SCOTUS,

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Schulte Roth & Zabel - See Back Cover

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Harvard Law Record

April 15, 2010Vol. CXXX, No. 7

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News

•NetNeutralityThreatened•RestoringAfghanRuleofLaw•BannedScholarReturnstoUS

Opinion

•NegotiatingLawSchool•GenocideDebateIgnoresFacts•What’sintheHarvardname?

Culture

•Film:

WarDonDon

INSIDE

The HL Record

INAL

SSUEOFTHE

2009-2010A

CADEMIC

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DIDN’TWINYOURJOURNALELECTION?WENEEDNEWEDITORS-IN-CHIEF!E-MAILRECORD@LAW

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OUSE

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OLDERON

UANTANAMO

GregCraigSharesViewsonTerrorTrials,LooksBackatServiceinObamaAdministration

Beyond Curricular Reform

KaganandMinowBothonShortlistforObama’sSecondSupremeCourtNomination

VACANCYVACANCY

HRIS

ZABLA

BarelyhourshadpassedafterJusticeJohnPaulStevens’announcementof hisimminentretirementlastFriday– widelyanticipatedafterthe89yearoldSupremeCourtjudgefailedtohirethecustomarynumberofclerksforthecourt’snextsession–speculationbegantoswirlaboutanumberoffrontrunnerstoreplacehimonthebench–many,if notmost,withHarvardLawSchool pedigrees.ForemostamongthemwasformerDeanElenaKagan’86,nowservingasSolicitorGeneral.Notlongafter,however,BloombergNewscon-firmedthatanotherrecentHarvardLawSchoolDean,MarthaMinow,wasalso beingseriouslyconsideredforaSupremeCourtseat.Kagan,SeventhCircuitJudgeDianeWood,andD.C.CircuitJudgeMerrick Garland’77arewidelyseenasPresi-dentBarackObama’91’stopchoicesfortheposition,buttheconfirmationthatMinow’snameisonthepresident’sshortlistleadscredencetothepossibil-ityshemayalsobechosen.TomGold-stein,aSupremeCourtlitigatorwhorunsSCOTUSblog,toldthe

Harvard LawRecord

thathebelievesKaganisObama’stopchoice,butthatMinowwasalsolikelytobeveryclosetonom-ination.OnTuesday,theAssociatedPresswasabletoconfirmthatsevennamesweredefinitelyontheWhiteHouseshortlist,includingKagan,Wood,Garland,MichiganGovernorJenniferGranholm’87,HomelandSecuritySecretaryJanet Napolitano,GeorgiaSupremeCourtJusticeLeahWardSears,and9

CircuitJudgeSidneyThomas,whowassug-gestedbySenatorMaxBaucusforthediversityingeographicandeducational backgroundtheMontana-raisedjudgewouldbringtothecourt.BaucusandseveralDemocraticSen-atorsspokeoutagainstnaminganother IvyLeague-educatedjustice,notingthat,withtheexceptionofStevens,alleightremainingcurrentjusticeshadat-tendedeitherHarvardorYaleLawSchools(JusticeRuthBaderGinsberggraduatedfromColumbiaLawSchoolaftertransferringfromHarvardbeforeherthirdyear).TheSenatorswentsofarastosaythattherecentoutcomein

CitizensUnitedv.FederalElectionCommission

,whichallowedcorpora-tionstodirectlysupportadvertisingfor politicalcampaigns,wasaproductof justiceswhosebackgroundsputthemoutoftouchwithordinaryAmericans.Thatmighthavecomeasasurprisetoseveralofthecurrentjusticeswhoseyouthswerehardlyprivileged,butquiteafewotherprominentnamesmen-tionedaspossibilitiesforthecourtheldHarvardLawdegreesorconnectionstotheschool,includingMassachusettsGovernorDevalPatrick’82,whosaidhewouldprefertofightforreelectionthisyear,andHLSprofessorandTARPoverseerElizabethWarren,whoispop-ularforherpublicstanceonconsumer B

HRIS

ZABLA

It’sofficial:boththecurrentdeanofHarvardLawSchool,MarthaMinow,andherprede-cessor,ElenaKagan’86,arenowbeingconsideredasreplacementsforJus-ticeJohnPaulStevensontheSupremeCourt.ButmostlylostinthetidalwaveofspeculationthathasaccompaniedthenewsofStevens’retire-mentoverthelastweek wastherolebothdeans playedinquietlyreshap-inglegaleducation.LastMonday,justbeforetherecentSCOTUShype began,Minowgaveanaddresstotheschoolthatfocusedonthepast,pres-ent,andfutureofthein-stitutionshenowleads– andparticularlyonhowsheandKaganjointlyshapedthecurricularre-formthattransformedtheschool’slong-staticstu-dentexperience.TherehavebeensubtlechangessinceMinowof-ficiallytooktheschool’shelminthemiddleoflastyear.Thelaggingconse-quencesoftheongoingrecessionledtounavoid-ablebudgetcutsthatdidawaywithmanyofthe“creaturecomforts”thatendearedKagantostu-dents–andthefacultyraidsthatmadeherfear-sometocompetinglawB

ATTHEW

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UTCHINS

“Whenyouhavealawyerforaclient,it’sthemostdifficultexperience,andIhadthebestlawyerinAmericaasmyclient.”GregCraig,thefirstWhiteHouseCounseltoPresidentBarack Obama’91,satdownwithProf.CharlesOgletree‘78atHarvardLawSchoolonApril6thtodiscusstheObamaadministration’saccomplish-mentsandhiscareerinpublicservice.“TheWhiteHouseisaremarkable placetowork,andyoudon’teverforgetthesignificanceofworkingsoclosetothePresidentoftheUnitedStates.Atthesametime,itisalsoverydifficult.”GregCraig’scareerasalitigator beganatWashingtonbasedWilliams&Connolly,wherehedefendedat-

AspokesmanforDeanMinowsaidshewas“deeplyhonoredtobeconsidered”.

StateDept.LegalAdviserLaysOutEmerging“Clinton-Obama”Doctrine

INTERNATIONALLAW

ATTHEW

W.H

UTCHINS

ForthosewhocriticizePres-identBarackObama’91for showingmorecontinuitywiththeBushAdministration’s policiesthanchange,HaroldKoh’80hasoneword:“Duh”.Koh,whowastheDeanof YaleLawSchoolbeforeenter-ingtheObamaadministrationasLegalAdviserfortheDe- partmentofState,saysthatthemassiveinstitutionalmomen-tumofthefederalgovernmentmeans,“YoudonotturntheTitanic180degrees.Therewillalwaysbemorecontinu-itythanchangefromonead-ministrationtothenext.But

Koh,

cont’donpg.7

Dean,

cont’donpg.10

Craig,

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April 15, 2010 Harvard Law Record Page 3

TEPHANIE

OUNG

TheD.C.CourtofAppealsruledlastTuesdaythattheFCCdoesnothaveauthoritytoregulatebroad- bandInternetserviceproviders,grantingComcasttheabilitytoshapeitsconsumers’useofcertainwebap- plications.ThisisthemostrecentdevelopmentinastringofcourtbattlesthatstemsfromComcast’sprac-ticeofdelayingorblockingcertaintypesofInternettrafficwithoutdisclosingthedetailstoitscustomers.Whileothercompaniesmayalsoengageinthesame practices,Comcast,asoneofthebiggestandmost powerfulISPs,setsthestandardfortheindustry.Thesagabeganin2007,whenoneComcastcus-tomerwhohadextensivenetworkexperiencefiguredoutthatcertainapplicationswerebeingblocked.HerealizedthathisInternetconnectionshutdownwhenhetriedtosharehisfavoritemusic,publicdomain barbershopquartetrecordings,viapeer-to-peerappli-cations.BecauseComcastdoesnotdisclosewhatin-formationtheyblockandwhentheydoit,lesssophisticatedusersmaynotknowthatproblemswiththeirInternetconnectionsareintentionallyinflicted bytheirISPs.TheElectronicFrontierFoundationandAssociatedPressinvestigated,anddiscoveredthatComcastpur- poselyslowedorblockedpeer-to-peerfilesharingap- plicationssuchasBitTorrent.Subsequently,specialinterestgroupFreePressfiledacomplaintagainstComcastwiththeFCCin2007basedonthispractice.FreePressassertedthatComcast’ssecrecyconstitutedadeceptivepracticethatshouldberegulated.Com-castexplainedthatthiswasmerelya“networkman-agementpractice,”toensurethatnooneconsumer tooktoolargeashareofitsbandwidthawayfromothercustomers.However,itfailedtoregulatesomeotherapplicationsthatusedmore,andrestrictedother applicationsthatusedlessbandwidth.In2008,astheresultofagencyadjudication,theFCCorderedComcasttodisclosefulldetailsofitsnetworkmanagementpracticesandcreatepubliclyavailableplansfornewandnondiscriminatoryprac-tices.ComcastappealedthisfindingonthegroundsthattheFCCdidnothaveauthoritytoregulateunder its“ancillary”authority.ComcastalsoclaimedthattheFCCcouldnotmakethisdecisionthroughadju-dicationinsteadofconductingaformalrulemaking proceeding.IntheApril6decision,theD.C.CircuitfoundthattheFCCmisuseditsauthorityinregulatingComcast’snetworkmanagementpractices,effectivelyallowingComcasttoinhibittransmissionofwhatevercontentitdeemstroublesometoitsnetworks.FCCChairmanJuliusGenachowskisaidthatevendespitethisdeci-sion,hisagencywouldlookforothermeanstoprotectconsumerinterestsinbroadband.Astheappealwaspending,severalbillsintroducedinCongresssoughttoremedythisissuefromacon-sumerprotectionstandpoint.TheInternetFreedomPreservationAct,abillintroducedonJuly31oflastyear,includesenforcementprovisionsfornoncom- pliantISPsandcreateslawdirectlyratherthandele-gatingtotheFCCforrulemaking.Thisbilliscurrentlyincommitteebutwillprobablybereplaced bythemorerecentNationalBroadbandPolicy.TheBroadbandConsumerProtectionBill,introducedonMarch15,aimstopromotedisclosuretoconsumersof theactualtransmissionspeedstheirISPsachieve.TheactwouldspuranFCCrulemakingtoensurethat broadbandmarketingincludesclearinformationtoconsumersaboutwhatspeedstheycanrealisticallyexpect,andtoregulateISPs’marketingandservice procedures.TheFCCreleaseddetailsofitsNationalBroadbandPlan,apriorityoftheObamaadministration,onMarch16,statingmultiplegoalsofincreasingthenumberofAmericanswithbroadbandconnections,improvingcomputerandInternetliteracy,andmak-ingaccessmoreaffordable.ItremainstobeseenhowtheNationalBroadbandPlanwillcomportwiththeD.C.Circuit’sdecision.Unfortunately,therecentComcastdecisionmeansthattheFCCmaynothaveauthoritytoregulate.ThisdecisionlefttheFCCwithlesserregulatory poweroverbroadband,andconsumerswithfewer rightsagainsttheindustry.Inordertoensurethatconsumersreceivefairtermsandcompetitiveprices,eitherCongressorthecourtsneedtoreversethistrendandplacebroadbandsquarelyundertheFCC’sau-thoritytoregulate.

Comcast

DecisionThreatensNetNeutrality

D.C. Circuit Rejects F.C.C. Authority to Regulate Internet Carriers’ Controls on Data

EBECCA

GULE

Afghanistan’sarduousroadtotheruleoflawcon-tinuestoencounterblockagesanddelays.InMarch,RebeccaGangandSaeeqShajjan,bothHarvardLawSchoolLL.Ms,whoworkedasdefenseattorneysinthecountry’snascentnewlegalregime,togetherwithJasteenaDhillon,afellowattheHarvardKennedySchool’sCarrCenterforHumanRightsPolicy,sharedtheirexperienceworkinginthecountry’slegalinsti-tutions.“Ifoundthatthepragmaticapproachwewerefol-lowingontheground,ifnotacompletemismatch,wasnotananswertothebreakdownoftheruleof law,”Dhillonsaid.UsingtheexampleofBosnia,shenotedthatpost-conflictjudicialinstitutionsaregen-erallynotequippedtodealwiththeuniquesituationstheyface.Dhillonprovidedabriefoverviewoftheissuesfac-ingAfghanistan’slegalsystem,includingtheinterac-tionbetweenAfghanistan’sformalandinformal justicesystems,bothbasedinSharia,andreflectingholdoversfromtheRomancivilandEnglishcommonlawsystems.WithinthiscontextthediscussiontoucheduponwhethertheinternationalcommunitycorrectlyunderstandsthechallengesAfghansfaceandwhetheritspresenceisahelporahindrance.Shefur-therexplainedthedifficultyindeterminingthecycleofpolicyinitiatives,astheymaybeginontheground,filteruptopolicymakersandthencirclebackdown.AnAfghanattorney,ShajjanworkedwiththeInter-nationalDevelopmentLawOrganizationandInde- pendentNationalLegalTrainingCenteratKabulUniversity.PriortoreturningtotheUnitedStatesfor herLL.M,Gangfocusedonlegalassistanceandac-cesswiththeNorwegianRefugeeCouncilandtheAfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation(AIBA).ShajjanrecountedrelevantaspectsofAfghanistan’shistory,notingattemptsatlegalandpoliticalreform.Rulingfrom1919to1929,relativemoderateAman-ullahKhancreatedthecountry’sfirstconstitutionandcompiledthepenalcode,as,accordingtoShajjan,“thestatetriedtomakejusticeaccessible.”Withthe1973coup,however,manyearliermiseriesreturnedtoAfghanistan.“Alltheworkthatwasdonebeforewasnullified,”Shajjansaid.Followingthe2001U.S.invasion,Afghanistanadoptedanewconstitution,whichenshrinedseveralhumanrights.Article31alteredthescenariofortheaccused,providingthat,“Uponarrest,ortoprovetruth,everyindividualcanappointadefenseattor-ney.”Withdefensecounselalmostararityinthecountry before,Shajjanrecalledenteringthecourtsofjudgeswhodidnotevenrecognizetheidea.Henotedthatthenewconstitutionalsoincludesaprohibitionontortureandanequalprotectionclause,andhecom- paredrightsonpapertotheireffective,realtimeim- plementation.Despitesomeshortfalls,andevenashenotedthatmanychallengesextendtotheentirecountry,Shajjanremainshopeful.“Iamoptimisticthatthingsarehap- pening,”hesaid,pointingtotheestablishmentoftheAfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionandtheElectionCommission.“Afghanistandoeshavecertainachievements.”OfGang,Dhillonsaid,“Weworkedinthesame placesatdifferenttimesandbothworkedwithAIBA.Inpostconflictcountries,weputalotofemphasison judges,

etcetera

,butforgetaboutdefencelawyers.”AfterspendingthelastfouryearsinAfghanistan,inpartasanadvisortothefirstAIBA,Gangexplainedherreasonsforsteppingbackintoacademia.“First,IcametoHarvardtogivemygrandparentstheyearofffrommelivinginAfghanistan,”shesaid.“Secondarily,becauseIcamehomefromworkevery-dayintears,orifnotintears,withthefeelingofhav-ingspentmydaybangingmyheadagainstthewall.”Ganghadbeguntoquestiontheappropriatenessof theAIBA’slawanddevelopmentapproachandwhetheritwouldsimplyentrenchmoredeeplytheveryjusticesectorproblemsitpurportedtosolve.Lawanddevelopmentemergedasadistinctfieldinthe1960sand1970s,Gangsaid,aspeopleaimedtomakeatransformationfromformalismtoinstrumen-talism.Issuesarose,however,whenwesternassump-tionswereappliedtodevelopingcountries.Inreactiontothisconcern,anewmodelhasbeeninrelieduponsincethemid-1970s.Inpractice,thesepoliceswereenforcedbythosewithaccesstolawyers,therebyre-inforcingtheinterestsoftheelite.“Theseiterationsofleveldevelopmentallcirclearoundthisoneconceptandsaythesamething,thatlocalsneedtodesigntheseprograms.Itsays,‘aslongaslocalsaredesigningtheseprojects,allofourprob-lemsaresolved’,”Gangsaid.WiththeBonnAgreementontheframeworkfor Afghanistan’spost-2001governmentmovingfor-ward,theInternationalBarAssociation(IBA)con-ductedafact-findingmissioninAfghanistan.Withoutstandardsfororregulationofthelegalprofession,andnostructuretoanswertheproblemsofdefenseattor-neys,itwasnearlyimpossibletoimplementArticle31.TheIBAsuggestedthecreationofanewinstitu-tion,whichledtotheAIBA’sformation.Gangsaid,“TheIBAcomesinandsays,thisisthesolution,wearegoingtosetupaframework;wearegoingtolookatinternationalbestpractices.ThenyouAfghansyoufillitin.”OpeningitsdoorsinJuly2008,theAIBAhasmetwithbothsuccessandfailure.Gangnotedtheaccom- plishmentofevenstaffingtheofficeandbeginningworkonnon-controversialcases.Bycontrast,AIBAserviceshavenotexpandedbeyondKabul,itlacksastrategicplan,anditcontinuestoavoidcontroversialadvocacy.“Alloftheproblemswesetouttofix,theyhavenotonlynotbeensolved,butthemechanismswesetuptosolvethemhaveensuredtheywon’tbesolved,”Gangsaid.ShajjantriedtotemperGang’sconcerns,saying“thisisthefirstyear,don’texpecteverythingfromthem.Theywilldothis.”Dhillonofferedanangleofrealismandprogress.“Whenyouareinthefieldyouknowthatyouarenotalwaysdoingitright,butyoujusthopethatitfits,andyoupushandyoupush.It’sgreattogobackanddothisreflection.”