MAGNETIC LEVITATION

“DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS”

 Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. Magnetic levitation
3. Levitation principle
4. Lateral guidance
5. Maglev track
6. EDS-EMS
7. Linear electric motor
8. LIM in levitation
9. Characteristics of LIM
10.Benefits
11.Current projects
12.conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
 Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that
suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using
magnetic levitation.

 Trends in increased mobility of large masses with changing lifestyle

for more comfort are leading to congestion on roads with
automobiles.

 Besides, increasing pollution levels from automobiles, depleting

fuel resources, critical dependence on the fuel import .

 The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 kilometers per

hour (361 mph), achieved in Japan.

 Development of magnetic levitated transport systems is under

progress in developed countries.
 MAGNETIC LEVITATION
The need for fast and
reliable transportation is increasing
throughout the world. High-speed
rail has been the solution for many
countries. Trains are fast,
comfortable, and energy-efficient.

Maglev research and

development began in Germany and
Japan during the early 1970's. After
laboratory tests in both countries, a
test track was constructed in Japan
during the mid-1970's and in
Germany during the mid-1980's
 Maglev tech is a relatively new
transportation tech in which non
contacting vehicles travel safely at
speeds of 250 to 300mph or higher.

 The forces acting on an object in any

combination of gravitational,
electrostatic, and magneto static fields
will make the object's position
unstable.

 It is possible to levitate
superconductors and other
diamagnetic materials, which
magnetize in the opposite sense to a
magnetic field in which they are
placed.

 As Superconductors are perfect

diamagnets and when placed in an
external magnetic field expel the field
lines from their interiors
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Imagine that two bar magnets
are suspended one above the
other with like poles directly
above and below each other.
Any effort to bring these two
magnets into contact with each
other will have to overcome the
force of repulsion that exists
between two like magnetic
poles.
The repulsion of superconducting magnets and
electromagnets in the track keeps a maglev train
suspended above the track. By varying the strength and
polarity of the track electromagnets, the train can be
driven forward.
Lateral Guidance
When one side of the
train nears the side of the
guide way, the super
conducting magnet on
the train induces a
repulsive force from the
levitation coils on the side
closer to the train and an
attractive force from the
coils on the farther side.
This keeps the train in the
center.
MAGLEV GUIDE
TRACK
The magnetized coil running along
the track, called a guideway, repels the
large magnets on the train's
undercarriage, allowing the train
to levitate between 0.39 and 3.93 inches
(1 to 10 cm) above the guideway.
power is supplied to the coils
within the guideway walls to create a
unique system of magnetic fields that pull
and push the train along the guideway.
 LEVITATION
Levitation is the
process by which an object
is suspended against gravity
in a stable position.
First thing a maglev
system must do is get off
the ground, and then stay
suspended off the ground.
Electromagnetic Suspension
► In the EMS-attractive
system, the
electromagnets which do
the work of levitation are
attached on the top side of
a casing that extends
below and then curves
back up to the rail that is
in the center of the track.
► The gap between the
bottom of the vehicle and
the rail is only 3/8"
 Electrodynamic Suspension

► Inthe EDS-repulsive system, the

superconducting magnets
(SCMs), which do the levitating of
the vehicle, are at the bottom of
the vehicle, but above the track.
► The magnetic field of the
superconducting magnets aboard
the maglev vehicle induces an
eddy current in the guideway.
 Choice of linear induction
►A
motor
linear electric motor (LEM) is a
mechanism which converts electrical
energy directly into linear motion without
employing any intervening rotary
components.
► Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is basically a
rotating squirrel cage induction motor
opened out flat. Instead of producing
rotary torque from a cylindrical machine it
produces linear force from a flat one.
 Linear Synchronous Motor
► LSM generate
propulsive force by
running current
through a stator,
which creates an
electro-magnetic
field.
► This electro-
magnetic field
interacts with a set
of permanent
magnets on a
vehicle to create
thrust.
► The permanent magnets serve as the motor
secondary, equivalent to a rotor in conventional
motors enabling linear motion.

► The vehicle is propelled by the moving electro-

magnetic field, traveling along as electric
current is applied to the stator beneath the
vehicle.

► The vehicle’s movement is regulated by a

sophisticated control system incorporating
state-of-the-art position sensing technology.
 Synchronous vs Induction
motors
► Far more effort has been put into research
and development of linear induction motors
(LIM's) than LSM's.
► LIM's do indeed have two distinct
advantages. First of all, they are simpler and
less costly to construct.
► The stationary element of the motor
consists of nothing more than a rail or plate
of a conducting material, such as aluminum.
► By contrast, LSM's require the installation of
alternating north and south magnetic poles
on both moving and stationary elements.
 Linear induction motor (LIM)
in magnetic levitation
► The High Speed Surface
Transport (HSST) system
is propelled by linear
induction motor.
► The HSST levitation
system uses ordinary
electromagnets that
exerts an attractive force
and levitate the vehicle.
• The
electromagnets
are attached to
the car, but are
positioned facing
the under side of
the guide way's
steel rails. They
provide an
attractive force
from
brlow,levitating
the car.
 Characteristics of LIM
► In most vehicular propulsion
systems, provision must be made
for increasing the power when the
demand increases.
► Whenever more power is needed,
the moving magnet begins to lag
further behind the stationary one;
this results in an immediate
increase in thrust. No separate
control is needed
 Benefits of Magnetic Levitated
Transportation system
► Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the local
conditions.
► Maglev uses 30% less energy than a high-speed train
traveling at the same speed.
► Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately
half that of conventional long-distance railroads.
► Maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times
safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer
than automobile travel.
► Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can
move about freely in the vehicles
► Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are non-
combustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able to
withstand fire penetration.
► Carries no fuel to increase fire hazard
Noise Pollution
The train makes little
noise because it does not
touch the track and it has
no motor. Therefore, all
noise comes from moving
air. This sound is
equivalent to the noise
produced by city traffic.

Magnetic Field

The magnetic field

created is low,
therefore there are no
adverse effects.
 CURRENT PROJECTS
Germany and Japan have been the pioneering
countries in MagLev research. Currently operational
systems include Transrapid (Germany) and High
Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several
other projects under scrutiny such as the SwissMetro,
Seraphim and Inductrack. All have to do with personal
rapid transit.

NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for

launching of space vehicles into low earth
orbit.Boeing is pursuing research in MagLev to
provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the
Air Force. The mining industry will also benefit
from MagLev. There are probably many more
undiscovered applications!
 CONCLUSION
The Maglev Train: Research on this
‘dream train’ has been going on for the last
30 odd years in various parts of the world.
The chief advantages of this type of train
are: Non-contact and non-wearing
propulsion, independent of friction, no
mechanical components like wheel, axle.
Maintenance costs decrease. Low noise
emission and vibrations at all speeds.