—C `a|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐;
Chc` ^`ixb coh xbg Gxbincd Eawohcxiao~ ae CnnawoxcldgJaug|ocong
@gduio K/ Hwloinm
Vdgc~g ha oax nixg zixbawx grv|g~~gh vg|`i~~iao ae xbg cwxba|
V|g~goxgh cx xbg 52
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Coowcd @ggxioj ae xbg @ihzg~x Vadixincd ^nigongC~~anicxiao$ Xbg Vcd`g| Baw~g$ Nbincja ID$ @cy <<-<7$ <636
3
—C `a|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐;
Chc` ^`ixb coh Gxbincd Eawohcxiao~ ae Cnnawoxcldg Jaug|ocong
@gduio K/ Hwloinm Woiug|~ixy ae Ogz Bc`v~bi|g
3/ Xbg Wohg|g~xi`cxiao ae Chc` ^`ixb
—Zbidg ~a`g `go c|g la|o ~`cdd coh ~a`g cnbigug ~`cddog~~$ ix i~ ndgc| xbcx Chc`
^`ixb bc~
bch `wnb ~`cddog~~ xb|w~x wvao bi`/‐
-- C`c|xyc ^go$ <636$ v/]7P
Xbg|g c|g ng|xcio naongvx~ coh vb|c~g~ vavwdc|dy c~~anicxgh zixb Chc` ^`ixb; ncvixcdi~`$ dci~~g{-eci|g$
—ioui~ildg bcoh$‐ —i`vc|xicd ~vgnxcxa|$‐ gxn/ Cxx|ilwxiao~ ae xbg~g naongvx
~ a| ihgc~ xa ^`ixb aexgo |cojge|a` xbg i`cjiogh xa xbg grcjjg|cxgh$ gugo c`aoj ~nbadc|~ "iondwhioj aog a| xza ae xbg Oalgd-ixy) zba~bawdh vg|bcv~ moaz lgxxg|/
3
C`aoj xbg vcoxbgao ae Godijbxgo`gox xbiomg|~$ ^`ixb’~ za|m bc~
lgna`g dgjgohc|y io xbg `yxbincd ~go~g$ xbg ug|y `goxiao ae bi~ oc`g bcuioj lgna`g ~y`ladincddy~yoaoy`aw~ zixb xbg x|co~ea|`cxiao ae Zg~xg|o gnaoa`ig~ e|a` `g|ncoxidi~` xa `ahg|o ncvixcdi~`/
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Ea| c uc|igxy ae hi~vc|cxg |gc~ao~$ ioxg|g~x io xbg —|gcd‐ naox|ilwxiao~ ae Chc` ^`ixb +bi~
—da~x dgjcny$‐ io
xbg za|h~ ae Gugo~my "<663) coh Mgooghy "<667)P bc~ ion|gc~gh ~wl~xcoxicddy io |gngox ygc|~/ Xbg|g bc~lggo c daoj-
~xcohioj ioxg|g~x io ^`ixb’~ —axbg|‐ z|ixioj~ "xbcx i~$ oax xbg
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io~xixwxiao ea| laxb ^`ixb’~ agwu|g coh c jaah hgcd ae ^`ixb
-eanw~gh ~nbadc|~biv/ Xbgi| ~nbadc|dy geea|x~
xa l|ioj xajgxbg| xbg hgeioixiug naddgnxiao ae ^`ixb’~ za|m~ bc~ lggo zgdna`g c
oh ~wvva|xgh ~iong cxdgc~x xbg 39:6~ ly xba~g zba "iona||gnxdy$ c~ ix xw|o~ awx= cjcio$ ~gg Mgooghy <667) lgdigugh ix xa lg ioxbgi| "oga-
dilg|cd) ihgadajincd ioxg|g~x xa v|a`axg xbg ew|xbg| ~xwhy ae ^`ixb’~ za|m/ Na`vdg`goxioj xbi~
bc~ lggo xbg naoxg`va|c|y ec~niocxiao zixb cooiug|~c|ig~$ ~wnb c~ xbg lingoxgooicd ae xbg vwldincxiao ae ZO "~gg \cnmxgozcdh 39:2) coh$ `a|g |gngoxdy$ xbg na``g`a|cxiao~ ae xbg 3:79 vwldincxiao ae XbgXbga|y ae @a|cd ^goxi`gox~ "bg|gcexg| X@^)/
3
^gg xbg jgog|cd n|ixiswg ae |geg|gong~ xa ^`ixb’~ za|m io Mgooghy <667
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Ix zawdh ~gg` xbcx xbg aody bi~xa|incd baoa| oax lg~xazgh ao bi` zc~ bcuioj bi~ oc`g cxxcnbgh xa ~a`g
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i~`$ g/j/$@c|ri~`$ Mgyog~icoi~`$ Ea|hi~`/ Woea|xwocxgdy ea| ^`ixb$ bi~ ~w|oc`g i~ oaz `a|g c~~anicxgh zixb coaoy`ixy xbco ncvixcdi~`$
~a xbcx io xahcy’~ vavwdc| nwdxw|g c —~`ixbi~`‐ i~ w~gh xa hg~ijocxg c |gcd swaxcxiao oax hgg`gh za|xby ae cxx|ilwxiao/
Hwloinm$ —C `a|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐$ <3 Cv|id <636
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wdc| uigz ae ^`ixb "v|i`c|idy c~ n|gcxa| coh chuancxg ea| —dci~~g{
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coh gc|dy <6
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ngoxw|y iohw~x|icdi{cxiao/
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Ng|xcio swaxg~ e|a` ZO "g/j/$ —ioui~ildg bcoh‐ coh xbg ec`aw~
nbc|cnxg|i{cxiao ae zbcx `axiucxg~ lwxnbg|~$ l|gzg|~ coh lcmg|~)$ xcmgo awx ae naoxgrx coh |chincddycdxg|gh ioxa ~a-ncddgh gnaoa`in xbga|ig~$ lgnc`g xbg v|i`c|y lc~i~ ea| co wohg|~xcohioj ae bi~naox|ilwxiao~ xa `ahg|o ioxgddgnxwcd dieg/ Io chhixiao$ bi~ |gvwxcxiao c~ c `a|cd vbida~avbg| ~weeg|gh c~xbg a|ijiocdixy ae bi~ ihgc~ zc~ l|awjbx ioxa swg~xiao
8
coh bg zc~ ion|gc~iojdy vg|ngiugh c~ kw~x coaxbg|na``goxcxa| zba aeeg|gh `ioa| uc|icxiao~ ao xbg `a|g ~ijoieincox za|m ae axbg|~$ g~vgnicddy bi~ e|igohHcuih Bw`g/
7
Gugo xbg |g~vgnx bg |gngiugh e|a` oaxcldg ~nbadc|~ c~ co gnaoa`in xbga|i~x zc~ swcdieigh/Io c v|gecng xa bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixincd Gnaoa`y
$ ea| grc`vdg$ Kabo ^xwc|x @idd baoa|gh ^`ixb c~ coio~ijbxewd al~g|ug| ae bi~ woiswg xi`g~$ lwx @idd ~cz dixxdg ae |gdgucong ea| bi~ azo xi`g coh nao~ihg|ghxbg gnaoa`in~ ae ZO xa dcnm gohw|ioj ucdwg/
5
Zixb |gdcxiugdy ~wvg|einicd ioxg|v|gxcxiao~ ae ZO ~avg|uc~iug ly xbg gc|dy 3966~$ xba~g egz zba hih vcy cxxgoxiao xa X@^
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"g~vgnicddy io Jg|`coy) eawoh ix~g`vbc~i~ ao lgoguadgong ~weeinigoxdy hieeg|gox xbcx xbgy ioixicxgh c xb|gch ae ~nbadc|~biv eanw~gh ao
zbcx lgna`g moazo c~ xbg —Chc` ^`ixb v|aldg`‐ "i/g/$ baz xa grvdcio xbg ecnx xbcx xza ~wnb hieeg|gox
za|m~ g`cocxgh e|a` aog iohiuihwcd)"~gg Hinmgy 3925)/
Xbi~ cdd lgjco xa nbcojg io xbg dc~x ~gug|cd hgnchg~/ Xbg nda~g| |gchioj ae ^`ixb’~ za|m xbcx eaddazgh xbg
ioixicd vwldincxiao ae xbg Jdc~jaz uadw`g~ bc~ `chg ndgc| xbcx bg zc~ gojcjgh io `a|g xbcoc|xinwdcxioj$ gdcla|cxioj a|
grxgohioj xbg `a|cd xbga|y ae axbg|~/ —^`ixb zc~ ogixbg| Bw`g$ Bwxnbg~ao$
a| @cohguiddg$ oa| zc~ bg Ogzxao$ Vwegoha|e$ a| Swg~ocy/ Bg zc~ `goxcddy iohgvgohgox$ oalahy*~
vwvid$ oa gvijaog‐ "\gnmxgozcdh 39:2$ v/ :8)/ Xbi~ j|azioj cvv|gnicxiao ae ^`ixb c~ c `
cka|Godijbxgo`gox eijw|g "~gg J|i~zadh 3999) bc~$ io xw|o$ h|czo xbg cxxgoxiao ioxgddgnxwcd bi~xa|ico~ "g/j/$\axb~nbidh <663) coh gnaoa`in xbga|i~x~ "g/j/$ ^go <669) zba oaz |gjc|h ^`ixb c~ c mgy eijw|g iog~xcldi~bioj aog ae xza `cka| vg|~vgnxiug~ ao xbg |adg ae |gc~ao xa g`g|jg awx ae xbg Godijbxgo`gox/
>
Ea| co aug|uigz ae baz ^`ix
b’~ za|m bc~ lggo x|gcxgh$ ~gg L|azo 399:/
8
G/j/$ hg~vixg bi~ ch`i|cxiao ea| coh w~g ae ^`ixb’~ za|m io bi~ azo xbga|ig~ "~gg ^zgg{gy 398<)$ @c|r `i~xcmgodycxx|ilwxgh ~a`g mgy ihgc~ xbcx ^`ixb w~gh io ZO xa Chc` Eg|jw~ao coh xbawjbx Eg|jw~ao xa lg ^`ixb’
~ ioxgddgnxwcd `goxa|/ Io
ecnx$ Eg|jw~ao zc~ aog ae c ow`lg| ae ^`ixb’~ ~xwhgox~ zba hg|iugh `coy ae xbgi| ihgc~ e|a` xbgi| xgcnbg|’~ zgdd
-moazodgnxw|g~/
7
C~ ^c`wgd~ao "39::) oaxgh$ ^`ixb’~ za|m zc~ aexgo nao~ihg|gh xa |gedgnx c —ew{{y gndgnxini~`‐ "v/
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^gg v/ 7 ae @idd’~ V|gecng xa bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixincd Gnaoa`y "@idd 3969)/ Io z|ixioj ae bi~ ghwncxiao io gnaoa`in~$@idd oaxg~ xbcx bg |gjc|hgh ^`ixb’~ cocdy~g~ c~ ~wvg|einicd coh$ cdaoj zixb bi~ ecxbg| "coh xgcnbg|) Kc`g~$ vg|ngiugh ix c~ d
g~~
~ijoieincox xbco xbcx ae xbg —~wvg|ia|‐ za|m ae Hcuih \inc|ha/ Ogug|xbgdg~~$ zbgo vdcooioj xa z|ixg bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixin
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Gnaoa`y$ @idd w~gh ZO c~ bi~ `ahgd/ ^gg C~bdgy’~ —Iox|ahwnxiao‐ xa xbg V|ionivdg~$ 3/3$ 3/<>
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^gg @cneig 3953 ao xbg dcnm ae cxxgoxiao jiugo xa X@^/
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