presence of sulphur its weight is lost in fire test. The piif/ar}abha rasaka is considered inferior. It may be taken as zinc silicate or zinc carbonate. It is hard like a stone. In fire test it also losses its weight due to the release of CO2, Thus, from variety point of view the description of Rasarrjava may be considered the best.

While describing its properties the text in reference mentions that in addition to its pharmacotherapeutic properties it is claimed to be the best dyeing agent for mercury and metals. The yellow colour of brass is due to zinc only. It further mentions that rasa and rasaka are the superior minerals (eiddho. rasas) and can impart complete success in alchemy and therapeutics if made thermostable.

In pharmaceutical processing its sodhana and satvaptitana methods are mentioned. No marar}a method however is described. For purification it is heated strongly and dipped in acidic or alkaline liquids. For extracting its metallic contents four methods have been described. For this it should be mixed with some vegetable drugs, animal products, and borax and heated strongly in a specified crucible for the release of its metal content (satva) which is said to be similar to vanga (tin metal). The term yasada was not known/prevalent during those days and hence has not been referred to.

The method for preparing bhasma from the satva is also described. This method closely resembles the present day jarar}a method, i.e., the satva mixed with tiilaka and put in an earthen lid/dish, is subjected to heating and rubbing with iron rod to convert it into ashes.

In the end the method of using it internally for therapeutic purposes is described by the name of kharpara/rasaka saioa rasiiyana. It is clai~ed effective in madhumeha . (Diabetes mellitus) also along with other diseases.

Herbal drugs, mentioned in Chapter II, along with Latin names.

1. TriphaJa/Vara

Fruits of Terminalia ehebula (Retz.) Terminalia beelerica (Roxb.) Embalica ojficinalis (Geartn.), Alternathera sessili (Linn.)

Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.)

2. Matsyak~j

3. Punarna varv ar~a bhu

19

78

4. Vasa

5. Tal).~unya

6. Sin

7. Kasamarda

8. Mus~a

9. Haridra/NiSii

10. AmalakafDhatri

11. Va~a miila/dugdha.

12. Tambiila Patra

13. Minak~i

14. Ka~hlllaka.

15. Guda

RASA BATN'A SAMUCOAYA

Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) Amarardhus spinoeus (Linn.) Oryza sativa (Linn.)

Cassia occidentalis (Linn.) Oyprus rotundus (Linn.) Ourcuma lonqa (Linn.)

Embalica officinalis (Linn.) (Gearten.) Ficus bengalensis (Linn.)-rootflatex Piper betle (Linn. )-leaf

Alternathero se88ili (Linn.) Momordica charantia (Linn.)

(Jaggery) Saccharu officinarum (Linn.)

16. Eral).qa/Gandharva. Patra Recinus communis (Linn.) (leaf)

17. MusaIi Ourculigo orchiodes (Gaertn.)

18. Ghana

19. Dhanyaka

20. Kiil).qa Valli

21. Harpsapadi

22. Godhuma

23. Tinduka phala

24. MUl).qiki

25. Bhpigaraja

26. PathyafHaritaki

27. Ak~fBibhltaka

28. Miilaka

29. Vella/Viqailga.

30. Trika.~u/Vyo~

31. Kulattha.

32. Rambha/Kadall

33. Kodra-va

34. Moca

35. Mora~a. (Murva)

36. Pa.la~

Cyprus rotundus Oorryandrum sativum (Linn.) Not identified

Adiantum lunulatum (Burm.) Triticum sativum (Lam.) Strychnous nuxvomica. Sphaeranthas indicus (Linn.) Eclipta alba (Hassk.) Terminalia chebula (Retz.) Terminalia belerica

Raphanus sativus (Linn.) Embelia ribes (Burm.)

Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, Piper nigrum (pungent three)

Dolicho« unijiorus (a. kind of pulse) (Linn.) Musa sapientum (Linn.) (Plantain tree). Paspalum 8crobiculatum (a species of grain) Musa sapientum (Linn.) (fruit)

M aerua arenaria (Hook.)

Butea monosperma (Linn.) Kuntze

SEOOND CHAPTER-NOTES 79
37; Vajrakanda. Urginea indica (Kunth.) Rhizome
38. Laksa Laccifer lacca (Kerr.)
39. Mef(la Srngi Dolichandrone falcate (Seem.)
40. Kal.lafPippa.li Piper longum (Linn.)
41. Matulunga Citrus medica (Linn.)
42. Kadall Kanda Root of Musa sapientum (Linn.)
43. Nirgundi Vitex nigundo (Linn.)
44. Guiiji Bija Abrus precatoreus (Linn.) (Seed)
45. Jamb'ira Citrus lemon (Linn.)
46. Lakuca Artocarpus lakooch. (Roxb.)
47. Sigru Moringa pterygosperma (Gaertn.)
48. Moksaka Schrebera swictenioides (Roxb.)
49. Japapu~pa Flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. (China rose)
50. Drivaka Varga Group of liquefying drugs
51. Amla Varga Group of sour drugs
52. HalahaJa Vi",a Virulent poison
53. Rakta Varga Group of reddish drugs
54. Sneha Varga Group of oily drugs
55. Karaiija Taila Oil of Pongamia glabra (Vent.)
56. Karko~aka Momordica mixta (Sutr.)
57. Srngavera Zingiber oificinalis
58. Ka~u Tmpb'i Bitter gourd
59. Bijaptira. Citrus medica (Linn.)
60. RilafSarjarasa Shorea robusta (Gaertn.}-Resin
61. Saindha va. Rock salt
62. Aruskara, (Bhallataka] Semicarpus anacardium (Linn.)
63. Grhadhuma Soot
64. Rajika. Brassica nigra
65. Tila.:nila Sesamum indicum (Linn)-Stem VOL. 22

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE

October 1989

Supplement

RASA RA TNA SAMUCCA Y A (Continuedr

Third Chapter

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Notes

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THIRD CHAPTER

ENGLISH TRANSLATION

UPARASAS

Gandhiisma (sulphur), gairika (red ochre), kiisisa (ferrous sulphate/green vitriol), kiihksi (alum), tala (orpiment}, si/ii (realger), aiifana (collyriums) and kdnkustha (rhubarb) are the eight drugs of Uparasa group which are useful in piiradakarmas (mercurial processings). (1)

Oh Lord. please tell me the importance of sulphur. which is considered to be very secret.

GANDHAKA (Sulphur)

Origin of Sulphur:

I

Oh Goddess. in ancient times there existed a Sveta-dvipa on the banks of

ksira-sdgara (milk ocean), which was decorated all around with various jewels. which can fulfil all the desires and which was very pleasant too. There you were engaged in recreation with the prominent vidyiidhara ladies, yoginies, siddha ladies. apsariis (dancers of Gods) and the ladies of other Gods who were singing. dancing and playing with beautiful instruments. Oh susroni, (having attractive buttocks). while playing with them you started to menstruate. And that menstrual discharge was very pleasing. good smelling. and so profuse that your all clothes became wet and red coloured. Then you took bath in the milk ocean and left your clothes there and came back to Kailiisa along with the deviinganiis (celestial damsels). In due course these clothes (soaked in menstrual discharge and left there) were taken deep into the ocean by the waves, and thus your menstrual discharge entered into the ksira siigara along with the clothes. At the time of churning of the sea it also came out with nectar and created a sense of joyfulness in all the devas (gods) and ddnavas (demons) by its pleasant smell. Then all the devas said that this material should be called gandhaka and

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

97

should possess all the properties attributed to mercury and may be considered useful for the jiirana (complete assimilation of the solute) and bandhana (solidification) karmas. Oh Suresvari, this story of sulphur origin was said by the joyful gods in ancient times. and from that time onwards this material became popular by the name/term gandhaka on the earth. (2-11)

Varieties of sulphur:

Oh Devi; that sulphur is of three types. i.e., sukacancunibha (like the parrot's beak). which is the best, pitavarna (yellow). the medium. and suklavama (white), the inferior. On the basis of colour it is of four types, i.e., white. yellow. red, and black. The white variety is called khatikii which is good for lepana (pasting) and loha marana (converting metals to ashes). That which is yellow in colour is called iimala sara. The same is called sukapiccha also. It is considered best for rasakarma and rasdyana karma, both. That which is red is called sukatunda and is good for dhatuvadavidhi (alchemical processes/purposes). The black variety of suplhur is rare. If available it can destroy senility/ageing process and death. (12-15)

Properties of sulphur:

Sulphur possesses very superior rasiiy ana (rejuvenating) property. It is very sweet in taste. Its vipiika (after digestion form/taste) is katu. It is u~f}a in virya (effect). It can destroy kandu, kustha, visarpa. dadru, etc .. skin diseases, it stimulates digestive fire. improves digestion, helps in loosening and absorption of ama (iimadosa], removes toxins. imparts potency to mercury. originates from the menstrual discharge of goddess Pdrvati. destroys worms and bacteria. claimed like an essence in itself and restrains mercury. (16)

Balivasa ..

In earlier times. king Bali ingested sulphur for obtaining vigorous strength.

While churning the ocean and pulling Vasuki (the serpent King) the fat of the body of Bali started melting. on account of the heat of the flame coming out of the mouth of Viisuki, and began to flow from all around the body of Bali in the form of sweat. It was full of sulphur smell and turned into gandhaka (sulphur) in due course of time. And from that time onwards sulphur is claimed to be associated with the toxins/toxic materials and started to be called by the name balivasd eiso. (17-19)

Purification of sulphur:

First method:

Boil sulphur in milk for one ghati, wash it with water. melt it in cow's ghee

17

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

and strain it through a cloth. In this way sulphur attains purification. Sulphur purified as such. leaves stony particles in the Cloth. poisonous materials in the ghee in the form of husk (fine particles). and itself turns into pinda (mass) form. Sulphur so purified if used internally does not produce any bad effects even if dietetic restrictions are not followed. Otherwise (by using it without following the recommended diet) it may prove fatal just like hiiiahala poison. (20-22)

Second method:

Molten sulphur if poured in bhrngariija rasa (juice) for specified times becomes purified. It may also become purified if it is boiled seven times with the above mentioned juice. (23)

Third method:

Fill a sthali (wide mouth vessel) with milk. tie a cloth piece on its mouth, keep powdered sulphur granules on it. close it with a wide and thick earthen lid, apply hear over the lid using dried natural dung cakes or artificially made dung cakes. Sulphur, thus heated falls into the milk being filtered through the cloth and becomes purified. If the process is repeated one hundred times it becomes definitely free from its bad smell. (24-25)

Effects of purified sulphur:

Sulphur purified as above when licked in one siina (about 4 gm) dose being mixed with trip ha Iii, ghee, bhrngariija powder and honey, makes the vision of the persons like that of grdhra. (vulture) and also makes the man live long without being attacked by diseases. (26)

Gandhak a druti :

Mix sulphur powder with 16th part of vyosa powder, spread it on one aratni (about 16") diameter cloth piece. roll it and tie it with thread. Soak it in the oil for one yiima. Hold it with forcep in its middle and burn it. By this method sulphur melts and falls into the glasspot drop by drop. Put three drops of this liquefied sulphur on the niigavalli leaf, add pure mercury in one balla (about 375 mg) quantity and rub it with a finger. Now eat this druti (liquefied sulphur) and mercury along with the leaf. It makes digestive fire highly stimulated, destroys ksaya, piindu, sviisa, kiisa, abdominal pain. severe type of grahani (sprue syndrome). It immediately destroys lima dosa and produces lightness in the body. (27-31)

Methods of sulphur uses:

(A) Melt sulphur in an iron vessel smeared with ghee, and put it in a darvl

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

99

(long handled spoon) smeared with ghee. Use it internally in two niska (about 3 gm) quantity. It destroys ksay a roga (wasting disease) and specially kustha roga (leprotic disease).

(B) Melt sulphur with equal part of marica and six parts of triphalii, grind it with the decoction of sampaka mula (root of Cassia fistual). This when used internally destroys all types of kustha rogas. The paste of the root of this plant (sampaka] prepared with water when applied on the body really proves curative f9r all the skin disorders. It is an experienced remedy and has been told here by Sri Somadeva. The persons using purified sulphur should leave/avoid the use of ksiira, am la; taila, sauvira, viddhi substances and pulses, i.e., these are restricted during sulphur therapy. (32-36)

Sulphur therapy for itching:

Prepare a paste of sulphur in oil in two niska quantity. It should also be mixed with apiimiirga (Achyranthes aspera} juice, oil and marica (black pepper). Apply this paste on the whole body and ask him (patient) to sit in sun rays. In third prahara (afternoon) he/she may be asked to eat buttermilk and rice. During night apply svedana (fomentation) through fire and next morning rub the whole body with buffalo dung and take bath with cold water. Then anoint the body with ghee andagaintake bath with luke-warm water. Through this line of treatment chronic and incurable piimii and kandu (the type of skin disorders) could be cured definitely within no time. The king Somadeva did not mention many more methods of using sulphur fearing the expansion of the text. (37-42)

Gandhaka taila :

Paste the latex of arka and su'!-!hi on a piece of cloth for seven times, prepare a paste of sulphur with butter and anoint it on the above cloth, hold it with a forcep tilting its one side down and burn it. Thus, the oil drops mixed with molten sulphur may fall in the pot kept below. These should be collected and used in the preparations. (43-44)

Properties of purified sulphur:

Purified sulphur may destroy kustha (leprotic conditions), mrtyu (death), jarii (senility), etc., diseases on internal use. It stimulates digestive fire, generates intense heat in the body aad helps in the production of excessive semen, vigour, and strength in the body. (45)

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

GAIRIKA (Red Ochre)

Varieties of gairika :

There are two varieties of gairika. The first one is piisana gairika which is hard and copper coloured. The second one is svama gairika, which is deep red, brilliant and smooth. (46)

Properties of gairika :

Svarna gairika is sviidu (sweet) and ka{iiya (astringent) in taste, snigdha (unctuous) and hima (cool) in properties, netrya (good for eyes) and raktaghna (checks bleeding) in action, and destroys raktapitta (haemorrhagic condition). hidhmii (hiccough), vami (vomiting) and visas (poisons).

The piisiina gairika is considered inferior in properties to the other one. (47-48)

Gairika sodhana :

For purification gairika should be subjected to bhiivana (maceration) with cow's milk. (48)

Gairika satv apiitana :

According to Nandi, gairika is in the form of satva (essence) only. However, according to others its sat va (metal content) can be extracted by boiling the same with ksiira and amla liquids. This satva mixes well with mercury and is better in properties than gairika. (49)

KASISA

(Green vitriol/Ferrous sulphate)

Varieties:

There are two varieties of kiisisa, the first one is balukii-kasisa and the second one is puspa-kiisisa. (50)

Properties:

Biilukii-kiisisa is ksdra (alkaline) and/or amla (sour) in taste, looks like agaru dhiima in appearance. Usna (hot) in virya. destroys visas (poisons), imparts colour (blackness) to hairs and cures svitra (leukoderma).

Puspa-kiisisa is considered superior to the former. It -is usna (hot) in virya,

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

101

ka~iiya (astringent) and amla (sour) in taste, considered good for eyes, destroys visas (poisons), vdtika and kaphaja diseases, vra~as (wounds), svitra (leucoderma) and ksay a (wasting diseases) and imparts colour (blackness) to hairs. (51-52)

Kiisisa sodhana :

Kdsisa is made free from impurities by moistening/macerating or boiling it with bhriigariija rasa once. It is also purified if treated with bile or menstrual discharge of the ladies. (53)

Satvap dt ana :

Its satva can be extracted just like tuvari (alum) satva.

Methods of its uses:

Mix kiisisa killed with sulphur and kiinta killed with kasisa in equal proportion, also mix trip h alli, vidanga, ghee and honey in equal proportion. One ,{al.W (about 4 gm) of this mixture should be used in the morning. It immediately destroys svitra (leucoderma), parulu (anaemia). ksaya (wasting), gulma (gaseous trouble), pliha (spleenic enlargement), sida ragas (pains) and especially aria raga (piles). If it is used for one year by the method of rasayana, it proves good for dma samsosana (absorption of Iimadosat, stimulates mandiigni (weak digestive fire) and definitely destroys palita (greying of hairs) associated with bali (wrinkles). (54-58)

TUV ARI (Alum)

Origin:

The special type of soil obtained from the mountains/rocks of Saurastra is known as tuvari. If it is pasted on the cloths it binds/deepens the colour of manjisthaIrubia cordi/alia Linn.). (59)

Varieties:

Phaiaki and phullikii are the two varieties of tuvaii. phatakl is also called pitikii. (60)

Properties (Physico-therapeutic) :

Pitikii is slightly yellow. heavy and brilliant. It is claimed to destroy visa (toxins). cures vralJa (wounds) and kustha (leprosy) of aU types.

102

RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

Phullikii is light in weight, white in colour and amla (sour) in taste. It is called phulla tuvari also. If applied on copper sheet, it can selectively attack the grain boundary and convert copper to ashes. (61,62)

Properties (Pharmaco-therapeutic) :

Kanksi (alum) is kasdya (astringent), katuka (pungent) and amla (sour) in taste. It is good for kantha (throat), kesa (hairs) and netra (eyes). It can destroy vra~a. visa, svitra and tridosas and helps in the jiiranakarma (complete assimilation of solute) of parade (mercury). (63)

$odhana:

Tuvari is purified by putting it in kiinjika for three days. (64)

Satvapiuana

First method:

Tuvari ground with ksara and amla and heated strongly releases its satva (metal content) definitely.

Second method:

The sauriistri if subjected to bhiivanii with gopitta (cow's bile) for hundred times and then heated strongly releases its satva. It is considered very good for kriimana samskara of mercury. It is considered highly secret. (65)

T ALAKA (Orpiment)

Varieties:

Tiilaka is said to have two varieties. The first one is patra talaka and the second one is pinda tiilaka.

Properties (Physico-therapeutic) :

Patra tiilaka is said to possess golden colour, heaviness, brilliancy, thin lamellae, brightness and innumerable folds. It is also claimed to possess rasayana property. (66)

Pinda tiilaka is without lamellae, looks like a pif.l(ia (mass) in appearance, contains less satva (metal content), and is heavy. It is claimed to stop the menses of ladies, i.e. can cause amenorrhoea and possess less ptoperties than the other variety. (67)

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

103

Properties (Pharmaco-therapeutic):

Haritala is unctuous, hot, and stimulates digestive fire, cures ku~{ha.destroys slesma, rakta dosa, poisons, viitaprakopa and bhiitabiidha (effects of evil spirits). It alone can stop the menses in the ladies. (68)

Bad effects of asuddha tdlaka :

Unpurified tiilaka; if used internally, is likely to cause iiyunasa (destruction to life), kapha and viita prakopa, produce prameha (urinary disorders), santiipa (burning sensation), sphota (boils/fissures) and samkoca (constriction) in the body. Hence it should be purified before use. (69)

Tiilaka sodhana :

First method:

For purification tiilaka should be boiled in dolayantra with kiismiinda toya and/or ciirnodaka (lime water).

Second method:

It is also purified by reducing the talaka into small granules and grinding it with 1I1Oth part tankana pieces. Then these should be washed with jamblra drava and kiinjika first and then subjected to boiling in doliiyantra for one day after tying it in four-fold cloth.

Third method:

It is also purified by boiling it in iiranala liquid mixed with lime, in kiismiinda rasg and in siilmalicoya by doliiyantra method. (70-73)

Tiilaka mdrana :

Prepare a kasdya (decoction) of brahma (paliisa) mula and make it like honey in consistency by boiling. Apply three bhdvanii of this kiisiiya to tiilaka. Now prepare its paste in the buffalo urine. Close it in Saravasa'!lpu!a or mu~ii and apply heat by puta system using ten upa/as (dung cakes) and lastly grind it well. Repeat the process twelve times. Tdlaka processed as such may be utilised in medicinal preparations. (73-75)

TiiLaka satvapiitana

First method:

Mix haritiila with tankana, buffalo ghee and honey well. Put the mixture in a

104

RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

sthiili (broad mouth vessel) and close it with amalia (earthen lid) having a hole in its middle. Seal it properly and apply heat in a slowly increasing manner for one prahara (about 3 hours) after closing the hole with gomaya (cow dung). At the end of one yama (about 3 hours) open the hole and watch for the fume. If the fumes look pale yellow in colour stop heating. On self cooling take away the sthal] from the furnace, open it and collect the satv a extracted from haritiila. (76-77)

There are a number of methods for the extraction of sat vas from all the stony substances but all have not been enumerated here because of the fear of expansion of the text/work. (79)

Second method,'

Take one pala of haritiila, grind it with arka dugdha (latex of Coletropis) for one day. Mix it with lila taila in a so~~ika (about 12 gm) amount, mix well and apply heat in an open space for seven yiimas and allow it to cool. By this way, white colour sat va (metal) could be Obtained from haritiila. (80-81)

Third method,'

Mix tdlaka with the hairs of goat and sulphur. Grind these well for two days, now add the drugs of drdvana group to it and fill the same in kiicakiipi, wrapped three times with cloth smeared in clay and dried in sun rays. Then insert the kupi in a hole made in a kharpara (lower half of earthen pot) upto half and subject it to heating for twelve praharas. By this method the released satva adheres at the neck of the bottle which on cooling can be collected from there. (82-85)

Fourth method,'

Tie half pala (25 gm) tdlaka in a white cloth. Anoint the bundle with sulphurpaste three times and allow it to dry. Melt copper in three pala quantity and suspend tiilaka pouali in it and cover it immediately with ash. On cooling, white, soft satva of tdlaka enveloped in copper may be collected. It may be used for rasa and rasdyana purposes. (86-87)

MANAl:lSILA (Realgar)

Varieties,'

Three varieties of manahsilii are described. The first one is syiimiingi, the second one is kanavirikii and the third one is khanddkhya. Their characters are being described as follows. (88)

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

105

Characters of each variety:

The iyiimii manahsiki is yellowish red in colour and heavy in weight. The kanavirakii is copperish red in colour, does not contain any yellowish tinge and looks very bright. The khandiikhyd is in powder form, deep red in colour and heavy in weight. The succeeding varieties are considered better than the former varieties as these are claimed to possess more and more satva in them. (89-90)

Properties( Pharmaco-therapeutic) :

Manahsilii is tikta (bitter) and katu (pungent) in taste, u~1}a (hot) in property and potency, destroys kapha and viita dosas. It is in the form of satva only and considered best amongst rasiiyana drugs. It can destroy the effects of bhiita (evil spirits) and visa (poisons) and cures agnimiindya, kandu, kiisa and ksaya ragas. (91)

Bad effects of impure manahsilii :

Impure manahsilii, when used internally may cause asmari, mistrakrcchra, mandiigni and malabondhatd. But when purified it is claimed to cure all the diseases. ~92)

Sodhana:

First method:

Manahsilii is purified by subjecting it to bhavanii process with agastyapatra juice. It is also purified with the bhiivanii of srngavera juice. (93)

Second method:

Manahsilii is purified by subjecting it to svedana process in doliiyantra for one yiima with jayanti patra juice, bhmgariija juice and raktiigastya juice first and then in chiigamiitra. In the end it is washed with iiraniila and used for medicinal purposes. (94)

Satvapiitana :

First method:

Mix Manahsili: with 1/8th part kiua (ma1}flura), guda, guggulu and ghee, close it in a miisii and hea t it strongly in a kosthi to obtain its satva.

18

106

RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

Second method:

Prepare a mii~ii with the paste of bhiiniiga satva, tankana and madanaphala, ground with kiiravalli dala juice. Now put the manahsilii well pasted with ksiira and amla drugs in this mii~a and apply strong heat for two ghatika. By this

method manahsilii releases its satva. (95-97) .

AN"JANAS (Collyriums)

Varieties:

There are five varieties of anjanas, such as sauviriinjana, rasdnjana, srotonjana, puspiinjana, and niliinjana. Their characteristics are being described as follows. (98)

Characteristics:

'Sauviriinjana is smoky in colour. Rasiinjana is yellowish. Srotonjana is pointed like the peak of an ant hill. on fracture it looks like blue lotus, and while rubbed may produce shine like gairika (red ochre). Puspiinjana is white. and Nilanjiina is heavy. (99-100)

Note: Of these only niliinjana is in use at present as anjana (collyrium).

Properties (Physico-pharmaco-therapeutic) :

Sauviriinjana is smoky in colour, cool in property, destroys rakta-pitta, visa.hidhmii, etc. diseases and is claimed to clean and heal the wounds. (10l)

Rasiinjana is yellowish in colour, improves complexion, destroys visa, mukha raga, sviisa, hidhmd, etc. diseases and pacifies viita, pitta, and rakta prakopa. ( 102)

Srotonjana is kasiiya and madhura in taste, snigdha and hima in properties, lekhana and netrya in karma and destroys hidhmii, visa, chardi, kapha, pitta and rakta rogas. ( 103)

Puspiinjana is white in colour, snigdha and hima in property, destroys all types of eye-diseases. Cures severe type of hidhmii and also destroys the diseases caused by visas. ( 1(4)

Niliinjana is guru and snigdha in property, rasdyana and netrya in karma, destroys the bad effects of all the three dosas, kills the suvarna (helps in converting the gold to ashes) and produce softness in metals if mixed. ( 105)

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

107

Sodhana .'

All the anjanas are purified by the bhiivanii treatment with bhrngardja juice.

The rasiinjana is purified by treating the same with the juice/decoction of siiryiivartiidi group of drugs. ( 106)

Satvapiitana .'

The satv a of all the anjanas may be extracted by the same method as has been described for manahsild. The satva from srotonjana may be extracted like that of riijiivarta. (107. 108)

Use of srotonjana in rasabandhana .'

Srotonjana frequently and repeatedly subjected to bhiivand withpancagavya (cow'S dung, cow's urine, cow's ghee. cow's fat and honey) is considered best for binding mercury quickly. (109)

KANKU~1HA (Rhubarb)

Habitat and varieties .'

It is obtained from the peaks of Himalaya mountain. It is described to have two varieties. The first one is nalikd kankustha and the second one is renuka kankustha. The first is yellowish, heavy, brilliant and considered best while the second is blackish yellow. light and without satva a.id is not recommended for use. (110. 111)

Different opinions about its identification:

1. According to some scholars kankustha is a fecal matter of newly born baby-elephant which is blackish-yellow in colour and considered to be purgative. (112)

II. Others are of the opinion that it is a niila (umbilical cord) of foal (babyhorse) which is whitish-yellow in colour and considered to be a drastic purgative. It is not considered good for rasakarma and rasiiyana karma as it is devoid of sat va and may cause many vikiiras (bad effects). (113)

Properties (Pharmaco-therapeutic):

Kankustha is tikta and katu in taste. u~rza in virya and acts as a superior purgative. It can destroy vrana, udiivarta, siila, gulma, pliha roga and guda roga. (114)

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

Sodhana:

Kankustha becomes purified if subjected to three bhiivanii of sunthi jala (decoction) .

Its satva extraction method is not described as it is in the form of satva only. (115)

Method of its uses:

Those suffering from constipation should use it for purgation in a dose of one yava (about 30 mg). It is claimed to cure amasula (pain due to indigestion) within a moment by causing purgation. If it is used along with tiimbida (betel leaf) it causes severe purgation which may even prove fatal. (116)

Antidote:

For destroying the toxic effects of kankustha one should use barbilri (babbiila) mula kviitha mixed with jiraka and tankana powder in equal quantity repeatedly. (117)

I

General Method for Uparasa Sodhana and Satv apiitana :

Siiryiivartaka, kadali, vandhyii karkotaki, kosdtaki deoddli, sigru, vajrakanda, jalapippali and kiikamaci are the drugs prescribed for this purpose. All the drugs of rasa and uparasa groups when subjected to bhiivanii repeatedly with the juices of any of the above drugs and also when treated with lavanas, ksiiras and amlas become purified and on being heated strongly release their satva (metal contents). (118-119)

SADHARA~A RASAS

Kampillaka, gauripiisiina; navasiidara, kapardikii, agnijiira, girisindiira, hingula and mrdddrasriiga are the eight drugs of the siidhiirana rasa group. These are claimed to be useful for producing siddhi (success) in rasakarmas by scholars like Nagarjuna and others. (120-121)

KAMPILLAKA (Mellotus philipthansis)

Characteristics and occurrence:

Kampillaka looks like brick powder and is full of shine. It is a drastic purgative and occurs in Saurastra Pradesa, (122)

THIRD Ct{APTER - ENGLISH TRANSLATION

109

Pharmaco-therapeutic properties .'

Kampillaka is good for destroying pittadosa, vrana, adhmiina, vibandha, slesmodara, krmi, 'gulma, mula (arsa), iimasopha, jvara, siilaroga and for the diseases which are considered curable by purgation. (123)

GAURjpA~A~A (Arsenolyte/white arsenic)

Synonyms and varieties .'

Pita, vikata and hatacurnaka are the synonyms of gaurtpasana. It is described to have three varieties such as sphatikiibha (like quartz), sankhiibha (like conch shell) and haridriibha (like turmaric). The succeeding varieties are comparatively better in properties than the former. (124)

Sodhana .'

The superior variety of miisaka (gauripa~(l1:za) should be closed inside the karavalliphata and applied svedana (heating through liquid bath) in a handiki: (pot) filled with water. By this method miisaka becomes purified. (125)

Satvapdtana .'

Its satva (metal content) should be extracted like that of tdlaka and it is subhra (white) in colour.

Properties .'

It is snigdha (unctuous), dosaghna (pacifies all the three dosasi, potentiates and binds mercury. (126)

NA V ASADARA (Ammonium chloride)

Utpatti .'

A) It is produced by the burning of karira and pilu fire woods and is a type of ksdra (alkaline material) and is called navasiira. It is also called cilllik7i lavana. ( 127)

B) It is also produced during the roasting process of bricks. It is pCI1:Zcf.u (pale) in colour, lavana (saltish) in taste and Laghu (light) in weight. This material is called navasdra and also cilllikii lavana. Both of these are obtained from cullikli (furnace) hence also called cllllikii lavana. (128)

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

Properties:

It is used in the jiirana karma (consuming and assimilation process) of mercury and in driivana (liquefaction) of lohas (metals). It stimulatesjathariigni (digestive fire), destroys gulma (gaseous trouble), plihi: (enlarged spleen), and asyasosa (drying of mouth), helps in the digestion of ingested miimsa (meat), called vida, ·pacifies all the three dosas and known as ciilliki: lav ana. (ll9)

V ARATJKA (Cowrie)

Characteristics:

The variitikii, (cowrie) which is yellowish in colour, possesses nodules on its back, and has large v rttas (edges), is mentioned as having the name cariicara by the Rasavaidyas. (130)

-

Varieties:

That which is one and half niska (about 6 gm) in weight is considered best. That which is one niska (4 gm) in weight is medium and that which is less than one niska (about 3 gm) in weight is considered inferior. (1.31)

Properties 0/ other types:

The variitikds other than the above three varieties are called vardtds. These are considered gum (heavy to digest) and to increase slesmii and pitta dosa. (132)

Pharmaco-therapeutic propertie~ :

It destroys parindma Hila (pain due to duodenal ulcer), etc. siila ragas, vanishes grahani and ksayarogas. It is katu (pungent) in rasa and vipaka, usna (hot) in guna and virya, dipana and vr~ya in karmas and good for netras (eyes). It destroys viita and kapha dosas and is mentioned useful for rasendra jdrana and considered best amongst vida dravyas. (133)

Sodhana:

Variitikas (cowries) become purified by boiling them in kiinjika for two yiimas. (134)

AGNIJARA (Amber)

When the jariiyu (external covering of the skin or womb) of agninakra (a type of sea animal) is thrown out of the sea and gets dried in sun rays it is known as agnijdra. (135)

THIRD CHAPTER - ENGLISH TRANSLA TlON

111

Properties:

Agnijara is claimed to destroy all the three dosas, and dhanurviita, etc. viitik diseases, increases the potency of mercury, acts as dipanq andjiiralJa. (136)

Sodhana:

As it is obtained in the purified form from the sea hence its sodhana is not mentioned.

GIRISINDURA (Red Oxide of Mercury)

The rasa (liquid material) which remains inside the rocks of big mountains in very minute quantities and becomes red on drying is known by the term girisindiira. (137)

Properties:

Girisindiira is described to pacify all the three dosas, acts as bhedana (loosening of feces) and best rasabandhana (mercury binder), useful in dehakarma and lohakarma and good for netras (eyes). (138)

HINGULA (Cinnabar)

Types:

Hingula is of two types, one is called sukatunda and the other hamsapiida.

Characteristics:

SukatulJpa is also called carmiira and is inferior in properties.

Hamsapiida is said to possess white lines and looks like praviila (coral) in colour. (139)

Properties:

Hingula is claimed to destroy all the dosas, acts as dipana, best rasiiyana, vrsya and sarvarogahara (destroyer of all the diseases). It is highly useful/recommended for jdrana purpose in mercury. (140)

Properties of Hinguliikrsta Siita (Mercury extracted from Cinnabar) :

Mercury extracted from hingula is claimed to possess properties similar to those of mercury in which gandhaka has been calcined many times in different proportions. (141)

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

Sodhana:

Hingula becomes free from all the dosas (impurities) if it is triturated (given bhiivaniu with drdraka juice or lakuca juice seven times and dried thereafter. (142)

Another method:

There is no wonder if hingula triturated well with mesiksira (goat's milk) and with amla varga drugs many times makes the colour of gold similar to that of the best quality kumkuma (saffron) on heating in sun rays for long time. (143)

Satvapiitana :

Hingula put in piitana y antra and distilled in water by heating definitely releases its satva (metal content) similar to siita (mercury). (144)

M~DDARAS~NGA (Litharge)

Origin and characteristics:

That which is produced in Gurjara Pradesa near Arbuda (Abu) mountain and which is yellow and with lamellae is known as mrdddrasrnga. (145)

Properties .'

Its satva (metal content) is sisa (lead) and it pacifies slesmii, destroys the diseases of males, imparts original (black) colour to hairs and considered best for rasabandhana (fixation of mercury). (146)

General Sodhana Methods for Sddharana Rasas :

All the drugs of sadharana rasa group if triturated with the juices of miitulunga and Iirdrak:a for three nights and then dried become free from all the dosas (impurities/bad effects). (147)

General Sodhana Methods for Satvas :

Whatever type of satva if heated strongly alongwith the drug of suddhi varga become fully purified and unite with each other. (148)

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

UPARASAS

In ancient times the minerals of alchemical and medicinal importance were classified in mahiirasa, uparasa and sddhiirana rasa groups. This classification is based on preferential usefulness of the minerals in mercurial operations. The highly useful minerals are included in mahdrasa group. The minerals which stand next in usefulness to the former group are named as uparasa and sddhiirana rasas. The Rasa Ratna Samuccaya accepts this classification and includes eight drugs in each group.

It is also important to mention here that there are some scholars who grouped all the minerals found useful in mercurial operations in one group. i.e., uparasa group, without giving much importance to their preferential usefulness. According to these scholars about 25 drugs are included in uparasa group. The drugs of up arasa group mentioned in different texts are shown in the following tables (Tables 1 & 2).

Table - 1

The eight drugs of the uparasa group mentioned in different texts

51. Name of Rasiir- Name of the Text

No. the drug. nav a RH. T. R. Cu. R.P'S. R.R.S. R.K.D.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Gandhaka + +
Gairika + +
Kiisisa + +
Katiksl + +
(sphaukiit
Tdlak.a + +
ManalJsila + +
An/ana Riijdvarta +
Kankustha + + + + + Kharpara
I
+ + + Sikhi Tuttha
+ + + Varata
+ + + Sai1kh'J
+ + + Tank.ana
+ + + Hingula
Sauvlrdnjana + +
+ + + Bhuniiga
R.R.S. == Rasa Ratna Samuccaya
R.K.D. == Rasa Kama Dhenu 5. 6. 7. 8. R.H.T. R.Cu.

Rasa Hrdaya Tantra Rasendra Cudiimani

R.P.S. = Rasa Prakiisa Sudhiikara

19

114 RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A
Table - 2
Text-wise drugs of uparasa group where the number is not limited to eight
Name of the Text
Sl. Name of Rasa- Rasa R.Ratnii-
No. the drug Maiijari Sara kara R.S.S. Ay. Pra.
1. Atijana + + +
2. Kiintapiisiina + + + + +
3. Kiislsa + Tutthkasisa + + +
4. Kahkustha + + + +
5. Gagana ( Abhra] + + + +
6. Kharpara + +
7. Gandhaka + +
8. -Gairika + + +
9. Goja (Na rasa ra] +
10. Tankana +
11. TaLaka' + +
12. Bhiiniiga + +
13. Vajra +
14. Variita + +
15. Vimala + -I-
16. Vaikrdnta + + -I-
17. Sita + + +
18. Siliijatu + +
19. Sikhi Tuttha + + +
20. Sahkha + Sasyaka +
21. Hemamdksika + + +
22. Hingula + +
R.S.S. =
Ayurveda Prakdsa = It is worth mentioning here that uparasa group is found described in almost all the texts while the mention of sddhiirana rasa group is found only in Rasa Prakdsa Sudhiikara and Rasa Ratna Samuccaya. As regards the drugs and their numbers Rasa Raina Samuccaya along with Rasdmava, Rasa Ratniikara, Rasa Prakiisa Sudhiikara and Rasa Hrdaya Tantra has mentioned eight drugs in this group with little variation in the name of the drugs. The drugs are gandhaka, gairika; kdsisa; kiihksi, tdlaka, manahsild, anjana, and kankustha. Rasa Ratniikara

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

11S

mensions riijiivarta and bhiikhaga instead of anjana and kiinksi. In other Rasa texts where the number of the drugs of uparasa group is not limited to eight the mahiirasa and siidhiirana rasa groups are not mentioned. In these texts all the minerals found useful for mercury and its operations are named uparasas i.e. these are inferior to rasa (mercury).

GANDHAKA (Sulphur)

In Rasa Ratna Samuccaya its mythological origin has been described in detail. According to this it is claimed to be related to goddess Parvari and is said to have originated from her menstrual discharge. Its place of origin is mentioned as Sveta dvipa and it got its origin as a result of the churning operation of milk ocean, along with amrta (nectar). Scientifically, the story may be explained as follows. The goddess Parvati referred here represents nature, Sveta dvipa represents Sicily. Churning of milk ocean represents volcanic erruptions and the menstrual discharges is to be explained as the flow of liquids coming out of the places of volcanic eruptions. The mention of its specific smell is to indicate the presence of peculiar smell of sulphur in its mines. Its occurrence with nectar is indicative of its association with various metals at the time of the occurrence i.e. its occurrence in compound form.

Though four varieties of sulphur based on colour have been mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya, the uses and superiority or inferiority is mentioned only for three varieties, as the fourth black variety is described to be rare. The white variety is due to the presence of impurities like clay, chalk, etc., and probably because of this reason it is not recommended for internal use and is considered the most inferior. The yellow variety is called amala sara and/or sukapiccha and recommended for rasa karma and rasiiyana karma, both. The red variety is called sukacattcunibha or sukatunddkhya and is recommended only for dhiituviida vidhi (alchemical practices). It is claimed to be the best amongst all the three available varieties possibly because of its usefulness in dhdtuvdda (transmutation purposes). The black variety is also claimed to be useful for removing jarii (senility) and mrtyu (death) but its availability is described as durlabha (rare).

Importance of the Sodhana Process of Sulphur:

In the purification methods, sulphur melted with cow's ghee is poured in milk or in some prescribed vegetable extractives through a cloth so as to allow the filtered sulphur to go into the liquid. The process is advised to be repeated several times to remove the impurities completely. This helps in removing the impurities in three ways, i.e.,

(A) by removing insoluble impurities through filtration,

(B) by solubilising fat soluble, and water soluble impurities, and (C) by adding the property of milk or the vegetable extractive.

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RASA RA TNA SAMUCCA Y A

It has been mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya that sulphur contains two types of impurities, vrz., insoluble or physical impurities such as clay, stony pieces and other materials, and soluble impurities such as arsenic, poisonous materials, etc. which are fat soluble or water soluble. The liquids used for its purification help in converting the melted sulphur immediately into the solid form.

For therapeutic purposes purified sulphur may be used externally and internally mainly for skin disorders. It is considered hot in effect, stimulates digestive fire, loosens and absorbs iima dosa. removes toxins. and improves sukradhiitu. vigour and strength. Internally. it may be used in purified form and in the form of oil or druti. It imparts potency to mercury and lessens its toxicity.

GAIRIKA (Hernatire/Redoxide of iron. Fe203)

It is an oxide of iron having red colour and generally in powder form. Chemically it contains 70% iron and 30% oxygen. In addition, it often contains magnesium and titanium. Gairika occurs in compact, granular, or earthy masses; sometimes in crystal form also. The earthy varieties are apparently soft but crystalline hematite is hard. Its hardness varies from 5.5 to 6.5. Red ochre is red earthy hematite. It is very soft and possesses a dull lustre. It often contains considera-ble amount of clay. sand and other impurities.

Varieties:

Tow main vari .ies of gairika are mentioned in Ayurveda : pdsdna gairika-hard and copperish in colour, and svarna gairika=soii. smooth and deep red. The pao}af}a gairika is the hard variety of hematite, while the svan}a gairika is the earthy variety. In Ayurveda Prakiisa a third variety, siimdnya gairika, is also mentioned which is in between the pa~a,!a and svarna varieties, i.e., it may c ontain less clay and sand. The percentage of iron is very high in pasa,!a gairika and in modern times iron is generally extracted from this variety of hematite.

Significance of the term svarna gairika :

The term svarna added to this mineral is to indicate its brilliant red colour or to indicate its usefulness in making gold very bright and shining, as it is used by the goldsmiths for polishing gold. However. it does not contain gold even in traces. It occurs abundantly in various parts of India.

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

117

Properties:

Gairika is astringent in taste and cold in propertyl effect: hence it is highly useful in checking the bleeding from different parts of the body due to pittadusti. Besides. it is good for hiccough, vomiting and poisons. In Ayurveda Prakdsa it is claimed to be riiksa (dry) and the best drug for itching. On account of its riiksa property it pacifies kapha dosa also and is a good cure for kandu which is caused by the vitiation of kapha.

Processing:

Cow's milk or cow's ghee is indicated for purification of gairika. The milk is used for bhiivanii (maceration) and ghee is used for bharjana (frying).

As regards its satvapiitana, Nandi has stated that it is in the form of salva (metal) but others mention that its satva can be extracted by treating it with ksdra and dmla. According to Prof. D.A. Kulkarni iron may be extracted as its satva and that iron is more effective than ordinary iron. It is mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya. that gairik a in the form of satva can mix well with mercury and not in the gairika form.

KASISA (Green vitriol. Ferrous sulphate. FeS04 )

Kiisisa is a green coloured mineral of iron which is chemically ferrous sulphate. In Rasa Ratna Samuccaya its two varieties. viz., biilukii kiislsa and pu~pa kiislsa are mentioned. Biiluka kiisisa and piif!liu kiisisa are the same and may be called dhiitu kdsisa also. It is greenish and granular. The puspa kiislsa is yellowish. Biilukii kiisisa converts itself into pusp a kiisisa in course of time on account of exposure to atmosphere. Biiluka khsisa is soluble in water while pu~pa kiisisa is insoluble. In local market it is sold in the name of hiriikas and is a vailable in the form of big crystals. Nowadays it is also prepared artificially by the action of sulphuric acid on iron. In Rasiirnava its white and black varieties are also mentioned along with the yellow variety. The white variety is due to the mixture of chalk. or it may be an intermediate state of conversion of biiluki: kasisa to pu~pa kiisisa. The black variety is due to the mixture of black soil with kiisisa.

Properties:

According to the texts kasisa is claimed to possess sour taste. However, in some texts it is stated to possess astringent taste while some other mention it as of ksiira (alkaline) or tikta (bitter) taste. I t is hot in property and by virtue of this it is claimed to be vata slesma hara and destroys the diseases caused by these dosas. It is antipoisonous, a pote~t hair dyer. eye t~)llic and quite effective for svitra and other skin disorders. Ayurveda Prakiiia kiira recommends it to be

118

RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

effective in urinary disorders like difficult micturition, calculous, etc. Though it is an iron compound, it is not found indicated in pdndu (anaemia) although experimental studies have proved it to be a good haematonic agent.

Processing:

For its purification Rasa Ratna Samuccaya advises soaking kiisisa in the juice of bhrngariiia. bile, or menstrual discharge. But Prof. D.A. Kulkarni, while commenting on it, questions how only soaking may remove the impurities. He further mentions that if it is boiled with these liquids then some soluble impurities may go into the liquids used. I think he is very right in this. Hence it is suggested that the term klinnam may be changed to svinnam and then it may become more meaningful and appropriate. As by this process soluble impurities/materials may dissolve into the solution and insoluble impurities may remain in the cloth.

It is important to mention here that the mineral is already in compound form and advised to be used internally after purification only; hence its marana is not mentioned. Regarding its satvapiitana (extraction of metal content) the text mentions that its satva may be obtained as per the method mentioned for sphaukii (alum).

For rasdyana effect, Rasa Raina Samuccaya bas advised that it should be used in ash form mixed with equal quantity of kiinta bhasma and in association with trip h alii, vella and unequal parts of ghee and honey in one salJa (about 3 gm) quantity. It further advises that if it is used by the method of rasiiyana prayoga continuously for one year it may completely remove dmadosa, stimulate sluggish digestive fire. and definitely cure greying of hair associated with wrinkles.

SPHATIKA (Alum/double sulphate of potassium and aluminium) :

Tuvari. saurdstri. kiittks]. etc. are its synonyms. Origin:

It is described in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya that it is obtained from the rocks of Saurastra in the form of clay. It is further said about it that if it is pasted on the cloth it deepens the colour of maiijistha or makes its colour very fast.

As per modern concept, it is presumed that in places where aluminium and sulphur are present as the constituents of soil, the rocks of all such places may contain alum in some amount. In India Saurastra was the first recognised place for such soil. Hence the soil obtained from here and containing alum is known as Sauriistri. It is full of impurities and from this pure, white and crystalline alum is obtained with great efforts.

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

119

Varieties:

In the Rasa Raina Samuccaya two types of sphatikii, viz., phataki, and phullikii are mentioned. Of these phatakl is heavy, yellowish and brilliant while phullikii is light, white and brilliant. Its taste is slightly sour. Phatakl is antipoisonous and destroys all types of kusthas (skin disorders) and wounds, while phullikii is used as a paste on copper sheets for their reduction.

Properties:

Sphatikii is kasdy a, katu and amla in taste, pacifies all the three dosas, acts as kanthya, kelya, netrya, vranaghna. visaniisi, svitrdp aha. and sdnuprada. It also helps in the jiirana karma of mercury.

Note: Initially the earth containing alum was obtained from Saurastra and supplied throughout India, but later on it was also found in Punjab, Bihar, U,P. and Maharjistra. It is a type of soil in which aluminium and sulphur are present in a specific' combination. It may be obtained either from hilly areas or from planes.

TALAKA (Orpiment, Arsenical gold ore; AS2S3)

Orpiment, though more abundant than realger, is not a common mineraL It is usually found in foliated or columnar masses with a bright yellow colour. The pure mineral contains 39% sulphur and 61% arsenic. Thus it contains about 9% more sulphur than realgar. Folios are flexible but not elastic; slightly sectile ; hardness 1.5 - 2.0; sp. gr. 3.5 ; lustre resinous to pearly; colour lemon-yellow; streak translucent to opaque. When heated to 100°C it becomes red, however resumes its original colour on cooling but on heating to 150°C the change is permanent. It is commonly associated with realger and often formed from it. It is found in nature and prepared artificially also by the treatment of arsenic acid with H2S under high pressure.

Mythologically it is said to have originated from the discharge produced at the end of sexual act of Lord Siva and Goddess Parvati,

Varieties:

Two varieties of tiilaka. i.e., (1) patra and (2) pinda are described. The patra variety is better than the pi[lrja variety. Patratiila is heavy, greasy, golden yellow, bright and in the form of thin laminae. Pindatiila is light, rough, dull, with low metallic content and in mass form; supposed to contain more impurities. Patratiila is generally obtained from Iran and hence it is also known as Bagdiidi Haratiila.

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

Properties:

Therapeutically patra tala is claimed to possess rasdyana property while pinda tala is claimed to stop the menses of ladies. Unpurified tiilaka is said to produce toxic effects in the body and to provoke kapha and viita dosas ; hence it should first be purified and then used internally.

Processing:

For purification tiilaka should be subjected to either bhiivanii or svedana with kii~malJ"a juice, ciirnodaka or some other liquids either to remove its soluble impurities or to add some properties of vegetable extractives to counteract its toxic effects. It is recommended for use after purification only but a few scholars suggest its marana also which should be done very carefully as its contents volatilise even at a low temperature. Hence Rasa Ratna Samuccaya advises to use only ten cow dung cakes as fuel for applying heat while preparing its bhasma (ash). Further, the texts have described the period of a few months for extracting its satva (metal content) and the colour of its satva is described to be white. It means arsenic is obtained from it as satva.

MANAI:ISILA (Realger, arsenic disulphide, ASZS2)

It is a drug/mineral of uparasa group which occurs as bright red incrustations and coatings on other substances. Colour is aurelian red to orange yellow; hardness 1.5 - 2.0 ; sp. gr. 3.5 ; transparent to translucent or opaque. Manahsilii contains 71.1% As and 29.9% S. It catches fire when heated on charcoal and burns with a light blue flame giving out dense clouds of arsenic fumes and odour of S02' Its bright red colour and its reactions for sulphur distinguish it from other minerals; and its softness, low sp. gr. and the arsenic fumes distinguish it from cinnabar. On exposure to air and light realgar gets oxidised yielding orpiment (As2S3) and arsenolite (As203)'

Manahsilii occurs with the ores of silver, lead and antimony and is usually associated with orpiment ; it is also found as a sublimation product and as a deposit from hot springs. It is a product of an interaction of arsenic with sulphur vapours. It occurs in native form but is also prepared artificially. In almost all the texts its three varieties are mentioned based either on colour or form.

Characteristics:

That manahsilii which is bright red like that of japiipuspa is considered the best, It should also be heavy and free from clay and stones.

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121

Properties,'

ManalJ.iila is tikta; katu, u~1}a, guru and snigdha, best amongst all the rasdyana drugs, lekhana, [osana, visaghna, destroys vraIJa, aria, bhiitopadrava and kaphaviita dosas. It should be used after proper purification otherwise it produces many undesired symptoms and diseases.

Processing,'

For purification manahsilii should either be subjected to bhavanii, svedana, or piicana in prescribed liquids/extractives for prescribed number of times.

Antidote,'

Saivapiitana : Cow's milk with honey.

Its satva (metal content) may be extracted by mixing it with 18th part ghee, guda, guggulu and kiua and subjecting it to strong heating in a miisii for at least two gha!ikas. Arsenic is likely to be extracted as satv a from it.

ANJANA (Collyriums, Lead/ Antimony Compounds)

Regarding occurrence it is said in Rasakiimadhenu that the anjanas occur either in hilly areas or in rivers.

Five types of anjanas are described in the texts which from modern point of view may be taken as different minerals. It may also be mentioned here that many scholars in 20th century mentioned in their respective texts that sauviriinjan and srotonjana are antimony compounds, nildnjana is lead compound, rasiiiijana is mercury compound or a solidified vegetable extractive and puspiinjana is zinc or calcium compound. But on the basis of the findings of experimental study it may be pointed out that the suggestions in some texts that sauvirdnjana and srotonjana are antimony compounds. are not proper as the antimony compound, stibnite, proved highly toxic to the eyes and caused blindness in experimental animals when applied locally in the eyes. Further the same study suggests that the lead compound (PbS) proved beneficial for the eyes. Besides, the samples collected from the different parts of the country being used in the name of anjana are exclusively the lead compound (PbS). Thus, the present author is of the opinion that all these anjanas described in ancient texts must be only the lead compounds having different characteristics because of the presence of varying percentage of varieus impurities.

Of the lead compounds, galena (lead sulphide - PbS) is generally taken as anjana: It is found in crystalline masses, in large and small crystals and in crease or fine granular aggregates. It contains 86.6% lead and 13.4% sulphur, and usually small quantities of sulphides of silver, zinc, cadmium, copper and

20

122

RASA RA TNA SAMUCCA Y A

bismuth and in some cases native silver and gold. Sometimes antimony and iron are also present in small quantities. The impurities probably impart different characteristics to this mineral and in ancient times these were known as different types of anjanas.

Well developed crystals of galena are common, the usual forms being cubes or octahedrons independently or mixed. It is well characterised by its grey colour, perfect cleavage, high sp. gr. (6.3) and metallic lustre. Hardness is about 2.5 to 2.6. Streak is greyish black. It is a good conductor of electricity, fuses on charcoal yielding sulphureous fumes and globules of metallic lead. soluble in nitric acid with the separation of sulphur.

Galena is a widely occurring mineral and is found in the veins of silver and lead containing igneous rocks, and as deposits in ground water surrounding sedimentary rocks. It is frequently associated with zinc and silver ores.

Properties .'

According to Ayurvedic description niliinjana is bluish, bright, heavy and greasy. Alchemically it is claimed to be suvarnaghna (helps in converting gold to ashes) and 10 hamdrda va kdraka (produces softness in metals). Therapeutically it is netrya (good for eyes and its diseases) and rasdyana (rejuvenates body tissues), destroys the vitiation of all the three dosas.

Processing:

It is purified by subjecting it to bhiivand or svedana with vegetable extractives/liquids prescribed for the purpose.

Its satvapiitana is also recommended and may be done as per the method mentioned for manahsilii or riijiivarta.

Note - According to other scholars (i.e. Prof. D.A. Kulkarni) sauvlriinjana and srotonjana are two types of antimony sulphide (Sb2S3), rasiinjana is yellow oxide of mercury, puspiinjana is zinc oxide and niliinjana is lead sulphide. Some scholars suggest that rasiinjana is a vegetable product prepared by solidifying ddrvikviuha (decoction of burberis species) which is known as rasonta in Hindi.

KANKU~THA (Rhubarb)

Since ancient times kaiikustha is considered to be a controversial drug.

According to Bhiiluki it is an ore of tin probably cassiterite (Sn02)' According to Rasiirnavakara it is a bright red material similar to vidruma (coral). In Rasa Ratna Samuccaya it is mentioned about this material that it is obtained from the base of the high peaks of mountains specially of Himalaya. But this text is also not sure about its identity as here the opinions of other scholars have also been

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

123

quoted, viz., some say that it is the feces of a newly born baby elephant which is yellowish black in colour. Some others say that it is an umbilical cord of a newly born colt which is yellowish white. According to Dalhana (the commentator of Susruta) kankustha is nirydsa (exudate) of svarnaksiri. A few other scholars suggest it to be the mrdddra srng« (yellow oxide of lead) because of its yellow colour. Others mention that because of its relation with Himalaya mountains it should be the root of Revanda Chini(Rhubarb) which possesses good virechana property. Still others say that it is a gum of Mysore Gambose Tree as it is also yellow and has a rechana property.

Thus, there are many opinions about kankustha but actually what it is, could not be said definitely.

Varieties:

Rasa Ratna Samuccaya mentions two vaneties of kankustha viz., nalikd kankustha (tube like) and renuka kahkustha (sand like). Thus, in the opinion of the present author it should be a mineral substance having tubular or sandy appearance, yellow or blackish yellow colour and drastic purgative effect.

SADHARA~A RASAS

This is the third group of mineral drugs described in Rasa Raina Samuccaya. In this group the minerals of ordinary utility to mercury have been included. The drugs are kampillaka. gauripiisdna. navasiidara, kaparda, agnijiira, girisindiira, hitigula and mrdddrasmga. The drugs of Sddhdrana Rasa group mentioned in different texts are shown in the table c j'.

It is evident from this table that Rasa Prakiisa Sudhiikara included only six drugs in this group deleting kampillaka, gauripiisdna. and capala. Ayurveda Prakdsa enumerated seven drugs in this group; hingula and mrdddrasmga having been excluded and capa/a being included.

KAMPI LLAKA t Mallotus philipinensis Muell-Arg)

Kampillaka is a vegetable drug. However, on account of its usefulness in mercurial operations it has been included in this group.

According to description in the texts kampillaka is said to be the phala rajas, i.e .. it is a powder covering the fruits of this plant. It is a yellowish red sand like powder which floats on water and the wet powder, when rubbed on white paper, produces yellow lining. Its ash content should not be more than 9%, and it should produce sparking if put on fire. It is insoluble in cold water, completely soluble in ether and alcohol, and can be detected microscopically.

It is generally found in Tropical areas- east and south of Himalaya.

Saurastra is specifically mentioned in this context along with Burma, Singapore

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

TABLE 3

The textwise drugs of Sadharana rasa group

S1.

Name of the drug

R.P.S.

Name of the Text

R.Cu.
1. Kampillaka +
2. Gauripiisiina +
3. Navasiidara +
4. Kaparda/ Varii(a +
5. Agnijdra +
6. Girisindiira +
7. Hingula +
8. M rddiirasrhga +
9. Cap ala R. Cu. = Rasendra Ciitjamani R.P.S. = Rasa Prakiisa Sudhiikara R.D.P. =

R.R.S. = Rasa Ratna Samuccaya Ay. Pra.e: Ayurveda Prakiisa

+ + + + + +

R.D.P. R.R.S. Ay. Pra.
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ and Malaya. The plant is 25 to 30 feet in height and remains green throughout the year. Fruits are small and round, and on ripening become covered with a reddish powder which when collected is known as kampillaka. According to Rasa texts it is described to be similar to brick powder with some shining and not possessing any taste or smell. It may contain a few particles of plant tissues, and sometimes it is also found adulterated with sand particles which makes it heavy and less shining.

Chemical composition:

Kampillaka contains a crystalline substance known as Rotaline. It also contains another yellow crystalline substance, yellow and red resin, wax, volatile oil, starch, sugars, tannin, oxalic and citric acids.

Properties and Uses:

Kampillaka is krmighna and specific for the worms, produces purgation,

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125

cures skin disorders, pacifies viita and kapha dosas and should be used mixed with ghee and oil. In large doses it may produce nausea and coma.

Dose:

4 to 6 gunja with honey.

GAURipASA~A (White Arsenic)

Gauripiisdna is a mineral of siidharana rasa group and is known as white arsenic. On fresh fracture it looks opaque and tin white but on exposure it tarnishes into dark grey to black. Native arsenic often contains antimony as well as bismuth, cobalt, nickel, silver, iron. or gold. Crystals are hexagonal or psuedocubical, occurs in compact, scaly, granular or fine-grained masses, often breaks into onion like layers, found principally in the veins of rocks with silver; cobalt. and nickel.

As gauripiisiina is found in association with sulphur. iron, or copper its ores are roasted in furnace and the arsenic content mixed with oxygen gets accumulated in the pipes and is collected from there. According, to texts, it is obtained from two sources, viz., mountains or minerals. i.e. it is parvata sambhava tkhanija] and (ala sambhav a (krtrima).

Varieties:

Three varieties of gauripiisdna are mentioned. These are sphatikiibha; which is the best; sankhiibha, which is better; and haridriibha, which is good. Its colour is white or yellow/red. Soma/a. malla, sankhavisa, miisaka, etc. are its synonyms.

Processing :

Gauripasdna is purified by heating it in cow's milk by doliiyantra method. It is also purified by closing it in kiiravalliphala or siirana kanda and thensubjected to svedana. It may also be obtained as satv a from talaka and manahsild.

NA V ASADARA (Arnonium chloride)

Navasddarais a type of salt which is yellowish white in colourvsaltish or alkaline in taste, very light in digestion, cool in touch and sometimes pungent. It is also called narasQra. cullikii lavana or vida lavana.

Sources and method 0/ collection:

Navasiidara is obtained from the ash collected from the places whetebricks

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCA Y A

are burnt using the karira and pilu woods as fuel along with animal excreta and leaves. It is also obtained from small domestic hearths [ciilhiis] where fire woods and dung cakes are burnt as fuel. It may also be obtained from the ash of camel excreta. In Europe it is made from human urine also and hence it is called narasiira. It is also obtained from the volcanic mountains of Sicily. Middle Asia is also its another source.

Navasiidara sublimes on heating and on being added to it makes the water to cool.

Properties .'

Navasiidara is claimed to be tridosa samana, and a very good stimulant of digestive fire, helping in the digestion of all types of food. It helps in the jdrana karma of parada [when mixed with mercury it helps in the digestion ana assimilation (griisa] of metal in mercury]. It also helps in the liquefaction of metals and is useful in almost all the diseases specially connected to digestive system.

Processing .'

As navasadara is soluble in hot water, for purification it is dissolved in hot water, filtered through a thick cloth, and the filtered solution evaporated to obtain it as white crystals. It may also be purified by sublimation through damaru yantra method. In this method very pure, light and yellow coloured powder of navasiidara is obtained.

KAPARDA (Cowry; CaC03)

Kaparda is a marine product and many varieties, based on size, colour and nodes on the back are obtained. Chemically it is carbonate of calcium.

The cowry having yellowish colour, nodes on its back, heavy and big in size is considered the best. The cowries other than this are considered inferior as they are heavy to digest and provokes slesma and pitta dosa in the body.

Properties .'

The kapardas are hot in action, contain katu and tikta (pungent and bitter) taste, stimulates digestion, acts as rasiiyana, proves good for eyes and helps in the jiirana karma of piirada. It is claimed specific for pariniima sula and grahanl:

Processing .'

For purification of kaparda its external impurities are removed by boiling it

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127

in acidic liquids through doldyantra method. For converting it to ashes it should be heated to 600°C at least for one or one and half hour. About the quantum of heat to be applied for kaparda it is said in ancient texts that it should be that much by which these shells could be puffed up tutphullana).

AGNIJARA (Amber)

It is an animal product viz., the jariiyu (an outer covering) of agninakra (a sea animal) obtained from sea. Jariiyu is garbha kosa (covering of an embryo). According to ancient Ayurvedic view agnijiira is the dried external covering of an embryo of agninakra dried due to intense heat of sun and taken to the sea shore. According to modern view it is the dried portion of the fecal matter found in the intestines of dead whale, which is separated from it and taken to the sea-shore by the waves.

Agnijiira is obtained from the sea shores of India, Lak~advipa. Nicobar Island and Africa. Its colour is blackish white just like ash and it possesses black spots on its surface. It is opaque, very light, in mass form, insoluble in sea water and contains very pungent or stimulant smell. It resembles musk (kastiiri) in properties. It burns in fire leaving no residue.

Agnijdra is light in weight and hot in effects. It pacifies all the three dosas and is useful in cases of sannipiitaja vyiidhis. I t stimulates digestive fire and 'acts as griihi. It is indicated in all the vata vyiidhis and specially in dhanurviita. It is the best drug for performing rasajdrana and rasavirya vardhana.

Sodhana is not essential for this drug as it is obtained from sea water which in itself is saltish and alkaline.

GIRISINDURA (Red oxide of mercury)

Girisindiira is a reddish powder similar to sindilra and found in very minute quantities in between the rocks of big mountains. It is probably a compound of mercury and oxygen and occurs in traces in mineral form mixed with other minerals. Montroydite+e mineral of mercury oxide closely resembles it. It contains a few particles of free mercury also. According to some scholars it is said to be a lead compound i.e. ndgasindiira but owing to its occurrence in minute quantity, girisindiira should be different from niigasindiira and may be the mercury compound, red oxide of mercury.

According to Rasa Jala Nidhi sindiira is of two types, svabhiivaja, which is girisindiira, and krtrima, which is niigasindiira.

Properties :

Girisindiira is ~~a (hot) in effects, pacifies all the three dosas (sannipatavastha).

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RASA RATNA SAMUCCAYA

It is claimed to be netrya, sandhdna kara, vrana sodhana and ropana, rasabandhuna and dhiituvedhopayogi.

HINGULA (Cinnabar) - HgS.

In Rasiirnava, Rasa Hrdaya Tantra and Rasa Kama Dhenu hihgula is included in mahiirasa group but in Rasa Ratna Samuccaya it is included in sadharana rasa group. It is the principal ore of mercury in the world and occurs both in crystalline and massive forms. The red crystalline mass is easily distinguished from all other red minerals by its peculiar shade of colour and its heavy weight. Its hardness is 2.0- 2.5, sp. gr. is about 8.1 ; chemically it contains 13.8% sulphur and 86.2% mercury. The massive cinnabar is usually impure and contains clay. iron oxide. bituminous substances and occasionally organic matters.

Usually cinnabar is granular, massive or earthy but sometimes it occurs as beautiful crystals. It is transparent to translucent or opaque; cochineal red in colour often inclining to brown; streak scarlet to reddish brown, lustre dull, perfect prismatic cleavage. Usual associates are native mercury, pyrite, marcasite, realgar, calcite, stibnite, quartz, and opal.

Varieties:

Hingula occurs as mineral and/or is made artificially also. It is the main source of mercury since ancient times. Mercury is extracted from it through either piitana yantra or damaru yantra and the mercury obtained from this mineral is equal to gandhaka jiirita mercury in properties i.e., it is less toxic and therapeutically much more potent and could be used even without purification. Depending upon the percentage of impurities two or three varieties of hingula are described.

According to Ayurveda hingula is said to have originated from mercury. Its two or three varieties are mentioned of which hamsapiida is the best., It is red likejapiipu~pa or praviila, and full of salakas (needle like structures). Sukatunda and carmdra are the other varieties which according to some texts are different and according to others one and the same. Both are inferior and mixed with impurities and possess reddish white or yellowish black colours.

Properties:

Hingula is katu, tikta and kasdya in taste and usna in effect. It is dipana, rasiiyana, vr~ya. balya, viijikara, medhiignivardhana and sarvadosa niisana in karmas.

Processing:

Sodhana of hingula is done by subjecting it to bhiivanii with ardraka juice, jambirdmla, lakuca juice. mesiksira, etc. liquids for at least three times.

For extracting its satv a (mercury) it is subjected to sublimation or distillation process after triturating it with lemon juice.

NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

129

Its dose is one gunjii and may be used mixed with marica and guda in jvara and mandiigni, with pippali in hrdroga, and with gudiici juice in amlapitta. It may also be used for rasayana, rogaharana and lohamiirana purposes.

M~DDARAS~NGA (Litharge; lead mono-oxide)

Mrddiirasmga is a yellow oxide of lead and occurs in mines in natural form or prepared artificially in factories. According to Ayurvedic description it is said to occur in arbuda Parvata near Gujarat. In nature it occurs as mono-oxide (PbO). When in yellow powder form it is known as massicot and when in buff coloured crystalline form it is known as litharge. On heating, massicot gets converted into litharge. Generally it is of yellow colour but sometimes looks red due to the presence of red oxide of lead. If it is heated with navasddara (amonium chloride) its yellow colour becomes more shining.

Varieties:

Its varieties are described on the basis of its source of occurrence, colour and form i.e.

Source

1. Priikrta

2. Krtrima

Colour Pitta

Form

Piindura

Sadala Nirdala

Properties:

Mrddiirasrnga is guru and sita, pacifies slesmii and vdta, acts as hair dyer, fracture healer, contractor, healer of syphlitic wound, mercury binder and improves the colour of the skin and the complexion.

Processing:

It is advised to purify mrddiirasrnga by bhiivanii with mdtulunga. bijapura and iirdraka juice.

For extracting its satva it should be mixed with 1/4th part tankana and ground with an acidic liquid and made into golakas. The golakas are subjected to moderate heating in a mu~ii to extract the metal which is claimed to be similar to lead.

21