Fundamental

Particles
Fundamental particles are the
building blocks of matter
 CHANGE
For many
years the
definition of
fundamental
particles has
changed
Before it was an whole atom
Afterwards it changed to protons
Neutrons
And Electrons
A fundamental particles is a
particle known to have no
substructure
Or it exists
Or it doesn’t
 Finally the definition of
fundamnetal particle has reeched

:
down as

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Quarks
 Quarks are the
building blocks of
matter
 Quarks are
divided up in 6
kinds or flavours
Up Quark
Up Quark Down Quark
Up Quark Down Quark Charm Quark
 Up Quark Down Quark Charm Quark

Strange Quark
 Up Quark Down Quark Charm Quark

Strange Quark Top Quark

 Up Quark Down Quark Charm Quark

Strange Quark Top Quark Bottom Quark

Leptons

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Leptons are fundamental particles that have no
strong interactions

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 Electrons and Positrons

The electron is the least massive charged particle

of any type.

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It is absolutely stable
because conservation
of energy and electric
charge together forbid
any decay.

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The antiparticle of the electron is called a
positron

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The opposite sign for its electric charge =

+1
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However, electron
and positrons can
annihilate when
they meet. Both the
electron and the
positron transform
themselfs into
photons

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Viceversa very strong photons can produce
electros and positrons

++ +

-
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Muons

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The negatively
charged muon
(mu-minus) is just
like an electron,
except it is more
massive.

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Muons are unstable = they decay

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The antiparticle of a mu-minus is a mu-plus.

+
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 Muons are produced in particle physics
experiments. They also are produced by cosmic
rays.

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Because they are
much more massive
than electrons,
muons readily pass
through the electric
fields inside matter
with very little
deflection.

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 Tau Leptons

The tau-minus is a electron-like particle

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These particles were discovered at SLAC in
experiments at SPEAR. The 1995 Noble Prize
Martin L. Perl was awarded for this discovery.

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This third type of
charged lepton is
also unstable.

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There are several possible ways for it to decay
For Example it can decay into :
An Electron

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There are several possible ways for it to decay
For Example it can decay into :
An Electron An um- minus muon

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There are several possible ways for it to decay
For Example it can decay into :
An Electron An um- minus muon

Down Quark

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There are several possible ways for it to decay
For Example it can decay into :
An Electron An um- minus muon

Down Quark Strange Quark

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Neutrinos

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 Neutrinos

There are three types of

Neutrinos. All are similar
do to the fact that they
don’t participate in strong
interaction

Electron
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However, neutrinos differ from electrons in
that they have zero electric charge and, as far
as we know today, zero mass

Mass of = 0.0000000000000002m
Neutrino

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Gauge Bosons

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Gauge bosons are bosonicic particles that act as
carriers of the fundamental forces of nature.

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There Are 3
Gauge Bosons
types of

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Photons

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W and Z bosons

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Gluons

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Each Guage Boson corresonds to a particlular
interaction

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Photons W and Z Gluons
Bosons

Electromagnetic Weak interaction Strong interaction

interaction

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Despite the modern technology of
today we are not able to be sure
that Fundamental or Elementary
particles are truly structure less

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History

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Research in the field of
particle science has
begun since ancient
Greece

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Philosefers as Lecippus, Democritus and Epicurus
studied the essence of matter

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 Through history it has been influenced by
Indians, Europeans Americans till arriving now to

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The Standard Model

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Carrers Connected to Fundamental
Particles:

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Scientist

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Physicist

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Philosopher

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Astronomer

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Teacher

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Fundamental Particles are very complex and hard
to understand and perhaps they are of no use for
ordinary people in their daily life but as many
another things the make up the knowledge of
human kind

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 Knowledge is
power
William Alexander

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