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3 C. Willrams, The D~j"tru('(ion of Black Civttization: Grear Issues of A Race from 4'00 D.C. To 2000 A.D. (J9m. p. 15.

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h,J:,:t oul.1{sP-.y. ;JC AlIl!" foiofmc r.'true:,-" r"fD7++ r,.-.,.

5 J.!'I. Greenberg. African Linguistic CItJ$sifican in lJNESCO, General African HIstory. 8 vols (1981). I, pp. 292-308; M.L. Bender. The Ethiopian Nilo.: SabauUl'S (J975). '

• E. Littmann.. &ibaische, Gr;echiSCM ' UNl AllabeasinilcM. Inschriftert in '.

Deutsche Abum-Expedition' Book IY (1913); Conti Rossini. cc Expeditions cl possessions des Habasat en Arabie," Journal Asiatique, set. 18 (1921); E.

Ullendorff, The Semitic Ltmcuoges of Ethiopia(1955). •

7 D.!i. Levine, Gruter Elit;qpra (1974), pp. 19-31: G. Husdon. cCGeolinguistic' EVidence for.ethiopian Scmi~c Prehistory. Abhay, .. No.9 (1978). pp. 71.72. I

23

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J U~OId NadoaI. Dewlopmoac PtopIImIM. A .."./ NtnffIIIlk·...... fir 8«, ...... r.rt I.n. m (lUte: A4Cll. At.bia. 1983). n. pp.2-3.

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* ,,./,.H:l ~ .... + A."M:-l+)o J 4Kot: ,. .. ~ (19'71) ·url.e. • UNDP. IItIMaIk Ama. D. pp. 6-7.

25

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l UNESCO,General History of Africa, 8vols.(l981-88), l,pp.413,437.

a National Museum (Addis Ababa). "Historial Sites of Ethiopia," Written-doal ment, July 30,1985; f'.Anfray, "LeI Steles du sud Shoa st Sidams," 14"""5 D Elhiopie, No. 12(1982); R. Joussaumc:. Lemegalirhisme en Ethiopk: MonUU4n11., flIneraire.s ProttrHistorique du HararlI979).

27'

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• 1bItI •• MoolJIDMts Funeraites, pp. 101·103.

.J.Dol'eIIe. HI#DIN $t)m1nIIln de Ia Cotw Orlftt- de L AfrIlIr- (1971). pp. 47.56i PIDkbutIt. ~ History, pp.U.

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• "History or Arabia." TIle New DrcyclDpaedia Britlllllca, I. pp. 1043.44.

• Schneider, "Les DebutJ De L Hiltoire Ethiopia" pp. 'M4; R. ~ider. "Deux InIcriptions Sudarabique du Tip," BIbIotIwfJ 0rlarttIk, vol. JO. No.U (1973). pp.38$.89,

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2 wlbld; Pit. ; 59-60; R. I. Rotberg. A polirical Hisrory Tropical Africa, (1965) pp.5.12

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3 Ibid; Tropical Africa, pp. 5-9

: P. L. Shinnie, McJOc: A Cil'i/ization oft'" s" (1%7), pp. 45-48.

Ibid; p. 56.

• Ibid; pp. '2·56.

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'J no..ee. HulOlV SoInnwIn. pp. 66-67.

• Y.M. KobisbcbIDov. bIun (1979), pp.36-37.

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, Kobishcbanov. Axum. pp. 36-37. Ii Ibid .• p. 59.

39

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, Me Crlndle, t.r. and ed., Tht eMu,kIn TQpillNlph, ().".COlniIU (1897), pp $~.66; A. J. Drewes. ifWrlptkml ~t L'EI/JJQpk Am/flU (196%), pp. 18, len; W.F. l~mme S4btwn llUcr/ptttmt 1'N". Ma/tftlf1t Jllatl tMdrlb) (l961),pp. 132-133; Littmann. DAF IV, 11UCrlflllMt, 1106 • .., 6-11 j fer.", Mabee 'S.IAflde,· Anc.",

IIIId MtdlfWli ElhkipNM H.ot') (1972), pp. ]24, 14t.

• IbUI.. pp. J4,.U •.

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• ·.L

9 E.Oibbon, The D,clj~ and fall of the Ro~ Empire, vol, S.p, 66.

10 U)IlESCO, His_tory 9J Africa. II. pp. 326-331.

u I,S, Trimingham. IJlam in Etldop", (19'2), pp. 49·51. 12 UJ'IlESCO, Hiltory of Africa, II, p. 331.

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_,. ".,.Aof: fh'l" ."" h1l:'".f'i· .. ,.,P':J- -lIh" '''''''ili''

1:AI:" If'f I'A~A snc •. Rn.u ""'11: h 'tA~ .bofll. "1

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I' Tht .£ncyclofUtdkl Br;lQnnica (1963), vol. 6,pp.828-

46

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n Trimingham. blum iIr Ethiopia, p. 56.

a.. Sergew H. Selassie. Etldopian HUlfWJ. p. 262. 19 Trimingbam. bklm in EthiopiD. p. 61.

H Sergew H. selassie. Ethiopian History, p. 263.

'"

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. ,

2& J. Doresse, Ethiopia, (1m), p. 9S.

n Gccahun Dilebo, "Early Ponuguese Imperialism in EdUopia. 1490-1631:

Origins, Responses, and Consequences," ..

MA Theses (Haward Univ.,1971). p. 31

2J Ibid., p. 30.

48:·

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- J. Ibid., p. 34.

2S Ibid., pp. 34-37. J6 Ibid., p. 37.

J7 Ibid., p. 41.

n Ibid., pp. 51-SI. n Ibid., pp. 39.51.65.

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10 Ibid., pp. SB-fiO. 11 Ibid., p. 7S.

50

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12 Ibid., Chapter V, VI; Rossini. Hj'torla SarSQ Dengel, parts. 4-6.

51,

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nl82U ron",oP_(,' ~A. f":Ch - .,00" rot·/. tfle fl1tf·~OJ- hI),. 'If" .. f1Jri.Tf't, 9ub~fl'£ '('rnc hl500 "f..9"r: f~nl..~ '1~tr-~ 1J1! f4.'';' (fit'iC) t\-h"'E oP""'r'~- ll-r,,:'" h""-' " .... .t;," 0"7.. IA hJ;,.lr fAl.,. fir r..,-oX" ,",it"t h1..I..,1D'" ss h1820 ~llh 1876 1:~11

+114-.(. ODthoP..f." 'lA.r; mt-1'-11 nh(JJ·c.';r~· hD~tl] 9"")'_~ flue n07 llt9'l-r, 1\111":-;' hCJI;J' flovt+t-kf' flOC .. flih1Y: (lJo~lt;"ll opt, hA fltfll. Ji'A.f,c.·fltlf!tlt +'H!', h+,. flUr.~· hhl.f1.J' .:tC: O":Ch.,-flX" fA& -""'Jr·'-l- IPC. ft"71..t.1.:"fw !tv,. ..... ;Jo#\:" 'rl-'" hl.(.1· ~;

~1C "l'flff.O- 61:":" n'lftf1' ")'1.('r; oo.,,,'lf ;J-th 1toO f· ;l'CI! ltl&''P Illb'N\fD- fll'l!lI tt'i A oPhl--l· "1'1~: w- f~iI~ tJP')"'r~:'"«i It+~ nuc )("TA-f:ll ;f-th hJlll 'l"'" h+": fill. r." ntJPll/l\'''' Rh, ,..1:1..'1&."9'" ~~C he ,.,.,Ut,. 1&'1:++ n;)f,&\ h4'1ll~ :: (lIlt' hl).Y o.,..,~:,. .. 0.,.606 lI'C~.fT tlh,.e;T'I n1totLt.ll ,.,,.;;: It·, "..l- r.,.-~ ,.,ilK" IDt·t, 1D;r1..r:"f RJri.-l·r-kY lI'C n·HI;J·;'·,. h+1..OD(t .... 0:\1\ flODQ;l.t:~ nl882 hll't1.ltC;A ;JC ''''''I~ mh.A -,..,,..,+ toll- M ,..,ft..11 1\..9",;tlA.Il+:y. 11+1';f- ~'} 1. A"fr't .fo,d = , .... -'1") "7fJJtll.,.:r- fl".,'"lft..11 ... · n..,ilK' OJ.'rt.9'1"- f\,. n~K ~+ houX" ~,.~~ s:

51

01882 ll-rll It'iA ... oftA"'i rAq,. I"A.f O"'~:I" 1IJ&"J1A.1I

1\.~&IA.lt ... l- M-11t o"~ 01 1185 rr6~ ~;r'i

rR1.,. A-ult J\.,.-r:tlA."+ .,P'~ rA~tta Anci" a."U

oft' 0iaA-t ., ..... loti 0 *1 h~l- O .. c bf·~ .. A-n

OJ!:C-" &leA." ...,.., llq"O .. .o~4- "", • ROCA." fJl..

,.-r:t:IA.".,.l- .. A,. Aofo4i! ~ ,..,.~ Oh~~1t ....,~ rJ\.+r-I;1 "-';I"1! A-M1!'i BIle£;f1! A,CIi _,.,P' ....... orn." -:>1"" G., 1A.1I j r.r.t,"""'i fl\."IA.lI\."-':~IA.""''{- -lthA J."04..if~n O~~"""'''''.ll~ • O .... -.,&r OIL ..... » hAq_e. irA'" mt!~ rn"', "004..M~· 01\.**,1 ",. r.t.~ "'C~"'" O-hl........ ~A")' Ol\.r"'I~·&IA.lt"'l- ~ fA1tJf..., .,.~+ ""-10)0 •

Oh,t:" '1'\1"'1' rr"~" 7t" ....... ;&.-t~ ml.C:l'o w.+ 1""):J~ ~&lt1! ... Ol\.,.'{- h .. lIt ... Al.llPl-'i .,URl.ll(l'f ;Ie OM.n fq,

"'"t lII1 c~J.C+;&' j "rLt.' .... ,. (t"I\"'~" j "n.1'''A.1f (lo1A. ~.,~ " J.~ c, rAl'lA./ ~M'~ " -rclA .. 0+..-;1" or"." -:>1 Ik' r1l.tIJ/lJ ! ru..' .... "'i n..")1A.1I 1\..'-':~IA.llT "'1P':JT ... C AU 11.1"'" nI180,.=ii'i Ol-sPlfi rl\.+r-kl _"'P'~ .... 11 ... b"""";' .url-'i IJ.tm ....... J\.'-';/,/A.ll+l- ;JC 04PC~ 0.4. Tr-"la\. ;1-.... -ll., • ...,.~ ..... h~ q"u,.. ..... 'S MA rA1&

~., ofl.h.t.1! ~a~:""- "")~~+ bJr..r'I'tlA.1I" .,4-+ "4~ •

0-1A1."'-" 01935 fll!lJitI 4-1In.f':f hJi.C""'~'i hl\.dJA.1 ... .,A.".,~ Ita-u-l- O;J-"th I R-~~ I O,..C h,r.C'1"~1'i O-cd O;J-m4= 03091000 .. ~~ .;J-~l- O;t-&h ;N\4f) "',..l ... C~+

o-t\ ft. .... '""! ",. nr~c'i 8i1.,,. h.r. ,..,., "'l( h1935

"Ilb 19~I ~l.n itA,.""", '1-;1-:" rl\. ,.'" "'!"t1P' ...... a." ...

q .. ~t. ......... ~'! "".,A 01941 A1t-fl"t hA.lIJA./ 4- "Ii",. ~~ "aJIII f»aa..,t;,. fk:tf-1:1 -'1,.,+'i .1HI ofl~~ AI.- J..,.1:/,1 A.1Ir .:to..,., Am'itlr:' O-otmA 81951 r",/,-I:") ;1-&"~"'" fl'a.C""'~ hfi:A U1C .11941 RkllJAJ 4011",. ,..,c 11++"'" h",' .,4.11 A.,.,.-';f,IA.1Ir ~~ "'lit'" 1&

".,.,. A'X 0"''' Olt-A fl\.-l-fot;1 f~1hl,.r; rJri."~&IA. ",. ."A 1'1' ... tr n--tr .... ,.~, nOI'1 .... ,.IJ+ ~-+ 0-1\+'1 .. ";1.,1 ftAltqll"" 01.04.." r+h(t-l:'i ).-;~ Hf,-r ",,.t-'f flf). -fill" fAl:.a ""'''P';t-+ nh1t-l: r+f. quel(' rh.q,r. if"" ",,;rA i:h Itf, ""~ ft." f~ ""''1' rb~'" b4.1: II nontr')ofO Rh.+ '"ttl A.arT tt..-l- f+m+ft. rM .... oP,,,,v;J-+ 0"-"" m .. :~~

5.1

f+~A- , .. "., +U~ :'JUr':h 1IfPK'~ TIt-tta IInIHK" O-"~' O"";J-m" rA.,&-li) "":J1! J &A~-r'i O~

-,.,,..+ It''1''4-+ 'A -\" U O.,t:~., n.1.~ "HI~"

;J- ........ ~1: "'Mi+ A" & •

J(N""A-tlt nJi,.t: A"IC ofI.u.1: "'Mir-'f- ... ,. ~,.~ ""'10. ...... ~,~ H-). ........... ..,.~ ...... ~1: r.~+ li"""9'''A 1tJt.. 1:1 fIJ,." htl!t-lI +"6'r A..f'-\t:C r-t'f-A rt:1a"~~ 1 n..M~-tX: I r7'A-tlJ'i rllJl'r-t 0-1;1-,.1- ...,A .... -M;JR.C J-, M~ f,;t-IIJ?A •

RIUJ 1..11: I rot,. "UC'i 'li""'l'll" J(1.7'A-tlt h...,. .... Allil .~ t:~" Rt...M-A".t ,_~ r~~~ .... ;J-&h J..,,," .-). "''''''1..~lt,.. Ji+~ .,.1;1-'1' U+ Oli1t.-I: oft.u.1:Ii .,un~1: 't:"J+ u. -lPi..;J-1: fA.,,,,,, Ah+'PtlA'i fA~1I ,.,..tl6'r I.IJ- tV'1lb+A J..'.R~ I. OIL" Jr .... ~ hlUJ OI\.J'. OA~ 0 ... :,. ....... Ab:tA •

01"':" H--t R+,. qtJCfi OAq,. I" ll" ml..~':k' f11t: -ll -.:l- 1"1;J-1! -HI~.n I itq ... n I .,t.fa':f'i .:., ... " Of ..... :fat- o,..,~ • n'"",'r ..... aqUA hAIi=t." +"Jt: _,C r~R&Jfeo fl)t:,. 8"" "'~~+ Ali/H-f:'1"1;J-1: 1=1';1-"'" I Ua"~1'K . Ahfl.., .. " A-Aa\1: A1f:'~ "'''P';J-+ 6~ flAt- Ji-H: 11"- ..,,.Il Jill+l'l'1t. J..'~ Mtl..1 b;J-~h .Ut:'i ¥i:" ~A •

n", ... nit-A n-"httr; .... _., AA"qa'" u-A Iiot~'i lilA,." +fi:ifAl.. .. l- =""A'i~., .. "..+t\ I OhP'~ lat:ll+I1.,. ............ rn "'It:'i 0;),. • ..",n 1'"1. frC-I:;Jtr-l-'i f-t:cfa.l- • .,,.:,. J ONWHm~r;:m-'i 0lJ..f'r;: ... +h;J-;l-f, ,..". '1-;1- ...... ~.",. 'JA,. JiH ft...,..T:&1A.1I,.'i f4;.l1 .. ,..,,,+ I ~"4.u-" o-kn- ~JI~ .. ,....... ,..,. ~l- flf)'fhl.ofl -11P";J-+ b+ .... Rh. ..... r-A".f' 0+,. "IIC'I' Allq,. irA" ](1a7'A-tit u. "fi:~I1""tl6-: A~iU\. Ot:r-G- Olu\"" ",.11+ ,.6.,. 'JDD;J-ol- f+m~"""'" r ........ flU ;)f.{ral- OA~ A • ... ,.,,..l-c; CD..,. ... l- n""~-1: ... ,uo1!'i "uO~1! .~+ M'i ~ oft ... A1..,."".,.l-, n-~mc If~ fJ\. ..... r-A"1 ,'h1loft A1.1'm .... :\"+c rill: 1+ u.r ;I-~" AI'H1'WA J..,..l:.l\U.-,. :1"&11 1lt+rL.'iA •

A.U.w rh.H-A"..f' _""P'.'k" ,'h,,00 o~ .... MIa ofIA 4-f£ rm~~ iI~-l-'i • .,+ rAA'i Te1~" +~,. +1fW.1: lJl hJlC7 '("~ll ,.,.Aq+r OA1&-Ir Jam:Jou. ofI.u..: 't:"JoK • ., .... 1.JC,. ...,_ rot" que'i fJiq~ I"A .. v.rA~ Ji .... 1i +r 6-: ROAm 11-1:1'" +m'i1Ie A..+-rA ,:.'fA t-riA •

S4

...."'" t'n+ Hd1J1 'hnOO \.\ lJt'II27'O !Pr.p

~ . .

• ..

It

fl\.;r.r-k, ;f"~" .,.(-"l .... 'i U ....

1. n.,.' .... HOD1 b2100 1-00..,. 1-1\,. 1-hh 1270 «JDD+ "II~"" "F'''''' fvn'lf J fA..,Ah.'k" f:tDD.., "'00" "'"lC R2800 ,-+ «JA,. f;f"~h -lJf

fll"l' "h~'" A4:~'" ilt1fp";f f+~~ :J-~h h"~ fD~:\'l 1-11b fl.f: I.C1a'i1! 1-O.~dJ"I' HOD"} .(-~ll Ilnlt 4800 ",-;1-+ ~,_ ellA .. RlI,,",' h.,.,. qllC fIJI-oft .... .,11., "_,.r: Oto ....... "ll~~ Rih'R: tJJ~''r1l '-;c!f= Abh 1-ACP.U .. 4: R:lll flll',- .... ' f" 4:tlt .,.,.(" rm~~ +o&, 'l";f"-! ..,oflA"" RfDA ilY-l " ,-.: ,0)- I f~DD""'_fD'i " .. ",Aho)- ,,1 ,,'C fJl"l~" ih1fofl ,_.,,,. " fJO'lf " 2 ... ".. "m~+ ~RC .. O'l".f: ,,,,-OK" il.,,,,£ .,,.r:..,,, .Lhll S" .... 4:t; :t-~h ;1-1'4: "U-C TC"A.iaC ;(, P.~il A'.t."7.,A-+ OA~t" +'.(" 1\.0)-,.", .. ", Rot-Ah+ " 007(' " '''7.Amil/-l ;f"~"'1! "-111m- ,.,..1\1):"'- hlU' hT'1: "r:'l:J"fDal' 11'- 1t..1f' ,."f'lA .)

r,,"+ fDC+'l ,.,R:

f ... '1: "ofI~~/' 11.,,,,£ '~C''''l''hil (Egyptioa Hieroglypbi~) 1-, .t."7.I- Ah". CD" :; rill T';f"1! r A ~~ IJ h "lC'i OIl'., P' + .... ..,. '", (2743-2731) 1-'i V+iLT .... ..,·' (1504-1482) f-"rtll- o'tflll'.,. 't"" h2800 1-11h 1300 '(-~ll R~RllD- l1:" H-") moilT RL 1..:Jo ,..,.~ .... h1t"Il+~"'" ~llh h./M· llM""~'" ilem -,..,,,..;1-'-'"

J. Doresse, Histor« So,"mair~ lk La C~ Or~nrak D« L'Afr". (1971) pp 48.S8; J. Leclant, "L'Exploration Des Cotes De La Mer Rouguc: A La quctc De PoUDt et Des Secretes De La Mcr-Erythree" Annalfi D' EtlUopil!, vol. 11 (1978). pp. 69--73.

J Jbld., HJsroUe Sommain, pp. 55.S6. 3 Ibid., pp. 61,63.

56

-&f'l- R"'A~ RqlJCfi O,.tt ~,. ..... ..,AW 0+1- f)UC'i OA .. ,. r A.. o~l-'i -ll-C"l- ftfdttl--t: r-ClHl.. r .... t-~ ~_, :JI-r"f .". r't:l. -n+ "AIl- )OC .. 4 01.11" D"A.f DC 411.. .,..("~ 1=1+ r-t.~ f.., .... ~n rl\~~ 'J"~ _."t: hll -Z'J "..~ OWU'-- A ....... ~ - qctl Oil-A ",,. ~OC O.~~ ,,, oM- O"';l-1! ....... 3" Jt.Ii='i ;I-&h"';M--t 'er). ru-t-'·~' ";1- •• S

113500 ~:H· OL+ ...,.~ que .!Sr.;': t"F');t'CD"n .~il 1rHl~.n .,.Chfl'.f ;JC It

.. Ibid •• p. 5J.

, Lcclant ... Pount ct Mc:r [rythrce ... p. 72 •

. 57

hJSOO .... ;"T (lJ,-r 0.,. J'.. -we }licE'" ~F" ;:1'11" n CIJ~l1 h1il~.n -Ch(1:f ;JC •

"'-,". n-cb4l'i O~ ..,.. br~~ -n ... ,_ -HUt 01.

"IlJl. .0'.,. 'i"~+ f-l6ft I r~"h"'+ • fJt1lC6.)o I Brr+ I fA l\"~" rhl-1!+ ,.C.,.~ 1IC1IC ... h1' Af. Af. foflt!:t' itt! ...... f. C:" I roflC i ndt." • r"'~~~¥i f1. ... 1.1' 6?"~ +A,_-:f • ...... ,,..,, • belL'i +t!4- • f1I.,.., 1"Cll • f""~~ll .,...,~ I r........., ,_, ..

"A I ril.,., "fI • ~ .... f~-O I of"; f +~ I +OC" 11I'J!:r:' • IlA--l .1f I "UI I lie.., ~ 0& f -r]f • Af. Af. "', ....... 1IL.,.:f A'l ,.~..,. '1.m+1l- 'l\~lJ. +"J~ .... ~0'1 V-o.,.:f 'i=Fe- _ 6

hlf& 3500 '1-;1- ..... Ok ..... 01500 'l-+ 'tA" ;l-4\t' MilA" ""'p'+ V+itTIl-+ 0""£....., ~'I\ 1't.1I"'"f~"'" .. I.. 1="} ..... h .. b;J= :r:tD- hfOll:'" r"'1~ tJIIchP~ ;'JC ,~O~ .. Jra"'~ r1oftA" iI'tA. ,1= ,..,.,. "'.,1: ,.,.-0 ".,u: hil"l- I hlL.,.l- • b'_'1l4-l-'i 1\;J-bA .flo ;'JC r"',~" T~1Jo '.,."A ,. .... ,..'i hID.. raotllAl- "J1,.. ..... ta,.t:

Oml.. .... hODchfll- ;'JC ,.,.,4,. 11.,,t:' ,:J-4\~ rnlA IU~ A1-A,.... A;t-~b ..... .;. "A&:l\A II '-" ltllh .. l. o,..t-~ ., .... A" ftY+1tT.-..:t ".:"I..h fDoll-r f"t1-r,.. ~lC. OIL" "'A""'~ hlLtl "I\t'. ,..,1;0 .. 116A f1\.+"", ;J-~b fOD1."'~''''' fil)R," -~J( ~ .. II 1

,,,.11"";1-." tJD1'1P' ..... h500 't- ... 1-A,. ~llh too.,,,..,. ,.u~ .....

f:h'.b -l:J(

011~~1) ""R,"" hn..... rvoi(' fh..,Ah+'i r-l--..,:""''' 111C " 0:\" O;l-~h A-1..-~' 1.1L OA" .... 1i= f;l-"+"" l1.1C'i ill"'" o't-~" 'tA" o-al:2f ",.ll ..... ,.6+ '101';1- ..... 01t.+,. kl Olft:. t.n-fl-e A.CTt.'i il1'i'l Mt.", r)Ol:m- ... ,.;l-1! rl.A .,+ _,.." ... + ).. II 1

f1\.. ..... "k',. -r';l-1:rl.."'..,""'''''''''''+'; ""Adl~a"_-Ab+ I Ot.h..,:,·'i O ... fI ~t"l- f"'~L f~";'J'- ,,'- A" .... ~ -l:)( 1''''''''' ".. OA.c.h'r'i OM"'''' h .... If~dJ- bro I b-mt- I hhllbA. I hm

• Sergew H. Selassir. AItdmt and Med!cvaI ElhiopUr Ilinory (0 127O(1m). pp. 22-23.

., ledant.·· Pount d. Mrr ErythRC" p. 70.

• Sbneidcr. "les Debuts de L'Histoirr Ethiopiamc"

pp. 47-S4;Anfray ••• Redlerchrs Archrolo£iqurs en Edbopie." pp.71.'-16.

58

"Aof: j bl,JI.+1"; I hAJI."lA ...... bA.,4.-C.f,. 1"'JH'i :J-~"1! .. ;to r~ ~ ... bll\Il" hll-\ r.."., ..... ~ ... &.":l- -tahA I

1. .1t~~lIr...,..' l .. h- I lOU'i A-) f-tIJA· rh~:" )1 ,...;J-M h"~ I

1. iI-"-t-"M~ r-foflA:f f".,JI.+ .,..,.,.....,.,. llr ,

3. )~-, KJ.+\ , 1'-) f l:0'i AOh-r..- ..,.-0".. f"'l;to ... f",,.ll+ ofI~-E "..,AlI:"" ll ... :r. I

... AllrtC. V-Oil • 1\A-+O I r.. ... o .. r-'i 1.. .. ,..01t1.~ ""-0 A ... f"_tI1~ f1.,.n+ "0-). R-"~A~" ,.llt.:"r, ot. loU f;t'''' ,,,,..,. 11.,Ah ... .., ll .. :f I

fltt o~rc Ant. 7'''+ A~ape f)1r";J'+ 1L'i DD-P6A-lO+A", fl1.+r-kn ~.,,:J-1! ;J'~b'i J(ATAi:" (Wo-llb1' 0"1'h~ ";J '''~ -lJIl;J-tf iI~"'l- 'i:fm- II 2

ftll~Il" fU'_~ -lJIl+ RI..,..,,,,,, h1C'i .. ."..,,.....,. (til--;&. ""l~'" .l\l;rl..~ r-follA- ".A+ ... h;J-;J-.r.llC. -"",,';1-"" ",,,,.. f~1"..;t-+ .... 'i~ )n~ ~ hit" 0"" h+m+ .... f1..1\.,..,. ~1P' :1"'+ .1\l:~Vf.-t'i u..t.- h-~-i!.r .. lie. "...,..,,..:,-. l:OVI; A-~ r.. ..... bv-A-t'i'''' lIc. "..,..,,-.:t 7t11..~0"" ont; oP'rf)tt-=J: -t-Ab:tA - 3 ,."". 1I-1;J- a:"~- Ah .... r: rl1.+r-*1 ... .,;t-tf u..,+ OVCD-C;I"1! .. ,.." ......... ihofll.-tfl.-O ,.,.r..)ac I-Ah;J'A-

1.,..,:,. rl1.......,.kl fP'A"t~ -~if

OA-arJ. V"''''.'i;J-1!'i TAi:"'f ,.U+ ,,,:f .. f1..""7;1'''''''' A" .... &.":~ o".r.~-l-'i 0'.'-'"1+ u'lt Att alT.), 0".""" n:t9''f~' auA..... rA"ihL+ P'CCJ-f:f .,.,. ""_SJ-':f (Monumental Writing

and Cursive Writing) ..,A""'" 0.,. f1.1''i nll'(- f"'~ ~"'l."'" ,..-C't-f:f r-ta.,. ... ~,..lo 'i=f ... 4

h"'A~ """'111· ",,4. 11\IIA-fo A"ih.L1: OH""). 01.11--0 Jrtl; 0." h~O~" h ..... ",';J-1! t'1'!t'i f.,.. A".ltL+ ;'JC "'0II1t"'" ,__") ,_.,.~ 011-). ;I-~tJ ... ~""L"'" ;J-"4f! oar). ""'~1 0")1: ;J-r'ro ~A _ s

:I Ibid., .. Recbm:bes" p. 71S; Sdmeider, .. Insc:riptions Sudarabiques"

",.317-89.

:I lW .• "lD:scipticms~ .. p. 389.

• Sdmeidu, "l.cs DdJuts Dc L Histoin: 1:.1biupiaIas" JIP- 49.s1. s 1IIidC.

59

..,·A..,."", '"~ 11 h" itA'" W ih.ti: no-.,.,. 11''' htU?

O~+ fD~" O:\I\_ Of+'ifH" f'tA" blj:A !A..,.,,-rli 010,." .... 1. ... ll'i A' h-arlo,. RI\,J'.. 06~"I" It\\! hil" .... n t1-t I UAIi Wth.t+ :tY:-YJ IA"" fh1~ f~ll";J-lJ)an -06t.1: nt,,· w,.,. .t+ ~ID" • O"'aa.,,~9'" R:\t\ n"-~ Ith .... 9"" fh.,+r-*1 M6,. t1- tt; "ih.t+ htl v- h~Il.,;I·m-11 ~t'i "ihl.+ ).,,,.,,..~~ 0;1- 'Pot ,.. .... t.") 1"1A",hA IS 6

),11.1111 .u.1<-.-.,..,r;l"1! "'~""f .,A+,. 0~1r;l":'" Ii'i "'.,.6A-"f hM..,;hlJ"I" -OdW-'£ *"~ W,.,..tTti "'..yAb .... ;JC 'fDo"P "..,Ab+ ! ~tli "a..L+ "'11':'" 'h.:t·",A-I"':'·1! fl. ".,:,.. ih,,.,I'i -,..,r .... hh""8.fDo ,,,,. ;Ie O+A,J'..fD Rhl:8.!

6 Ibid., "On the Evolution of the Ethiopian Writing'" Lecture Text. (Addis Ababa. ]982), p. S;"On the Daamattite State, Kings. Gods", Written Note to tJle Author (Addis Ababa. ]982).

hilflfDo!1 ;JC Al:1:r' H_' O")"~ f O'~"'i+ f n~t'i n .. 1111\ '+lO ;J-~"f£'i X.1a 7'A-t"1! .,,~~+ 111~~nlm- a"."" .. "P ,I&,A II

Ril" ,..,II~ 111U""'- h1.1,.,:" ~1P';I"+ 1., ... flOV A~ " ~A. h~t..1.fDo " '.,.r AOD~ ali .. OD.,.6lt- t. .... 1 " ,1.1."";1-,.,. 11 f ,,, .. ,.,.,, t fhRt-..,." f+r-"f'i f-r4=r.o:f 1.,.r" 7 n..,A+

"HoP). f~Ol.w"' fh.+r-A-1 '"~1! oP, ... r+ nV~;l-1! -r' ~c Oh"Pct; O-r:"A 1A";1"A ==

""8 OD'P{)A- u f~~"';J-lD"f1 I flt ...... !1 J fhat..m-I" « ,,,,v-1-,.. fT-kC'l- ,,}.,.,.' " f"tl\fDo f"}.,.p' floP~ f".4-1 119'" ,~

h",:" oP1..,,.·,},,, tll .... l.".1'l11 Il},.C..,1' 1111.1ft.m-,., ~+"'''' Ol1m-C;t'CC h1C h 11. ~OC !"'A IS hl.';9'" 'Lit. T'i-}t; 9"C9"C O';\It RHODt;".f1 fl.h"'''''1 P'AIIJ1. l\f}l\,.- OThhA hhltm4= fG ot.1 1l1~ h11..,.l.,.·n»-T t B OH.II 01.,.P' t\oo~ tf.'i" OfI'fiJA ,,,. m.,. .... ..,. u "'l1D"11" hh"'lQfD" fit .. n"le Ol'll.t.. f.o·1 n:"1'C (IJf.'r O(\~,lJ. fDoohT O"A~ .. A"'1It-t.. "''''lC 0fI-r".m- nh1~ :11'1 he f""l. .... .;.. f(JJ"6f!" "1C tf.1nl mf.'r 111l!':f ~O~. IJ

",u nT"}:t''I! 11..+"'*''1 hl.n.f oollhA RHoP~ 1.11...,:" ,~ Ol.m- ;t-~ll'l!t; :(1t7"fl-tllce "'"}"f.~:" n:\It OHoo~ llhft-r O ... ·m .. hI. .... ~;t' OOO+mA O"OO~ hell:'· .. ,UD1.,OfItl fOil..,. 'toP;J--l""'(IJlU l..tL 111.8.1 t..fl- fh.:"V-kl ''lUC .,,. 1"C ..,If:'" (ur, hlllJ n:t'l- ";1-.fA •

., Ibid., .. Inscriptions Sudarabiqucs'" p. 387. • Ibid., p. 388 i .. Ethiopian Writing." p. S. 61

tflh .... "'Im-I' ""''''P'+ OH""~ hCh+'i blOO "hh 1100

r;t-~h ool)l'

O"OO~ hCh+'i fll.:",.kl, fhh ..... "'fD"I' fhA. 011'""":,,, OP''f:6o'i 0,.1£ f1..11"7;t-"11 ".,..".,:,. id':,,:"'i ODhif,.~:'"

.... ,,' ! OHOD). ;t-th OOlPt;t-C£ f-lJr ""P"'f ".,,,., f"t h+'" tj:f",. ..

1. 0150 1ll}QIl Aoo'f..OD~1 1..11 '''h .... ,. h,.,..., n(a~~ f+., 1'0:'" O..,th* hlt-~"h .f""" f+Kl.m- '1:"..,6oA.1 (181; th'f: ( Cudius Ptolemy, Geographia) 1

'"'-

2. 0.,,.,+ flv.A""~m- 9"''''''' ~OD+ flThhA n.,~;t-m:" HOD1 hOD- flA"'m+i'I nh")~ ,..,th OD1.,1..~ ,A.C+6o "WC Tt

TMl ,.,,,+r fh.C+t-. nuc "" .,.,. ( The Periplus, of the Erythraean sea) O"'LA C6h .. ,."c: f-"f,.-tlm- hh .... .,-e '''''~ ,.ill}A.h hOD- ,+.,1'0+ ;t-~l}'I! -Jtthtt: J 2

3. it".,. htrln+ "-") ;lC hi'l))J. .,,, fm400+ h1,R' hh .... .,-e ,.,.,., O.,r:" OHOD) hCh+'i nOD"f,.OD~I"=t: v."o}- ,..6+ ,,"-;1-+ ool}hA Rh~A.h ffD~"" h+'" n..,ttl ",,!t ah'~ f1:A VlD"&\T "" A1fhl h'"lAh:" h+l~"" ;t-tl}-e "","tt: 0525 flil'"lh '''~h -")11.~m- );11. .,Aofltn I.''''' 1'l~1: ! 3

4. a250 t,l}flll O"'lfl.I11A " l1fli'"l'i f11h ..... """,.,' ,.,., .. .,1.. to+ " flilq !t1t '+Al.m- i'I~~ I 4

5. a2S0 I1llfln. O,,-:",..kl 0.,611 t1* '.,.Al.m- "'Jlh ..... ..,,,,.,' ,.,., .. .,~C " tL'i -.,6A 5 ( O);ln.1 ,,..,., .,.cst-.+'i Oll.+

:""'*1 ,.,., .. 1J1C Ov.A+ A' P''f:t.,.'f'i t,,,,,,l, '"'1:

I1hflo",-e ,,..,.' ll'l"l- lt11.. 11'), 01''i:'' ;f"olD'"tA II )

. t Sergew H. Selassie, History, pp. 72, 75.

, G.W.B. Huntingford, tr, and cd., 'I'M ?,Hpl," o/tlte Erytlwean $&:(1980), pp. 12.20.

S Cosmas, The Christian Topography ofCrumas, tr. and cd. by W.Mc Crindle

(1897), pp. 59-66 .

.. A.Jamme, SGbtMM IlUcriptiOlb from MMrimt Bi/fI{I (Marlb) (1962) pp

132-33. 7· •

• Drewes, IlUCriptiolts, pp. 88,102.

6. 0170 h"qn. Rh.lf!f'kl O"~h '"t f+K.c. .. " fhh .... .,.,m" '1-'" ""P'T nrfl",,:"UIl ~". " It'i -1'~A 61

7. Clht-+'i'm- 9"6+ '1-00+ 0-,611'i" n"'~h ~"}!t"l- ,.,..,,4- 'h,.. 1\.1f'i flit' tI.'i" 00'P6tr-'f I '7

8. nil",'ll".:;:dJ" rb". '1-00:" O.,b1l *'* f"'~.f.1D'" fhAo l}A.fI tI.'i 011.,61.\. I 8

9. nil""Il"-~(1J4 fDb". 'loo:" Oilfl *,* ,,,.,,4,.m- n"ln.! rh h .... ",,.,..,"} f1\& oo"}.,,.,+ "'1..60 .... 'hllC? tt.'i" ootpiJA 1 9

10 hl'l\.,.r;:4»" 9"6+ 'lOU..,.. hilh "m.,r;:aJ4 9"b+ 'lOOT ",.tll hOI 0"" hhl'l-"''''' ~1"':t':" 01\.:""'*1'1' nxzn, hmc:" h- .... fI'i h.,,,,ll ""C,,.,.,.. O.,61f'i R.,ttl *1*"'f ',.,.Al.f) :r:,.,.. 0(111" .,'HPl- 10 fllOO~ hh .... ,.- ;Jwt)) notooi\h:" +'A~

'OD~'['i '''4»''++ ,..,.~l- 'i:ffD<'.

,.,If'" ".. 1,..q~'i lt~,+

O:(",.,t-A.1 OOJt",4- 'h)) .... M h.,.,., i\tID"f..ODtl 1..IL boD H,OfD<' "-A""f! 0"''' f\,1t '"1th I.t-.it. ,h.C+t- ,;t'ri\111 0"1. 1..IL R"hl'l-"'4»"n If"if,., ",. flllttA.it fot'll.\. mlfJ:'· '''''~ h'I..~DC ;t-m-*A 11 as '1\1""9" -It'i D-(l1.\. 1\.,C 'htJflor 11"""" h11.. snc +Jt'G:);A II Oh.C+t- ,;tTAh ss-« :J>A I ,.lll}f\,it '"'I~h

tt1* f"'l..Im-:t 01\1"" tnllf: Olt .... A.ll ,mf..ofl 11 ... ""., '''7.l}Y-.f,.fD<'' ~",.. J\+fi; ,.,,,,. O.,A f"teJlfJmC .... AII ,.,., .. .,OC II

~lJ f'''''~ flhttA.h ,..,ttl hm-.,.""'" OIUt9" It+fj: .f,.l.Jf ':Jm+":" f'"'I",-t; rllll~ ;rA.lL flHoP). f"-'''''''''1 ,"1111-0'" 00'., P'+ R-N\,. 11"''''''''' h.,tf1 - t!""""" 'l"'" ,.?C O,..,,,,.lj OqUA '~nl"'" f+lR .,,~~ .... IODAh;f'A ..

6 Ibid., p. 106.

., Littmann, DAE. IV, InscriptiOns, Nos. 4 6-lI,pp. 4-35.

• Ser~w H. Selassie, EthiopiD, p. 124

, lbid., pp. 148, 153.

10 R. Pankhurst, An 11fIrcx/uc'ion 10 tM Economic History of Ethiopia (1962) pp.401-40S.

II HuDCinpold. Perip1us, p. 21.

ftIIft1aA.lt ... , _,.,,.,+ OAtU" .,,~ rAil....., " fm

~~ .,MbAA 8+,. que JScr OIa1., h'~ n:+ , A"qft.

r,r-t: d1JMl rlW-~ ~ltb ,,..,., .. "loll ........ ~ ~U:ll ~.,I.~OC .

"'A"c:ltA 12. fHo""'&" O.~" ft+,. qlJC JlQ= ''''''-A.ll ~A" " .. ~ r.~ 1I+1'i 11~ OAh....., .. " ""-tP''' oft"P1'C ltC .,,.tOC +-Ah:tA IS •

h..., llra .. a.lllt\ .. 'hb......, .. ,n _.,..,,.. ..... Oil-A.",. ,+~ que ... ~£':f .,A""'" OM., l\.H-1:1"i nA~1U' ,~"~..., f1 .......... ~., ... ".,. fth.:l1'-I;1'i O-t&~ ... ,n ifl\r -1I1tA 011.t:' J Il~ J OqUA ... o,,..,-r.:tW", ,.,.,s,..., fV.;rA -t .. -M...,« 'nAm-c'.,_, .... n IU\~"" '~A O.A ....... ,. 1\11 h~ h.,Ah.)o nh'~ ~'A. A~~'L" hhA--71!""'" R-t&h ~* . r..-u.... ;I'-&"1! 1I~.l" ~ ...

Oltu"ll'I:A ""'A+ .. ~ Hr.ll J 1\4.1'l5 7'1\1..1 A+q"" ,., &b ;1'- .. 4: h1Ab+ hile r-;l-1"1.1 ~""t;: ,ll+-m" Ji.,., if" 'Jib....., .. ,n ""JP n .. ~ r.uH1 t..c+~ ~., Altqo. OK' .... ,. I'l'" O..,AA" IIA ..... m+1I I'l~ ..... ~lt.,. OttGil1 kH-I;"; A~ OJ OA-.c'i o-eh'" tne/ltU:f..., ... ". 'm~t;: ..,;J-Ij ,.,11+ 111~ ""';':"'" A11.1.1W-A" ,.1Ii.1M·A • R~""f. :l*A I .,.,. .. J

01.11.'1-- n-!J= n .. ~ M~"'i "MU: "l)qo.;.fI;J1I ("1)11 .~,. "';JILl) 1 h;JGiI i " .. ( Jrat:.,) I 1\.,,,. I !Jolt.,.. "I:,?,.o.It I I."n~ J ",0 I:"" I Jra;J-"IfD"1'l i h"'i 1\"1' ". ... " .. '''_m~ hl'l~ "'A+ ~qc h1C'~"'" ihll(l'T") 0,..,...,,..-1: .,If:" lle "It,q:,: ...

OIl-A"''Jfdt- n-;': f fttt1"t ,.I)~"" n1,.. ...... n .. ,. qUC'i 01.

M~ .". -lIbA All' 1 lilt I ,OA 1 h..,.A.,.. J (1.JI''i ""','iU ....... A. r-tm~ llt:ll+ ~qC ".,r:1-,'i ihllfll-, 0-111 f_'.,,..

-n,.I\, bAA OhQl. I"A.fltllb >R.I'i .., ~ mi.t::"f xn .. 4-.

Orll+'Jf .... n-;J= bT1~'" nM 1.0- ,..,..~:,- n..,,..:" bA

.. lII"A .. ~llh ~I.' qUi. ""m. t:tll I1A.,.. "'''''''i O-r''''' ~lt'_ O~"I' "cT'i ,.,t: ;J-1'4! O~ni.dJ" ,..I:C "'." j rill:) I "ttl. I

12: 1>cr'csIe, Hislolre SoIamaire, pp. 79.86. 94; KobIshchtlw:n. Nrum, pp. 55,58-59. I. 1bItJ •• A.vun, p. 57

coA. 'i "'lt~ +oOA" r-r.m~ ",.I'l .... .,qc A1.:l-,,'i ih1f(1';f, 1'"M". 1 .. "':y. 1\U.,;J:f",..

n~'i' 1I .. g: n.,..,... ~C fUt"'C'i O-Ch-O hA~61I AU

K .. ~ Iluct ""1.: n,..~.,. lalR.1 mi.~ nit-l1 "6~0(1 O.

~. r~ .... ,n "fI;J- h~Ri." hAJi..... (Leoti - Kome ] .~.,. l,.e o,.,..,"~ ~llb itll la1C 01.0- .... ,..,,,. ~llh fflR.A.,',. ... I\C-r Altqll ~lll H-;': 011t¥~ n-lIhlt:':. h.'i.el.taAT-t'i

h~-t "..,.A" '''''m~ II-A:" 1l+~-I:V1! 'ml~ 1\1C"l-1 r.,.,,..i: ,qUC .,,. +nA.f''f AI:C.,. O+-r;J- 'If:':",. •

~IJ OAh....., .... " ,nc OhlflJ r".I)I,." n-;': rJ(J.7"A -tit "ofI~1.1 "'m,.;f-A • nllu .,.4,. n30 't-". ~A" r:.,,,,.,., .,-on Nrt/:f ... AI:C'~ ~11-1'" ";J-lDiaA • hlU' n:\It 0100 ~ ,.Ut .... Atalln. O.,-o~ .. Oih'.f"' -l)hA n .. ,. qUC -ll-C

.. ~ "ltl.f"' ,.,Oi..,.., ~A'" A+~ ".,1: A-.flllmC ~"""ll~It .. e""',, OqU~ "'''',"'+1! Jlcg:,,'f f"'I8"~ rAtll1 til'" .Ill-") '''' 14 •

,"II ".~ ft+~1'C' A"""·"", r-tAr' XJrr.?"ltof:l) .,6hA rtr ,..., +~ .. uo hAln.1 ;JC n..,:t. flll+ MA,. ~'''' A1C''f O~ O~ Re1"" I Okft .. n'i nlth....., .... ,., fI,I ""'''''':1-+ .... bA n11t:'i ~,." 1."'" ",. ':E-I.;rAof:l) :".,A "IJI W. ~1" • IS n-tr).,. n-al"" hb .... ., .... n 0,.. ,..t..+'! f+,.

qtlC JI~ 'Alon 'h.'i"'_""Tof:'i '''~-nof:' ~1l,"'t.i::(lce 'ml~ h1e'f 0+'1';1- 1;HP 0+ .. 4-1& 'tAr I\+t;: 't~"f It,. -O~1! 'I':t.,:r:..., A.,llhOC '''''''I~ ,.-llltA 16 II

RH..II ~.,C hH-., "'1\., .... ,;re nhln.1 "7.'itD-I' ! I\fl ..... ,'1 .. ;I- .... n I 1J",~pn'i '1:~1t1J4n ,+q~ "ell flCIt:fm• .,:,.c A:),." .,.,." f"7.1'1-'i n6111' rCT'i ,..,1: 'Tit.,,,. 1O-h A..,if '1.ll1..1 ""'.,,.,;1-:" "'I..,n~ h"H";Jr II

hJ\"1L1J ,0- .... , rlallll A1C''f "I)""'n nxcn neil tnC~+ "LUl1: r:),." .,., .. , 1a"~"" Al8.1 A"'~ -,.,,...-,. O-If" A+.II~ 'La 01\.:",.1;1 hlJ'l";J-fD"n ".,.,,..:,. ;JC 01"1:'i

H Sergew H. Selassie. HisSory, p. 72.

IS Drewes. llUCf;ptkml. p. lOS; Kobishchanov, 1luIM, pp. 46,59. ,. Ibid.. Inscriptions. p. 106.

65

nllllA r+~n .,,~~ .... A-':mC J, .. t~ft- Ao-, OU-flT, h'P') ;J-'E f..1;..,;t-." h~ .. 'f al;.ch..ItA-:(11! 'P'i .... '+1~'i htU' 0"'" '+1r\a. flaq." :f"~It'f tCl''f "'il~JrJP'f 'i:r:.- •

)1C ." h~" "''''+1'' .. a,-+ 'A,. -A~1f ,.".,. ,_ ;1"+ O.,oflA" "'A.,I£ "~Ia'f "'''.l'''i AI;.,.., .,. .. Ilt. .... hAl-n.1 "At "A~~1t +,t:- ""~:f""'f'i rc.f";fo f:f-r:"l1 +h-~+ a-hm:" J a+", nuc ,.,.,t;o -h-C ",. O"oflA"'i nih,r: -lthA + ....... , ,ar) n..,~ .,,"f.) .... O-~ml; Ohltlln.. OA,t:- Ob-A AA~RJ 'O-il A1CO'f tf..:t'1! t:-h--M "'1:++ nlht\ nil-A ,.,..,,,. Ahh (to..,,,,.,, "''''P':f''1! ,,,r A+~ "r:,+'i -htf.tf..:'" A-:r: J(Jo. T'A-tlt-! "'~:f'""'f "''''l.m~ "':f'"mitlA •

Ort.tJ 1.1L O,.n--o A~fU' m~fj: Jiltlln. n~A" Ji"'~ 1'11", &..,, 'o-ll ....,.,,,..:,.. (Himyarite State) "'~Il'" Oltllm-"

"'''''''T ",. ,;),.A "ttl, O"''''"f'+ ot."Jr: nil-A tID" h~a.n hh~ A.,U:t:+ OAtt\ fib-A ,...,.,. f...,.. ,,.A-'f, 0~Af."

'CO"."''i 'Ahl\-..,.", J(IaTA-tIt1! ..,do:'" A-h"hA. 1A..,."1t of1At-1! ""1A. 1.-l- •

OILII ....... O,.. ... ofl A~R.I "vOIf" 1" VO'l'+ "1 "VOlt:"'" .,..,. " AO'l''' n-t,,.. A,. A.,. hJ'-IJP'f r-t;J-"," A'Jt:- 'ml~ A1C hAt.ofl-l: Oh+,.p't." hU"'~1 nll4""6~ofl htaq Oh.,. .utofl )Oe •

0250 1.1t1l(l OAl.fl.I n"q A"dtofj: " fVOJr'f'i fAhl\-., ... n "h-,., 1f..~" " OI\.+,..kl ,.. .... 0""11 A" .... ~ " rAhll-,. ,.,.".. '''C " +.aA- 01;.,.(" ... + Ou-A+ fA,. h~~JP'f'i ~tJP'f OuA:" "" rn,. I;.m~co'f r-r,;J-." 1.,1: rAhfto.,m-n,.,.".. ",1- toe ,..;J-.,1t1A • 1'7

t1C"" oM.A.n lUI: Olt~f1.I h-tm+fto f~Mu- r rh..'i"'" "AT-I:'i rAofl~" A1CO'f ;JC ,It .. I ,v01l"'i rtJ"'~1l\1e'f AofI I." AA+m+ .... ,.. A.,.., "1~" un"""''i h.h.....,." ,.,.".. ,u+" OAlR.l Ola .. Jttt 0+." .. K,.. -.,IIA. hun1l' I hU,.,

&~ h ..... ""Jt:lo;JC A""'''-l h..'i~"'laAT-t'i ~1: A~""m +Ar •

17 Jamme. ~ lDaiptioas, p. 123; A Caquot et, A. J. Drewes. •• Lcs Monu.....as Ra:uciU. A Maql!1e ••• AIttIrIIa o· EtIIIopW. YOI. 1(1955). pp. 33.37.

66

ft""'_'- ftAt!8.I f"01f' .,..,. tAolf J\,C tJdu\·..,.", rqUe .,,. ,.,.~ ttr)..,. RAJJ.A.n nnt.l" b+m~c\- hh!i"~""A.T

1:,. ~.,.-t- "1~ -111 O"It "'~lI't -,-+ "'!FIlA .,

IlA "VOA'i AhA-"7dfo.n 'tt-P' 1U+" n1.'i1l. ... A" .... ti= "tiM .... ,., OMR.1 hUR1I" 1 .. ~:f'" hal, ... hnll+f-n~ .. r-t ''''''1' ru",~~" A1C "",.~.,.. "-111 n-1.-t, ~t!W r+ "It ID;t-U'f! "crJr "'~IDIl4. +-Ah:tA • ,..,.., J\,X: a".a

l'l' tJ"~I""''i taq",.,., OAhfto.,""n ",. lIofl~+ "'Pl. 1.1L11! r Y:IA ..,_ .. , IlAA'~ hh .... .., .. " nil"" m-A ,.,.ll.,,. .,. .. "in",. btJ"'~'IIJ." 001£ 1";I-:f",.:rt,u-"tl- ',.,.I1AdJ" IltY: f.,IAAA III 18

~1C .. , h'LlL n"" '.,..h ,ta .. 'i ,ur I~' A1e"'f RAm1" =':m- b~n~",. bYY:60..,+ .,?c OAh(a.o,,""n lt~ , .... ..,.,.,. J\hb 575 Y:lll , .. c ,que ..,,.. .., .. .,.'f It,~ar\'- ,,.lloJ: 1\1'1I .. ·...,.n ~1P';t-+ fl\. .. 'i 1 fltMl'i ,,, .... CY 1L'i tID'I'IIA-l- Ilalft- •

fAJJ.A.ll' fY:A U ..... A+ f+hA ... 'Ah......,,,,.,, '''P' 0'" AoJ: r-tl!- "UC dl~~l- Oll1', tt.+r-kl f'f.-i. ..... ;I-~"'f£ rJ\1C 1,.Q;J- re: .... 'i ,..,.., .. C }d:f'1r ltnb hY:h+J?m- ,."..,. 'ttID.)o

t:'lll Ro-M- J\:tnJ-& +m'ihCO"'''' do:" It''''+mft htt.tJ O"~ f+ m+ll..,. ,It .. cUt:' I 0,." ,.."". rlth .... .,,.,./' ~1,...;I-+ 'AI it,. .... ?+uh I 'AI tt.tI'i I fAI Illhofl'i ""'P' AoflCY 1L'i -.,,,tr-"f

hlatt..,ll 111'1 ;JC ;J-~It-e ..,l'tlJl'JP"f 'i=':'" • 19 .

OILII ~1t:- ",,."1'/ I blLU R~" OJVI.A.it'i 0 ...... cup.."flt.,,.+ -AM .... I t.h ...... uD·n f+1!- flUC1 o-A1:',.. ,,..,t- .... 'i rrn t-~ dl~~"f 0+-r;J- ,.11" Oltll+t-1:]( I "'''Y:'i OX1-rA1:" A A"t£ TA. .... n-It¥t:' Od-\,- 'tAr O .... ?T ofl .. t-1! -r~r'i" h .... C hllboflllJ)o trr:'PA •

O-A+"I'/ I 0170,,=ti "-;I":'" O"~h ",!t O""~L 1L'i -"'"~ "l'''hfto''''''',1 ,.,..,., ~1""+ h"of1~+tJh ;1-""''' f"'LAID" 'A1C -t .. -''''P';I-~ h- "'''1,.., fhh .... ..,,,,.,1 ".".,,"'+ 01-1t 1

o""t i Rtt.tacroy_ I Ot:'C:E-+'i RqtJA ". h1CO'f,'i ih1l(l'f1o

'+l. RUIJJ1::1t£ fit' ".,.,..,,,.,+ ! iti.ofll ta .... 'i ~C,+ l\'J~)nC

A-*l..",.~1 'LIL I-Ah;J-A •

II Ibid •• Sabaan lrucrlptiolu. pp. 13z,,33. 19 Kobiscbchanov. hum. p. 54 •

67

,..nT~ I OA~'i'dJo' ,.'+ ct- -'l-~1 " rAb .... r I fO

-IC 1 f~,..n I f1..+r-kl J ruo1f I r f((AVo,. I r.,,,. I fRJrl

fit .... ,..,.", ~''''T " '...,.Am- fhl 1..1f'i _""P"I"'f ll- .,,,/...,

alt-> fAb .... ., ',. ".,1P"+ f..-it .. A.,..to .. l- fMO.I rh.~

,"k/Ii fAq,. ii'1t 'n~,. P'cct""1.1~~nC ''',A ..

A~+~ I ait1!'it+~dJ'I ,..11". 'tOIl .... OII1.aDt-1 " 'All ,. 1

ril .... I fll-JS1' 1 r ...... ! fllAV.' r fTA".. r rf"., j f+v..., I rto

'1'" j f(Uf 1 rcrl1 I ,Ji,;..q.-,. ,..,.,., "fP7.lt ..... fJililA.-fl _''''P'' :l'~ hoo "'IiJl..., 0"00). 'hh ..... ",w-/,. 00""",* P"A1IJ1 h11: ;t-,,~ ,.,.qOl. f.,.,. flUC I fA~1t1 I fAIf:t-1t .,.,f:'i fA",. ii'A';' 'lA,.. A+lf: ;}"A h·U).~OC O""lAW lia/A n

h~ll+~ I a5409J:r: " fit .. ! ff:.,.l."JS'} I f?I:t...,~.-,. J ffoP'} 1 f1tl.fl:f f.;J'i f+?"'1+ '}"P' " fOl/.Am- aAl.flI rAh .... 117(JJc/1 fhi 00,}'?P''-'' h,}f..t.~.fAlIC? ,,....,~ IlOD "'iJ~" ,.11 ,.). -I;l"l.ll fOAm Itn'ih6-A II

ll'('ll+~ ! O""'.:;u.", t;r 0525 ,., t; II- ";J'_ ltll"'lit r All ..... ", fJJ-Y'" n.+ -'''P'T 01-01'"", 1..H. OAct:t;lJ "',1: OftPl, fOil ~11 O+hH.'i Ohfl,. m,,.l- oolJhA fA1fD49D h1C Ollh .... "'IfD"n r;rI\-I;lJ "..)(Iff nc .,OC II 20

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'h. .. ffDll..'i" f-l:h'fA-~ 1Jo1;J-

l.hh III. fT'~ ""1;t-I£ '~'P';J-+ rt,ri tIP'PiJ&-lw. J 1",..,.. " ..

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JO Cosmas. Christian Topogrop/ty. p. 52.

61

'.. i'

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ta" /.IJ)o 1 ~;J1"'lr •

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II G.W.B.Huntingford ,ft. and ed. n. u.d CiIrfer.t' of Nordtmt ElIdopItII96S) P.8; UNESCO, Afrktm Hl#ory,lI, 123-189,362-380.

J2 Drews,~, pp. »64.

"

h1000 "toP;M- IU.+ 'Ah~".n JtI1Jlll .. .,dJoAT b-l-l~"

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1f.f :f"&ta1! "'1l~X"'f Ii:': ••

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21 Ibid •• P. 67.

,. Ibid., pp. 67.-68.

" Littmann. DAT, InIaipdon No. 6, p. to. 26 JCo~ • .u... pp. 147.150.

7.

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,71

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h"\oIl.U 'dt~"" A'4- 'r'r .... lt 0533 bA1';' hQ"'''':J-OJo.n

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f1."m~ 11"~ ..,., OA'I: fI;I- .,f .. ' ..... .,(llaA •

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37 Sap H. Sc:IaIsie. HI#ory. p. I". 72

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U Ibid., pp.)6.41; Doresse, Hwon So'r'maire, pp. 49, 79, 86.

, ..

3. n,,-+ -tA" "'1.-tl ,..+ -tA,. ht."J\.('-C'i htl+~'" I

(DIodor sera_)

4. 080 , + ,..,£:,. .,,..., hh.,.,.1.r: T"t( PIfne the Elder )

5. AlSO hhA-~,.tl .fit..,,, ( OaadJas Ptolemy)

6. RO-A+~'" r6+ 1- .... hlW:""~ TtT"h ~',.I\

7. OS20,,'Ii hlth.,h ( Cosm •• ) V+1~ .~v;: ;J-~f)1! wm.c:'fo ti:':",. • 2'

"~H.II ..,tlt - r:.,,,,.,, Kdti.",," h,..(-l .,oflw n;t-'f nltq,r.

"It"'i RIt~~'t +,1: V".A/f. ~'lC .,. .... "10' .... .,.,Ol(\"'f, tID ... l:1"f£ '.,..11 I ,It,. J ,!it.,,,, J V-Ahti VHe 1W;t-JP:f, AU"" ... ,.m ...... O"URt"''''Il qU"'E r~'i IAr1: ". ... l+ -o;J= r~ Fe I JIt,~ I Ite 11e.fl. I h'O,.. I ........ , i ""11111"1 ,tI .... fa" ,."OA.'.'l':f ..,A-H- O~'.'" +h+A nSrhi."l- ilI"''i'' +e.,.r I The Rhizophages, tho Helophages, the Agriphages, the Chetenophagcs

the Acrjdophages. the Struthophages. the Ihthyophages. the Elepha~ ntophages. and tho Kreophages :.

'AlA- Oilli!' O-.,Al=f.,. MuO£ ..... =J: '1.H.l1!'i" .,.. ... 1! ,Jot S:S:C'i fl10". A,.1: R"UR~1! f61:,+ ~~+ h"'''lDm 0:%'\ n;J-th 'hfah .,~ ~lll ~)II.U ".1:"1! 'h~~1) ""11 .. 1- 'h~"" 'h'" '0"" m",. O:%t\ M ~1Y..1f)' n'-"hhA A".~ ''''f..~&\ ~1C v« AA •

"C ." .,t',,,- r:..,,,,.n ,,,,,i.,,l- RI;.t;:tta +,~ bl\~H.U

OqUt\'! "'''''~:f''' ofl~ h""A~ ""1'i J\J;~ .,IIR£(\fl"f Rll+otC R"lIn~t! 61:1+ dJ".htt:+~ ~lJl' fUf\. !Pit:" 1\.1\ ~flC t.,C''f1'i .l.1I .. 1-1 .,1\+,. J

1. OY..R·"" r",~ .. Rih1~ "":"/'fll J1C~ Rco:"i:" htl-., .. ".,,. 1'i!" m~r h .. ".,. "'J\e.lS~" -&tt: Allh ,.,11lf)C ~t\+ O"f..RC ... ..,. ,..~C Vq1i:11";J-'f! ",I;.HU" ih1l.,...,'i -1..,r'-"" J

2. R"P'~tl- not,. QUC'i R1e.t., 'lUl ... ",.. JSc!J="l· 0.., r .... hA~A.h 'Allh U :,.-., .. ".,,.. 1IIltt: " U"'Lt.C"''' fml'i! +OA. ~., .. ~qC +r::EoA-"Sm-'1"" Rco~""n +oflil" 00-1\+ +It ..... 11 .. l- ,.,_;J-.... ih",,'f1 I

2t Ibid., Histoire· Sommtllre; H. Labrousse," Enquete et Decouvertes D.

D'~k A Dou~ira." AE., vol. II (1978).pp. 75-77; J. Desan&es," I.e Littoral MnC&ln Du Sabll Mandeb D' Apres Les Sourocs Grecques et Latines ." , AE, Vol. n (1978), pp. 83-101.

1J

3. Rll11'i 01"66-0 Ith....., .. n'i k,+r-I;'fD-n .......

ACP- RII-A+ .... A1' .. M-l- f1.l11~ ihll(1:f., tt,...,.",. nIDA n .. !f:fCP- 'A'1'A • JO

n.,t," - e-7tfton "'~JI''''f -lPl:" hJl-'" fAIi!~'" +,1: 'QC _1I"'f r:"c=~tr"'- oco~ .. n OA ... qn. ... h1"";1-~ -n :t-cp-n OJl-> ,...,,,. bAh....., .. " ,;JC OJIC I R'~""':"'i Oq IJA f4f'lO """"f.':" fiRt-:f ... ,.-lt~A • RIll' A\\1 :,.C":E-A- .... - OCR~"'n "1,.. ~.,:t-~ -,:";I-",.n 0.)0-., .... ,.. I R6nJ',... OheR. ,..C:"'i 11t: RfJttr ,,+~ t.lJl' r;l-m4r ,..,.'f iO~ • 31 o-tAl..,t,. r+C"~tr"'- RCO~n ''''''''''+'i A.,Ah .... h1"1 ;I-~ f1:1ol-'i r1oftA"' ''''''i''.f''f'i ".,Ah+ ,;JC .,. ......... ,. ~O~. 32

a~~ rhll(\·""'''''i r+e"J:A-f.. - ocot-." .,,"f.~+ OT -ttb-t u-A-J:r ID,'i"'f OJIC RA."'i-r . s aqUA f++~l"" -If'i:f ""1 I blt,.Pf.,.. ,...,., A ... qn. lUD"ofl'" I\h.....,.,." 1Pt-+'I' lo'i ll4-t,,:f O+C";E-trf.. - OCOt-m-I' .. ~., r1:C 0:,....,.)0".,- 0.,...,'1' Ohcn. rc-l-'i '''1:' .,.".,c.,. ... h~.,~m-r ih1lofl ,;JC ~f-t;J"" "'i~ ~')I..~nc .,~ .. - .-:"., .. ,') ''''d.JPl- AI.,.I. ........ 1R1'A • 3l

aJi.C+t- "'L"tTl\h 1-toll. 7.,t. .,.,tt, .... I..,,,.. o".tt ... ~ ... ,..,+ ,. .. + ,,,.,. fAhl\o.,..,. n ''''P' flnltA.b bA,,,,, "~'it£ t.,;J " ') n.,. R ih., 1:' ",.ol/fj b In I. Ii! 7.n h H :,.".,,,., :"-r .. Ii:"

t:ln f+C"~trp.. - OCRt. ... '" 1t1C at,.C" O.f.ftofl 9"ltt-~ "" Jltr ftoh"'1! 'O-llfmlli! 1t,C'i "''''P'+ on++c - ... ..,.'} Vh Ii!~" .,.,1: f,.;Je; .fe\ hA~A.ll J hl:l. I h1t'PI\+e; h..,l\). 'ml.Ii! mt.(ll-'i ,.,t: ,;JC J\ ... ,.,r: OA't:~T ,.'11 snc II 34

"h ...... C "~:J1e 011")' n'ltt,. A+t;:UJl' ;1-1'4: ,.,OI.IP- VI;.

Ii!~'" .,..,1: f:"_"~""" I f.,..' t 'hen. ,..,t: 0+",."" hll""~ flnlt,..n l.rt: ft" .... «» I ot:I. I n""A:r-'i O.,AA ;I-""'~ I'm l.'i! nr.~· Ahh .... .,.n 'h' ..,."P:" J\'}1:' tn""'~ f,n. ,.,.,.

~"C •

:HI Ibid., Ristow Sommtlin, pp. 10-33. 31 lbid.; pp. 72-73.

n Ibid .• p. 74.

. :u Ibid., pp. 72-13.

K Ibfd., p. 79.

76

"' ...... '11 'I'lhn-., .. " fht -.,..,,.,.:,. Rhlj:~" +,1: 0.,." qUe r "hln.I'i OAq,. if A" ~he\'£ P'AIfJ)" A ... ".Ii:.f hoPlPl.+ n~e\ r"'~-I: ;N\e\:" fJ\~A.h f rf.:t, I 'A.,I\·.,.e; ,,,,,,,, '''9'' A+~ "..,t:'i 'flUA UJt.{\~ OouIJA h1C tloPmt· J fllf&.OJo "U~ h~nl.cD- hl1"~'i tlhtJ .... 9" h"·'P1· ?C ""'l"I~ 1tl'~1 ! ""I ~h t I\..,.r:. J "hln.I'i AiIl'.(- ";JIo9'~f'i """1- fr't·'i rtJD'r ~~ IP~to"l- "R~ II 1\".1/9" .,hl.:q' f'"l.lf)' ""If..-" ffltJA iJ,. sPl- h"~lI.tJ h'~".'f· hmc:" f1'1P~ h100 flit" f.1.,Y." "u(ll· al.,.,C- J\"., "HtIP,.:r-, hAIi\. htJ .... ",OJo" h.,.".,:Y· -1'1~:f:A :z 35

01th .... .,70J011 fh~ oo,"'l,... .... '1.,.,."1 fj" foPOA hlC h·,-qoi'1\9'" 1..,.": f''''~ *'1* RHoP). '''9'' h~"'~ ,p'&\nu,fJ f'r9"tJ C+ tIft-l/./ V~{lt.l& f"'l6h *,,* ",y"lf~ 00»:"-1: {llltl *,* r·,. A4- fhtJ .... ..,co-I1 Jj,fj" oPtpiJil-"!i-,. f,'"11 It~ Jt,h...:"f "t ..,b l:~sP"f 'i:fm- c: n1th .... ..,m·"H Oro,6lI" h1C""1' ODtahA f.ta~t;.UOl:dJo "..,t: iJ:J>9'-:;' lIC1fC "/~"7.;J·ffD- ~"'l"" "HOII)o hh. ·1·f-kl(1)l. 0J01!- rot"h- 6:J>,,"f f1116-1: r.,.t.'rC' 011:" oNn.i-":;" hm-~ m" 1..161: fffl/.,1(}- V,.,J!· /J:Jo,J":( • .,1 'h'i:'I'~ fiJI. '1'011 tD-m..f:r- ~ n ~ I'

nllu ~1C lllth .... "'(1)<'1 h1C OJI. (&.,... h1r."1·, nOlJ."h- m ..,t: b:Jor-:;' -tallA. 1t9'1I)", 611'101.,(- i flW"t "I'CI'I ! f hm·/'-tl'l .,. 11:" .J.c; ! f.,.47"' t, .J.c; ! ill C:" i 111 1. C" ! r hoI\. of.';" 'I C1- UP ~ n~: if"'lfJif+tn1'" (t.U'). ! hDIJ.e't£ ! I1ALlI.! ; h;"1~- ! h"l·nX'c,· h""" fmY.' ; fll11.. ; f~-1' ; f"l>,l' ; fil'1ttt· 1\1.';! fllt:"'I0"'~ rifhl\ ! '{U;l· 1I1.T'i faJ.C.4' w·C:" lJ:I>":t'i on",t.ep':j- IDf.. h.-l-r-laY '.10- ""!.'10C r-t"!f. f"'1tl' - c:'"t(J}- ,1 RduC.SV:r Of "tIP). UP1'''JO'PA :z 36

hU_I' "'Q.l.l1"ll' ;.I- ~ tact! OIJL~ f?"1 o~m- }" I Y.: oP'J.I/.;J''C ~1C fAh .... ,.'!OJ·'1 J,1f{l" OP1"~·1· fl9"C.·} ·,:htfflo;r L',y: 1l'1t.y .,.;;: fbl:1:r· 1.l.jf ,,·t s: ~ nc ~m- IS

f f.·c~:r· ".).:J'

ft.1.t!' ,l,ofll.-NHl frlt":l] f.~·C:f:'-t; f'WA ,"'Cq"'1--; -f·.., 11 to:" r rl,-flL1-{)O· fh..ttli'°? p'c'H- 'H', ~.,.;;: IJl·m,·r:·l·' '.-:':(1)- :t

s. UN ESC." • African Hirlory, n pr. 387-390 .

'6 Kobishch anov, Axum. T::.bles2.3.pp. 172. 175.

77

11-11"),'" 'Ahft..,m-n 'A' _,.,,,..+ 'T'A-ttt I f1:C~+'1 fllUA ,,"C«l+1-'1 .,...,q~+ nuu 0"10 q-1"~ b"' .. "8. fh"~'" 'h.."ti""l. "'~;J- ;JC O:tC-fl ,-t"tt- 1 Jt;J-sPl' 'i:fm- II "hh,...., "'1 fAt ".".,p'+ Oh~t.1] .,.",: f 0+10 qUC ! OAlfL1«f' 81\ qlo if".f OA'I: ';J/" h..}1.-rDt "...c,·.,. *,t'l qUA 11\+11tthilt. h1C'-:;'1'1 ih1ff11'1 flJ\1'("~:" "..,ll.,. ... ",e h.,.tt-- 0"'''' ,,~ 1"...;1-:'·llC tn'tit/,. ffllC ~C~T hiM."" tr~ II "''' DDU'l;t--£ ''''h ft-"""" fA' tIP,..,,,...:,. f''''/'\''I1 OfJUft.1 "1o"'llj;J~1! C/Jf"+ 'A,., ~OC II ".A1:9° 'Ahft-II1m- n 00'",,,,,,+ fIPC" fV,P.",,," .(-C:E-..,.l- htt:.,.~ ,/J.l!'1:" 1.lJ{ f1.l .... ,.,· OAt,..,·;;:m- ?,,/J.,' 'too+ nAI h, .... HOfJ~ """"'P'T ~",. II

nuu ItI).I h' h. .... "{a9'=';"J,lft f"tmt·=f",. OfJU/"UJ6-I1.DD~ LA., ! K"t-J\. [ ,,It., I rm.' I ~n.' 'I All.' .. (a-fl/,.:" f".l1ft-fD;l-1.t-1! .J!"C:E- ... ·T ",.,,,.,,., " "'11~" fSIJ.,,:ffJJo hell [ OOlJcr I 11.11-1"(: ! -flth.C ! ,.,1;(;'1 hCll-f1l .,.1JftCD- f"7..;f-iP4! flD"~t; f"1C ",.ll'r ",Miii oPAI'l;l-1! J\..,Ab+ fhtm- ti .. OD'PMrl- "7bh . "1! All,,·)· 'i:f1D- II 37

bJ\.~tJ.lJ hAt h. ..... A.,Ah+ ODlthA hCll , .. lth VfIlC J\fO -lh ! ODlJC9" fll.",""'n flflC 1t~"h I Ilcn:r.ll t..,,,.. 1O".,.;I="f ".'} 1D-1A. 'otA flC-","",'} VIt, BIt'}..,,...:" llC qC"T, ''10';'' ,,,,,.,.,.l- f ... ",.. .. ffi!~C 1t.r"h~RC .. ~1e ..,'} &oft.1 OA' A' ".11.1'''' u mA,.ACll"t" tJJ/.\1. """er"1 ",ATfo " fhell A~"t foPtJc.~ /.\1: " '1..1" f"tm6-1D- HI.Ji=1D" ffllC'i" frn.-tlt "'(1)- h~ h ... 'i ~~tt",} h"'lAh+ O".,.tt-- ft. .... fflle~:"'i f:"lI):" A.,/.\hT h 1.1.;J fo,.,. II

RlLlJ ~ .. C (lhh .... ",.,.!') '11P';b-l- ""'~T tnl."i'" hCItODlJ9"C (1) fAh .... ""/CD·I'} A.tflt. hq:,. ! (2) Omlt.,.=Ii '''''ih~ I.,A. J\"'lth (3) f~'P';I-"'" Aq:",.. A,.."h ! (4' fh.,/.\h:'· 0'1\" h9"'''h 'Inc II 3.

fl"f.lt~ Ab .... ", .. n "1".,;1-:" 7..,1.".lJ f7'A-t1] ;),.,,=r=dl-'" llAII)t;=J:m· hrltm./.·'£'i" hh7A. A., Ah:t· f+ftm "'h"'r n ... ~

n Littmann, DAE. hwrlptimLr Nos. 4.6-11. pp.4-lS. n Kobishchanov • .ullin, p. 396.

78

~"A I "'1.0:"'1' ih1 ,.,,.U.C "'''I't~ ,.,,,,ft'" ,.,,,. Alii! A .. -A";l-1! :t"A'i llAIII' tco- O.,A:" itA "t\-).+ ''',,-11 ih1l ... At,P',:I-+'i """Ii:" "A ... ' A'~ lIel +1' 1\1' .... Ir' ",:I,11 ", .. tOc II

blLiI Olt" RA' A' ""1",1-'i 1.tL1+ ''''m+Ao+ r .. ".).

fILii -"'A I f''}It 'OID-,,+'i f-~~ll "'1.)f,,1- 01AJt Jt.,~

-tlt\tL'" 1 nAh....., " ,.,. .... 1..,. ...... O~C~'i O.,..,"C ,.,.t\ ... ~

rll+ "'blt1! "'f"~ ~1~ 1 A.,,, tiT'" 1Pt-I£T .,A:,o,. _,

.,P' .... '11,,,,tr+ ... fIlC 'iT'" II "" flJD,}-JP'T I ''1''''~''''''i flfle t:e~~Cf'i ?'A-tlt~ 1JD1l.,.;J .... C Oh.Tf'A'1 ;l-t.b hI"''' lah .... ,. A"h ~"4t ,1966 A-nf+ ~I.ll DDIPI.:t"t' A ..... 1' ",,.;1-,.0+ ftr I. 1'1:1"-£ b "..,..:,. .,..,. ..

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1'--1: ""h.""", I:l.ll t- ... ;faVt " ",f.tJD ""ttA-nd.C " "7ATr n,.l:c '''1tLAofl.h.C if.'Pl-'i h,}UlI.9'1- ." n"tA A.,-,'! ffl.:t LA,.1'·d..1t1iff' .ft-'? flY., 1j:A-,. ""-'",;1-,£ P'1A1fJ'i":f., Oih ... l. ....... n- It,. Rifle ~"A'i R,,...,tr;l-Cf C4f'+ flit,. fI"'m'i be "'" 1'1;f-f£ fAh .... ,. ., .. ",;1-+, fP'AIfJ1'i" 'C"f'+ flA,. +rIlC:" 0:1""" fl+.,qCr ll.h..,.& A"h A-nf"-I: A1+"" tr.;.. ..

flt'i W;h.t:"

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;1"+ "LIL .... ,,1' ''''+ q""4£ "t: .. + .... A-fD fh1~rJ: h."'r"'_/~'i "'''Ot.~ b.(".,+ 1J~""'1 ".,,. snc h..,b1l ~1t ft:,. ... ".,.,C ~C«I"" ".(-1-1- "'~;J- l\,.,."th".A"" RA'?C -.,,..,,. ,.;I=ltA II

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" CaqIJot et Drewes, .. La Mon~ta Rccueillis," p. 33. 79 -

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60 Littmann. DIIE. IV. W. vi.

41 Schneider." Evolution of the Ethiopian Writing."

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., ~ •• hr1criptiIM. No.9. p. 24.

- 1biL. ,_, ....... No. 11,pp. l,l.

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• ...., H.sd .... Hf:IlOry. pp. 126-13S. ,

86 _

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I Ibid .• pp. ISS.15I.

• Triminpam. Islam in Elhiopia. p,. 46-

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1 Doressc, Hinoin Sommaire. pp. 7 .... 79. 116-136; J.D.Fap. All At_ tf AI*Hlnor]. (1982), map. 8,p.J6.

a Ibid .• Histoin: SoaJmaj~. pp. 8243 •

a G.W.B.H~ord. "Arabic Inscriptions in Southern·~·· • .......,<_

29 (19!1S), pp. 230-33. .

4 F. Anfray. .. Lcs SlicIes du sudsho& et Siclamo" AE. No. 11 (1912). L Joussoume.' ~EN ElItitJpIe: ~ ~"_'_IINoIrf, dfl HIIItIT 1979) pp. 101·103.

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Ria .. 1f'1t'" hAA 'TAlf. ';I"" ~ m",.;J- .l1" .. ".f- I 8

3. R-IIA. - fD't--R n1t,,"11 I R--1C i 01..(1. ; RAQ.t J n-'l t.fI'i 01-1:-0 dJ''''f h"qn. O;J-~h 1l4fD+ I sse ( 'A~'CI) I (t?f h4- J trh¥ ( ,..;J=) ; flIJ", ; i('i~'i I\,.U- ..,..ofl/UD· OA~ Af. n-

, U. Braukamper. "bJamic Princpalities in Soutb-East Ethiopia between tbe13th and the 16th Ccn~" Part I and n. Etbiopianist NotesVoJ I No.1 (1977).

p.p. :»-21.

• G.W.B. HWltingford. tr. and ed •• The GItJrioa'I V'ldoria of Amda ~yon.Kilft0f Elltiopi4 (1 ~). p. 74; Arab· Faqih. BUloW de III CoIttJwk t2 L' Aby.uinW. cr. and cd. by R. Basset (1897). pp. Hl.111. 124. 130, iso, I" 171.

, Huntinpord. (iloriolts Victories. pp. 19--23; Omari. MtIStllik pp. 14-18;

J Jlm"ucbon. tr. and ed .• us Chranlqws!k Zara Y«qob et t2 Moe. MO'1a"l (l89J);pp 16-11; U. Braukamper. Geschichu Der Hadiytf SutJ.AIIriop~M (1980). maps. 6-11.

• C.F. Bed:ingham and O.W.B. Hunringford. trs &nd eds., ~ Recarth of

£tlUopi4 1S9J.1646( 19S4), pp.LXV..uVIl. .

•

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• HUlltinBford" GIorIow JIkt.Jrla. P.45; o. O. s. Crawford. eel, ~ ,,.,,.,.

CIl. 1~"2A (I~. lIP- 11-14; Telde ...... ~ 161,.1632 ( Unpublished Chronide); W.I.aDp. HI#ory tf ,. So.tlIIn-w-: Sold W,.sum ElIIiopIa (1982).

10 Braukampct." Islamic PriDci.,.:Jitia". I, pp.. 19..21. II Ctawfonf. ~ ~ P. aD.

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11 T~"""~ pp. 60-63; Hunin"'~ GIorirJw t'lc:torie:t pp. 14-1.5, 18-23. 0mIri;"'_', MaJrizi, Mo#mt kiIp; ~ eo..,-tPet • ....., an 'fJ' 1; .... Jlranbmper. HtIdi", •

• , o..ri. M-'4_ 1'1" 9-14 •

M erawford. ~ lfiattM'ia, 10.

U lbitJ •• T ..... T_. CiIft6 MIl Stste ill EIIIit:pa 1270-1527 (1972). PI'- 122·23., UNESCO, AfriaM HI#IJry. III. p. SIO •

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1. bHm~~m- fDlJ+ lJoo+ "f.."''': O~It-fl 11.+,.101 f"(\lt"f£ """"'P':t"Tl "'P'~'i lJt:1+ ffJl!..1AK.... Ohltqo. .... Ol'tl.'O;;: m" O-:J>oflC t:1;r" "" f+K4- -r1;t-1! 1t .... G:l- f 1

l. Ol'tllt. At.+~tIJo' ,..lJ+ ,}tID:'· -'t-t.1 o,,~~t) +1t: f"",.., ",.. f r~"l1'" fbell..,. .... fAltAfD'i '1"""Ili-f";f1 f"th ..,.1\- -flit' tJ.'1t-r f f\"'1! f .. ,.A--tIt-r .. "".,h1! ihll(lT 0.." hlt1!m- fAA. 0111.,,,+ P'C Oh1'(-~+ ODI.t-l.;J-:f"", f-t, 1AA" fAA. fI,.I.JtM 11'i -.,"A , 2

3. Ol.ltofl k:,.r.101 "'h""""; h1..:";f1 .. 0II-""P';J-T1 ;J-~h ,,,,,,A.K- O~I." +h+A RI330JP=ti'i n1430JP~ (Oh')t."

,.11+ .,-:,. m-hl') DO-AT ;t-'P-t fh~1I f;f·~h q/t"..,,,"4- , ... 'It.'i "'h~1f f+2\4- o-AT -u.~+ I 3

4. 01434-1468 fAA. """P'II:""'" f.(-C:E-* fhll.,..t;.v.c Mf,.

O"!.-Itb.:t fAA. de., '''.,. ... 11'1 "..,6A ,4

5. Ok.,,, lul-.(- 1t.'Jf. h"'" IPIL.., 01520-1527 fk+r"". fhA. -''''P'-l-'i ih ... t..+.' .... 1 .,-,:,.C'i ltll.,..IIl.C ,-t 1A" r;rei:;r~ hAq~1f ''' .... -Jrdt~ f 5

1 Hunfngfotd.·· Arabic Inscriptilon in Soutbem Ethiopia. .. p. 230. 2 Ibid •• , Glorima YICtorier.

• Omari. ~ ... ; Maqrizi. M03km KiJW;s. .. pcrrucboa. La C~.

• F. Al\lUU, 7k hatIir .10M of Ida. 2voIs.. trs aud cds by C. P. JIecti. .pam and G.W.B. HuDtin&ford ( 19(9).

,.

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n"'~ol- '.-1). :I"~II .A4i= r-&I ,..,,,...',f '1'''' •

""_',-.:K' ,,...,*r:,.

, .... 1\... t-tA,. :J'"I\I\~ -AIt:J'"4! ( M .... IlIIr) ,",eM-«

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theft ,J,.,trol-' AA"~ ll.l"ll"""" ...-;Jo" (1:\1\ ftlt7. rA.

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llof:no 1:C~:t-~ J,fI:t- "'M'~ f,;t-.., ~ft~ •

Oilll",~"'''6+~:'' ""'., hAl.8.I +J, IIUC't +'1£..,(:' Ot ;J""~ n',.., ...... All"'" A"""~:" O .... u..11~ oel-fi -1\ -el- .'_ 1-IH1 , • .:,-,·1;1 ",11.. nllAr'i ,,....r:t- ,_.,.,. nn

boA- hiM AMi 1331 .l".tft Ol't,.ll-l" ,..".. .....-:t- ....• _, ...,.., 11,.:" h~" QIl.tillU!L ,.fth 1.0. A+bil-ll nrtp • ,,,4-+ • f'_"': • '"4.1' fA&-IIR.t. f'l£ctt • filA. • ru' f~m;JC' 'MA I n-~'

ffC:JI' , .... " ...... f~1 ,.llt\"1! ih1U'l-'i M ... ...,.,,..:1" :l"t\~

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.,~ .7 '

it-"hA'1'" b~ • ..., OA..-H'"k1 :J"~b",Clt+'i'i I'M Arti ''''''rrfo'f "''1' l'L1--W- ro-A-II ''''''r.flo ... h;f-,. rn-,.,."f 0., ....... RP'A"'''t ...... A Of'~"'" '''-''':I"If .. , ,.,,.

....,el Ar"'m+'" n-"bt\=Fe- A.t~" u.., """ ,..c~ ... "f nJun.:l""" O"'HIbt'itlt 1\,. Oih,. ..... 1-n.t-l- ;t-t\~ 1'4-+,,., .. ll

11+. n...,. ;f-&h ,,..,.,.I.'iA • btl7' Allh IS77 hV-A-Izr.., ''f-f r~~-II .... nn ,-tbotA-ol- hCllof:l1 "" ... A .... 1! " ~'P':f" +'i 1.,,1\,. "A," n-A....rf~O~ •

• Arab-Faqih. HI8IoITe « III a-pe- ,. L' Aby.wlllle. cr .ad ell. bJ L .... (1197).

'7 'J'rimiupm, bIom ;;. .EI""'" pp. "'-47. ~,,-

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