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Chapter9project.WIREbecamethenameforanonlinesearchservicethatwasstartedwithfederalfundingademontrationprojectbythe
Wi
oninDepartment
of
PublicInstruction
to
provideWisconsineducatorswithindividualizedaccesto
CUJ'Tent
educationalresearchandresourceinformation.
It
followedabatch-modesystemfortheERICdatabasecalledWISE(Wiscon
in
InformationSystemforEducation)that
had
beenwrittenfortheUniversity
of
Wisconin'sCDC3600computerbyThomasOlson,acomputersciencestudent(Spucketal.1974).WISE-ONEwas
the
namegiventotheonlinesearchoftwarethatranontheUNIVAC1110attheUW-Madincomputercenter.WIRE.theonlineservice.tartedoperationinNovember1972.withceestotheERIC
file
of
over100,000bibliographicrecordsandabtracts.Theprojectoperatedona
co
t-recoverybis,withacharge
of
$1Q-$25persearch.Searchrequtswereubmittedtoacentralfacilityforsearching.Withfundingfrom
the
UWSchool
of
EducationandWisconsinstateagencies.Olson,DonaldMcisaac.andDennisSpuck
of
theSchool
of
Education
and
Tally
of
theWisconinDepartment
of
PublicInstructiondevelopedtheWISE-ONEsoftware(McisaacandOlson1973;"Informationretrieval"1974).TheWISE-QNEprogramwal
0
aclasprojectincomputerscienceattheuniveity(01onetal.1975).Theobjective
of
thefourpartnerswastocreateastatewideystemforeducationusingtheresources
of
theuniversity,WISE-ONE,andtheWiscon
in
Department
of
PublicIn\lUctionandmakeitavailabletoeducatorsat
all
levels.Theyalsowanted
10
ve
theco
I
of
theirexpensiveconnectiontotheBouldercompulercenter.WIREwasavailabledirectlytoschooldistrictadministrators,teachers,andspecialists.Withfederalsuppon,thecampusCenterforStudiesinVocationaland
Technical
EducationranaWISE-ONEdemonstrationprojectontheUNIVAC
1108
atUW-MadisonfromDecember1973throughJune1974.Nineterminalswerelocatedinvolunteerdistricts
in
thestate,andaccessprovidedtoERICviadial-Upphonelinesatrates
of
334
10
to30cps.Thefourseparatefilescouldnotbesearchedsimultaneou
ly.
Theearchsytem
used
Booleanoperalors,butprovidedaccessonlybyauthor'lastnameorasignedubjectheadings.ForERIC
repons.
theonlineoutputwaslimitedtoERICaccionnumber,uthor,andtitle.Forjournalarticles,outputwaslimitedtothesedataplusjournalname,volumenumber,andpagination.Abtractscouldbeprintedofflinefornext-daymailingbyacommandthtformulatedthesearchtatementforabatchrunon
the
ERICtapes.A
SAVE
commandwasavailabletoprvesearchstrategiesorponion
of
searchstrategielemporarily.Thevolume
of
earchingduringthedemonstrationprojectgrewtoa
peak
of
222searchespermonthaltheend.Inlate1974,
in
ordertomakebetterue
of
projectresources,terminalsthathdbeenineightditrictswereconsolidted
in
thefourditrictswheretheuserpopulationhadexpressedthemostinterest,orwherethedistrictoperatingpersonnelseemedmostanxiousto
'-
seminateERICinformation
(Lam
ben
andGrady1975).Through1974-1975,thegroupgraduallyconvenedtheWIREerviceovertousetheWISE-ONEsytem.Becausethecomputercentersupportedinteractivedial-Upcomputing,searchingwas
intr-
activefromthestart.In1974,onlineaccesstoERICwasavailabletoanyinterestedparty,atarale
of
$1-$3perconnecthour.Overathousandearchwereperformedduringtheyears1972-1976.WISEw
till
inoperationonline
at
theend
of
1976(WISEsearch1977).
JURIS
In
early1970,
I.awyers
andlibrariansattheJuticeDepartmentinWashington,DC,beganplanningani.nformationsystemthatwouldimprovethequalityanduniformity
of
thedepartment'slegalbriefandopinionand
peed
upjudicialproceeding(Morrissey1970).Theirgoalw
10
givelawy
n
ineverylegalofficethroughoutthecountryrapidaccesstoacentralurce
of
all
ignificantprior
TheOnlineIndustry:ThePublicViewresearchmaterialgeneratedwithin
ooJ.
Thisincludedlegalhandbooks,fonnbooks,appellatebriefandlegalmemoranda,alongwithlegalpolicyandproceduresdocuments,summaries
of
significantreporteddecision,case
file
intelligence,andevidentiarymaterialforprotractedcases(Kondo
1971).
At
thattime,over
2,500
ooJ
attorneyswerehandlingover60,000civiland
criminal
casesannually,involvingvaryingdegrees
of
legalresearch.ThesegoalsspawnedJURIS
(lu
ticeRetrievalandInquiry
Sy
tem),conceivedasanonlin•interactivesytemwithaccesfromremote
terminal.
Apilotwstartedinlate
1970
or
early
1971,
in
whichaingleterminal
in
themain
ooJ
buildinginWashingtonwasconnectedtoNASAJRECONabout
ten
milesaway
in
College
Park.,
Maryland.Thedata
base
used
inthepilotcontainedthe
full
text
of
600appellatebriefsand
130
selectedlegalmemoranda
in
the
of
searchandseizure,the
ooJ
Manualonthe
Law
of
Search
and
Seizure;
the26,000sections
of
the
U.S.
Code
(extractedfromthe
Air
ForceLITEfile)andpropoedrevisions
of
thecriminalcode,andextractsfrom
500
generalevidentiarydocumentsforaprotractedcase
(La
ee
1971;
Kondo
1971).
Thegoalwapreliminarytesting
of
theconcept.Soonafter,theNASAIRECONprogram(aDIALOGcopy),obtainedthroughCOSMIC,winstalled
in
theJusticeDepartmentwhere
it
wmodifiedand
Iran
formedintowhatcametobeknownJURIS.GeorgeKondos,a
ooJ
staffmember,asumedthemajorresponsibilityforJURlSfromthenuntilwellintothe
19808.
Kondowintroducedinchapter5whenhewroteanarticleonthepotential
of
DIALOGforlegalinformation.
In
1971,
therewconideration
of
transferringLITEtothe
001
ooJ
staffhadalreadyconvertedtheU.S.Code
file
toJURISfromLITE(Steven
1973).
In
1972,
JURlS
consited
of
a
mix
of
programsfromeveralsources:
(I)
NASAIRECONsoftwaredevelopedbyLockheed(themainbulk
of
JURIS);(2)NASAISTIMS
file
maintenanceprograms;(3)USAFLITE(chapter7)text
ping
programsforprocessingfull-textinformation;and(4)
335
programmodificationsmadebytheJURISproject
staff
(e.g..pecialutilityroutinesfortapeformatconversionssuchLITEtoRECON).PIannouncedin
1972
calledfori.nstallation
of
fourremoleterminals
in
themain
ooJ
buildinandonetationoutsideataU.S.Attorneyofficeinone
of
theninety-threejudicialditricts,withthremainingninety-twoditrictstoreceivetheir
~
r-
minal
withinayear
(B
heer
1973).
JURISwdignedtooperateonan
mM
360140.
It
poetimeonthepilotsystemwas
in
therange
of
1-
10
seconds.
Starting
in
1972,
ooJ
usedJURISalsoforinhouseprivatefileworkforlitigtionupport,includingseveralmajorracketeeringand
organized
crimecases.During
1972
and
1973,
hoever.JURISremained
in
theexperimentaltage.Bymid
1974,
eventhoughseventerminalwereoperatin(in5U.S.Attorneyoffices,Iat
Le,
andIttheDepartment
of
Agriculture),thedatabstilJtoolimitedtobe
of
muchresearchv
u.
ThereforeJURISwuedmainlyfortraining.occionalsearchrequ
Is,
anddemontratiotottorneys,keydepartment
official,
legalandtechnicalrepresentativesfromothergovemm
nt
genciesandvariousstatesandforeigncountri.Evenso,asmalltest
of
thesytemuggetedafive-ta-onesavinginanorneytimeover
tradi-
tionalresearchmethods.AttorneywhodidnothaveceestoaJURISterminalwereencouraedtorequtsearchesbyphoneormail(Kond
1974).
Toupplementthe
mall
JURISfile,
ooJ
contracted
in
1974
withMeadforaccesstoLEXIS.LEXISprovidedthefederalcaseIwmateri,
th
t
part
of
theoriginalJURISgoalwaccomplihed.Promthenon,
ooJ
concentrateditsJURISuseonpecialin-housefilesandpplication,
par-
ticularlytosupportinvestigationandlitiglion.Overthenextseveralyears,JURISwasudexten-ivelyin-housetosupportthebuildingandsearching
of
hundreds
of
privatefilesassocitedwith
ooJ
invetigationandcourtactivity;forexample,itw
used
intheantitrutlitigationagainst
VI<
tPubli
h-
ing(Rubin
1998).
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