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P
ercep tio n s
o f
s a fe ty
is s u e s
i n
arom atherap y
te n d
t o
b e
th e
view s
o f
arom atherap y
ed u ca-
to rs
w hose
o p in io n s
ap p ear
t o
fa ll
w ith in
e ith e r
of tw o
c a te g o r ie s :
0
T h o se
th a t
fa il
t o
m ake
a
c le a r
d is tin c tio n
betw een
th e
h a z a r d
an d
r is k ,
b u t
lo u d ly
p r o c la im
n e a r
z e r o
r is k s
fo r
th e
w id e s t
sp ectru m
o f
e s s e n tia l
o ils
u sin g
c o n v e n -
tio n a l
arom atherap y
p ra ctices.
0
T h o se
w ho
ad op t
a m ore
ca u tio u s
ap p roach
w h ere
scie n tific
d a ta
i s
in s u fficie n t,
fo r
e x a m p le
o v e r
is s u e s
su ch
a s c h r o n ic
to x ic ity
an d
u se
o f
o ils
i n
p reg n a n cy
(T is s e r a n d
an d
B a la c s ,
1 9 9 5 ).
I n
o rd er
t o
co n d u ct
r is k
id e n tifi-
ca tio n ,
w e
n eed
t o
b e
aw are
o f
s e v e r a l
fa c t o r s :
0
T h e
h a z a r d o u s
p ro p erties
o f
th e
m a te r ia ls
n eed
t o
b e
id e n tifie d .
? ?
A n
e v a lu a tio n
o f
exp o su re
i s
n eed ed ,
i.e .
th e
e x te n t
t o
w h ich
clie n t/
w orker/
th era p ist
i s
lik e ly
t o
b e
exp osed .
A n
in te r p r e ta tio n
m ust
b e
m ade
of w hat
th is
m eans
i n
to x ic o lo g ic a l
term s.
H elp
i n
id e n tify in g
an d
a s s e s s in g
e
S A F E T Y
O F
E S S E N T IA L
O IL S
T O N Y
B U R F I E L D
I n
a
w orld
in crea sin g ly
con cern ed
w ith
safety legislation ,
w e have
t o
im prove
ou r
corn @ -eh en sion
o f
sa fety
issu es,
a n d
m ake
th is
a v a ila b le
to ou r respective colleagu es,
cu stom ers an d
clien ts. T h is
sa fety
k n ow led g e
m ay
h a v e
g lo b a l,
con tin en ta l,
n a tio n a l
a n d
loca l
a sp ects
en sh rin ed
w ith in
i t ,
a n d
i t
i s
ou r
d u ty
t o
becom e
fa m ilia r
w ith
th ese req u irem en ts a n d
a ct a ccord in g
to th e law , or
th e spirit
o f
th e la w . T h is p a p er
a ttem p ts
t o
c o v e r
top ics
a rou n d
sa fety a n d
a rom a th era p y.
r is k s
ca n
b e
o b ta in e d
u sin g
in fo r m a -
tio n
g le a n e d
from :
1 .
M aterial
S a fe ty
D ata
Sh eets
(M S D S )
2 .
P r o fe s s io n a l
o r g a n iz a tio n s
3 .
In te r n e t
d a ta b a s e s
4 .
S p e c ia lis t
s a fe ty
p u b lic a tio n s ,
b o o k s
an d
scie n tific
lite ra tu re
T h ese
a r e
a le g a l
r e q u ir e m e n t
fo r
d e liv -
e r e d
c h e m ic a l
g o o d s
(e .g .
e s s e n tia l
o ils ).
M SD S
sh eets
w ere
o r ig in a lly
w ritten
i n
com p lex
tech n ica l
la n g u a g e
fo r
p erso n s
r e s p o n s ib le
fo r
H ealth
an d
S a fe ty
m atters
i n
th e
c h e m ic a l
in d u stry .
Requ irem ents
fo r
o p en n ess,
an d
U S
S ta te
r ig h t-to -k n o w
in fo r m a tio n
an d
th e
C o n tro l
o f
S u b s t a n c e s
H azard ou s
t o
H ealth
(C O S H H )
r e g u la tio n s
i n
B r ita in
h as
le a d
t o
a w id er
a u d ie n c e
fo r
th is
s o r t
o f in fo r m a tio n .
I n
recen t
y e a r s
th e
C h e m ic a l
M anu factu rers
A sso ciatio n
(C M A )
h as
d e v e lo p e d
a
stan d ard
a im e d
a t in te r n a tio n a l
a ccep t-
a b ility ,
an d
th e
A m e r ic a n
N a tio n a l
Stan d ard s
C om m ittee
(A N SI)
h as
a d o p te d
th is
fo rm at.
T h e
s ix te e n
s e c t io n s
a cco rd in g
t o
A N SI
a r e
a s
fo llo w s:
S e t
1 .
S e t
2 .
S e t
3 .
S e t
4 .
S e t
5 .
S e t
6 .
S e t
7 .
S e t
8 .
S e t
9 .
C h e m ic a l
p ro d u ct
an d
com pany
in fo r m a tio n
C o m p o s itio n /
In fo r m a tio n
o n
In g r e d ie n ts
H azard s
id e n tific a tio n
F ir s t
A id
m easu res
F ir e
F ig h tin g
m easu res
A ccid en ta l
r e le a s e
m easu res
H a n d lin g
an d
S to r a g e
E x p o su re
co n tro ls/
p e r s o n a l
p r o t e c t io n
P h y s ic a l
an d
c h e m ic a l
p ro p erties
S e t
1 0 . S ta b ility
an d
r e a c t iv it y
S e t
1 1 . T o x ic o lo g ic a l
in fo r m a tio n
S e t
1 2 . E c o lo g ic a l
in fo r m a tio n
S e t
1 3 . D is p o s a l
co n sid era tio n s
S e t
1 4 .T r a n s p o r t
in fo r m a tio n
S e t
15. Regulatory
in fo r m a tio n
S e t
16. O ther
in fo r m a tio n .
A s
a
cu stom er,
y o u
h a v e
a
le g a l
r ig h t
t o
retu rn
a n
M SD S
sh eet
fro m
a
s u p p lie r
if y o u
c a n n o t
u n d ersta n d
th e
in fo r m a tio n ,
an d
a s k
th a t
i t
b e
r e -
w ritten
i n
term s
th a t
y o u
ca n
u n d er-
sta n d .
Sim ila rly ,
y o u
h a v e
r ig h ts
t o
in fo r m a tio n
w h ere
b la n k
s e c t io n s
o ccu r
o r
if y o u
th in k
th a t
th e
in fo r m a -
d o i:1 0 .1 0 5 4 /ija r .2 0 0 0 .0 0 2 0 ,
a v a ila b le
o n lin e
a t h t t p ://w w w .id e a lib r a r y .c o m
o n
IOE+l@ ’
tio n
is p o o r ,
an d
y o u
a r e
le g a lly
e n title d
t o
a r e -s u b m is s io n .
A rom atherap ists
an d
arom atherap y
c o m p a n ie s
w ho
su p p ly
o ils
a r e
le g a lly
b o u n d
t o
su p p ly
M SD S
sh eets
t o
cu stom ers.
A d d itio n a lly ,
arom athera-
p ists
i n
th e ir
w ork
( c l i n i c a l )
se ttin g
a r e
r e q u ir e d
t o
h a v e
s a fe ty
in fo r m a tio n
t o
h a n d .
T h is
i s
im p ortan t.
I n
th e
U SA
a
sim ila r
s itu a tio n
a p p lie s
w ith
O ccu p a tio n a l
S a fe ty
an d
H ealth
A d m in istration
(O SH A )
H azard
Stan d ard
1 9 1 0 .1 2 0 0 ,
r e q u ir in g
p r iv a te
e m p lo y e e s
t o
p r o v id e
in fo r m a tio n
an d
tr a in in g
t o
e m p lo y e r s .
O SH A
le g is la -
tio n
a d d itio n a lly
r e q u ir e s
th a t
M SD Ss
a r e
k e p t
an d
m a in ta in e d
i n
a
m arked
an d
a c c e s s ib le
a r e a .
A rom atherap ists
co u ld
fo llo w
th e
fo llo w in g
sch em e:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
C o lle c t
M SD S
sh eets;
f i l e
th e m
an d
h a v e
th e m
r e a d ily
a v a ila b le .
F o llo w
u p
r e fe r e n c e s
t o
s a fe ty
in fo r m a tio n
fo r
e a c h
o il
an d
co n stru ct
a w ritten
s a fe ty
assessm en t
fo r
e a c h
m aterial
u sed .
E n c o u r a g e
arom atherap y
o r g a n iz a tio n s
t o
co m p ile
d a ta
an d
g e n e r a te
th e ir
ow n
w ritten
assessm en ts
of every
r a w
m aterial
u sed
i n
arom atherapy.
If possible,
a s k
a su itably
q u a l-
ifie d
p e r s o n
o r
exp ert
o n
an y
s a fe ty
q u e r ie s
r e g a r d in g
o ils .
E n c o u r a g e
y o u r
p r o fe s s io n a l
o r g a n iz a tio n ,
o r
a g ro u p
o f
arom atherap y
a s s o c ia t e s
t o
p ro d u ce
g u id e lin e s
o n
th e
u se
of essential
o ils ,
p r e fe r a b ly
w ith
exp ert
in p u t.
M ake
lin k s
w ith
o th e r
p r o fe s -
s io n a l
an d
tra d e
o r g a n iz a -
tio n s .
W hen
y o u
r e c e iv e
a n
M SD S
sh eet,
ta k e
in to
a cco u n t
th e
fo llo w in g
o b s e r v a -
tio n s :
0
T h e y
a r e
co n stru cted
o n
a
b a s ic
te m p la te .
T h ere
i s
a n
a b s o lu te
m in im u m
o f
d a ta
o n
th e
p ro p er-
tie s
o f th e
in d iv id u a l
o il.
T h e
jo b
o f
a s s e m b lin g
th e
d a ta
sh eets
u s u a lly
fa lls
t o
a
c le r k
r a th e r
th a n
a
ch em ist,
an d
th e
t a s k
i s
u s u a lly
o f
lo w
p r io r ity
w ith in
th e
com pany.
M SD S
sh eets
a r e
n o to r io u s
fo r
m istakes,
e s p e c ia lly
r e g a r d in g
C h e m ic a l
A b stracts
S e r v ic e
(G A S )
n u m bers,
in c o r r e c t
L a tin
nam es,
in c o m p r e h e n s ib le
to x ic o lo g ic a l
in fo r m a tio n
an d
in c o r r e c t
t r a n s -
p o rt
la b e llin g
d e ta ils .
D o
n o t
r e ly
o n
th e
a b s o lu te
accu racy
o f
th e
in fo r m a tio n .
Y o u
h a v e
a
le g a l
r e q u ir e m e n t
t o
ch eck
th e
in fo r -
m a tio n
in d e p e n d e n tly
b e fo r e
u se.
I n
an y
c a s e
th ere
i s
u s u a lly
a
d is c la im e r .
D o w n p la y in g
in fo r m a tio n
o n
to x ic ity
m ig h t
h a v e
o ccu rred
i n
th e
p ast
t o
a lla y
p u b lic
fe a r s .
T h e
la w
n o w
r e q u ir e s
a
p e r s o n a l
w ritten
e v a lu a tio n
an d
u p d a tin g
p r o c e s s .
A rom atherapy
o r g a n iz a tio n s
a r e
u n lik e ly
t o
h a v e
th e
in d iv id u a l
w ritten
assessm en ts
o f
th e
s u b s t a n c e s
u sed
i n
th e ir
tra d e
m e n tio n e d
a b o v e ,
a
n eces-
s a r y
sta g e
i n
th e
p r o c e s s
i n
o rd er
t o
c a r r y
ou t
r is k
assessm en ts.
O th er
p r o fe s s io n a l
o r g a n iz a tio n s
th a t
u se
e s s e n tia l
o ils
m ay
b e
m ore
a d v a n c e d
i n
th is
resp ect,
o r
ca n
d raw
o n
exp ertise
w ith in
th e ir
(o fte n
e x te n s iv e )
m em ber-
sh ip .
T h e
R .IF M
a n d
th e
IF R A
T h e
R e s e a r c h
In stitu te
fo r
F r a g r a n c e
M a te r ia ls
(R IFM )
w as
e s ta b lis h e d
i n
1 9 6 6
b y
th e
A m e r ic a n
F r a g r a n c e
M anu factu rers
A ssociation ,
an d
i s
a
n o n -p r o fit-m a k in g
in te r n a tio n a l
o r g a n -
iz a tio n ,
w hose
exp ert
p an el
i s
w h o lly
in d e p e n d e n t
o f
an y
m a n u fa c tu r in g
in terests.
T h e
R IF M
c o lle c t,
p ro d u ce
an d
p u b lis h
d a ta
o n
fra g ra n ce
m ate-
r ia ls ,
w h ich
in c lu d e s
d a ta
o n
e s s e n tia l
o ils .
T h e y
th e n
m ake
a
r is k
assessm en t
an d
recom m end ations
fo r
in d iv id u a l
s u b s t a n c e s
u sed
i n
fr a g r a n c e s .
T h e
D e c is io n
T r e e
A p p ro a ch
(C r a m e r
e t a l.,
1 9 ’7 8 )
u n d e r lie s
m uch
o f
th e
ap p roach
R IF M
h a v e
u sed
fo r
to x ic ity
assessm en t.
T h e
R IF M
d e s ig n e d
a b a s ic
s e t
of tests:
0
S k in
i r r i t a t i o n
an d
s e n s itiz a tio n
te stin g
? ?
O ral
an d
d erm al
lim it
t e s t s
(a t
5 g/ kg)
o r
LD 50
t e s t s
0
P h o to to x ic ity
? ?
P h o to s e n s itiz a tio n
? ?
S e n s itiz a tio n :
o r ig in a lly
c a r r ie d
ou t
u sin g
th e
K lig m a n
(1 9 6 6 )
hum an
m a x im iz a tio n
t e s t ,
u sin g
p e tr o la tu m
as solvent.
I n
a d d itio n
R IF M
a ls o
c a r r ie s
ou t
in v e s -
tig a tio n s
in to
c h r o n ic
e ffe c ts ,
an d
th e
m e ta b o lis m
o f
fr a g r a n t
s u b s t a n c e s
a s
an d
w hen
n e c e s s a r y .
T h e
In te r n a tio n a l
F r a g r a n c e
A sso ciatio n
(IF R A )
r e c e iv e s
an d
co n sid ers
th e
R IF M
recom m end ations
an d
p ro d u ces
g u id e lin e s
fo r
in d iv id u a l
fra g ra n ce
in g r e d ie n ts
fo r
it s
m em bers
i n
th e
fra g ra n ce
in d u stry .
W e
ca n ,
th e r e fo r e ,
s a y
th a t
IF R A
i s
co n cern ed
w ith
th e
m anagem ent
o f r is k .
Som e
1 3 0 0
s u b s t a n c e s
h a v e
b e e n
t e s t e d
b y
R IF M
an d
som e
5 0
h a v e
b e e n
su b seq u en tly
n o t
recom m end ed
fo r
u se
i n
p erfu m es
(“ b a n n e d
IF R A ” ).
A
fu rth e r
5 8
a r e
s u b je c t
t o
q u a n tita tiv e
lim its
i n
fo rm u latio n s,
o r
h a v e
s p e c ia l
c r it e r ia
g o v e r n in g
th e ir
u se.
A
num ber
of these
s u b s t a n c e s ,
i n
b o th
c a te g o r ie s ,
a r e
e s s e n tia l
o ils .
R esu lts
o f th e
to x ic ity
fin d in g s
a r e
p u b lis h e d
a s
m onographs
i n
th e
F ood
a n d
C h em ica l
T oxicology
jo u r n a l.
R e p u ta b le
fra g ra n ce
com pa-
n ie s
w id ely
ad h ere
t o
th is
v o lu n ta r y
s e lf-r e g u la tio n
(i.e .
th e
s t r ic t
fo llo w in g
o f
IF R A
g u id e lin e s ),
e s p e c ia lly
w hen
s e llin g
t o
IF R A
c o m p lia n t
m arkets.
I n
p ra ctice,
how ever,
som e
s k in
fr a g r a n c e s
h a v e
b e e n
fo u n d
t o
b e
b r e a k in g
th e
r u le s .
A s
o n e
o f
th e
p r in c ip le
in v e s tig a -
tiv e
program s
o n
fr a g r a n t
su b sta n ce
to x ic o lo g y ,
IU FM
d a ta
h a v e
b e e n
w id ely
a d o p te d
an d
r e fe r e n c e d
b y
in d u stry
a n d ,
p erh ap s
n o t
su rp risin g ly ,
b y
a u th o rs
of books
o n
e s s e n tia l
o ils .
T h is
m ay
b e
b e c a u s e
th e
d a ta
a r e
w id ely
a v a ila b le ,
w h ereas
o th e r
to x ic o lo g ic a l
so u rces
m ay
b e
le s s
com p rehensive
an d
d iffic u lt
t o
a c c e s s .
I t
h as
b e e n
s ta te d
i n
th e
p u b lic
d o m a in
th a t
K IF M
is r e -e v a l-
u a tin g
th e
o r ig in a l
1 3 0 0
m a te r ia ls
th a t
i t
in v e s tig a te d ,
a s
th e
o r ig in a l
d a ta
a r e
n o w
c o n s id e r a b ly
o u t-d a te d ,
an d
is e v a l-
u a tin g
a n o th e r
1 4 0 0
m a te r ia ls
i n
com m on
u se.
I t
i s
a ls o
u n d e rta k in g
a
w orldw ide
su rv ey
o f v o lu m e
u s a g e
o f a ll
m a te r ia ls
o n
th e
E u r o p e a n
in d ic a tiv e
in v e n to r y ,
a lth o u g h
i t
i s
d e b a ta b le
a t
p resen t
w hether
th is
in fo r m a tio n
w ill
becom e
a v a ila b le
t o
th e
p u b lic .
E s ta b lis h e d
i n
1 9 7 3 ,
m em bers
o f
IF R A
com p rise
th e
n a tio n a l
a s s o c ia -
tio n s
fro m
a
num ber
o f
co u n tries,
in c lu d in g
th e
U SA .
T h e
fra g ra n ce
in d u stries
w ork
lo o s e ly
o n
a
s y s t e m
o f
v o lu n ta r y
s e lf-r e g u la tio n
im p lem en tin g
th e
fin d in g s
o f
K IF M
r e g a r d in g
p erfu m e
in g r e d ie n t
u se;
a
p o lic y
th a t
h as
a v o id e d
w h o le s a le
im p o sitio n
o f
le g is la tio n
w ith o u t
c o n s u lta tio n .
S e lf-
p o lic in g
u n d er
IF R A ’s
v o lu n ta r y
r e g u -
la to r y
s y s t e m
i s
i n
co n tin u o u s
p ra ctice
a s
c o m p a n ie s
a n a ly s e
com p etitors
p ro d u cts
an d
cu stom ers
a n a ly s e
th e
p ro d u cts
fro m
th e ir
su p p lier.
I n
f a c t ,
a
m a jo r
p erfu m e
la u n c h
i n
recen t
y e a r s
w a s p e r c e iv e d
b y
o th e r
m a jo r
fra g ra n ce
h o u ses
t o
b r e a c h
th e
r u le s ,
an d
p r o v o k e d
a n
im m ed iate
tra d e
r e a c t io n .
O th er
co u n tries,
su ch
a s
th e
N etherland s,
D en m ark
an d
th e
U SA ,
h a v e
(a d d itio n a l)
m ech an ism s
t o
r e g u -
la te
at governm ent
le v e l.
It h a s
t o
b e
s a id
th a t
IF R A ’s
v o lu n -
t a r y
s e lf-r e g u la tio n
s y s t e m
h as
in e v ita b ly
c h a n g e d
th e
fa c e
o f
p erfu m ery
an d
h as
a lr e a d y
in flu e n ce d
som e
arom atherap y
p ra ctice.
F o r m e r ly
u sed
m a te r ia ls
lik e
M OC
(m eth y l
o ctin e
c a r b o n a te ,
a c h e m ic a l
w h ich
h as
a p o w e r fu l
v io le t
n o te ),
s t y r a x
r e s in o id
an d
oakm oss
p ro d u cts,
w h ich
a t
o n e
tim e
h ad
u n restricted
sta tu s
i n
fo r m u la e ,
a r e
n o w
s e v e r ly
restricted .
A m o n g st
o t h e r s ,
p erfu m es
lik e
M iss
D io r
w ith
it s
h ig h
le v e l
o f
oakm oss,
co u ld
n o t
b e
p u t
o n
th e
m arket
n o w
i n
o r ig in a l
form .
IF R A
recom m end ations
a r e
r e g u -
la r ly
p u b lis h e d
i n
th e
b i-m o n th ly
tra d e
m a g a z in e ,
P e r fic m e ran d F la u tis t,
an d
a r e
p o s te d
o n
th e
In te r n e t
(s e e
A p p e n d ix ).
The European
F la v o u r s
a n d
F r a g r a n c e
A s s o c ia tio n
T h is
rep resen ts
th e
in terests
o f
it s
m em ber
a sso cia tio n s
t o
th e
a u th o r itie s
an d
p r o fe s s io n a l
b o d ie s
o f
th e
E u r o p e a n
U n io n .
I t
w orks
w ith
m em ber
s ta te s
an d
th e ir
scie n tific
a d v is e r s
t o
e s ta b lis h
a w o r k a b le
le g is la -
tiv e
fram ew ork
an d
c o o p e r a te s
w ith
a sso cia tio n s
i n
o th e r
co u n tries.
F u rth er,
e a c h
m em ber
s t a t e
m ay
h a v e
it s
ow n
n a tio n a l
tra d e
a sso cia tio n s,
e .g .
th e
B r itis h
E ssen ce
M anu factu rers
A sso ciatio n
(B E M A )
an d
th e
B r itis h
F r a g r a n c e
A sso ciatio n
(B F A ).
M y
v ie w
i s
th a t
th e
E u r o p e a n
F la v o u r s
an d
F r a g r a n c e
A sso ciatio n
(E F F A )
h as
e ffe c tiv e ly
b u ilt
b r id g e s
betw een
n u m ero u s
b o d ie s
i n
o rd er
t o
a c h ie v e
com m on
aim s.
T h e
F la v o u r
E ssen ce
M anufacturers
A s s o c ia tio n
O f
som e
in terest
t o
arom atherap ists
i s
th e
fa c t
th a t
F r a g r a n c e
an d
F la v o u r
D ata
Sh eets,
in c lu d in g
m any
o n
essen -
tia l
o ils ,
a r e
p ro d u ced
b y
th e
U SA
o r g a n iz a tio n s
th e
F la v o u r
E ssen ce
M anu factu rers
A sso ciatio n
(F E M A ),
th e
IU FM
an d
th e
F r a g r a n c e
M anu factu rers
A sso ciatio n
(F M A ).
A
s e t o f1 5 0 0 is a v a ila b le
at around
$ 1 0 0 0 ,
o r
th e y
ca n
b e
p u rch a sed
i n
s e t s
o f
1 0 ,
c h o o s in g
fro m
a p u b lis h e d
l i s t .
O th e r
o r g a n iz a tio n s
T h ere
a r e
a la r g e
num ber
o f a d d itio n a l
o r g a n iz a tio n s
th a t
a r e
d irectly
in v o lv e d
o r
in t e r a c t
w ith
th e
e s s e n tia l
o ils
tra d e
an d
it s
u ser
g ro u p s,
e .g .
th e
In te r n a tio n a l
F e d e r a tio n
o f
E s s e n t ia l
O il
an d
A ro m a
T r a d e s
(IF F A T ),
T h e
E u r o p e a n
C osm etic,
T o ile tr y
an d
Perfu m ery
A sso ciatio n
an d
i n
A m e r ic a
th e
C osm etics
F r a g r a n c e
an d
T o ile tr ie s
A sso ciatio n
(C F T A ).
A lso
of interest
t o
arom atherap y
a r e
th e
F o o d
an d
D ru g s
A d m in istration
(FD A )
an d
th e
A m e r ic a n
M e d ic a l
A sso ciatio n
(A M A ).
In fo r m a tio n
a b o u t
th e
s a fe ty
an d
to x i-
c o lo g ic a l
p ro p erties
of raw
m a te r ia ls
o f
in terest
t o
arom atherap ists
i s
w id ely
sp read .
S e e
A p p e n d ix .
S e e
a p p e n d ix .
I t
i s
som etim es
a d v a n ta g e o u s
fo r
p r o fe s s io n a l
b o d ie s
t o
a s s o c ia t e
w ith
o n e
a n o th e r
t o
a c h ie v e
com m on
aim s,
s h a r e
in fo r m a tio n ,
form u late
s tr a te g ie s
t o
d eal
w ith
fo r th c o m in g
le g is la tio n ,
e t c .,
an d
it w ill
b e
in terestin g
t o
s e e
i f
arom atherap y
o r g a n iz a tio n s
e v e n tu a lly
e v o lv e
i n
th is
d ir e c tio n .
V a r io u s
statem en ts
h a v e
b e e n
m ade
a b o u t
e s s e n tia l
o il
in h a la tio n
to x ic ity .
A lm o st
4 0
y e a r s
a g o ,
a
som ew hat
w o r r y in g
d e c la r a tio n
w as
m ad e:
‘I n
v ie w
o f th e
r e la tiv e ly
h ig h
system ic
to x i-
c it y
o f
th e
v a p o u r s
o f
c e r t a in
e s s e n tia l
o ils ,
th e
h a z a r d s
of excessive
in h a la tio n
o f
th ese
o ils
s h o u ld
n o t
b e
d is r e -
gard ed ” ,
(K o w a ls k i
e t
a l.,
1 9 6 2 ).
I t
i s
p erh ap s
th e
q u a n tita tio n
o f
“ excessiv e”
th a t
i s
im p ortan t.
I n
a
s e a r c h
fo r
d a ta
o n
th e
to x ic
e ffe c ts
o f V o la tile
O r g a n ic
Com pounds
(V O C s),
in fo r m a tio n
w as
fo u n d
th a t
r e la te d
t o
v a r io u s
e s s e n tia l
o il
co m p o n en ts,
e .g .
9 -1 4
m g/ kg
fo r
b e n z a ld e h y d e ,
b e n z y l
a c e ta te ,
o -te r p i-
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