Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
Experimentation with herbs and plants
Illness attributed to evil spirits
Medicine men uses black and white magic
Ancient Nurse- act as domestic servants
Hammurabi -the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the
Babylonian Empire. He is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code,
one of the first written codes of law in recorded history.
Imhotep is credited with being the founder of Egyptian medicine and with being the author of
a medical treatise remarkable for being devoid of magical thinking,
the Edwin Smith papyrus containing anatomical observations,
ailments, and cures attributed to his works. Imhotep
was considered the inventor of healing, two thousand
years after his death, his status was raised to that of
a deity. He became the god of medicine and healing.
Ancient Greeks
Asclepius - god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology.
Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts.
Charitable institutions or sanctuaries intended for the aged, sickly and poor.
Nursing during the Medieval Ages was either done by charitable religious orders or by the poor who
worked for the rich.
Nuns or sisters in a cloistered order made up the nursing staff in hospitals.
Caregivers are not required to have any formal training.
During the late middle ages (1000-1500) because of crowding and poor sanitation in the monasteries
nurses went into the community. During this era hospitals were built and the number of medical schools
increase.
During the Byzantine Empire nursing was a separate occupation practiced primarily by men. In the
New Testament, the Good Samaritan paid the innkeeper to provide care for an injured man. No one
thought it odd that a man should by paid to provide nursing care.
In every plague that swept Europe men risked their lives to provide nursing care. A group of men, the
Parabolani, in 300 AD started a hospital and provided nursing care during the Black Plague epidemic.
A. Age of Specialization
College & Post graduate nursing education programs
B. Standards are Set
1913-1937
standard curriculum
textbooks
C. World War I
Nurse were assisted by the National Red Cross
D. The Great Depression
October 29, 1929 (Black Friday)
Financial crisis – unemployed nurses
Military Nurses
Period of Contemporary Nursing
The period began at the end of World War II. This period includes scientific and technological
developments and many of the social changes occurring since 1945.
World Health Organization –established by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by providing
health information and improving the nutrition, living standard and environmental conditions of all
people.
Trends:
scientific and technical research
use of Atomic Energy for medical diagnosis and treatment
utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, obtaining information, establishing a diagnosis,
maintaining a perpetual inventory, making up payroll and paychecks, record keeping and billing.
Use of more sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.
Ex: heart-lung machines, use of prostheses for defective tissues, transplantation of living
tissues and organs, hemodialysis, pacemakers for heart muscle, etc.
The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing.
Colonel Pearl E. Tucker – developed a comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses for aerospace
nursing at Cape Kennedy
Since health was perceived as a fundamental right, laws were legislated to provide such right. Ex:
Medicare and Social Security laws.
Nursing involvement in community health is greatly emphasized to support Primary Health Care.
Technologic efficiency has relieved nurses from a numerous tedious task. Ex: Use of disposable, pre-
packed and pre-prepared hospital equipments.
The nurse of the modern times is constantly assuming responsibilities of patient care that were formerly
the sole prerogative of the physician.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
The strong influence of religions on the developments of nursing started in India (800-600 B.C.) and
flourished in Greece and Ireland in 3 B.C. with male-nurse priests.
Theodor Fliedner – revived the Church Order of Deaconesses (1836) to care for those in a hospital he had
founded. He had profound influence in nursing because Florence Nightingale her training at the
Kaiserswerth Institute.
Deaconesses of Keiserwerth became famous because they were the only ones formally trained in nursing.
Father Bassil Moreau- Founded the Nursing Sisters of the Holy Cross in LeMans, France in 1841.
Father Sorin – brought four sisters to Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana in 1841, these sister established
St. Mary’s Academy. In 1855, the school was moved to Notre Dame and became known as St. Mary’s
College, which became influential on the emerging role of women
WAR PERIOD
Wars have accentuated the need for nurses
Mary Breckinridge (February 17, 1881-May 19, 1965) was an American nurse-
midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service. She also was known as Mary
Carson Breckinridge. Mary Breckinridge introduced a model rural health care system
into the United States in 1925. To provide professional
services to neglected people of a thousand square mile area in southeastern Kentucky,
she created a decentralized system of nurse-midwives, district nursing centers, and
hospital facilities. Originally called the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies,
later the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), the system lowered the rate of death in
childbirth in Leslie County, Kentucky, from the highest in the nation to substantially
below the national average. Thanks to FNS, nurse-midwives were no more than six
miles away from any patients. Providing both preventive and curative nursing, FNS
continues to serve this region.
Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), who came to be known as "The Lady with the
Lamp", was a pioneer of modern nursing, a writer and a noted statistician.
She was born into a rich, upper-class well-connected British family at
the Villa Colombaia, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and was
named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister was named
Parthenope. Her parents were William Edward Nightingale (1794–1875)
and Frances Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880). William Nightingale
was born William Edward Shore. His mother Mary née Evans was the
niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William
Shore not only inherited his estate Lea Hurst in Derbyshire, but also
assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's
maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist William Smith.
Inspired by what she took as a Christian divine calling, experienced first
in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout Florence's life, she
committed herself to nursing (though discouraged by her parents). This
demonstrated a passion on her part, and also a rebellion against the
expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife
and mother. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation,
filled mostly by poorer women.
Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the
Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports began to
filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded.
By 1859, she set up the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas'
Hospital on 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale nurses began
work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She also
campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in
Aylesbury, near her family home.
Nightingale’s Beliefs
Holistic framework inclusive of illness and health
Need for theoretical basis
Liberal Education as foundation for nursing practice
Importance of creating an environment that promotes healing
Need for the body of nursing knowledge distinct from medical knowledge
Nightingale’s Concept
Having systematic method of assessing patient
Individualized care on the basis of patients needs and preferences
Maintaining confidentiality
Nurses should be formally educated and function as client advocate
Adah Belle Samuels Thoms (January 12, 1870 – February 21, 1943) was an African
American nurse who cofounded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses,
was acting director of the Lincoln School for Nurses (New York), and fought for
African Americans to serve as army nurses during World War I. She was among the
first nurses inducted into the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame when it was
established in 1976.
Thoms served as president of the NACGN from 1916-1923, and played a critical role
in lobbying for the rights of African American women to serve in the United States
military during World War I. During World War I, Thoms campaigned the American
Red Cross permit black nurses to enroll.
Linda Richards (July27, 1841-April 16,1930) was the first professionally trained
American nurse. She established nursing training programs in the United States and
Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for
hospitalized patients. Richards pioneered the founding and superintending of
nursing training schools across the nation. In 1885 she helped to establish Japan's
first nurses-training program. She supervised the school at the Doshisha Hospital in
Kyoto for five years. When she returned to the United States in 1890, she worked as
a nurse for another twenty years while helping to establish special institutions for
those with mental illnesses. She was elected as the first president of the American
Society of Superintendents of Training Schools, and served as head of the
Philadelphia Visiting Nurses Society. She retired from nursing in 1911, at the age of
seventy.
Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the
Philippines:
The Earliest Hospitals Established were the following:
a. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)-It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but
also admitted Spanish civilians. Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
b. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Founded by
Brother Juan Clemente
c. Hospital de Indio (1586) –Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general
supported by alms and contribution from charitable persons.
e. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) - Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and
support was derived from alms and rents. Rendered general health
service to the public.
San Lazaro Hospital (SLH)
SLH was founded in 1577 as a dispensary clinic in Intramuros by Spanish Frey Juan Clemente.
It became a hospital in 1578 for patient suffering from leprosy and other diseases.
In 1784, SLH was relocated to Hacienda Mayhaligue,
the present site, through a Royal Decree from the King of Spain.
A chapel was built and its premises enclosed with stone walls by
Frey Felix Huerta in 1859.The American run the hospital in 1898 as
a contagious disease hospital, after 320 years of Spanish governance.
It was only in 1918 that Filipinos started operating the hospital.
From 1930-31, insane patients were transferred to National Mental Hospital
( National Center for Mental Health). In 1949, patients with leprosy were
located to Tala Leprosarium, now Jose N. Rodriquez Memorial Hospital.
Present San Lazaro Hospital
SLH is a referral facility for Infectious/ Communicable Diseases.
It is one of the retained special tertiary hospital of the
Department of Health (DOH) which is subsidized by the national government.
b. Rosa Sevilla De Alvero – converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldier, during
the Philippine-American war that broke out in 1899.
c. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the
inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.
d. Dona Maria de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo.Provided nursing care for the Filipino
soldier during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
e. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – Nurse the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and
food.
f. Captain Salome – A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not
in combat.
g. Agueda Kahabagan – Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troop.
h. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded
soldier.
Hospitals and Nursing Schools
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
Socorro Diaz – First editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”
1920 – 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of
Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of
93.5%-Anna Dahlgren
- theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of
Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
1921 – Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National
Organization Of Filipino NursesPNA:
1st President – Rosario Delgado
Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas
1919 – The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of
the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of
exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and
December of each year.
1953 –Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was approved.
Presented to:
Ms. Aurea Celino, RN, MAN
Clinical Instructor
26 May 2008