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2. Yl~<1il\Jml~~~u.slULL<1~\JmuYfn"~'!IlIi11t1riilU<1~ilil<1ilUn1~LLnU[]!'I11
3. l~li<1~ ~ 1'1<nl~ iii ~ LLriun L~!'I'I<LL<1~n~~ ~'I< 1~un L'i !'Iuiii "rll,~<11 ~1'~ 1;j~11~ iii 01
, ~1\JtJillii Yfn"~LL<1~'I1ifnn1,1~1un1~LLnil[]!'I11t'ilYleJ'!U1
4. <1ilut~!'IA1~~1i~mlmLOInoil~~~';h~'4I'1F1<1 tOl!'ll~ilLL\J\J1Jm'OI'11~ltJ'~~\J~~!'I1n
tllumm LL,dl!'1 Lvlill~unL'i!'l'l<tl~~<1\J1'I11~i11L~'Jlun1~LLnU[]!'I11LtJUn1'L<1lj~rilif~hlMi'\J um'i!'lu
5. YlIiI<1il\J'i1um'itJuL~l ht'JYleJU[]!'I11'!U1 t~!'In1~m~1i~~~~hmrril'11UIil1~LL<1~~~~
, hmrlilil~n1~
6. 1Jnl~1inL'i!'lU~~n'l11Alli1il\JtOl!'lm'tl~~~1n1riilum~iii~Alu1n1
7. LLu~1~um'i!'lUAIiI'I11ml~o1~~U:l'IJil~t'YlerU[]!'I11 tmJnl~1101~t1'11'imL~WllVi
8. '!l1!'11inL~!'Iulum~m~eJ3;l~'Jlnm''iLFI'1~'I1''['JYleJU[]!'I11 LL<1~LYi!'l\JLFi!'l~t'i\Jt'JYleJ~
1im'i!'lULI'I!'IViU~1riilu
9. <11iU<1liU 1~1im'i!'luiiilil'i5n1~LLnil[]!mtlil!'l'ili'lm~1im'i!'l'l<LeJ~ LLii1eJiitl~l!'1'111'iiim~
.J v
Yl~nrI1ENL'I1~l~<1~
~F1.Vi~iiVier !'I11~tl~~fl1" (2537: 24) 1il1mi1T:h lum~b~!'I'I<m~<1eJul'l(UIiIA1<1"{'!U 1'I~~1 LtJU'J~tiiil~U1t'JYleJil[]!'I11F1(U"Al<1li1{ oil~1 ~11-iiLvleJ
1. <l1lilill~L~lh1i~~~~lLtJu1'1<n1~L'i!'lUFl(UIiIA1<11i1{
2. l-ii1um'L~~~11~iii~~1\J!'IilIil1'11aJ1 ~iJ~1aJL~m~!'IU~
3. <11tl'l1ifnm~Yl1~FI(UIiIA1<11i1{
4. 'Ill!'11~Liilil~11~L~lhLL~~~il~Ll1um1~o1~~U:l ~~'I1'jl~n1~iii~A1Uln1'ilioi1~1
5. l~~eJ~ L l1uu []!'I11 LLil ~11 tI1-ii1 u'ii'lliltl~~~11u 1il1
6. L~~":jutl'l~<1ufmclm~,hu'IJeJ~1im'i!'lul~~~u .yhl~L1i01LL'l~~~h ml~<1uh bb~~L'liIl'liii~~oieJ'i'l!ll'1r;ij01Al<1li1{
5
1. ri!l ... Yi"~~~!l .... :1'r1..rm~V"'I~VlmnUC!!""1 "~~~!l\.l"1~1'r1..rm;v ... 1i1\.1~m\.lm,11I
l'r1dh 1. (1i1""'i\J..rm~v\.IYiiJ~1i1 ... 1a.J"I'i!l~ "~~~!l\.l!l1.1i1 ... 1'r1..rmiv ... w~) 11~11'r1..rm;v ...
~'1~11I1~11~m ... m'11I1'r1'1V<l:I~VOl!l:h,j'1~ 11~1~111"'fl<lm\.lm,I1IEl!lflliJ ...
(1) ~~Yi<lm"'fl1~11I1'r1m
(2) ~~Yiril!l~m,1'r1""1
(3) l\.1l1m\.lm~clijflwd!l\.lI~El ... l1J 1 ... m~llnuC!!""1 H.,.,;El1a.J 1I<l:..rm;V\.I<l13.m{) 10I1.,.,;El.,101.,:I\.If·i101ElUYiIU\.IltJ1ril lril.,.,'iEl1a.J
2. 11~11~"'llnuC!!"r11 am ... m~clYiri1""\.I(;I1'r1.:m51InuC!!""1!.J1flmtJ "~El1'tJfll;i'1mh~ 111I0I~'i5m~llnuC!!""11Ioifl:'im'r1..rfll'iV\.I~ IvlmiJ"'II"'1Y11~1'r1..rfll'itJ\.I ..rm'itJ\.IU1~""'El1'ilm5 Ilnuru""111J;1floi1~1t!'1flYi"~11I ... au ... :illril .,~1a.Jm~~0I~OInUFi1J;1ElUIYh,r ... m"1~J;1 'i1im~lln
... 'U 'U 'U 'U
UC!!""11JEl~..rm~V\.I l\.1m~lEl"''1fl.,~~m~ijm'"1t! ~11 ... :l'r1..rm'iv\.IlrilYl'1'11I1'i5m'llnuC!!"r11 IvlElll.j1~il~vl'r1..rm'itJ ... iii0l11~lle.I ... riEl""NijEl'l;1 1I<l:~~m~Elfl'ilim~llnUC!!""1Yi~1tJ If... 111'1: oJ
lI:'11fl"t1~01
~"t15'i51 ... m~llnuC!!""1ij"""1tJ'i5 l'!i ...
• 1J;111I<l:J;1'TiiI<lElU (Guess and check)
• ~1uC!!""11'r1~1V<I~ (make a simplier problem)
• ~\.I"r11~t!IIUU (Look for a pattern)
• 1101~t! .,.,'iml~Wl1'Vi (Draw a picture)
• ~1J;11~1~ (Make a table)
• 1I'~fl~&mh~ij,:uu (Make an organized list)
• ~1iiEl"'fl~U (Work backward)
• l~.,.,~m"""l~<l (Use logical reasoning)
• m'111I0I~U"t1U1"t111!.J~~ (Simulation)
3. IlnuC!!""1011!.J11~ ... Yi11~11 "~~<lEl"'''1'1'r1..rm'iv'''llIElfl~"t15'i1iYiI''''!.J1:1I!.J ~1!.J
m1!.J~1!.J1'{)1JEl~..rmitJ\.Illoi<l:"\.I "~~~El ... 1a.Jm,.:ri1"""'OIi1..rfll;!Ml:rilEl~ 1~~"t15'i5(i~~~f1rilEl~ 111'1: 1",u1~~m ... m,clEl1.1~mI1!J~"t15'i5 ~~!.Jn ... illril rh..rm'iEl ... iJ~ iii J;i""1~"t15'i1iYiI""!.J1:~!.J 1 ... m'llnuC!!.,.,11!.J'tril "~~~El\.l.ml'r1m~I~!.JII~~YI1~U1f1 I~Ell'r1..rm'iv\.Iiiri1~~1'ill ... m'~1oiEllt!
6
i1 m\jm, cl~ijm'i'i iii foil\j1 ru ih'iin L'i ~\j11~ LL~\jLLritf ru·,n 1 Iii' ~ n5l!N L'IUI1:i1~
~IiIL"\j 1\j.fi'\ji1~ijiltJ~lliilill~LL~\j~n,,:ijtf{!!""llJ~~m'AIiIA1\j1n1LYh~\j ~~ih'iimi~\jllii'i\J fl1,ilnYln'l!f:~llJth~VimVl!J~ Ii,,: bJijtf{!!"'lLLl1imh~ lli1ih.".jutf{!!"'l~ 51Ol~fl1,foillJ1iUl!J fl1,}," L"'"l ~i1 F1~i11~1'(1i1'1~ 1hJn"~ LvlmJ~ n 11~ LLid1 neJ\jfl1' HiFl11~ iii iii 1\jfl1, l11'L't1"l~i1'!JlJ~ 'iim;!J\j L~\j fl1'i1'l~t"J'mr .,,;lJi1m\jm'icl ~~lJ~m'itiflili1\jh ~mm'iFillJ5ul~\jlJm."illJ
. lu'il1nt'l\1t!tf{!!'t11~ilFilli1lJUL;'J\jm~lru
F1~ FI1"~ n l11''iin L'i !J\jlil'" i1lJU nl'i11~ LL~\jfi 0l\j~'iI :fi~il m;l.11 ~ LL~\jtlil!Jij"l' nil FI11~L;'J\jlul~ FI11~~n~0l~'!J!)~LL~\j~'1~11ilL"'~1:i1~nUm'LLritf{!!'t11"';!)hi tf{!!""lUl~ tf{!!'t11 l\jmlil"J'i~ hii11~1'mll'ilim'\11~F1IilIilFlli1Ii1'i1\J1iilili1Ii1~IiI'~ A~A1,tln l11''iin L"!EJ\jij,mnil LLi1:U,uu1~'i5fl1' l11'L"'~l:i1~
4. IiI'Tiili1!)U F1~~fi!)\jii1\jl"''li'':~lJ~il~FI11~~lF1{!!'!J!)~m'IiI'i1'i1i1lJU L~!l~"ln
m'~ iii m, L'i EJ\jnl'i i1lJ\j l\jtf,,~u\j~ n 111' A11~ ~1 FI {!!'!J!l~ foilli1!lU~ ~ n tiI!l~ ~1 n n11 m'i Filil~ 1i~ n':U1\jm'i l\jm, Alii ~~ilLL\j1 I -.j~11F1~~fi!l\j":'t1~ lilril m'ifiOl\jYl\jyj L~m:rm'iEJ\j 1~~i1.rVi5LL~' F1~~<l!l\jhi I'mui'i!lEJ l11'<lIl1Vim'i~liIm'i Litl\jm'i<l0l\jil.rn'l!fru:tif~~ni'il1.(i LLo! FI1'i~IiI1i" n'i'l~ 111' 'iim'itl\j1ti1~0l~ti!)\jn.ru1u\1um\jLLfi:(j]'i1'i1<l!lu.fi'\jIil!l\jo!l~1 ~~l\j~lLL~' tliltl~"l'irull'1'll~ <l~L"'"l<l~~fi'!JOl~l'illi1!lU LLfi:~'ill'iruTiltil,,:ilfoilIi1OlU~\j ."'ilJ'ilim'iiiililmh~~\j!in.,,iOlbJ
i tmJFI~~<llJ\jlJl' HiFilm~ Lvl mi1 1'1 l~'iim'iI'J\j~!Nti!l\jn.ru "';!l1il'i1'i1<l!)U.ij\jlillJ\j.h~1 l\j~m.ru: ; o!!llu.(i L~\j
- 'i5m'l~liiLLm'\1t!tf{!!"'1i1~L"'"l<l~m1't1;Olhi
- liiim;l~~~"'~IiI~hmrih~1i~F1,u"'i!lbJ
<l1~1'Clij~",rCJi1.rVi5mlii'il L;'J\jml~"'i~.,,i!ll~ ilii1\jl[;l1\j'i5m''!J!l~'iim'i!J\j~til'':u,u l11'~l!J~\jUl~ <llm'iCl1m1im'~\j 1\jm'iLLm"\1t!tf{!!'t11i!JL~~.(i'ttil!in"''i!l1~ 'i1im'i~'iinL'i!J\jlii'il:i11~1'iml11\J1iiLLritf{!!'t11~\j1 1ti1Ul~."iOlbJ
"'~~'1 n~F1~ l11'iJn L'i!J\jLLri<lm\jm'iclO!l~1 LL~'l€Jl",:il m'itl nYln'l!f: l\jm'i LLritf{!!."l
[iltif'lmh~lm\jU1~<lm\jm'icl) ."i!ltlnm'<l'l~t"mrtf{!!'t11 LIiI!J€J1F1I'J<lCl1\jm'lcl"ln<lll1Vi LL'l[;l~!l~ "ln1i"n'i'i~O!l~1 1\j:a'i1il''i~ "~~~tif(;lLLUi1~'lntf{!!"'lL~~ LvllJtlnm'i~!l~1uil~.,,-.j1 ml~LA~:S\j"lnn':U'l\jm'iL"'i'il.(i ":~'lm'j~L<l'i~111''iinLi~\jL;'J\j'iinLLritf{!!'''1~ilA11~<l1~1'iCl ol!llu
7
(fl11)J~61"'h:Ia'l'lfi' (CREATIVE THINKING»
mllJl1lJl[) r111lJiii O1ilil~il~~FiLi:J\.I~[)m.j'utl1lflyf11tJil 1i:J\.Imru1\.1f11~'Y11~U'l!'l!1~1ii FI11lJ illlJl'lCl'Y11~mru1\.1f11'l iii [;I'l: ~U~~l1l'll [)!l ~1~lJl~1lJtl\.l1 ~!lilil~il~'l Fi~~ 111!-i 'II~!lllnU 'l!'IIl ~ii!l~~~\.1 (~"tii6 tYiB~'IJ, ~1~~~1\.1~'!l1m IltJl'l~tJ'l:ilYit'l!F1, 2540J ~~il~ruii'n"ru: 4 tJ~:f11'l 1 FI11lJiiiI1lFl~!l~~' (fluency) iiFill11!lUI1I~~tJ'l:I~\.Ilih(l1lJ1il1lJln1\.1mn~ltll1l
2. FI11lJFil1ltir;1'II~\.I (flexibility) iiiI1l1il1'11<l1[)'Y11~ b.i£iI1l~liItlUII\.I1iiil1l!f\.lll11il\.l'll~~
3. F111lJiiil1llltJiln1'11!-i (originality) iiiI1lLL\.I11'11!J b.iiltlU'IJ!l~I~lJ~~\.IIFltJ!l~11~1
4. F1113-JA~ft::~~t1~mf)f) (elaboration) -n13J1·H1Li1\J,'1!Jft::LfltJli!'YI~flbb~~3-J~F1t.1~\J~~
1i:J\.IU'l'l!J1f11F1~I~lJ 1tJ ilI,f1f11'l[)!llJ'U LLil:f11'lm:~\.I1.,;' LI<1I11~ FI11lJ iii I1ILi1\.1mh~iliiil~: 1~!lilFl'l1:"'!l~FitJ'l:n!lU'II!l~~I1I'i'Yltll~I~!lIii!lFl11lJiiil1l<1il~il'l'lFiil 2 tJ'l:f11'l ~!l
I. mllJtllltJl1Iil[)'Yl1~'.i11l (psychological safety) tJ<l!lIilfi'f1~lnf11'l~m'li~III~ Ifll:lii!J lil[)01~ FI11lJFlll11'11'1~ 1\.1lJll11'lSl\.1 11<l:f11'lLI'!i~oV\.I
2. mllJltJ\.Ili1l1:'Yl1~'.i11l (psychological freedom) Fl11lJt.itJ\.IFI<l1!J FI11lJil'1n 1i:J\.I1tJl1IllJ5'l'llJ'I!1~ 1lJ'1J\.IFI11lJ~~n
Iln%[)'IIill[)Fl\.l1il1YiU~ilf11'l'i~f1ilUUil'1\.1LL\.I1iiilil~ L~\.I IIiI'iil (Davis, 1973) IItJ~L\.I LIi1:LL'O{ (Ankney and Sayre. 1975)
Fl11lJ iii 111 ilil~ il'l'l Fi ilI!l~ il L1 i11~UllJl1-iiFi iii /ill~ nYiU tlUU 'l!'IIlilil~il'l'l Fi~ til nYim'lllJl: tlU Fl11lJ illlJl'l mJ!l~ (;i\.l ii~ :'11111 <lllJl iii n"lU 'l!'II1~\.II!l ~ ~ ~~ :'l1lJ ii~ f11'l ill1 <l1 <l1\.1'11~~'lil~1\.1 'IIun L ~!ll.,;'Lii 111 FI11lJ iii 111 <1il~il'l'l Fi!l!l nlJl L~ n F11'l ilt!l f11 il1\.1f11'lil\.l'Yl\.ll~1lJ tl\.ll~fI1tlU FI tiil1lF11ill1l{ IvltJ f11'lYr 1nI\.I1Fl11lJ iii 11I~1f11 f11'l LLnU 'l!'II11\.1ii' n"ru:n~lJ ~1[) 1V! Iii 111 Fl11lJ iii '" ilil~i1'l'lFi"h~ l~n\.imJ /ililll\.l1'Y11~~~ I~\.I f11'lYl~II<l:~\.I'I!lJ[)!llJ'UFl11lJiiil1l'IJ!l~Fl\.l~\.I~:~1tJ1il1lJ1n1\.1il11\.1 tilii'~hLLil:FI11lJlihhl1l\.lI!l~ (~lntJ<l~l\.1%[)'IJ!l~ Ridge and RenZulli. 1981 ~l~ii~l\.1 ~'111n'l LltJi1~tJ'l:<1Yit'llFlJ
F111lJiiil1l'l'rN"""F1"l\.l~UUI1lFll"li1{
'i[;li (Ridge. 1977) 1il1'l1U~1lJll\.I1iiilil~ln!l!l~i tJ1~Flll~ (Henri Poincare) un FI &111 Flli1I11{~~ I'll t1i'l!11 ~.r~ IFli11il1'i LFl'll:",il ~ 'l! LI~ill Fr 'l!'IJ!l~ F111lJ <11lJl'l n i1il~ i1'l'l Fi'Yl1~ F1tiil1lF11illil{~\.ItlU il"''II011\.1 (intuition) ~1i1\.1~!l~'Y11~II1U'IIil~liil1l~\.I1ffililm~!lm!l1II\.11iii[;l
8
rlLl;h~~~l-Jlt1'~natJff"'L~hih';;l'm~LL~' Lii~ L';;"'L~h 1. Ii'i~ 91im~ jj LL"~"11~ mi~tl'1!'1!ILii ~~ ... ~~ laLLA... (Aiken. 1973) Li£Jn~n"(lj~'i1 LtI ... ~ ... ~n~al-J (incubation) ~~Lwmi~1 ... 3 t... t...~n~m.J~'~~Il-J'r'I~~~"'Llili£Jl-Jm' (preparation) 'r'I~~'illn~ ... ~n~al-J~ 'iI~LtI ... ~ ... ';11"'Loi ... ~., (verification) ~~t1'~natJtib~ m,-ii"Lmn'r'l~an1,HfA11l-J1I~Lii~~lIaaL~~'" tJ"~I~'Yl1~aan'!la~tl'1!'1!lrlL.;; ... 1 ... 1'lElanl-J1
t11~A1L' 1tWiLA"~"'5'~l-J'!J'~Ym<l~tl'1!'1!1'!m~,:rnAiij~A'<1Ii1{rljjA1'l-Jiiilil<li'1~""f'lrl <lll-Jl'[1tJ"~A11l-Jiii"~"'~~~"ltii 1I~A11l-JLii"'11 A1'l-J~lLLi'I~LL~",~,1"'n1,I'i'''''(lj 1l-J1t1 ri~~1LtltJl\J.nl"lL;tJ\J.~::!ii'tJ'J~ L9tn~iJFl11).J~n3Jl~Cl~1'\.J,~113J~ln~::nl~Fh'\.J,1~L""~'l~ Dl~'WtJ 1l11~'!J~:rn:r... (shock) L~m:j~"'Aiij"Al<1"{~~~'" LYi"~'!I'''~~~lLtI ... ~tlA1'l-Jiii.,1''''~liitJ~~
"l-J~~A'1l-J<lll-Jl'[11"'n1,1'r1L'r'I'H.Ji'I LLoimh~1~ii"'l-J 1 ... ,~ilItJi"'~5~l-J?ln'" A'L"IiI"~ jj
, "
A'll-JL'r'I""'A"l-J~' jjAl1l-J~lLtI ... 1"'n1'LLntl'1!'r'I1LLtJtJoil~1 LtI... ~t1LLtJtJ~"'.sl"''!Itl~m,M
L'r'I~tJmLi'I~n1'~~'~ LtI"'L~El~rlFl1'~l Aiij"A'''''{LtI ... 'i~l1rlLtI'''''''l-J5''l-JtiiEl~a'A!JLli'1' 1 ... ,~ilItJtI'~()l-J?lm'l1,:rn Lil!J"'El1'i1ir~ ~~''''' '1!Yitl tiia~jjn1,"lIn~"""'Lii., A11l-JVii'al-J ii'il~jj A11l-J if ... h LLi'I~jj An~Il1Yi LVl~~YiEl1"'n1' LLntl'1!'r'I1L~~<li'1~"" A1tii
(m~LLf1'tJqJmmh.m·h.:J"'~~~ )
LtI ... ~t1LLtJtJ nl~ LLntl '1!'r'Il t., ~15rl'1~ IA~~ "i'I~ l1ath~ 5i jj Al1l-J*'r'Il-Jl~ t"'tj AAi'I
"'J.J1'[1LLntl'1!'r'Il~~mnlliI~jj'Ymaan1 ... ~t1LLtJtJlm.i LLi'I~jjtl,~ilYl1iI11Vi ~~'!i11!J'!I~1~Yi'l~n"l-J "i'I~""A'lJEl~1.jAAi'I~"'1 ~t1LLtJtJn1'mntl'1!'r'I1Elth~"i'I~""f'l jjill~~
Fact-finding n1,f(~LnIilLLi'I~1LA,,~~';;al;li'lrlL~~1';;a~fftJtl'1!'r'Il
Problem - finding ';lAl1l-JL';;,1.tl'1!'r11 I.,mL"IiI~ElEln 1 ... ~t1LLtJtJrlLLntl'1!'r'Il1tii Idea-finding "tJ'j'l-JA'1l-Jiii"L~mi'ftJLLtJ"'n1'LLntl'1!'r'Il'r'1~Elm~aamtl"'';;El1 Solution-finding n1~;;"''r'Ilm~aElnrl~ ~~LtI ... 1t11i111.JLn(lj'l1rl'1~H LLi'I~jjAn~Il1Yi
oJ v
YiaYl'il~LLn
Acceptance-finding 11~LL~ ... 'i5'1l1L""'ElL*an1'I!JEll-JojtJLLtJ ... 1t1H (Parnes. 1977, !l1~ii~1"'~'!Jln' LLtli'I~t1'~"YiI'!lA 2540) ~"*'r'IJ.J1~'!Ia~n1'LLntl'1!'r'I,a~I~"i'1~""A1"''r'I~n~'''n1'LLntl'1!'r'I''!1a~a''''A91 (The Future Problem Solving Program) tli1~Yitli'l LLi'I~ YlElLL, ... i (Crabbe. 1982 ; Torrance and Torrance. 1978) jjlif~~
9
1. ~IjII\j1all1· .. m1·HitJ\jm1aEl\j1I1L~\j.rJ1'w 1\jil\j1At;I~1n~\j
2. 1I1ilm'fiOl~ilj;]a:i1~a'11'l~1n~\j
3. ~IjII\j1LL~~LYl~Yfm.~1\jm1~mI1'l,\'~~1tJ11'1LL<I~m'lL~tJ\j
4. ~IjII\j1LL~~L~~Yfm.~ 1\jm'l";1~1\jLU\jAnI~
5. 1111l1LLtJtJm'lLLntl{jiYl11U1.un~~nl'i\jntJm'l~1'l~~j;]
6. ~IjII\j1LL~~L~~Yfm.~m'l'i~tJ
~~fiU1 a'll 1'iilii mJ'l ~ n1'lYl~~'!I El~ rm LLntl {jiYl1 El ~1~ 1Ii'1~ 1I'l'l A Hi'LLn Yf n"~ n1'l";1\j1tJ LL~ ~ m111~ LLI-I\j ilYi ~1 tJ LA'l~ f11'lfi";1 m'lllil\jLj;] £J ilYf n,.~,\'~ a El~ El ~1~~L U\jEl~ Atl'l ~n au 1 \j YI~n~~'l L'Ii'Il '(A'l~m'lfi";1L~tJL'Yl6L~!l{ (Taylor. 1978) '(A'l~m'l Talents Unlimit Project in Mobile fi-rSil~~1~1tJ1 (Schlitcher. 1979) LA'l~m'l REACH fi-rSilL\jll h~1 (Juntune. 1979) LL~dA'l~m'l Project Implode -r.:l~m~ (Jaylor, L1ouyd, and Rollins. 1971; Taylor. 1978) LU'IlIil'Il
n1'lLLntl{jiYl1il~1~<li'1~<I'l'lA El1Am~\jS1\jfi~1Fi'{jit!'l~m'lYl~~ ~il.m~fi"<li'1~<I'l'lA 'Yl!lLL'l\j'li' (Torrance. 1972. ih~~~1\j ~~1n'l LLt!~Nt!'l~lI'v1L'!1A, 2540) 'iLA'l1~~~1\j'i~tJ
142
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Gagne', R.M. 1985 The Condition of learning. New York : CBS College Publishing.
Howard, C.F. and E Dumas. 1963. Basic Procedures in Teaching Arithmatic. Boston: D.C. Health and Compaang.
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