Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fall 2004
DISPLAYS
2
Differences between Traveler and Freight
Transportation
CLASS DISCUSSION
3
Substitutability of Communications and
Transportation
4
Core and Garden Cities
(after Lay)
Rail
Spokes
Core City
“Garden” Cities
at human scale
5
Figure 21.2
The U.S. Model
Rail
Spokes
Core City
“Infill”
6
Figure 21.3
Other Urban Questions
Suburbanization
Mega-Cities
Ring-Roads
“Edge Cities”
7
Land Use and Public Transportation
8
The T-Shaped “New Transportation
Professional”
Breadth in:
Transportation
Fundamentals In-depth knowledge
- technology within a
- systems
transportation
- institutions specialty
9
Figure 21.4
MOBILITY VS. ACCESSIBILITY
10
THE STARBUCKS MODEL
2 * * *
1 * * 3
* Zone 4
JMS NO STARBUCKS
Zone i
* = Starbucks
How can I improve my accessibility to Starbucks?
I could move closer to one
Starbucks could build one near me
The transportation system could improve
11
THE STARBUCKS MODEL
(CONTINUED)
Ai = ∑ # of Starbucks in Zone j
j=1,4 tij
12
Some Transportation History
Lay, Max G., Ways of the World: A History of the World’s Roads and of the Vehicles that
Used Them, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1992.
13
As Lay mentions, the cost of a round-trip from
Paddington Station to another station in London in
1800 by horse-drawn vehicle was about 1% of the
annual wage of a typical worker, where the
comparable trip today would be about .02% of the
annual wage of that same worker.
14
SAFETY OF HIGH SPEED RAIL
STUDY OF JR EAST
15
THE QUESTION:
Fatalities/
event
1000
100
“Impact”
Fatalities
1 accident with 10
“Impact” fatalities is much worse
Non-linear function than 10 accidents with 1
fatality each
1 accident with 100
fatalities is much, much
worse than 100 accidents
with 1 fatality each
1 accident with 1000
Fatalities fatalities—off the charts!
17
INVESTING IN LOWERING FATALITIES DUE
TO EARTHQUAKES
failure failure
4
4
4
4
19
Safety vs. Performance
(CONTINUED)
20
What Enabled Transportation to
Advance?
Technological Developments
Automobile Dominance
The Gas Tax
Construction Jobs
21
Environmental Concerns
Others
22
Traveler LOS
23
Why People Like Cars
24
Land Use Patterns
25
A Final Set of Reasons
We Love Cars
26
Traveler LOS Considerations
“Value-of-Time”
Aggregating Small Time Savings over Many
People
27
Other LOS Variables
Cost
Service Frequency
Waiting Time
Comfort
Safety and Security
“Intangibles”
28
Modal Options
Private automobile
Taxi
Bus
Train
Boat
Various intermodal combinations
Bicycle
Walking
30
The fundamental insight is that people do not
make a single instantaneous judgment about trip-
making and mode choice; rather one has to
model transportation demand by thinking
hierarchically about how long-, medium- and
short-range decisions lead to decisions about
individual trips.
31
URBAN PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION
32
LOS Variables for Urban Travelers
CLASS DISCUSSION
34
Some Other LOS Variables
Security
Availability of service
Safety
Accessibility to service
35
Types of Urban Public Transportation
Service
Conventional Bus
Para-Transit
Demand-Responsive Service
Rail Systems
Subways
Commuter Rail
Intermodal Services
36
The Vehicle Cycle
HEADWAY
Alternatively,
NVEH = FREQUENCY VC
where FREQUENCY is the number of vehicles per unit of
time passing a point on the route.
37
Vehicle Cycle
1 hour
1 hour
CLASS DISCUSSION
38
Figure 28.8
ITS -- Public Transportation
Applications
39
Traveler Information through ITS
Intermodal Transfers
40
Fares, Ridership and Finance
Fares
Services Volume
Offered (Ridership)
Costs Revenues
Financial Subsidy
Situation
41
Figure 28.12
“Inelastic” Demand Function
V [Volume]
V0
F [Fare]
42
Figure 28.15
INTERCITY TRAVELER
TRANSPORTATION:
AIR
43
Reasons for Air Industry Financial
Problems
“Key Points”
Stochasticity
Peaking in Demand
Selecting Capacity
Network Behavior
45
Land-Side Issues
Airport Access
Airport Location
Airport Airport
46
Figure 29.1
Aircraft Technology
Aircraft Size
Short Take-Off and Landing Aircraft
Hypersonic Flight
The “Space Plane”
Engine and Materials Technology
47
Air Transportation as an Example of
Subsidies
Subsidies
Airlines
Passengers Airports
Air Traffic
Control
49
Figure 29.4
Subsidies in Air Transportation
Airlines
Passengers Airports
50
Figure 29.5
Does Society-at-Large Benefit Enough to
Warrant the Subsidy to Air Transportation?
CLASS DISCUSSION
51
INTERCITY RAIL TRANSPORTATION
LOCATION
Airport
Airport
Rail
Center Rail
City Station
53
Figure 30.1
MAINTENANCE COST VS. SPEED
600
500
Relative track
maintenance cost
400
(60mph=100)
300
200
100
Speed (mph)
54
Figure 30.3
SHARING R.O.W. BETWEEN
Signaling System
Rail-Highway Grade-Crossings
Line Capacity
Traffic Interference
Source: Roth, Daniel, “Incremental High Speed Rail in the U.S.: Economic and Institutional Issues”, Thesis for Master of
Science in Transportation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, July 1994.
55
Figure 30.5
PERSPECTIVES OF FREIGHT
Capacity
LOS Degrades as Volume LOS
Capacity
Approaches Capacity
Volume
Liability
The risk profile changes when a railroad has passenger operations,
because of the increased probability of injuries and deaths.
Cost-Sharing and Cost-Allocation
Right-of-way is being shared by freight and passenger; how do you
decide who pays what for the use of that right-of-way?
56
Figure 30.6
HSR, INCREMENTAL HSR AND MAG
LEV
H S R
dedicated service
very high speed
150-200 m.p.h.
(Europe and
Japan)
Ownership
Infrastructure
Company
Operating Companies
Rail/Air Intermodal
Regionally-Scaled Systems
58
SOME AMTRAK-RELATED
Environment
Congestion
Urban Form
Who benefits and who pays
TRUST FUND
Modal Diversity
Equity
59
MEXICO CITY -- A MEGACITY IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD
60
MEXICO CITY
61
KEY INTERRELATIONSHIPS
LAND USE
TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENT
Eco n om ic Qu ality
Gro wth o f Life
62
POLICY AREAS: TRANSPORTATION
63
POLICY AREAS: TRANSPORTATION
(CONTINUED)
Public transportation
Bus
Metro
Colectivo
Intermodalism
64
POLICY AREAS: TRANSPORTATION
(CONTINUED)
Infrastructure/technology
Truck bypass
Metro expansion
Dedicated bus lanes
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) pricing
65
POLICY AREAS: TRANSPORTATION
(CONTINUED)
66
Transportation Options
Gas tax tied to conformity and funds for roads and public
transportation
reduce private car use
forces integration of transport investments
maintains roads and promotes public transit
67
Transportation Options
68
Transportation Options
69
THE MEXICO CITY CLIOS DIAGRAM
TRAVELER TRANSPORTATION
METRO E LECTRIC
SHARE P OWER
AUTO FLEET
SHARE FUEL
MODE I&M
CHOICE
CONGESTION
ENVIRONMENT H UMAN
AUTO H EALTH
O WNERSHIP
INVESTMENT
POLICY
∆
POPULATION
INVESTMENT Q UALITY
OF
PRIVATE LIFE
FOREIGN
MACRO -
ECONOMIC
F ACTORS 70
Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS)
71
Definition of ITS
72
The Fundamental ITS Insight
VEHICLE
ITS INFRASTRUCTURE
SENSORS
COMMUNICATIONS
IT
ALGORITHMS
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
73
Fundamental ATMS/ATIS Systems
VEHICLE
I NFRASTRUCTURE
TRANSPORTATION
OPERATIONS
CENTER
(TOC)
75
Some Functions
Autonomous systems
Vehicle status
Intelligent cruise control
Obstacle detection
76
Introduction
77
The Vision for ITS in the U.S.
78
Advanced Transportation Management
Systems (ATMS)
79
Incident Management
80
Electronic Toll and Traffic
Management (ETTM)
81
Advanced Traveler Information Systems
(ATIS)
82
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
(AVCS)
83
Automated Highway Systems (AHS)
84
Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)
85
Advanced Public Transportation Systems
(APTS)
86
Advanced Rural Transportation Systems
(ARTS)
87
Characteristics
ATMS Advanced Network management, including
Transportation incident management, traffic light
Management control, electronic toll collection,
Systems congestion prediction and congestion-
ameliorating strategies.
ATIS Advanced Information provided to travelers pre
Traveler trip and during the trip in the vehicle.
Information ATMS helps provide real-time network
Systems information.
AVCS Advanced A set of technologies designed to
Vehicle Control enhance driver control and vehicle
Systems safety. This ranges up to Automated
Highway Systems (AHS), where the
driver cedes all control to the system.
88
Characteristics
CVO Commercial Technologies to enhance commercial
Vehicle fleet productivity, including weigh-in-
Operations motion (WIM), pre-clearance
procedures, electronic log books,
interstate coordination.
APTS Advanced Passenger information and technologies
Public to enhance system operations, including
Transportation fare collection, intramodal and
Systems intermodal transfers, scheduling,
headway control.
ARTS Advanced Mostly safety and security technologies
Rural (e.g., ŅMay-DayÓ)for travel in sparsely-
Transportation settled areas.
Systems
89
Institutional Issues
Public-Private Partnerships
Organizational Change
Transportation Education
Legal Liability
Political Strength of Traditional Construction
Industry
Intellectual Property
90
Transportation and Change
91
Transportation and Change
(continued)
92
Transportation and Change
(continued)
A Strategic Vision
94
WRAP-UP
Concepts
CLIOS
30 Key Points
Freight Transportation
Total Logistics Costs (TLC)
LOS for freight modes
Operating issues
Traveler Transportation
Automobiles
Urban Form and Transportation
Urban Public Transportation
Megacities
Intercity Traveler Transportation--Air, Amtrak
ITS
96
SOME EMPHASIZED POINTS
The Vehicle-cycle
Transportation as a component of a larger social-
political-economic system--a force for good and
otherwise
97
TRANSITIONS IN THE
WORLD OF TRANSPORTATION:
A SYSTEMS VIEW
Joseph M. Sussman
Transportation Quarterly
98
SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS
From To
1. Capital Management
Planning and Operations
Focus
2. Long Real-time
Timeframes Control
4. Emphasis on Emphasis on
Mobility Accessibility
(the Tr ansportation/
Land-Use
Connection
5. Customer
“One Size Orientation
Fits All” Quality
Service Pricing for
Service
SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS
(CONTINUED)
FROM TO
6. ALLOCATE ALLOCATE
CAPACITY CAPACITY
BY Q UEUING BY PRICING
7. AGGREGATE D ISAGGREGATE
M ETHODS FOR
M ETHODS FOR
D EMAND PREDICTION D EMAND PREDICTION
FOR
FOR
INVESTMENT PLANNING INVESTMENT PLANNING
( AND O PERATIONS)
M AINTENANCEPROVIDERS PLAYERS
SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS
(CONTINUED)
FROM TO
12. P ROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL EMPHASIS ON
EMPHASIS ON T RANSPORTATION
D ESIGN OF PHYSICAL AS A COMPLEX,
INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-S CALE,
INTEGRATED, O PEN
S YSTEM (CLIOS)
(CONTINUED)
FROM TO
18. REDUCING
CONSEQUENCES CRASH AVOIDANCE
OF CRASHES
20. N ARROW T HE N EW
T RANSPORTATION T RANSPORTATION
S PECIALISTS PROFESSIONAL