History of FranceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHistory of France This article is part of a seriesAncient historyPrehistoric FranceCeltic GaulRoman Gaul (50 BC
486 AD)The FranksMerovingians (481 AD
751 AD)Middle AgesCarolingians (751
987)Direct Capetians (987
1328)Valois (1328
1498)Early Modern FranceValois-Orléans (1498
1515)Valois-Angoulême (1515
1589)House of Bourbon (1589
1792)French Revolution (1789)19th centuryFirst Republic (1792
1804)National Convention (1792
1795)Directory (1795
1799)Consulate (1799
1804)First Empire (1804
1814)Restoration (1814
1830)July Revolution (1830)July Monarchy (1830
1848)1848 RevolutionSecond Republic (1848
1852)Second Empire (1852
1870)Third Republic (1870
1940)Paris Commune (1871)20th centuryVichy France (1940
1944)Provisional Government(1944
1946)Fourth Republic (1946
1958)Fifth Republic (1958
present)France Portal The history of France has been divided into a series of historical articles navigable through the list to the right. The chronological and governmental regimesin France. The history of other cultural topics such as French art and literature can be found on their own pages. For information on the modern country, see the France article. For other information, go to Portal:France.Contents1 Prehistory2 Gaul3 Roman Gaul4 Frankish kingdoms (486
987)5 France in the Middle Ages (987
1453)5.1 The Early Capetians (987
1165)5.2 The late Capetians (1165
1328)5.2.1 Philip II Augustus5.2.2 Saint Louis
5.3 The early Valois Kings and the Hundred Years' War (1328
1453)6 Early Modern France (1453
1789)6.1 Religious conflicts6.2 Louis XIV6.3 Colonial struggles and the dawn of the revolution7 France in modern times I (1789
1914)7.1 The Revolution7.2 The Napoleonic Era7.3 The Restored Monarchy and the Second Empire7.4 The Third Republic and the Belle Epoque8 France in modern times II (1914
today)8.1 World War I8.2 Les années folles (The mad years)8.3 World War II8.4 Cold War8.5 Post Cold War9 See also10 Further reading11 External links12 NotesPrehistoryMain article: Prehistoric FranceCave painting in Lascaux.The Neanderthals, a member of the homo genus, began to occupy Europe from about200,000 BC, but seem to have died out by about 30,000 years ago, presumably out-competed by the modern humans during a period of cold weather. The earliest modern humans
Homo sapiens
entered Europe (including France) around 50,000 years ago(the Upper Palaeolithic). The caves paintings of Lascaux and Gargas (Gargas inthe Hautes-Pyrénées) as well as the Carnac stones are remains of the local prehistoric activity.GaulMain article: GaulCovering large parts of modern day France, Belgium, northwest Germany and northern Italy, Gaul was inhabited by many Celtic and Belgae tribes whom the Romans referred to as Gauls and who spoke the Gaulish language between the Seine and theGaronne. On the lower Garonne the people spoke Aquitanian, an archaic language related to Basque. The Celts founded cities such as Lutetia Parisiorum (Paris) and Burdigala (Bordeaux) while the Aquitanians founded Tolosa (Toulouse).Long before any Roman settlements, Greek navigators settled in what would becomeProvence. The Phoceans founded important cities such as Massalia (Marseille) and Nikaia (Nice), bringing them in to conflict with the neighboring Celts and Ligurians. The Phoceans were great navigators such as Pytheas who was born in Marseille. The Celts themselves often fought with Aquitanians and Germans, and a Gaulish war band led by Brennus invaded Rome circa 393 or 388 BC following the Battle of the Allia. However the tribal society of the Gauls did not change fast enough for the centralized Roman state, whom would learn to counter them, the Gaulish tribal confederacies would from then be defeated in battles such as Sentinum and Telamon. In the 3rd century B.C., the Belgae conquered the surrounding territories of the Somme in northern Gaul after a battle supposedly against the Armoricani near Ribemont-sur-Ancre, where a sanctuary was found.When Carthaginian commander Hannibal Barca fought the Romans, he recruited several Gaulish mercenaries which fought on his side at Cannae. It was this Gaulish participation that caused Provence to be annexed in 122 BC by the Roman Republic.Later, the Consul of Gaul
Julius Caesar
conquered all of Gaul. Despite Gaulish oppo
sition led by Vercingetorix, the Overking of the Warriors, Gauls succumbed to the Roman onslaught; the Gauls had some success at first at Gergovia, but were ultimately defeated at Alesia. The Romans founded cities such as Lugdunum (Lyon) and Narbonensis (Narbonne).Roman GaulMain article: Roman GaulVercingetorix surrenders to Julius Caesar after Alesia. Painting by Lionel-NoëlRoyer, 1899.Gaul was divided into several different provinces. The Romans displaced populations to prevent local identities from becoming a threat to the Roman control. Thus, many Celts were displaced in Aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of Gaul. There was a strong cultural evolution in Gaul under the Roman Empire, the mostobvious one being the replacement of the Gaulish language by Vulgar Latin. It has been argued the similarities between the Gaulish and Latin languages favouredthe transition. Gaul remained under Roman control for centuries and Celtic culture was then replaced by Gallo-Roman culture.Gauls became better integrated with the Empire with the passage of time. For instance Marcus Antonius Primus, an important general of the Roman Empire, and Emperor Claudius were both born in Gaul, as were general Gnaeus Julius Agricola andemperor Caracalla; Antoninus Pius also came from a Gaulish family. In the decadefollowing Valerian
s capture by the Persians in 260 Postumus established a short-lived Gallic Empire, which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia in addition to Gaul itself. Germanic tribes, the Franks and the Alamanni, entered Gaul at this time. The Gallic Empire ended with Emperor Aurelian's victory at Chalonsin 274.Gaul soldiers.A migration of Celts appeared in the 4th century in Armorica. They were led by the legendary king Conan Meriadoc and came from Britain. They spoke the now extinct British language which evolved into the Breton, Cornish, and Welsh languages.In 418 the Aquitanian province was given to the Goths in exchange for their support against the Vandals. Those Goths had previously sacked Rome in 410 and established a capital in Toulouse. The Roman Empire had difficulty responding to allthe barbarian raids, and Flavius Aëtius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman control. He first used Huns against Burgundians and these mercenaries destroyed Worms, killed king Gunther, and pushed the Burgundians westward. The Burgundians were resettled by Aëtius near Lugdunum in 443. The Huns, united by Attila became a greater threat, and Aëtius used the Visigoths against the Huns. The conflict climaxed in 451 at the Battle of Chalons, inwhich the Romans and Goths defeated Attila.The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapsing. Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths, who would soon conquer a significant part of southern Gaulas well as most of the Iberian Peninsula. The Burgundians claimed their own kingdom, and northern Gaul was practically abandoned to the Franks. Aside of the Germanic peoples the Vascones entered Wasconia from the Pyrenees and the Bretons formed three kingdoms in Armorica: Domnonia, Cornouaille and Broërec.Frankish kingdoms (486
987)Main article: Frankish EmpireBattle of Tours. This battle is often considered of macro-importance in Europeanand Islamic history.
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