Chapter 3

Motion in Two DimensionS

y

ti ∆r
tf
ri
Path of
rf particle

x
O

F I G U R E 3.1 A particle moving in

the xy plane is located with the
position vector :r drawn from the
origin to the particle. The
displacement of the particle as it
moves from to in the time
interval t tf ti is equal to the
vector :r :
r f :r i .
 y
Direction of v at

y ∆r1 ∆r2 ∆r3

∆v vf
vi
–vi "
or
vi '

ri vf ∆v
vf
rf
x
O

O
x FIGURE 3.2 As a particle moves
between two points, its average velocity
F I G U R E 3.3 A particle moves from position to position
is in the direction of the displacement
. Its velocity vector changes from : vi at time ti to :
vf at time
vector : r . As the end point of the path
tf . The vector addition diagrams at the upper right show two
is moved from to to , the
ways of determining the vector : v from the initial and final
respective displacements and
velocities.
corresponding time intervals become
smaller and smaller. In the limit that
the end point approaches , t
approaches zero and the direction of
:
r approaches that of the line tangent
to the curve at . By definition, the
instantaneous velocity at is in the
direction of this tangent line.
 ayt vf 1 a t2
at 2 y
yf rf 1 at 2
vyf 2

vyit
vyi vi vit
x
yi ri
vxi axt x
xi vxit 1 a t2
2 x

vxf xf
(a) (b)
Figure 3.4
Vector representations and components of (a) the velocity and (b) the position of a particle under constant acceleration .
 vy = 0 v g
v
Figure 3.5 vy
vxi
The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the θ
origin (point ) with a velocity : vi . The velocity vi vx i θ
vy v
vector :v changes with time in both magnitude
and direction. The change in the velocity vector vy i
is the result of acceleration in the negative y θi vx i
x
direction. The x component of velocity remains vx i θi
constant in time because no acceleration occurs
in the horizontal direction. The y component of
velocity is zero at the peak of the path (point ). vy v
 y
1
2
gt 2
vit
(x,y)
rf
x
O
F I G U R E 3.6
The position vector :
rf of
a projectile whose initial velocity at
the origin is :
vi. The vector :
vit would
be the position vector of the
projectile if gravity were absent and
the vector 12 : g t 2 is the particle’s
vertical displace-ment due to its
downward gravitational acceleration.
 y (m)

150
vi = 50 m/s

75°

100
60°
Figure 3.8
45°
A projectile launched from the origin 50
with an initial speed of 50 m/s at 30°
various angles of projection. Note that
15°
complementary values of i will result
x (m)
in the same value of R. 50 100 150 200 250
 y v i = 20.0 m/s
(0, 0)
x
θi = 30.0°

45.0 m

xf = ?
y f = – 45.0 m

xf

F I G U R E 3.9 (Interactive Example 3.2) A stone is thrown

from the top of a building.
 y
40.0 m/s

100 m

F I G U R E 3.10
(Example 3.3) A package of emergency supplies is
dropped from a plane to stranded explorers.
 (Tony Duffy/Getty Images)
A javelin can be thrown over a very long distance by a world
class athlete.
 vi
vf
∆r
vi
v
r ri rf θ
∆θ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf

F I G U R E 3.11 (a) A car moving along a circular path at constant speed is in uniform circular motion. (b) As the particle
:
moves from vi to vf . (c) The construction for determining the direction of the
to , its velocity vector changes from :
 Path of at
particle

Figure 3.12 a
ar
The motion of a particle along an arbitrary ar ar at
a
curved path lying in the xy plane. If the velocity
vector :
v (always tangent to the path) changes in
direction and magnitude, the acceleration vector at a
:
a has a tangential component at and a radial
component a r .
 60 mi/h
60 mi/h

F I G U R E 3.13 Two observers measure the speed of the red car. Observer O is standing on the ground beside the highway.
Observer O is in the blue car.

y y′
P

rPO
rPO′

O O′
x
S vO′O t S′
vO′O

F I G U R E 3.14
Position vectors for an event occurring at
point P for two observers. Observer O is moving to the
right at speed vO O with respect to observer O.
 vwE
N

vbE W E

vbw S
θ

(a)

vwE
N
vbE W E

vbw S
θ

(b)
F I G U R E 3 .15
(Interactive Example 3.6) (a) A
boat aims directly across a river and ends up
downstream. (b) To move directly across the
river, the boat must aim upstream.
 vi

θi
d

Figure P3.16
h
(Frederick McKinney/FPG /Getty)
Figure P3.20
(Top, Jed Jacobsohn/Getty Images; bottom,
Bill Lee/Dembinsky Photo Associates)
 (Sam Sargent/Liaison International)
Figure P3.23

Preheated steel sheath

(Courtesy of NASA)

Axis of rotation

Molten metal

Figure P3.24

Figure P3.27
 a = 15.0 m/s2

2.50 m a
30.0°

Figure P3.31